DECEMBER, 1896. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 46 1
at Brigham City, and the least, "trace," at Giles and Mammoth.
Upon the whole, the weather conditions were exce tionally fine -for farm work, but very detrimental to stock interests.-J H. Smith.
VGrginia.-The mean te.@ erature was 36.9', or 3.1' below normal; the highest was 86', at StanS)eyton on the Sth, and t h e lowest, 2", at Dale Enterprise. The average precipitation was 1.02, or 2.5:) below
normal; the greatest monthly amount, 4.04, occurred at Hanipton, and t h e least, "trace," at several stations.--E. A . Eaans. Washington.-The mean temperature was 40.0', or 3.3' above normnl; tlie highest was 65', at Sedro on tlie Stli and 9th and Kennewick on the. 9th, and the lowest, 5', at Looniis on the 1st. The average lirecipita-
tion was 7.97, or 1.37 above normal; the greatest monthly :nnount, 26.26, occurred at Clearwater, ancl t h e least, 1.14, at Musee.-G. N. Salisbuqy.
T e s t Virgiriicc.-The mean temperature was 36.0", or about normal; the highest was Go, at ()I d Fieltls 011 the 1311, and the lowest, 2" lrolom
zero, at Marlington (~i i t h e 25th. The average precildation mas l.C;S,
or 1.50 below normal; tlie greatest monthly amount, 2.85, occurred at Beverly, and t h e least, 0.57, at Romney. Very little snow fell in the Ohio Valley ancl its larger tributaries. I n the mountains the total
depth at some stations ranged from 4 to S inches. It was enerally moist in character and soon disappeared. The weather on tke whole was beneficial to t h e winter wheat, and at the close of tlie month this cro I was in good condition and proinising.-H. L. Ball. d7iwonein.-The mean temperature was 2S.Cio, or 2.0' above normal; the highest was W', at Delavnn on the 2Yth, antl the lowest, 30' below
zero, :it Spooner on the 1st. The average precipitation was 034; the greatest monthly amount, 2.44, occurred at Hayward, and the least, 0.05, a t ('hilton.-V. N. IVilson. 1ITycmiug.-Tlie niean temperature was 32.1"; the highest was ioo, at
Fort Lnraniie on the l l t l i , nud the lowest, 73' below zero, at Fort Washa-
kie. Tlie :I\ ernge precipitation \vas 0.10; the greatest monthly aniount,
0.46, occiirreil at Fort Yellowstnne, while nolie fell at Fort Laramie, Fort
Wnslinkie, and Wibe.-M. G. Rriioe.
RIVER AND FLOOD SERVICE.
By PARK MORRILL, Forecast Oficial, in charge of River aud Flood Service.
The extreme and average sfngcs of ioatcr in the rivers for
the current month are given in Table VIII. In uo case have
tlie rivers reached dangerous heights. A t the close of the
month navigation 011 the upper Mississippi and the Missouri
was practically susp~iidril. The latter river was frozen north
of Sioux Clity. The Ohio and lower Mississippi \vert. navi-
gnlJle throughout the nl(J11th. The rivers of the Atlantic
Coast and the South have been a t low stages.
The following rbsunii: of river stages and coiidi tims of
navigation in the various streams iR compiled from reports
by the following officials of the Weatlier Bureau a t various
river stations and section centers :
A. F. Sinis, Observer, Albany, N. Y.; E. R. Demaiii, 011-
server, Harrisburg, Pa. ; E. A. Evans, Local Forecast Official,
Richmond, Va. ; C!. F. vu11 Herrmann, Observer, Raleigh, N. C. ;
L. N. Jesunofsky, Local Forecast Official, Charleston, P. C. ;
David Fisher, Ohserver, Augusta, Ga. ; J. B. RIarl)ury, IJocal
Forecast Official, Atlanta, Qa. ; W. M. Dndli>y, O l ~s ~r v e r ,
Mobile, Ala. ; F. P. ChafYee, Local Forecast Official, hloiit-
gomery, Ala. ; S. S. Bassler, Local Forecast Official, C'incin-
i n t i , Ohio ; Frank Ridgway, Local Forecast, Official, I'itts-
h r g , Pa. ; H. L. Ball, Observer, Pnrbershurg, JfT. Va. ; 1,. hI.
