SEPTEMBER, 1904. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 403
river in that section on which river and flood service is main-
tained.
The work of extension of the River and Flood Service has
progressed steadily since July 1, 1904, the date on which the
increased appropriation for that purpose became available,
and by the end of September new stations hacl been er;tab-
lished as follows:
Milk River, Havre, Mont.; Big Blue River, Blue Rapicls,
Kans. ; Republican River, Clay Center, Iians. ; Solomon River,
Beloit, Kans. ; Smoky Hill River, Linclsborg, Kans., Abilene,
Kans. ; Kansas River, Manhatken, Iians., Topeka, Ikns. ; Gas-
conade River, Arlington, 510. ; Missouri River, Blair, Nebr. ;
Minnesota River, Mankato, Minii. ; St. C h i s River, Stillwater,
Minn. ; Red Ceder River, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Iowa River, Iowa
City, Iowa; Scioto River, Circleville, Ohio ; Kentucky River,
Jackson, Ky. ; Powell River, Tazewell. Tenn. ; Little Tennessee
River, McC+hee, Tenn. ; St. Francis River, Blarke(1 Tree. Ark. ;
Neosho River, Neosho Rapids, Iians., Iola. Kans., 0smt.go.
Kans., Fort Gibson, Ind. T.; Canadian River, Calvin. Ind. T.;
Black River, Blackrock, Ark. ; White River. C’alicurock, Ark.,
Batesville, Ark., Clarendon, Ark. ; Arkansas River, Tulsa, Ind.
T. ; Mississippi River, St. Cloud, Minn., Warsaw, Ill., Luxora,
Ark.; Lehigh River, Mauchchunk, Pa.; Schuylkill River,
Reading, Pa.; Delaware River, Hancock, N. Y. (east branch),
Hancock, N Y. (west branch), Port Jervis, N. Y., Phillipsburg,
N. J., Trenton, N. J.; Catawba Rii-er, Mount Holly, N. C.;
Oconee River, Milledgeville, Ga. ; Tuba River, Colgate, Clal. ;
Sacramento River, IinightB Landing, Cal., Riovista, Cal.
Nineteen rainfall stations have also been established, and
there remain to be established about 35 river and a few rain-
fall stations.
The highest and lowest water, mean stage, and monthly
range a t 228 river stations are given in Table VII. Hydro-
graphs for typical points on seren principal rivers are shown
011 Chart V. The stations r;elected for charting are Beokuk,
St. Louis, Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Orleans, on the Mis-
sissippi; C’incinnati and Clniro. on the Ohio; Nashville, on the
CumlJerlaiicl; Johnsonville, on the Tennessee; Kansas City, on
the Missouri; Little Rock, on the Arkansas; ancl Shreveport,
on the Red-H. 6‘. Frii)iX.riijirld, Prc!fessor.
_..
CLJMATE AND CROP SERVICE.
By Mr. JAMES BERRY, Chief of Cliiuste sud Crop Divison.
The following summaries relating to the general weather
and crop conditions during Septeinber are furnished by the
directors of the respective sections of the Climate ancl Ckop
Service of the Weather Bureau; they are based upon voluntary
reports from meteorological o b s e r ~ em and crop correspond-
ents, of whom there are alrout 3000 and 14,0110 respectively:
AZnbnmn.-Some locally heavy rain%, hut generally dry, hot weather
prevailed, except rather cliol middle of niontli; light fiost in M’allter
County on 16th. C’ottou continued to deteriorate fmni rust aud shed-
ding during first two decades. bonie daniage I J ~ bnllwoi nis ancl preiiiatuie
opening, greater poi tim open 1)y ~I I J W of uionth, wheu over one-half
picked. Gathering of w i l y coru progiessed hliiwly, yielil ciiuttuuiuq
very good. hIincw ci.ops fairly gotxl, though all late crop” injured l y
drought.-8’. P. C h f e e .
An.zo?ia.- The rainfall d u i ing Septemlicr miis generally less than nor-
mal, brit crops did not suffer froni lack of niuistine TeniIreiatures were
generally niodernte. brit the latter pait o f the nii,nth was rather cc~cil,
and light frosts occurred in northein dibtiicts. But little daiiiage
rewltecl, however, as crolis \\ere tiio far advanced. The uionth wits
geiierally faroiable to agricultural interest.;, and c r o p did well. GI
was abuivlant on ranges, and it cured nicely as hag, proiiiising plent
winter feed. Stock was i n fine conditiou.-M E. Blystotie.
Arkamns.-The temperature wab rxcebsive and the railifall deficient:
drought caused late W O ~J ~ to deteriorate. C’ottun oIiened iapidlg: 1)ick-
ing general at close of month; top i w p light. Good LWIJ of early corn
being gathered; late prninibed a poor IXI)~J ov iug to lack of inoi.-turi,.
Irish potatoes fair crop; sweet liotatoes good crop. Less than uhual
acreage sown to fall grainh. as ground was too dry to idow. Apples Pair
crop of iuediriin quality.-0. C. Burrows.
