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CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 CONTRIBUTORS 8 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 10 PREFACE 11 DISCLAIMER 13 1. INTRODUCTION 14 Aims and Scope 14 Defining Adventure Tourism 14 Difficult Distinctions 15 Social Contexts and Changes 16 Equipment, Clothing and Entertainment 17 Overlaps with Other Subsectors 18 Information on Adventure Tours 18 Base and Apex of the Adventure Sector 19 Skill, Risk, Reward, Remoteness 21 Evolution of Skilled Adventure Tours in Remote Areas 21 Structure of Adventure Subsectors 23 2. ADVENTURE RECREATION RESEARCH 25 Adventure in Tourism and Recreation Texts 25 Products 26 Impacts 27 Risks and Accidents 31 Participant Perceptions and Psychology 31 3. CASE STUDY APPROACH 34 On-site Audits and Activity Sector 34 Advantages and Limitations of Case Studies 34 Parameters and Products 35 Access and Sponsorship 36 Limitations on Scope 37 Academic Disciplines, Methods and Data 39 Experience, Audits and Case Studies 41 4. RIVER JOURNEYS 45 Sector Structure 45 Yangbi River, China: Earth Science Expeditions 47 Qamdo Gorge of the Mekong, Tibet: Shangri-La River Expeditions 53 Chuya and Katun Rivers, Russia: Team Gorky 57 Sun Khosi, Karnali, Trisuli, Marsyangdi, Nepal: David Allardice's Ultimate Descents 63 Drysdale River, Australia: Raleigh International and NOLS 68 Jatapu River, Brazil: Fabio Bueno Neto and Carlos Colares 73 5. WHITEWATER KAYAKING 76 Futaleufu River, Chile: Expediciones Chile 76 Reventazon, Pacuare, Pejibaye and Sarapiqui, Costa Rica: Endless River Adventures 79 Karamea River, New Zealand: Ultimate Descents NZ 81 Colorado Grand Canyon, USA: Expeditions Inc. & Others 83 Franklin River, Australia: World Expeditions 87 Upper Zambezi, Zimbabwe: various operators 92 6. WHITEWATER RAFTING 96 White Nile, Uganda: Adrift 96 Zambezi River, Zimbabwe: Shearwater Adventures 99 Nymboida River, Australia: World Expeditions, Wildwater Adventures & Others 102 Rio Toachi and Rio Blanco, Ecuador: Yacu Amu Rafting & Rios Ecuador 105 'Luva River, Fiji: Rivers Fiji 107 Tully River, Australia: Raging Thunder, R'n'R 109 Kawarau River, New Zealand: various operators 112 Shotover River, New Zealand: various operators 114 Rangitata River, New Zealand: Rangitata Rafts 116 7. SEAKAYAKING 118 Sector structure 118 Baffin Island, Canada: Blackfeather Inc. 120 Svalbard, Norway: Southern Sea Ventures and Aurora Expeditions 125 Prince William Sound, Alaska: National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) 129 Yasawa Island, Fiji: Southern Sea Ventures 134 Hinchinbrook Island, Australia: Southern Sea Ventures and World Expeditions 138 Abel Tasman National Park, New Zealand: Ocean River and Natural High 141 Phang Nga Bay, Thailand: John Gray's Sea Canoe 144 8. SAILING 149 Sector Structure 149 Scotland to Faeroes: Private Yacht 150 Bay of Islands, New Zealand: various operators 152 Baja Peninsula, Mexico: NOLS Mexico 154 9. EXPEDITION CRUISES 157 Sector Structure 157 South Georgia and Antarctica Peninsula: Abercrombie and Kent, Explorer Shipping 158 Svalbard: Aurora Expeditions 162 Sepik River, Papua New Guinea: Various operators 164 10. DIVING 168 Sector Structure 168 Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Taka Dive 169 Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea: Walindi Plantation Resort 173 Mnemba Island, Zanzibar: Conservation Corporation Africa 175 Maldive Islands: various operators 177 Bega Island and Lagoon, Fiji: Lalati Resort 180 Rocktail Bay, South Africa: Wilderness Safaris 183 Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Quicksilver Cruises 186 Ningaloo, Australia, Whaleshark Snorkel: various operators 189 11. SURFING 193 Sector structure 193 Maldive Island: Dhonveli Beach Resort & Others 194 Savaii Island, Samoa: Savaii Surfaris 197 Upolu, Samoa: Salani Surf Resort 200 Kadavu Island, Fiji: Nagigia Surf Resort 203 Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: Great Breaks International and Mentawai Sancturay 206 12. HELISKI AND SNOWBOARD 211 Sector Structure 211 Manali, India: Himachal Helicopter Skiing 212 Galena and Monashees, Canada: Canadian Mountain Holidays 215 Blue