Pindell, Olmerver, C!hattanoogn, Tenn. ; F. J . \Vnlz, IAocal
Forecast Official, Davenport), Iowa ; H. C. Frnnlimfield, Lucal
Forecast Official, 8t. Louis, 310. ; S. C. Emery, ()l)server,
Memphis, Tenu. ; R. J . Hyatt, 1,ocal Forecast Official, Vich-
hirg, Miss.; R. E. Kerkani, 1,ocnl Forecast Otficial, New
Orleans, La. ; L. A. Welsh, Local Forecast Offiic*ial, Omnhn,
Nelir. ; Patrick Coiiiior, Local Forrcast Official, I<anRas C'ity,
hlo. ; F. H. Clarke, Local Fnrecnst Oflicial, Little It( ick, Ark. ;
W. H. Haniiiion, Forecast Oficial, Sail Francisco, Cal.
Hudson River.-On the 4th much anchor ice formed in the river, 1Jut
t h e mild conditions of the Gth caused all the ice to dis:yl ear froiii both river and basin. On the 16th anchor ice again a+,peare$ in the river.
The prevalent northerly wind kept t h e water in the Hutlwn lwliiw the normal level and renclered navigation difficult from Van Wits Point to Troy. Tlie People's Line sent their last boat south on the evening of tlie
16th. The steamer CYtyof T ~o y left for New York City on the lStli, tlie last south bound boat of the season from tlie hear1 of tiile\z:lter naviyn-
tion. Half-inch ice covered the Albany basin on the l i t h , and lincl thickened to 2 inches by the 19th. On the morning of the 20th the lludson River was frozen over from Troy to H u ~~o I ~, and the icemen took ntlvantage of the situation and began t h e \\orlr of staking out ice claimr. The high west and northwest winds filled the ice with (lust
particles, which will detract somewhat froni what \\ ould other\\ ise I J ~ considered a perfect ice formation in the Albany district. At the close of t h e month an average of 4 inches of snow coveretl the Hudson and
M u l i a ~ k Matersheds; the ice in the Ilohaa k averaged 13 inches in thickness at Srhenertndy and that in t h e Hodfin ritngecl froni 7 inches
at t h e State dam to 2 inches at Newberg. Suaqudhunna Riwr and branches.-Notwithstanding the fact that the precipitation over the drainage area of the Susquehaiins River and its
REV-2
tribntnries n as very light, pri ibnbly less than dUri1ig any December biuce h e r v a t i o n s Iwgnn, tlicb btreams iiinintained about the average
stnger of water for the time of gear. At Harrislmrg the river averaged 0.4 of n foot higlier than i n Ikceulller, 1S95, although the rainfall
-as unly alront 12 per cent of the :1l11lJllnt reporteil fur December, 1895,
being tile least (nnly (J.40 inch) for any Decemlxr since t h e Weather Bureau skition w:w olbenecl. 011 the West Branch and the .Juniata tlie
lie:ivier, averaging about 1 inch. The West Branch was relmted CllJSell at Fnlmn~lsville ilaring the entire month. It closed at Reno\n on the 44th mil at Keating uu the 25th. The Juniata \WE
close11 :it iIIiftliii fruiii the 311 to the Sth and froiii the 24th to the close
(Jf the month. The Siisqueliaiina dit1 not freeze over a t Harrisburg,
I J n t there M RCI icc :dong its lxinks, frtini the 24th to the 29tli, sufficient Iretn een ( 'olunil!in an11 Wrightsville, about 60
, 011 ('hristinab niplit, anal on December 2S the
it,k, an11 persons were able to crobs on foot. I t
111 of the iiiiJntli, dth(Jiigli proldily not safe for
nctwnt of tlie niil~lei I\ enther. (critic bltrlc8.-The rainfsll in the va!ley of the
n consqucnce the river remninecl low. There
1Itililt. riseh nttenilnnt 1llilJn any of tlie rains which fell. vdley there was :t steally fall uf the river during the
with the excelltion of tlie 7th mid 29th, when slight Tlie close of the niontli fnniul the river in its normnl irurity aiid height fur tlie time of year. The riverb of North ( 'nrnlinn we1 e uniformly low, though somewhat liiglier th:ln diiriny November. Slightly higher stages Irrevailecl from tlir 241 t(J 5th, Stli tu Iltli, nnil 17th and 18th, but in no case approachecl