CicI~oo,.,~itr.-Tenrgrratnre ant1 railifall rrroids were lioth broken tl ur-
ing the month. A t Sau Francibco the iiiaxiniuiii temperature ou the Rth,
lolo, was the highest ever recorileil f o i a n ) mouth. The raiufnll a t Sail
Francisco from the 22d tli 26tli, 5.07 iiiches, was 4.bll inches aLiti~e the
average for thirty-thiee jears, and it \+as eilually heavy titroughorit the
ceutral and Iiortheru bectiou.;, with ~L I J U O I nially heal y downpours i n
portions of southei n C‘ctliforuia. Tliuntlerstoriiis were more bevere aut1
frequeut than usual in all paits of the State. Heavy sno\v fell iu the
high Sierra. Grapes, lieans, grain i n sacks. and uuprotected hay weie
quite seriously damageil Iiy raiu-dlerrcder G . Mcddie.
CoZorado.-hlontli favorable: fore p i t too illy for iilowing m i l sowing.
but drought relipveil (luring kist ilrcacle. (:lain hiti \ est, Iiayiug. awl
fodder cutting finished; thrashing unilrr \\a) : tieet ~irrlling m i l iicbtatii
digging begun. (’om silniewliat iktuiageil Iiy frost ou 13th and 14th. brit
by close of month generally u u t of danger of further damage. B:inge
cured well, but WRS consideralily clamaged Iiy heavy rains duiing closing
days.
Fh-ida.-C4)ttoii pickiug wrxh generally fa\ cired by the lacali of iaiu ani1
a t the close of the month cotton was aliout three-fouiths I~arvrsteil: on
account of the ravages of caterpillars and nther inwets the yielil was
considerably lielow the average. Corn was mainly Iiousecl with fairly
satisfactory yielils. C’aue did well arid cutting hacl eoinmenced in some
localities. Citrus fruits had beguu to color in the central district.;, an11
marketing had hegun south. Fruit trees looked well, but gardens
showed lack of rain.-R. T. Li?ul&y.
During the first
Fine crop% of fruit ani1 n i ~l o n s niarketwl.-F. H. Brm&trbitty.
Georgia.--An unusually warm and dry September.
Iialf cotton w:t\ damaged hy rust, shedding, ai111 caterpillars, top crop a
fltiliirr: I Iolls tip~iie~l fast. many prematurely; piekiug progressecl rapidly,
stalile geueially iiiarketed as f a d as ginneil: lalior scarce; yield above
arrraqe; crvji itliout all gathered i n bCJUthern section, with raliid advance
There. All minor crops seriori injured by drought. Corn crop
g Iiou.;etl, yielil goocl. Large cr <if fodder and hay saved. Very
little fall plox+ ing.-J. B. Ma btcry.
Idtcho.-The first two tlec~ades nf the iiionth were clear, \+arms and dry;
during the liLst ten clays there was :tu incieabe i n cluurliuess a n d wiud
movriiient ail11 occ.a\iuiial light showers. IVratlii~r was very favoralile
for the liar\ estin:: cif all c r o p . Pitvkiilg and sliiplling of prunes was
stoc.k was gent~rnlly iii gowi cwnilition. Shippiiig of cattle and sheep was ac. t i \ e rl u ri u g t I 1 e 111 6 )ii t 11. -A rth Pcr 1V. (:n rri ft.
IZZino~.-Fall 1 1 1 0 ~ iuz
aut1 wiiiie srelling wah rl
Light frosts ft)riiietl 1111 tli(.
I11‘ally ccillililt?te 1 1 ) the ellil <if the I11oIltll Rilnges IJecrtIUe very dry, but
a i l r iullit.nt+.il it riicirr fav~iialile out-
. At tilt. pnil o f the mouth a consid-
wa5 sitfr fnim frciqt in the ooutliern
lialf, nucl i t wa5 reyortwl that the liulk o f tlie C I I )~ in t i l l sections \+~iuld
11r: safe by Octuhrr 10 - W t n . Q. Bttnw.
Indiniiu.-Diy u u t i l the l d t h , ]Jut snffic.ie~it nmibture afterward. Coru was nearly all ilialured in the nortlierii and southern sections, but in the
tiou aliout 111 per cent m a s yet in llauger from frost; cutting
ug began aloiit the 15th. Plo\ving, wheat and rye seedi1.g.
I housiug tollacco, hullinq c.l~).i erq a r i d digging potatoes were
iirnrly eoiii~ilet+d, clover and potatoes y irldell fair aut1 tobacco grnerally
~W W . Apliles were faulty badly. -A. I-. Ra?tdnll.
l o r c w . -\Vi th temIwrntu 1 noriiial. an(1 less thali average rain-
f a l l . tlil. conilitious uerp g~ f a ~~i i n l ~l r f ~i r ripeniug corn and other
IJ6‘ltItt.d t‘rO[lh. The I l l l h t us dran !uitck \\ab the ov~iirrence of light
to Iie,i~\y frv*ts uii tllr 14th. 15th. and 2lbt, l i u t tlaniage to immature
c~iru \+as light. Iwing limitell to Iowlimtls nnrl relatively small portion of
area 1)laiitrll The fine weather in the clobiiig ilrciitle bi~iught ‘JOper cent
Sage.