River, Canada: Mike Wiegele Helicopter Skiing 221 Harris Mountains, New Zealand: Harris Mountains Heliski 224 Methven, New Zealand: Methven Heliski 228 13. CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING 231 Sector Structure 231 North Pole, from Norway: Global Expedition Adventures 231 Snowy Mountains, Australia: Paddy Pallin 233 Yellowstone National Park, USA: various operators 237 14. ICE CLIMBING 240 Introduction 240 Banff, Alberta, Canada 241 Ouray, Colorado, USA 243 North Conway, New Hampshire, USA 246 Quebec, Canada 249 Bozeman, Montana, USA 251 Cody, Wyoming and Valdez, Alaska, USA 251 Future Trends 252 15. MOUNTAINEERING 254 Introduction 254 Trends in Mountaineering Adventure Tourism 255 Case Studies from Around the World 255 Andes 257 Antarctica 259 Central Asia 260 Europe 261 Himalayas 263 New Zealand 264 North America 266 Great Britain 268 The Everest Phenomenon and the Seven Summits Quest 269 Popularity of Mountaineering Adventure Tourism 272 Safety in Mountaineering Adventure Tourism 273 Chamonix, France: Evolution 2 274 Trekking Peaks in the Khumbu Valley, Nepal: World Expeditions 276 16. HIKING AND BUSHWALKING 282 Sector structure 282 Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador: Surtrek 283 Annapurna Trek, Nepal: World Expeditions 285 Purnululu, Australia: Willis's Walkabouts 289 Teleki Valley, Mt Kenya, Kenya: various operators 291 Routeburn Track, New Zealand: Ultimate Hikes 294 Pacific North-West USA: various operators 296 17. HORSE RIDING 299 Sector structure 299 Guest Ranches 300 Lake Khovsgol, Mongolia: Boojum Expeditions 305 Snowy Mountains, Australia: Reynella Station 310 Torres del Paine, Patagonia, Chile: Ride World Wide 314 18. MOUNTAIN BIKING 317 Sector Structure 317 Ski Areas 318 Hut Systems 319 Courses, Camps and Competitions 320 Day Trips 320 Multi-Day Tours 321 White Rim Trail, Utah 322 Mountain Biking Resorts 323 19. OFF-ROAD SAFARIS 325 Sector Structure 325 Southern Taklamakan Desert, China: various operators 326 Simpson Desert, Australia: various operators 330 Chalbi Desert Crossing, Kenya: various operators 334 Namib Desert, Namibia: various operators 337 Qinghai, China: various operators 340 20. WILDLIFE 343 Sector Structure 343 Northern Circuit Wildlife, Tanzania: Conservation Corporation Africa 344 Tiger Watching, Bardia National Park, Nepal: Tiger Tops Karnali 349 Mountain Gorillas, Mgahinga National Park, Uganda: various operators 352 Jack's Camp, Botswana: Uncharted Africa and Wilderness Safaris 358 Polar Bear Watching, Churchill, Canada: Natural Habitat Adventures 361 Kamchatka, Russia, Brown Bears: Explore Kamchatka 366 21. AERIAL ADVENTURES 371 Sector Structure 371 Mission Beach, Australia: Jump the Beach 373 Queenstown New Zealand: AJ Hackett Bungy 376 Kaikoura, New Zealand: Kaikoura Helicopter 379 Gold Coast Australia: Balloon Down Under 381 22. OTHER SECTORS AND ISSUES 386 Introduction 386 Activity Subsectors 386 Social context for adventure tourism 390 Safety, Liability and Illness 395 Adventure Events 398 23. ADVENTURE DESTINATIONS 401 Introduction 401 Queenstown 404 Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe 406 Cairns, Queensland Australia 408 Banff, Canada 410 Moab, Utah USA 411 Bozeman, Montana USA 413 Pacific Harbour, Fiji 414 Chamonix, France 415 24. WORLD ADVENTURE CAPITAL 418 Introduction 418 The "Adventure Capital of the world" 421 Dangerous Places 427 Places to Play 429 25. CROSS-CASE ANALYSES 431 Introduction 431 Safety Procedures for Heliskiing and Heliboarding 431 Environmental Management for Rafting and River Journeys 433 Safety Considerations for Hiking and Wildlife Watching 435 Marketing and Magazines in Surfing and Snowboarding 439 26. PRODUCT PATTERNS 443 Introduction 443 Place 443 Operator 444 Activity 445 Equipment 446 Accommodation 447 Statistics - Ralf check table again 447 Access 453 Community 454 Experience 455 Environment 456 Safety 457 Marketing 458 Signatures 459 Icon Sites 460 27. CONCLUSIONS 462 Trends and Patterns 462 Research Priorities 464 Policy Issues 468 EPILOGUE 471 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 472 REFERENCES 473
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Adventure travel.
Tourism.