tlie tlanger lineb. The lowest stages were attained toanrcl the end of tlie month. Tlie 11e:ti y rninfnll in South C.eolinn on the 1st antl 2d was mostly
wiifinell to the coast region, :tilt1 in cniise4luenre there were no freshets
o f niarketl se\ rrity. Tlie rains wrre folluwe(l early on the mornin.. of tlic 211 a t iwiiits witliin 50 miles of tlie const try an ice storm cove2ng evergtliing I\ it11 a coating of ice one-half inch to one and onequarter inches thick, M hicli Iirobtrated iuany trees and caused much daniage
tu t h e teleyl2lJh p l e h nntl wires. Snon fall measuring 3 to S inches
occurreal over tlie centrnl p)rtion of the State (in the 31. It melted dowly during the :%l to (Mi, an11 had but little effect upon the streams
in that sectiun. Thin and rniining ice wm observed in the Wateree at C'nmtlen and ill the Great Pee Dee at Chernw on tlie 31 to 5th and the
24th to 2Gtll.
The Conguree was a t :% luw stage tluring the last half of the month. Many
ct itton factories lnrntetl nn the S:iliinln nntl Broad rivers were rui?ning from the 1st to the 1f;th; after that (late they mere shut (lawn again on
account of tlie lack of water. Tlie W:~ccnniaw remained a t a navigable
stage from Wiiiyali Eny to Wacc:nn:iw during tlie entire month. Navi- gntion was uniiiteri nlded 011 the Hantee antl Wateree between St. Ste-
phens an11 C'amden during tlie month. More merchnndise was shipped a t Chtrleston ani1 Georgetown over the various strearns than for niany
Two riws ocmrred in the Savaniinh River during the mouth, the
inntiiig on the 3 1 and the other on the 1Gtli. No better con- riilrl 1)e desirecl for navigation than have prevailed, the boab
rgulm trills with fairly gnod ~~r g ,r ~e ~, cuttoii forming the chief
coiiiuiuility now in tranbpi rrtntion. Other (;em gin rivers, low a t the lieginning of the month, continued so
to its end. There H eie no sudden rises and the clianges mere but slight
J h b i l e Riuer and b~m~c7~es.-Tlie MolJile River and its tributaries have,
The Great Pee Dee was nnvigal~le up to Chernw until the 23d.
months jX1ht.
frllnl day to clay.
453
X s x i 8 u i p i Eirrer. St,. Paul, Ninn. .......... Reeds Landing, Miuti.. .. La Cross?, \Via .......... North McGregor, I o w a ..
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
~~
Miles 1,O.W 1 ,W 1,799 1,739
DECEMBER, 1896
Y, Mo ............ Chester, Ill. ..............
Memphis, Tenn .......... Helena, Ark ............. Arkansas City, Ark.. .... Greeuville. Miss ......... Vicksbure, Miss ......... New Orleans, La ........ A r h f l ~i ~c i ~ Ri wt'. Fort Smith, Ark ......... Dar,lanelle. Ark ......... Little Rnck. Ark ......... ll.hi1e Ric:ir. Newport,Ark .......... Illinois Hiwr. Peoria. I l l .. .............. Missouri Bitrev. Bismarck, N. Dak. t. .... Pierre, H. Dak. t. ...... Sioux City, Iowa t. ......
i!airo, I l l .. ...............
with the exception of the first four days of the month, continued un- usually low as very little rain has fallen; the boats could go no farther upstream than Demopolis on the Tombigbee t h e first three weeks of
the month, and no higher than Gays Landing during the closing week of the month. The Alabama River was navigable during the first half
of the month, but scarcely so during the latter half. Ohio Riwr and bratichs.-During the entire year just closed the Ohio
has been navigable, and the oldest river men say that they can not re- menioer a year comparable with 1896 for long periods of good stages and freedom from interruption of navigation.