Late coru filled well, was nearly :dl hard. well maturl , ani1 ~i o t of danger friiiii frost. Wheat sowing
The early MJWU
g a good btaurl. A large croli of fine prairie hay
,111 mtting o f alfalfa l~egan the last meek. Apple
week, Kenerally a 6‘11 1 1 1 c ~o l i . Potato iligging 11e-
gan.
littttucky.-Tlie rainfall waz nearly uoririal, Irut as it was irregularly
ilistiiliiitwl, home 1tic.ulitirs suflerecl froni drought while ith hers had
a~Jlllil~~Ut rain. High teniperatures were reported frniu 1st to 3d and
froiri ’34th tu 30tli, IJut motleiate teiliperaturr prevailrcl at other times.
Light frost w*awrred in many places on the 15th and 16th, but the clamage
M tis slight. The wpatlier was geuerally fa\ vrable for maturing and har-
vesting crops. and a t the eiid of tlie month nearly e\erythiug was hecured
except late fields of tobacco and c o n . Sowing of wheat progressed well
during the labt week.-H. B. Hertjey.
Lotci~intrcc.-SIio~~er. eai ly in the month interfered with cotton picking
and mused some seed to sprout in the bolls. Dry, warm weather later
caubed cotton to open rapidly and picking was pushed forward, although
(i f the i’rcip tci t1iatLirlty. Ah a\\.hok the heas(m was fttVonttJle.-~di?l R.
Kansns.-C‘orn cutting continued.
lirgaii fiist weak, wa w ~l l advanced the last neek.
Pahtures gooil
~
2’. B. Jut)titu/8.
404 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. SEPTEMBER, 1904
labor was scarce in some localities. Sugar cane was very rank and
needed cool weather to develop the sucrobe content. Rice harvest was
retarded by local rains, and some damage resulted, but the bulk of the
crop was housed under favorable conditions. Corn gatheiing was well
advanced. Hay making was about completed. Truck gardens suffered
for rain.-I. M. Cline. Maryland and DeZourare.-The month was deficient in effective moisture,
aud the yields of nearly all late crops were considerably reduced in con-
sequence. The severe storni on the 14th damaged outstanding crops
ancl shipping. Heavy to killing frost on the Wd injured some late corn,
tobacco, ancl vegetables. The month was excellent for curing tobacco.
During the last half corn cutting and fall seeding made rapid progress,
the boil being in splendid condition.-OZkier L. Faasig.
Michigan-Most of September, especially the nights, wab too cool for
the 1,ebt maturity of corn and beans, which ripeued slowly and unevenly,
but most of the crops were bafe before the heavy ancl killing frobts that
occurred tluriug the labt decade. Wheat and rye beetling advancetl
rapidly during the latter half of the month and germination was splendicl.
The yield of apples and giapes WBb good an11 sugar beets aere \e i y
promising.
dfin?wsola.-Much flax and latest wheat, oats, and barley were cut
early in month. Thrashing progressed well when grain was dry enough.
Cutting late clover for hay, plowing, and potato digging wrnt ou duriiig
most of the month. Frost on the 30th, 21st, and 2Bd killrtl mozt vegeta-
tion in north half, but iu south very little injury by frozt at clobe of
nioiith. Corn cuttiiig liegnu early ani1 continued throughout the niunth.-
T. $. Oiitram.
Illisnissippi.-The dry weather over the north-central an11 westel II
counties cauzecl cotton to open 1)retiiaturely; heavy rain5 on the 2311
clamaged open cntton in Scott, Newton, aucl Lauderdale corintieb; shwl-
ding aurl bollwo~ms were alzo daimging to cotton in niauy lncalities; l i o l l s
opened rapiilly and picliing ~nacle faiily good prOgrebq, altliough labor
was scarce. Where raius were sufficient minor crops did \\ell, lrut f a l l
crops were geneially poor. The last ilecade of the month \vas unuzually
warm- W. S. Belden. Jliseouri.-Late corn matured 4only cluriug the first half o f the iiiontli,
owing to cool night>; froht occurierl on the 14th a1111 15th (.tiusing U I ,
damage. Fa\oralJle weather followeil, and 1by the close (i f the iiiontli
three-fourth$ of the entiie curii crop was hate ficini claniaye tiy l\illiiig
frost. TVhrat seeiling macle ewellrnt prugresb, vuniing to good btaiiil
and fields sliowiug green. Cotton pivhiug began about the Wth, antl
potato digging about the thiicl week. A gi~od hay crop waq brcuie~l.-
George Reetler. Mwitanct -The temperature was geneially favorable for crolis not j e t
matured, and there was no niateiial dmiiage Iiy frost escept ti) pcitatoes
in places. Rain was needed in urarly all secticinb; range feed ~e 1 y hliort
as a iule. Cutting of second m t l third of alfalfa in lirngress
throughout the nicinth. Wheat ani1 ciat h s complrtwl duiitig the
third week and tlirashing by the close o f ontli. Potatoes \\pie a
fair crop. Apples niaturecl and were of excellent rluality.-R. F. Ibim!].
Neb,.nRka.-SeIitember was allilo5t exactly a norinal ~iiontli as far a s
temperature and rainfall \WIP concerned. Corn nmtureil well antl with-
out injury by frost, the crop as x whole )being a very good one Hayi
in some late fields was completed. and tlie third crop o f alfalfa n
secured in gocid condition. A consiilerntile acreage of wlnter u heat 1%
quichly and made excellent grou th.--G. A. Lorektnd.
the State illiring the
month, with about norins1 tvniperature ani1 light 1lrei.ipitatiou. Coutli-
tioiis were favorable for maturing late ciups, harvesting grain, ani1 Iialing
hay. No damaging frost occurred. Range feed \\as fairly good aut1 live
stock did well.-J. H. Smith. New En!yltmd.-The btorlU of the 14-1Sth was heavy and \ ery general,
giving at many stations over half of the monthly precipitation and causing
winds of hurricane force on the southern New England coast. The kill-
ing frosts awl freeze of the 33d and B3d were unusually early. Except-
ing the storm ancl frosts mentionell, the weather was characteristic of
the sea5on and very favoralJle for matui ing and securing crops and for fall
plowing ancl seeding.-J. W. Smith.
