United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center

Information Resources on Old World Camels: Arabian and Bactrian 1941-2004 November 2001 (Updated December 2004) AWIC Resource Series No. 13 Compiled by: Jean Larson Judith Ho Animal Welfare Information Center USDA, ARS, NAL 10301 Baltimore Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705 Contact us : http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php Policies and Links

Table of Contents

• Introduction
  
• About this Document
  
• Bibliography
  
• World Wide Web Resources
  

The Camelidae family is a comparatively small family of mammalian animals. There are two members of Old World camels living in Africa and Asia--the Arabian and the Bactrian. There are four members of the New World camels of South America--llamas, vicunas, alpacas and guanacos. They are all very well adapted to their respective environments. The camels thrive in the harsh deserts of Africa and Asia and their South American cousins in the high altiplano and bush area. Most of these species have been integrated into and play very important roles in lives of the indigenous people. They have been traditionally used for transport of people and things, to supply hides and fibers for clothing, other textile articles, and meat and milk products. The animals have been used and bred for several thousand years, but the efforts to understand their biology and diseases in greater depth has been only been done fairly recently. Because camels are still such important animals in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, there has been more interest and need to understand their nutrition and health care needs, reproduction, behavior, physiology, diseases, veterinary care and responses to new climates. This bibliography has been compiled to address these issues.

Camelidae Family (see Mason, I.L 1979 for more taxonomic information and characteristics of these animals.)

The Camelidae evolved in North America. Their ancestors migrated from North America across the Alaskan land bridge to Asia and down across Panama into South America. They eventually became extinct in North America, but adapted well and evolved to their current forms. At one time the camels ranged from Asia to Eastern Europe. After crossing into Africa, they were found across the northern area and as far south as northern Tanzania.

Taxonomy

Camels are in the taxonomic order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates), sub order Tylopoda (pad-footed), and Family Camlidae. They are ruminants along with the giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep, goats and antelopes. They have several unique features: they walk on pads not hoofs, do not have horns or antlers, and their red blood cells are oval in shape. They also have very high red blood cell counts. All the family members have great water efficiency, long necks, two toes, and well-padded feet. Finally, a camel's toes have a web connecting them.

The New World camels include two wild species in the high Andes of South America. They are the vicuna (Lama vicugna) and the guanaco (Lama guanacoe). The native people of the Andes domesticated the llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Lama pacos). There seems to be some controversy over the parent species of the alpaca and llama. The evidence suggests that both domestic species were derived from the guanaco. They all have long necks, but no humps. They do have the ability to survive in harsh dry climates due to their ability to conserve their body water.

General Overview of the Characteristics of Old World Camels

The Old World camels fall basically into two species, the Arabian and the Bactrian. Linnaeus named the two species known as Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus. The Arabian camels have one hump on their backs and the Bactrian have two humps. They both live in desert areas. There are still Bactrian camels that exist in the Gobi desert as wild animals, but their numbers are dwindling due to human encroachment.

The Arabian camels no longer have wild relatives but exist as domesticated animals. It has been suggested that they are actually derived from the Bactrian camels and lost one of their humps in the process of domestication. Archeologists think that domestication took place in the middle or southern part of the Arabian Peninsula about 3,000 B.C. From there, they moved to other parts of the Middle East and eventually into North Africa. They are used: as pack animals; for human transport; and as a source of wool, hides, meat and milk. Some are used for racing competitions. Today, there are several breeds. The most popular and well known breed is the dromedary. Other riding breeds include the Mehari of the Sahara and the Mahri of Pakistan.

An interesting part of the use of camels had been their introduction into countries far from their origin. Today, they are seldom transported to other countries other than for exhibit. Small land owners prefer the smaller, more easily cared for and more tractable South American camelids. Some of the more notable introductions have occurred in the last 200 years. They took place in Tuscany, Spain, Australia, the Canary Islands and South America. In the U.S., they have been introduced in Virginia and in the desert areas of Arizona and Nevada.