There was a coal-boat stage a t Pittsburg during the first two ilnys of December and again from the lOth to the 14th. Smaller packets have
been running during the entire month, but there has been scarcely enough water for the large packets since tlie %th. Large qunntities of ice were running in tlie Alleghany River on the Ith, 3211, 2:X, an11 74th. The rainfall of the Sth
and 9th occurretl cliiefly in the upper Ohio Valley ani1 the West Vir- ginia watersheik. Rains dnring the latter 1Jal.t of November had
swelled the l\Ionungahela, an11 a t the opening of December the Ohio below Pittslmrg showed an elJLiing f l l J n l l of uioderate height. At the same time the Great and Little I h i a u has liad good water stages. Tlie
Ohio and its northern tributaries began rising on the 9th. During the latter half of t h e montli tlie rivers fell slowly but not sufficiently low to interfere with navigation except by the largest boats. Tlie rive1
men state thnt, as regards the htnges of water, December \vas an 1111-
usually good month, although Imsiness.was tlull. From tlie 35th to the 30th the Ohio was running pretty heavily with ice, which caubeil a tem- porary tie up lJ11 sonie of the pncket lines.
The highest water i n t h e Tennessee occurred a t t h e beginning (i f the month. The stage a t Chattnnooga was the highest recoriletl in the iiast
ten years. There were eighteen more (lays of navig:Rble water thnn in 1895. The river was open to n:ivigaticin IJY small lroath the entire month, but all large boats were tiell up on tlie 2Sth. Tlic r i l e r \\as
practically free frum drift during tlie nionth, ant1 its generd runditivn has been favorable for those engaged in river trafic an11 coiisi~lerable
business was done. H~8ia3ippi Rirer aird wiitror brancnt.s.-Navigatioii aliove Davenport
was practically cluswl (luring the entire month, and no boats were run-
ning with tlie esceptiun uf :E few ferrybuats. Tlie river was frozen,
however, for only a part of the month. It remained open beliiw Du- buque, though the grente; part of the time there was a consitleralile quantity of h a t i n g ice. rlie ice gurge which forrued just below Lake Pepin tluring the latter part of November, reinained in the river during the greater part of the niunth, an11 with little change as far ns tlie loca-
tion and character of the gorge itself aas concerned. The mater,
however, broke pthsageway under it and the stage ileclinerl at R Landing after the 1st. There -as n shnrp rise in the rive1 at Ln C'I
the first four days of the month, and at North McGregor from the 5th to the 12th; this rise reacheil Dubui~ue between the 8th and tlie lWi,
and carried the ice oiit in tliat section. The river from 1):tvenport to St. Louis was low, 1Jut suffii-iently high
for light traffic. Tliere was, hone\ er, little naviqativn a h \ e 8t. Louis; only a few boats carrying grain iuaile trips froni the Illinois River. On this latter river towboats n e r e still running n t tlie en11 of tlie
month. The tlnan-
tity was sninll, and by t h e 5th it had diua1q)eared. A sei7ond run occurred on the 26th and (lisiqipeared by the 29th. From the 1Dth to
the 25th the river from Burlington, Io\\a, tu Hannibal, ~I I J ., was fillell with heavy ice, nntl on the 27th tlie ice in Quincy Bay attainell a thick-
nebs of two inches. From St. Louis to Cairu there has been little change in the prevailing low water, but south of Cairo there \vas itiuarked rise. At 31enil)llis tlie
&tape of water increabeil ra1,iJly from the 1st to tlie Illth, tlie increase averaging about one foot for each 'lay, until it stage c ~f 16.6 feet mas reached on the lClth, after wliicli it fell gr:tilually to the entl of tlie month, though a goud tleptli uf w:tter was iunintaiiietl at nll tinies. Navigation \\as nut interrupted in any way during tlie nilJntll, either
in the Mississippi or ith numerous tributaries betli een ('airu ani1 Mem- phis, and the conditions upon the whole \\ ere unubunlly favurnble f u i
the river men. No ice has yet been seen in this section.