New Jersey.-Tlie month was favorable for all farmiug operations; late
maturing crops suffered iiiaterially from drought during the first half.
Heavy rains, 1&15th, accompanied by high winds, were very destructive
to standing crolis; fruit blown from tlie trees aiid newly seeded fields and
side hills badly washed. First killing frost, morning of 2Bd, did great
damage to late corn ancl vine truck. A t doze uf month seeding of wheat
was not completed in southern zection.-EtEirnrd 1V. IlfcGann.
New J1e.ric.o -Crops were generally secured before frosts, except in
mountain districts of the north. where late planted vegetables and ma-
turing grains were damaged. The prospects for winter feed were con-
sidered good. Stock was in very fair condition a t close of the month.
Heavy raius during the last four days of the nionth caused extensive and
destructive floods, washed away bridges and railroad tracks, carried away
houses and crops in valleys and lowlands, aiicl caused borne loss of life.-
J. B. Slonn. Ne@ l-ork.-The weather during September was mostly favorable for
farm work and the maturing of crops until the ’Lad, when killing frosts
Late potatoes were fairly well matured.-C. F. SI-hneitler.
SOW11 llllder favorable ClJllllitiOllb, W l l i l r earl)‘ bOW11 W h e a t callle Up
Neiradtr.-C;etirrally fair weather pre\ ailed o
occurred, which considerably damaged buckwheat and corn, and apples
in places. Light frosts had occurred on several previous dates. Seed-
ing wheat and rye was finished and many fields were beautifully green.
High winds in eastern New Pork on the 14th greatly damaged corn and
apples, and disastrous gales on the 30th causecl at least a third of the
apples to drop.-R. G. Allen.
North Carolina.-The weather was generally quite favorable for har-
vesting crops. A severe storm on the 14th and 15th caused some damage
by heavy rains and high winds in the central portion of the State. Cot-
ton opened quite rapidly and picking became general about the middle
of the month; the crop was reducecl below the average by continual
shedding. The curing of tobacco was completed, with good results as
to quality, but with a sniall yield. Corn matured well. Minor crops,
forage, ani1 hay yielcled well.- C. F. TOR Herrnann.
North Dakota.-The weather during the fore Iiart of the month was un-
favoralile for farin work, as rain prevailed in all sections, with low teni-
peiature liotli dag aucl night. warm weather followed, when it
turneil volil again, with a killi in the Missouri Valley, destroying
all unmaturecl crops. Rain p again in tlie eastern portion, Iol-
lowed after thv 96th lby a killing fiost in all parts of the State, debtroy-
iiig all vegetativn. brit there wits littledamage. as all crops, except some
late Bas and cuin, had matured.-F. J. Ricprrt.
Ohio.-The rainfall was deficient, e5pevialIj over the southern portion.
Wheat \vab far Iielon? the a\eiage i n most places. Buckwheat gooil yield.
Ciirn not clamaged Iiy frost, except in tlie noitheast, but the yield wae
gen~ially I~e111w ii~~riiial. Pastuies shoi t. Clci\er w e d poor yield. Con-
hiderallle 1iriigre-s iiiaile in heeding of winter wheat. Tobacco good crop
an11 nraily all lioused. Grapes
m d pears gooil: ~icaclies fair; apliles Liir to g~)ucl.-J. lliirreii Smith.
OkZt~honia.-The iiil)nt 11 was warni, with ne<ii I j noiiii:tl precipitation;
light frosts ocwrred (I\ ei the C1ieri)kee Nation on the 15tli, causing no
ilaiiiage; fall 1ilon iiig ani1 wheat heedin:: \\ell aihaiiced 01 er Oklalioma,
but greatly rrtai(leil o\ er tlie Indian Territory bj hard ground; cotton
pic.hiug prngressed with pnor to good 3 ~eltls; 1~11ioii1 corn, kafir coin,
~w i e , hay, anal all forage crops \\ere hecUled \\ ith good yields; pasturage
continued iq fair conllition, ]Jut wnie stock weie being fed-C. Ai.
Btrony. Oregon.-The month nas dry an41 snluky, and \ egrtation buffered
greatly for want of rain. Light SI erb fell clur~ug the h b t week, but
d talesring tlie atiiio+plirir of oke auil snmeivliat reviving pas-
ancl gardens thry were nf lit lienrfit. Some seeding was clone
westeru brc4ion 11y diskiug in grain o i i laud plowed last spring.
No plnwing to speak of wa+ accoinplishwl. Hep picking was coml’leted
without iuteriulbtiun; the jield \\as below average.-A. B. 1Yollctbtr.