Although there are environmental conditions in other parts of the world that can support these animals, the most successful introductions were in Australia. They were first imported from India by the British in 1860 and 1866. The camels became very important in the development of the interior of the country. Camel trains carried supplies to the outback mining and ranching stations, and aided in the general exploration and construction of transcontinental telegraph lines and railroads. After the use of autos and trucks began to make the camel obsolete, they were turned loose and established feral herds. Although they do not eat the same foods as cattle and sheep, some ranchers consider them vermin.

Certainly some of the more interesting characteristics of camels are the physiological changes that have taken place to allow them to live in such dry environments. They exhibit several notable adaptations: long eye lashes that protect their eyes from sand, control of the opening of the nostrils, a body structure that allows the animals to stand above the hot sand and allow for heat loss, and the ability to reach tall forage. The body temperature of the animal can fluctuate between 93 and 105 F; therefore, sweating is reduced. Their ability to withstand water deprivation is truly remarkable and stems from several factors. They don't over heat, can withstand water loss, and store fats in the hump for use in times of food and water deprivation. In times of dehydration, the water seems to be lost from tissues, but not blood. For this reason there is no circulatory distress and the animals can sustain a loss of up to 25% of their body weight. (Humans lose water from blood and tissue and will die of sluggish circulation at a loss of 12% of their body water.) Camels can also re-hydrate very quickly. They are considered quite bad-tempered animals that are unintelligent, untrustworthy and can render a nasty bite. Their adult teeth are similar to the fangs of a canine.

Both of these camels can interbreed and appear to produce fertile offspring. Numerous aspects of these important and economically valuable animals have been and continue to be studied. In the bibliography you will find many of the recent research papers.

For an interesting historical article on the importation of camels into the United States in the 1850's, see the following article: The Government's Importation of Camels: A Historical Sketch by Charles C. Carroll.

Military Camels: A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources

This information resource compiled by the US Army's Military History Institute contains a short bibliography on the use of camels in the military. A number of references are to historical resources on camel importation and the experience of the US Army Camel Cavalry Corps in the 19th century. Other historical topics include anecdotal information on US military use in other countries as well as camels used for military purposes in foreign situations.

Note: The following reference materials were used in the overview of camels above.

Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert. Marshall Cavendish Corp. The International Wildlife Encyclopedia. New York: B.P.C. Publishing Limited. 1969. v. 10. p. 1329-1331.
NAL Call no.: QL9.B82

Burton, Maurice. World Publishing Company. The World Encyclopedia of Animals. New York: 1972.
NAL Call no.: QL9.B8

Mason, I.L. Origins, Evolution and Distribution of Domestic Camels. Volume 1. W. Ross Cockrill, eds Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala. Note: Proceedings of the Khartoum Workshop on Camels, December 1979, p. 16-35.
NAL Call no.: SF401. C2K48 1979 v. 1

There have been a number of decisions made regarding the topics that are included in this publication. In most cases, the topics are related to the whole animal: biology, behavior, nutrition, feeds, reproductive physiology and the birth process, breeding and genetics, diseases, disease organisms, zoonotic aspects of infectious diseases, external parasites, veterinary care, etc. Some camel-based products are addressed: milk, milk composition, microbiology and uses; some aspects of meat; and the value and use of hides and fiber. Economics of camels and camel-based products as well as their role in the lives of the nomadic people are also included. Organoleptic qualities of meat and dairy products are not included.

The information in this resource has been extracted primarily from the AGRICOLA database, and the collection of the National Agricultural Library. It is not a comprehensive listing of the Worlds literature available on these animals. The published sources of most of the information include: journal articles, books, book chapters, conference papers, and reports. Abstracts are included when available. Some credible World Wide Web resources are also listed. All references include the National Agricultural Library call number for ease when requesting photocopies or interlibrary loans. Please see http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml for lending and document delivery information.