The Mississippi River an11 its tributaries bet\\ een Meriipliis ani1
Vickshurg mere low, especidly the tributary btreams, om ing to tlie 1111-
usually small amount of precipitation during tlie iuoiith of December, but they were navigable, except the upper White River, where naviga-
tion was suspended. The Mississippi, south of Vicksl,urg, showed a niarked rise for tlie
seasun of tlie year between tlie 5th ant1 middle of the month. afiect- iiig the stage at Vicksburg by a l2-fout rise, but ilecreasing tu :t rise uf
less than three feet at Ne\\ Orleans. A gradual decline occurreil be-
tween the 16th and 2'31, amounting to nhout seven feet at Vicksl)urg, and less t l i m tt\o feet at New Orleans. The fluctuatio~is after the 231
were slight. The Red River phowecl mill1 fluctuations during the first ten (lays of
the month, during wliich t h e highest waters occurred; thereafter there was a general and very gradual decline to stages below zero at Shreve- port and Alexandria during the latter part of t h e month. The highest
waters in the Ouachita occurred during tlie early part of the month,
The month's rainfall, was Ijeloa the nurmal.
Ice commence11 ruiininq l m t St. Louis on tlie 211.
1 ,M
1,170 1,073
46, 635 595 474 lW
.U5
2W
170
150
I35
1,201
1,o(wj
676
p?
-
Camden and Monroe showing 14-foot stages. There was a general and rapiil decline at Cam~leii after tlie lst, and at Monroe after the 7th;
tlie month closed with low stages f o r t h Navigation was in- terfered with in tlie Red and Ouachita ring the greater part of the month, tlie Red River boats run tlraft as far nurth as C'uushatta, and no traffii- wurthy uf mention esisting on the Ouachita. Mfssowi Riixr.-At Omaha the river was Iwactic*ally frozen over until
the afternoon of the 9th, when the ice bloke u p and r:tn out. Ice was running on the 5th and 6th at St. Joselih, tlie river l~ecuniing clear on the 7th. The river was clear southward froni Sioux ('ity at the close
of the month. A t I<ansas City the river was clear i b f icae from tlie 8th to the 20th and 27th to 31st, inclusive; during the reht uf tlie month there R as more or less floating ice.
drkanaua IZizer.-During the first fourteen days of Deceiuber n fairly good boating stage prevailed in tlie upper river bet\\ een Dardanelle an11 Little Rock. On December 15 a decline set in and continued to
tlie enil of the month, tlie ~a t e r during this time being too low for navigntion est-ept 1 iy the smtllest bunts. The luwer river, south of
Little Rock, wits n:tvigalJle during the entire month. The low stage as very faroralJle ftir constructing the bridge at Little Rock. At the end of the month tlie piers were sin far advancell that high water
could not do tlaniage rither than tlJ delay work. No ice lias been seen during t h e month.
Rium of the P(zriJc Coczsl.-The Pacraiiiento River at the beginning of
a stnye perinitting easy navigation. Tlie river ron- ionary until the inidllle of the month, when, owing
to hear y rains, there n as a ralbill rise. Tlte Willamette rose steadily iliiring tlie first half of the nii~nth, nearly reaching the danger line at
Portlund. A steitily fnll then set in and continuetl to the enil of the. Inuntll.
TABLE VIII.-Heig?h of r h m s abom zros of ga'alqea, December, 1896.
Ohio Rirer. Pitt.slrurg. P a .. .......... Davis Island Dam, Pa.. . Wheeling W. Va .......
Parkersbnrg. W. Va.. ... Point Pleasant, W. Va . . Catlettshurg, Ry ........ Portsmouth. Ohio ....... Citicinu ati. Ohio. ........ Louisville, Ky ........... Evansville, Iud ......... Pnducah, Ky.. ........ dlieghong Ri i'er. Warren. Pa ............. Oil City, Pa ..............
nIa?wtta,'O1iio.. .........