P~),nnyl~irci~lcr.-Triiipei iiture nntl tinfal fall zedb~iiable, but drought con-
ditiiiuh prevailed in niauy d t h i c t b duiing last decade. A large acreage
of latr wrn, tobacco, ~JliI*hwh~~t. gartleii truck, and fruit on loivlandb was
ruined IJY frost nn 29rl and 2311. A t close of moiitli plowing, seeding,
harvestiiig, ancl thrashiug mere piactically wmpleted, lbut coniplaints
were numerous that late ~O W U grain had failed to geiniinate and meadows
and pasture5 were failing r 1y in drought di5tricts.--T. F. Tomsend.
Pwto Rico. -Heavy stin, early in t lie 1110nth relieved the i h ~g h t
and favorable weather followed. At the clow of the month all crops
were in good condition. Cbffee picking vnutinued; thr yield was light,
but lluality of the berry good. Many sniall plots of cotton were picked.
Sinall crops. such as rice, corn, and twans, \+ere liar\ ehtrtl. The prepara-
tion of lanil and the planting of caue for gran cultura piogresbed as fast
as practicable. Sonie tciLiacco was so\\ii. Fruits and sniall crops were
generally plent if u1.-E. C. Thompson.
Pre-
cipitation was excessive in the northea5tern gronli of counties, awl de-
ficient in other parts of the State, where drought became severe and the
ground too dry for fall iiloning ani1 seeding. Reathei faxorable for hay-
ing, rice hariest, ani1 pickiug cotton, the hulk of which oliened and was
picked in the eastern and ceutral counties ani1 less than half in the
me5tern. I t waz too hot and dry for fall truck, late corn, peas, and root
crops.-J. W. Bnuer. South Dakota.-Dry weather retarded plou ing, .but conditions were
generally favorable for field work and for initturing late crops. Frost
011 14th aucl 31st, however. prohably rendered one-fifth of the corn crop
uumerchantable. The month cl~~seil with thrahhing and potato harvest
satisfactorily advanced, corn cutting prngressiug fa\ orably, millet har-
vest and haying finished, flax harvest 1)ractically completed, and prob-
ably one-tenth o f the late corn in the lower Sioux River Valley exposed
to injury from frost.-S. 1Y. Glenn.
Tennercsee.-Lack of sufficient iiioibture vau5ed growing crops to make
Iiut little progresy and delayed plowing. The conditions were favorable
for sa\ ing hay ani1 the ripening of early corii. Late coin was greatly
damaged Iiy the droiight. Cotton opened rapidly, and wau. generally
alJOUt one-half gatlierrd kip tlie end t b f the nionth. A gootl tobacco crop
was housed.
Te.ras.-Generally favorable weather conditions prevailed over the
section during the entire month. The cotton crop was not materially
affected one way or the other Iiy the rainfall o f the month; there was
some fruiting but this was completely destroyed liy insect pests, leaviug
no prospect whatever of a top crop; the bolls opened very rapidly and
Potatoes gooil in lluantitj aud cluality.
South Cttroliria.-Triiiperatui e \ ariable, a\ eragiug alJout nornial.
Fall apliles were inferiur.- H. C. Bate.
SEPTEMBER, 1904. MONTHLY WEATHELR REVIEW. 405
5.11 3statious ...........
2.39 Ijstations ...........
6. IS I$l:iurhard ..........
~l ..........
...............
...........
SUMMARY OF TEMPEZCATURE AND PRECIPITATION BY SECTIONS, SEPTEMBER, 1904.
In the following table are given, for the various sections of
the Climate and Crop Service of the Weather Bureau, the aver-
age temperature and rainfall, the stations reporting the highest
and lowest temperatures with dates of occurrence, the stations
reporting greatest and least monthly precipitation, and other
data, as indicated by the several headings.
The mean temperatures for each section, the highest and
lowest temperatures, the average precipitation, and the great-
est and least monthly amounts are found by using all trnst-
worthy records available.
The mean departures from normal temperature and precipi-
tation are based only on records from stations that have ten
or more years of observation. Of course the number of such
records is smaller than the total number of stations.
0.00
0.00
0. 16
0.00
0.33
0.29
Sectiou.
9.55 1 :i stations ...........
0.9lJ \'Wll<m ............. Io.11 ('air,, ............... (:. 0 2 . RIti~~rrs H i l l .. .......
!I
Alahaiua ..............
Arizona.. .............
Arkausas .............
Califoruia.. ...........
Colorado.. ...........
Florida ...............
Georgia.. ............. Idaho. ................ Illiuois ............... Iudiaua.. .............
Iowa ..................
T. T. 1.91
2.01
Kansas ...............
Kentucky.. ...........
Louisiana. ............ hlarplaud and Delanari Michigan ............. hfi uuesot a ............ Missinsippi .......... Missouri .............. hIoiitxiia .............. Nebraaka ............. Nevada ................
New Euglaud*. .......
New Jersey ........... New Mexico ..........
. . .
:
. . .
New York ........... North Carolina ....... N0rt.h Dakota ......... Ohio .................. Oklahoiua a n d Iudiar
Oregon ................ Peuusylvauia .........
Porto Rico. ...........
South Caroliua ........ South Dakota ......... Tenuessee ............ Texas ...............
U t a h .. ................
Virginia .............. Washiugtou .......... West Virgiuia ........ \Viscousiu ............. \Vyoluiug .............
Territories.