The bibliographic citation section is arranged by publication year and alphabetically by author within each year. Since this is an electronic version, it does not include an index. It is expected that by searching using key words, the user will find what is of interest. Most of the information is in English. References include materials published from 1941 through 2004.

The compiler welcomes additional information from other sources for inclusion as well as any comments or suggestions. It is desirable to have a comprehensive resource of information about these animals, and collaborators are also welcome. If you have or know of science based information that would enhance this publication, please contact me. Note that any information submitted must include important elements of identification and access i.e. author, year, publication information, title, accessibility, etc.

Please send your comments, information, or suggestions to:

2004

Abdelmadjid, Chehma; Longo, H.F. Bilan azote et gain de poids, chez le dromadaire et le mouton, alimentes a base de sous-produits du palmier dattier, de la paille d'orge et du drinn Aristida pungens. [Nitrogenous record and weight gains in dromedary and sheep fed with date palm, barley straw, and drinn "Aristida pungens" byproducts.] Cahiers Agricultures. 2004, 13 (2): 221-226.  ISSN:  1166-7699. Note:  In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: S5.C34
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sheep, diet studies, different plant sources, agricultural byproducts, Hordeum vulgare, barley straw, date palm, nutritive value, liveweight gain, nitrogenous compounds, nutrition, nutritive value, drinn, Aristida pungens.

Ahmadi, N.A.  Using morphometry of the larval rostellar hooks to distinguish Iranian strains of Echinococcus granulosus. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2004, 98 (3): 211-220.  ISSN:  0003-4983.
NAL Call no.: 448.9 L75A
Descriptors: camels, goats, sheep, cattle, humans, Echinococcus strains, strain identification via rostellar hooks on protoscoleces, epidemiology, human diseases, intermediate hosts, larvae, morphometrics, zoonoti c diseases, Iran.

Ahsan Saeed; Hussain, M.M.; Khan, I.A.; El Yousuf, R.J. Effect of age on some serum constituents of camels in United Arab Emirates. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004, 74 (3): 278-280.  ISSN: 0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, varying age groups, blood proteins, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, creatinine, triacylglycerols, differences due to age.

Al Katheeri, Nawal A.; Wasfi, I.A.; Lambert, M.; Saeed, A.  Lack of gender effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexamethasone in the camel after intra venous administration.  Research in Veterinary Science.  2004, 77 (1): 73-81.  ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.:  41.8 R312
Descriptors: camels, males and females, intravenous dose, no sex differences, terminal elimination half-lives, total body clearances, cortisol, lymphocytes, neutrophils, urine levels.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; El Belely, M.S. Intratesticular morphometric, cellular and endocrine changes in dromedary bulls exhibiting azoospermia. Veterinary Journal. (London ). 2004, 167 (2): 194-201.  ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.:  SF601.V484
Descriptors: 27 adult male dromedary camels, azoospermia, fertile and infertile males, comparisons, androgens, electro-ejaculation, ejaculate, estradiol, gonadotropins, histamine, histopathology, estrogens, scrotum characteristics, seminiferous tubules; spermatogenesis, spermatozoa, testes firmness.

Azab, M.E.; Bishara, S.A.; Helmy, H.; Oteifa, N.M.; El Hoseiny, L.M.; Ramzy, R.M.R.; Ahmed, M.A. Molecular characterization of Egyptian human and animal Echinococcus granulosus isolates by RAPD-PCR technique.  Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2004, 34 (1): 83-96.  ISSN:  1110-0583.
NAL Call no.: QL757.J65
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pigs, humans, Echinococcus granulosus, isolates, echinococcosis, genetic markers, genetic variation, heterogeneity, zoonotic diseases, human diseases, molecular genetics, nucleotid e sequences, polymerase chain reaction, strains, Egypt.

Barsham, M.A.; El Bagir, N.M.; Barri, M.E.S. Haematological and histopathological alterations in sodium thiocyanate-induced hypothyroid camels (Camelus dromedarius) . Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2004, 7 (2): 197-200. ISSN:  1028-8880.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adult females, included hypothyroidism, effects of intra-muscular injections of sodium thiocyanate, erythrocyte count, hematology, hemoglobin, histopathology, sodium, packed cell volume, thyroid gland effects, iodine defic iency.