9% 960
875
765
703 651
GI2 499
367 164
47
177 1 s
795
Burnside, Icy ........... Nashville, Teuu ......... I jg
-~
P
9 '
YSJ V b I
:& L s
?dg
-
Feel 14 P2 10
18 15
10
15 14
17 23
.w 30 40 33 37 42
40 41 13
.,.a e-
... 3
21
14
14 14 19 21 20
21
&,
25 36 25 38 36 50
50
45
24 30
40
13 20
w
4
8
11
XI
.w 60
Righest water.
:eight
Feet.
7.0 7.5
7.6 4.4
5.1 5.0
8.0
7.
4.0 24.9
16.6 22.3
22.0
18.7 19.4 5.8
7. 6 4.0 9.2
3. c
7.5
.....
I C
4 .1
2.3
...... ..... 8.0 6.5 2.3
11.9 11.1 15.9 16.0
15.8 w. 4
27.5 28.0 3 .2
11.3 23.5 21.8
4.8 5.4
6.7 10.4
2.5
3.7
3.6
l G .I
17.0 28.9
Date.
......... 1
4
12
1" 14 14 18 17-19 1 9 ,s 21
Y2
9,10 10
11,12 I? 13,14 14.15
1
3
4
1
I
I ,?
...... ........ ......... 21 24
2
11 11 12 12
13 2 1
1 3 3 5
F
10 10
11
11
10
9
10.11
1
1 1
Lowest water.
~
:eight
Feel.
1.9
2.1 1.2 0.0
0.5
0.4
1.1 3.4 3.8 1.8 13.2 5.8 9.5 10.0
0.3 3.2
2.2 1.6 3.5
6.9
5.4
...
......
;. 0
...... ...... 2.8 4.4 -0.6
2.0
3. 6 4.2
5.0 5. Y 4.3 6. 0
7.6 IO. 1
6.0 9.3 8.1
0. a 1.5
1.2
2.3
0.8
1.0
1.8
4.0
1.1 3.5
Date.
~.
........ 3-31
1 2 5, 6 6
437 9,lO 11 11 12 31 1 1 2 P
2-4 4
31 30.31
30,:31
31
8,30,S1
.........
......... ......... .........
4
6,7 9
27.23 27 8, b 30
31 31 31 31 30 31 31
31
28-30 30 27,29 21;-28
2Y,30
-8,1591
2741
30
31 31
-
Feet.
4.3 ....
.... 5.9
5.0
2.4
3.1 2.7 3.1 5.0 5.9
3.3 18.9 11.2
16.6 16.5 13.7 13.6 4.7
3.6 3.3
5.3
1.9
6.5
..... .... .... 5.9
5.4
0.9
5.0 6.6 8.3
9.2
9.5 11.4 15.5 16.7 19.7
8. 7 17.0 15.0
1.9 2.8 2.7 4.9
1.5
1.3
2.4
7.5
3.8 10.3
R
a 6 r M
-
:$ 4
Feet.
5.1
5.6 6.4 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.6 4.0 2.9 11.7 10.8 12.8 12.0
10.7 12. 1 2. 6
5.4 6.4
5.7
2.7
2.1
-
.....
.....
..... ..... ..... 5.2 2.1 2.9
9.9 8.5 11.7 11.0 10.0 16.1 21.5 20.4 19.1 5.3 14.2 13.7
4.0 3.9
6.5
8.1
1.7
2.7
1.8
12.4
15.9 a .4
DECEMBER, 1896. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 453
Greut Eanawha River. Charleston, W. Va.. .....
New River. Hinton, W. Va ........... Lieking Bitter. Falmouth, Ky .......... Niaini River. Dayton, Ohio ........... M07kOiagahela River. Weston. W. \‘a .......... Fairuiont, W. Va ........ Morgantown, 1%’. V a .... Greensboro, P a .. ..... Look No. 4- Pa. ........ Cheat Rive?. Rowlesburg, W.Va.. ... Yoiighiogheti y Rtvrr. C‘onflnence. Pa. .......... West Newton.Pa.. ...... Tmnr8see River. Knoxville, Tenn.. ....... Cbattanooga, Tenn.. .... Bridgeport Ala ........ Florence, Ala.. .......... Johnsonville, Tenn ...... Wabaeh River. Terre Haute, Ind ........ Mt. Carme1,Ill. .......... Red River Arthur City, Tex.. ....... Fulton, Ark ............. Shreveport, La.. ......... Alexandria, La .......... A fcha.i’alaya River. Melville, La.. ............