- 1.05
1.16
0.49
0.00
0.53
0.00 u.35 0.02
Temperature-in degrees Fahreuhei t.
10.K 1 ' N:uitiwkyt, hIass. __.
10.i19 Tucka.rti,n ..........
!1.95 Fruitlnunl.. ........
D.24 N ~~l l t h n l l l p t ~m ....... i .8 1 \V:iynrsrille. ....... G.44 1tlt.uiilliu .......... 4. J i Thiirinau ........... 6.23 tiraud ..............
2.71 R I X I W ~ .............
73. 2
75.4
io. 3
Si. 4
79.4
iB. il
0. i s
0. $9
0.53
1.76
n.39
T. 0. 13
0.24
Ti-.
76. 8 I + 2.5 Newbern ........... 104
\.\ztec .............. I12
(P a r k w . ............. 112
Hcbrr. \Varreu .... 101
iEliiialale ........... 1l:j
)Healdhl,urg.. ...... 113
\V r a y .. ............ Yi
.JI:irianua.. ......... 102
(Mol ilio ............. 1 I?:!
f I . 08
-1 .w
+O . 6!1
-1). i 6
t u . I0
59. 1
67. 1
G i . 1
Ailaiiis 1 'FII t r r . ..... Fittrlivro ._____ ____ \VVxlipcton ......... Montprlirr. ....... Healdton ..........
- 1.5
+ 2.1
+ 1.6
+ 0.2
+ 0.4
+ 1.7
...... + 0. 4
+ 0.3
((:lernlout ........... 10" I.llnipkiu ........... 1114
. 1<1IlC Lakcs ........ 1111
Equal i t y ............ 99
.I !lY ............
I
64.0
70. 2
71. 1
i Y . 5
G i . 1 59.2
r 1 .6
69. 6
56.4
I;:$. I;
60. 4
S i . !I
6-1: S
C4. 4
5!. 4
bad.
59.1 - 1.0 Elmira ............. $14
54. i - 2.3 3 s t a t i o n s .. ......... Y6
65. 5 0.0 Tliuriiiau ........... 99
74.9 + 1.0 \Vaukomis, Okla ..__ 106
61.0 f 2. 7 J I ~G e u r i e Bridge.. . 100
65.7 0.2 I r w i u .. ............ '35
69.9 - 0.5 Lexiiigtou .......... Y'J
l i
....... ............. 95 ..... Y5
........... 101
......... 110
.............. 100
............ 11~5
........ _I ti
.... 1 92
........... 100
......
54.9 I + 1. 1 /I Fort Larami?.. .... .I 104
j.\shvillt-, l l :i ~~~i l t o u ,
/Valley H m l .. ......
............
.............
.............
s Lost 1~':llry"u ........ 29, 31)
3IJt I u v r r u ~~s s .. .........
fi$ 30 11i:inia md ........... 3 1.ll<.st*~rti?l#l .........
1; 1.nnnrk .............
\ t I:] 11 tic ........... I ,, 1iIIltn~~ll ............
~
{i,::;;;;;;, iIaniuu-
R8wt I<:ipial~. .......
~l c l i i l l ~s ............ 9/
11 k:~~s~~,,lnlll~~ll ........ ... .............
.............
...........
...
..............
3 Paul Sinitlls ........ 30 Liiivillv ............ 7,10 J)ivkiosun ..........
2!1 Iihmigevi I le .........
Y V i u i t a , \Vrl,hrrs Fall>, Iurl. T.
3 \Vallon.:r ............
-
u
g
a' LI e:
a
.- c
Y .L,
_. -
1.313
0. I;?
2. 46
2. I;li
2. 11:;
1. 36
I . 4s
0. :?i
5.111
::. 44
2. is
3. 60
2. 5s
3. 69
3. lil
3. 6s
3. 14
1.51
;?. s5
0. 27
].!IS
0. 93
5.31
4. 79
4. 34
4. ?Y
2. 26
1. IjS
1.95
(I. 75
3. ii
9. 28
2. 46
1.06
2. II!l
3. YY
.) i - _. .,.a
0.40
2. x? 0. 41:
1.76
4. H!4
0.46
Precipitation-in iuches a u d hundredths.
(( Least mouthly. 3 ,. I 1 ~~
l l Greatest mouthly.
-1.52
-0.51
-U. 77
+'). 29
1 1 .0 1
-2. 59
I t q d i n e .. ..........
F'inal Ranrli ......
Kussellvilb.. .....
I'iiie C r 4 .........
Triiiialad ..........
J u p i t e r ...........
.......... .......... ......
...........
........
-0. 2 i
-0.01
-0. 04
+lJ. .ilj
$0.11
-1. It I 0.22
-1J.94
-n. o?
Fiircla Frrry ......
Ilounl~l~nuvillr .... .~~~u n ~~o l i s , h l d ....
hIsl.klllal. 1 d :l U ~l .. . I'nlerlaiuis ......... hlrriolian .......... lbu~nrvill? .........
L.llllrdr~r ......... l-ork .............. A w t i 11 ............
-],!I:; 1 1 Pattrn. Me. .......
........ ...........
-1.15 1 1 Rav . City ........... i0.14
~~
Iiorduu' ............
....... Lar Xarixs ...
....... .......... ........ ........
~ ~~
* Maiue. New Hamushire. Veruiuut. hIasmchuzetts. K h d e 1 4 ~n ~l . and Conuecticut.