Bayleyegn, Molla; Woubit, Salah; Alemayehu, D.; Ahmed, Mohammed.  Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Ethiopia. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2004, 117 (1-2): 39-45.  ISSN:  0005-9366.  Note:  In English with a German summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.SF221.I588 T345
Descriptors: dromedary camels, feces, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles, post slaughter tissue collection, 6 different serovar of Salmonella, antimicrobial resistance to antimicrobials, spectinomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, colistin, Salmonella strains tested were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentam icin, kanamycin.

Benkerroum, Noreddine; Mekkaoui, Majda; Bennani, Nargisse; Hidane, Kamal.  Antimicrobial activity of camel's milk against pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes.  International Journal of Dairy Technology.  2004, 57 (1): 39-43.  ISSN:  1364-727X.
NAL Call no.: SF221.I58
Descriptors: inhibitory activity, camel's milk, colostrums, effects of temperature, 4^o C and 20^o C, well diffusion assay, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O78:K80.

Cui, Sheng; Wang, Jianlin; Xie, Zheng Ming.  The nerve supply to the orbit of the Bactrian camel. Veterinary Research Communications. 2004, 28 (1): 7-15.  ISSN:  0165-7380.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, eye enervation, gross examination, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, branches of ophthalmic nerve and maxillary nerve, origins, courses, distributions, species comparison, neuroanatomy. 

Cui, Sheng; Wang, Jian Hong; Xie, Zheng Ming.  The nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Veterinary Research Communications.  2004, 28 (1): 1-5.  ISSN:  0165-7380.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, enervation of nasal cavity, adult animals, olfactory nerve, the ethmoidal nerve of ophthalmic nerve, caudal nerve of maxillary nerve, species comparison, no terminal nerve.

Delafosse, Arnaud; Doutoum, Abdesalam Adoum.  Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection and associated risk factors in camels in eastern Chad.  Veterinary Parasitology. 2004, 119 (2-3): 155-164.  ISSN:  0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: camels, herd disease levels, Trypanosoma evansi infection, surra, risk factors, age, length of seasonal migration, longitude of pasture area--dry season, latitude of pasture area--rainy season, season of sampling, blood samples from 2831 animals , card agglutination test-CATT/Trypanosoma evansi, parasite detection test (buffy-coat technique-BCT), questionnaire of host and management practices, Chad.

Dinkel, A.; Njoroge, E.M.; Zimmermann, A.; Walz, M.; Zeyhle, E.; Elmahdi, I.E.; Mackenstedt, U.; Romig, T. A PCR system for detection of species and genotypes of the Echinococcus granulosus-complex, with reference to the epidemiological situation in eastern Afri ca. International Journal for Parasitology. 2004, 34 (5): 645-653.  ISSN:  0020-7519.
NAL Call no.: QH547.I55
Descriptors: camels, cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, humans, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus equines , Echinococcus ortleppi, detection, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, epidemiology, genotypes, human diseases, mitochondria, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, strains, Kenya, Sudan.

Edwards, G.P.; Pople, A.R.; Saalfeld, K.; Caley, P.; Smyth, A.K. (ed.); Foulkes, J. (ed.); Watt, A. Introduced mammals in Australian rangelands: future threats and the role of monitoring programmes in management strategies.  Austral Ecology. 2004, 29 (1): 40-50; many ref. ISSN: 1442-9985. Note:  Conference: Biodiversity Monitoring in Australia's Rangelands, 29 October-1 November 2002, Alice Springs, Australia.
NAL Call no.: QH540.A8
Descriptors: rabbits, dromedary camels, foxes, biodiversity, introduced mammal species, trends and options for management, monitoring program, population levels, Australian rangelands.