TABLE VIII.-Heighkof r&ktxss above zero8 of gauges-Continued.
Mile8 61
TABLE VIII.-Heights of rimm above m s of gauges-Continued. .
-
A
;ai
02 B
%el. io. 9 12.8
5.4
10.6
4.1
5.1
5.9
5.0
2.8 7.6
7.2
11.8
2.9
3.7
17.0 4.0
12.8 8.7
22
-
-
-
d M
Y
9
i -
Feel. 6.1
2.7
3.4
2.1
0. 7 0.5 8.6 8.6 0.0
3.5
3.1 1.6
2.1 5.3 3.6 3.8 6.7
3.0 5.3
4.6 4.0 0.6 1.6
14.6
-
i
2 Y
U
d -
Feet. 6.3 7.9
2.0
9.0
2.4
1.4
2.2
2.1
-1.9 1.7
1.7
9.6
2.7
2.8
8.1 15.6
9.2 9.2
-
-
B
$8
2 s
:El MM
-
Feet 30
14
25
18
18 25 m 18
28
14
10 23
29 93
16 21
16 15
a 22 3 33
31
...
Eighest water. Lowest water. Highest water. Lowest water.
__
Date.
__
29
E-29
81-25, $31
2
%-29 8 3-20 3-31
%-31
29 29
3 M 1 31 31 31 29.31
30.31 31
28-31 30,31 1 31
1
%;-an
~
Date.
-
Date.
Stations. ~
Ieight
F8el. 3.1
1.3
2.4
1.1
- 0.3 1.1 7.4 7.5 7.1
2.8
1.3 0.5
0.!3
2.5 1.2 1.3 3.1
1.7 3.0
2.6 1.2 - 1.9
- 1.2
10.5
~
Ieight .eight Ieight Date.
Fret. 11.6
6.3
8.0
3.9
6.9 8.6 13.3 13.0 15.0
6.0
3.7 4.7
10.0 13.9 10.9 8.9 12.4
5.1 9.1
11.0 11.7 4.0 4.4
16.7
Feel 8.5
5.0
5.6
3.8
7.2 7.5
5 . H
0.9
3.2
2.4 4.2
5. 1 11.4 9.7 7.6 9.3
3.4 6. I
8.4 11). 5
5.9 5.6
8.2
5.5
Mk.8 34c
100
En
l(10
37
257
265
E 5
235
155
!Jo
130
;(I
35
211
i 0
w io
Ffel. 15.0 15.7
3.6
15.4
4.6
5.5
G.4
F. 0
- (1.1
6.9
”,. I .,
17. ti
4.3
5.0
20. F
17.6
18. 0 14.2
__
Feet. 4.1 2.9
- 1.8
4.8
0.5
0.4
0.5
1.0
- 2.9
- 0.7
0.5
5. s
1.3
1.3
3.6 13.6
5.2 5.5
~
Otiachila Ricer. C‘amdan, Ark.. .......... ....
....
....
Columbia, S. C!. .......... .7anics Ri tier. Lynclilmrg, Va.. ......... dlabaiiia Hiver. Montgomery. ala.. .
Demopolis, Ala Biwk l!’,/rrio? Tiiscaloosa. Ala
\Villiamsl)ort. Pa.. ...... .Yar.miiken lo Rirer. Redbluff, Cal ............
Illllainette River. Allany, Oreg ... Portland, Oreg ...........
Sacramento. Cal,. ........
1
1
1
16
9 10 10 11 in
9
1 10
1 3 3 5 6
20 1
3 1
5
10
16
31 30,31
30,31
30
28, rn
z,28
31
30.31
28,29
31
9-31
31
29
29
1
26 2
12,13
~
1 5
9-11
2
1
5
1
6 4
1
16
14
11
15 31
15 15
95
30
69
161 119 95 81 40
36
59 15
614 430 390
2a 94
165 50
a33 565 449
135
1W
*Distance to the Gulf of Mesico. t Frozen throughout the month. 8 Frozen 616 and 21-31, L Frozen 3-8. 0 Frozen 05-9.