6. 92
9.15
7. 91
fi. 53
9. 7 2
1.42
5. i:! 3.11:; 1
RcittyrillP ........
Rliu~lrn ............ (iralitrville Md.. .. Imliugt ilu .' ........ T.urerne ........... 2 statidmu .......... Sara,o,xie.. ......... 5 stations .......... ('t.utrnl City ....... lily ..............
.... T ........... 0.00
............. T. ....... 0.70
............. T. ..........
4.55 Labst t'rI?t.k.. ........ 0.43
Y. 2n ' 1 J ~n ~l ~r v i l l r . ......... 1.90
1.34 1 1 3 stativus ........... 0.0~
picking was well advanced by the end of the month, beiug practically
completed in the bouthwestern counties. Chtheringof corn was delayed,
owiug to the great demand for labor in the cotton fields; early c o ~n wab
good b u t late planting was badly damaged by tlie diought. Rice har-
vesting was interrupted by the rainh, but good progress was generally
made. Cane niatrired nicely and prospectb were good for an average
crop. Considerable grain was bown under favorable conditions. Gar-
dens did well. Pastures and stock were in excellent condition. The hay
crop was fine.- W. H. Alemnder.
Utah.-Fine warm weather during tlie first two decades was followell
by rains, cnlder weather, and killing frost. Cropb were nearly all housrd
in g(ioc1 condition, except Iieets and potatoes, which were being h~iuwtl.
Sugar beets were above the average aud bugar making WRY begun. Fall
seeding was well advanced. Thrashing results from arid falab e\ceedeil
all expectations. Winter apples mere abundant and of good quality.
Alfalfa was above the average. Pasturage was good and stock were in
good condition.-R. J . Hytrtt.
Virginia.--The rainfall of tlie month was considerably less than the
norilid, and tlir trniperature, also. was gleficiput. The tillewater scction
rectbivrd ain~ile rain for crop pui pose.?., llut in the taetitral an11 niouutain
1mrtimb if the St'tte i.oiiilitions were m ~i e or l r s tlioughty. Little inj iiry occur~~cl to clops. however. a+ they mere generally too far ad-
vitncwl t i ) lie ~nitteiinlly affected 11s meatlier ( onilltion+. Harveqt o f late
coru and toharcn was finished rluritig tlie 111 mtli. Fall beecling \vas (le-
lityed 1)y the dry weather.-E~r~cifLr(IZ A. EIWIA.
1VwJihgton.- The inonth \%ah dry aud warm, with con+lerable smoki-
ness. The rain of the Xth laid the dust we+t o f the Cascade Rlonntains,
and none fell on the ea+t side; tlie rain nt' the 3%1 was general over tlie
State, with scatteriug+howers to 48tli, escrpt i n central part, where none
fell. Whrat, oats, lmrley, alii1 hay, mere garnerell in excellent coudition.
All vrolis mere lbelow the average. Fall seeding prlqressed. Potato
crop light. Apples fine crop; pastureh rei ivetl a t end of month.- WaZ- lin i)t Bell.
Weat T'iryinici.-Drouglit continued iluring the entire month, and se-
riously affected vegetatitm. Fall plowing progressed 4owly, and consid-
erable seeding remained to be done. Corn WRS not much damaged by
406 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. SEPTEMBER, 1904
frost. A t the close of the month corn was mostly in shock, and buck- failed to ripen and was cut for fodder. Apples were plentiiul and of ex-
wheat was mostly harvested, with fair yields of both. Late corn dried cellent quality.- W. M. Wi'ilson.
up, and was mostly cut for fodder. Pastures were very short and water Wgomtg.-The month was favorable for the completion of haying and
scarce, but stock were in fair condition. Winter apples were being picked harvesting wThere that work was not completed during August. A good
with prospect6 of about n half crop.-E. C. Voose. crop of grain was secured where the frosts of summer had not damaged
Wisconstn.-A general frost occurred a t most points in the interior on tho grain. Good range feed was general throughout the State, and stock
the 15th, 21st, and P2d. Pasturage was excellent for the season through- were in excellent condition. The absence of any suow during the month
out the month, and fall seeding of winter wheat and rye ohtained an ex- over the greater portion of the State was very unusual for September.-
cellent start. The rains iuterfered to some extent with the digging of W. 8. Palnier.
potatoes, but a large crop was secured without damage. Much corn
SPECIAL ARTICLES.
A NEW THEORY OF FOG FORMATION.'
Trauslated hy FRANK w. PFON-TOR.
[Iuterlwlatiou. by the trm4ator are IU bmcketz.]
Of all the theories concerning the formation of fog, but two
have been accepted u p to recent times, one of which is now
universally held. But it will appear that both are not in
harmony with our observations [Aeronautical Observatory,
Royal Meteorological Institute of Prussia], and with the latest
physical investigations; and accordingly me must seek a new
esplanation. * * * * I: * *
The Davy-Dines theory [that condensation is clue to the
cooling of the earth's surface ani1 its herbage by radiation]
has been authoritative up to the present time, itncl is found in
Hann's Lehrbuch der Meteorologie. * * * 4: .I: -I: *
I u order to show that this explanation does not satisfy the
facts, esact moisture measurements in tlie neigli1)orhood of
the earth's surface are necessary. These were made in l W 3
by Honi6n2; and it was shown by him that fog can not arise
simply through the radiation of the ground. I n view of the
great importance of those investigations to the present study,
let us look into the matter more closely. Hom6n observed
that the dew-point fell a t the earth's surface ancl in the lower
air layers when dew began tu form. It follows that as soon
as the air a t the earth's surface has cvolecl below tlie clew-
point, tlie water vapor condenses out of the stratum imine-
diately above the earth's surface on the cold underlying
surface. Thereupon the I T L ~J O ~ pressure diminishes consider-
ably in the lowermost layer, and the vapor from tlie hyers
above conies to tlie earth's surface by diffusion, where it, also,
is condensed. Thus there occurs a continuous progression
of the wat,er vapor from above down\vard.
Horn& iuaintained that the downward diffusion a t the bot-
tom went, on faster than the incoming of moisture from abore,
so that in spite of steady decrease of temperature, saturation
could not oocur.
ani1 Rubenson ' had before
yielded a similar result. Hamberg found. for example, that a t
the beginning of the night, a t six and six-tenths meters heiglit
above the earth's surface, the relative humidity rose froin 70
to 90 per cent, and toward the end of tlie night from 05 to 98
per cent. From these obserrations H o m b clren. the above-
mentionecl conclusion. Neverbheless it would lw conceivable
that in cases where the drying goes on more slowly than the
cooling, light fog might form.
On the answer to this last question, viz, whether tlie dry-
ing can proceed more slowly than the cooliiig, the decision in
regard to the hitherto p e r a i l i n g fog theory clepencls. Homin
could have answered this through observation by means of
his dew-point measureliients of August 19-13 and September
The observations of Hamberg
~~
1 Extract from Pie E I I ~~I I I I I ~ una1 Alflii>ling clr5 Nrbrls von Hrrmann
Elias. Berlin, 1904. Reprinted -from Ergelinihqe iler drbeiten ain Bero-
nautischen Obserratoriun~. 1 Olitnliel, lWIl, his 31 I)ezen~her, 11WV2.
1 Honi6n.
3 Haniberg.
Bodenlill3.sikalisclle und nieteol. Beoba(.ht, lYl4, p. 171 ff.
Om nattfrosterna, etc.. lH74. p. X 4 cmd La temp6raturr et
Nova Akta R. S. S. Upalien- l'humiditi: de l'air h clifierentes hauteurs.
sis.
sigt af K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Fiirhandl. 1875, No. 1.
1879, Vol. S , No. 4.
4 Rubenson. Om temperatur-och fuktili~tsfurli8llandrna, etc. Gfver-
6-7, had he secnred trustworthy synchronous temperatures.
Then it woulcl have appeared whether the cooling of the air,
i. e., the conduction of heat, goes on faster than the diffusion
of the water vapor. This question must therefore be answered
in another way.
If we assume that a t the height of one centimeter above the
earth's surface, the air is saturated a t t: while a t the earth'ssur-
face tlem making begins a t f,", then in the course of time vapor
will cliff w e froin above clo~vnwarcl, while simultaneously the
higher temperature approaches the lower through conduction.
For the sake of nimplicity, let lis assuine that during the whole
tin10 the temperature of the earth's surface remains a t t,".
Thus it becomes warmed neither by condensation nor through
the importation of heat from above, ani1 i s not cooled through
radiation, which is the inore admissible as the different in-
fluences will more or less oEset each other. The upper layer
will thus finally acquire the temperature t t of the lower. Con-
densation will L ~O N begin in the upper layer if the vapor ten-
sion is a t least equal to the ~a p o r tension a t t:, or if less than
the difference of water content R hich can esist in the air a t f,O,
and f,O is diffused in tlie same time that is needed for the dif-
ference of heat f,' - t," to pass by conduction through one
centimeter.
The
sxue result is more conveniently reached if we calculate, on
the one liantl, the time required for the difference of mater
content of saturatedair a t t," and t: to diffuse through one cen-
timeter, and, on the other hancl, the time necessary to trans-
mit a temperature difference of 1' one centimeter in the air.
It follqows, then, that, if the conduction of heat proceeds
more rapidly than the diffusion of the water vapor fog forma-
tion can take place. I n the opposite case, this is impossible.
The quantity, S, of a gas which in time 2 passes by diffu-
sion through a cross section, q, of a tube I centimeters long,
nlien the density of tlie gas is do a t one end of the tube ancl
d , a t the other end, is, as is well known, espressed by the
formula
A calculation of this kind, however, is not easily made.
or, when d, - '1, = (1,
where X. is tlie coefficient of diffusion, i. e., the aniount of gas
which is transmitted through cross section 1 when all the
other quantities on the right-hand side of the equation = 1.
For tlie present case we assume 9 = 1, and according to the
foregoing assuwption 1 = 1; then it follows that
.C' I .
2--. ' - ktl
,S is tlie quantity of water vapor diffusing in one cubic centi
meter of air.6 This amounts, a t a vapor pressure' of e,, to
6 S ib here the quantity of water vapor whose time of diffusion through
one centinieter of air is to be calculatrd. 8, and So are the total amounts
of water valior in one cuhic centimeter of saturated air at temperatures
t, and to, respevtively.-F. 0. 8.
7 Hann. Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, p. 219. bHom6n. A. a. O., pp. 174-175.