- -
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS.
INS# )LATION.
Ai$,inometer (Scliwolbon. )
Lnngley’x 1 )olorueter, with alipropri:tte galvanometers for the ex-
ploration iin<L niapping of the solar spectrum, particularly the
1 n f ra-re I 1 pn rtion . Pliiotogra1)lric rewrils of the iuore proniinent ahsorption lines due to allll?~llh vapor in the atmohphere, and comptrison, after proper
scnle determin.ition, with the intensity of standard solar lines n itli the ultinirtte nini of abcertaining the dibtrilmtiun of vapor
in the :itniospliere at various altitudes and variations therefrom. A guod 15 or 14 inch photographic objective
f ~i r inre&@ing the relatii ins of bolar spots, faculse and promi- Spt.ctrolielio=tiipli.
nencetj.
NEPHOSCUP~ AND PLUVIf)I\IETR17.
Sun~hine recorders of various types.
Nephoscopes and Pole star recurderB. Rain gauges and evaporumeterb.
Barus’s device for showing colors of cloudy condensation.
Aitken’s (lust counter or coniscope.
ATbl IDOMETRY.
The determination (Jf the amount of haze or smoke present in
t h e atmos1)here is now tluite neglected in meteorology,
although a matter of 1 ery considerable imlmtnnce to health. We shoultl have daily records of the relative purity of the
atmosphere.
ANEMOMETRY.
EQUIPMENT OF AN AERO-PHYSICAL OBSERVATORY
By ALEUNDER MCADIE. Local Forecast Official, Fan Francisco, C‘al.
I n response to a request by the Editor, Mr. BlcAdie ha^
kindly allowed the WEATHER REVIEW to p I h h , in advance,
the following extract from a paper sul~mitted by him in 1594
to the Secretary of the Smithsoniaii Institution, in coinpe-
tition for the Hodgkin’s Prizes. The use of the kite, t h e
aero-plane, and the aero-motor, which has so greatly developed
since that time, suggests, as Blr. McAdie states, a still fnr-
ther addition to the equipment. He also suggests that t’he
magnetic outfit and the seismographic apparatus would be
an appropriate addition, although rather outside of the direct
line of atmospheric investigation. The list of instrumental
equipment is as follows :
EQUIPMENT OF AN AERO-PHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
BAROMETRY.
Standard barometers-Wiltl-Fuess, Fortin, Kew, United Statefi
Multiplying barobrraplis-Ricliard, Marvin, Draper. Aneroids-Redier or improved Hicks.
Statoscope for recording minute fluctuatiunb of pressure, especially valuable during thunderstorms and gusts.
Sundell normal barometer. Teleharometers, distant from ench other not less than 1,000 feet i n a horizontal direction and 5ClO feet in a vertical ilirectinn. This
implies that the laburatory must be situateil un the summit of a hill or mountain, with base btations. Buchan, in hi8 rGsnniG i)f
the work done at Ben Nevis, intimates that snme very importitiit relations are thus discoverable.
Weather Bureau Stanclard.
THERMOMETRY AND HYGROMETRY.
Standard types of thermometers-exposed, wet bulb, maximum and minimum, water and soil.
Thermographs and self-registering psychrometers.
Assmann aspiration psychrometer.
Telethermographs and telehygrographs. Fog indicators.
Anemosvopes. Anemo-ciiienioglaph-alt instrument showing the varying force eserteii b y the Nilill, Iireferable to the old form of anemograph;
and yet some further improvemen!, luvking to a fuller recog- nition of what has been termed the internal work of the
wind ’ I is desirable.
Helicoid anemnmeter. Clino-anemometer, or instrument for registering currents not hori-
zontal. Wind pressure gauge a i d bnction memometer.
Apparatus might be devised which woultl give graphicall
THERMODYNAMICS AND (!HEMISTRY.
the
tlierniu~lynaniic cvnditions of the atmosphere. The vo?ke,