Kurtu, M.Y.  An assessment of the productivity for meat and the carcass yield of camels (Camelus dromedarius) and of the consumption of camel meat in the eastern region of Ethiopia.  Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2004, 36 (1): 65-76.  ISSN:  0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, slaughtered adults, liveweights estimated, carcasses, 76% meat, 12% fat, 20% bone, gender differences, male had higher fat content, camel meat is acceptable alternative, economically viable, environmentally adaptable, Ethiopia.

Lahmar, S.; Debbek, H.; Zhang, L. H.; McManus, D.P.; Souissi, A.; Chelly, S.; Torgerson, P.R. Transmission dynamics of the Echinococcus granulosus sheep-d og strain (G1 genotype) in camels in Tunisia.  Veterinary Parasitology.2004, 121 (1-2): 151-156.  ISSN:  0304-4017.
NAL Call no.:  SF810.V4
Descriptors: camels, parasitic diseases, cystic echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, molecular testing for strain, age effects, zoonotic diseases, transmission to dogs and indirectly to humans, no evidence o f induced immunity in camels, Tunisia.

Li, Xi Long; Zhao, Xin Xu.  Separation and purification of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Veterinary Research Communications. 2004, 28 (3): 235-245. ISSN:  0165-7380.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, FSH, hormone secretion, LH, ovulation, seminal plasma factors, bioactive potential, anion-exchange fractionation, ovulation inducing compounds, separation and purification, methods.

Mahran, O.M.; Saleh, M.A. Prevalence of ectoparasites and their effect on some biochemical indices in camels (Camelus dromedarius) at Shalatin City.  Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2004, 50 1 (100): 164-187. ISSN:  1012-5973.  Note:   In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, males and females, various ages, field and slaughter survey, ectoparasites prevalence, population levels, seasonal effects, Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli, Cephalopenia titillator, tick species, Hyalomma dromedarii, Amblyomma lepidum, Ornithodoros savignyi, bot flies, anemia, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, hypoproteinaenemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyperglobulinaemia, sarcoptic mange treated with ivermectin, effect of treatm ent on blood chemistries.

Mohamed, H.E.  The zinc and copper content of the plasma of Sudanese camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Research Communications. 2004, 28 (5): 359-363.  ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: 993 Arabian camels, dromedaries, plasma levels, Zn, Cu, seasonal effects, age differences, no sex differences, physiological status, pregnant and lactation effects.

Ngaira, J.M.; Njagi, E.N.M.; Ngeranwa, J.J.N.; Olembo, N K.  PCR amplification of RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Trypanosoma evansi isolates in Kenya.  Veterinary Parasitology. 2004, 120 (1-2):23-33.ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: camel parasites, 20 field isolates, direct card agglutination test, Trypanosoma evansi, CATT/T, predominant variable antigen-type (pVAT) RoTat 1.2 VSG, field evaluation, causes of false negatives, Western blot, 3 groupings, RoTat 1.2 VSG gene absent in some parasite strains, Isiolo District, Kenya.

Saeed, Ahsan; Hussain, Mohamed Majed; Khan, Irfan Ahmed; El Yousuf, Raid Jamal.  Effect of age on some serum constituents of camels in United Arab Emirates. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004, 74 (3): 278-280.  ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: 101 camels, different age groups, age effects, serum analysis, total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, United Arab Emirates.

Shahardar, R.A.; Mishra, A.K.; Rao, J.R.  Detection of antibodies against Trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels by ELISA using solubilized antigens.  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004, 74 (1): 3-6.  ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, antibody detection techniques, Trypanosoma evansi, solubilized antigens, viz. crude solubilized antigen (CSA), detergent solubilized antigen (DSA), techniques, field collected 180 serum sampling, 112 tested positive.

Singh, G.P.; Ratnu, L.S.; Saini, N.; Nagpal, A.K. Selenium: an essentially required trace element. Indian Dairyman.  2004, 56 (1): 59-64. ISSN:  0019-4603.
NAL Call no.:  44.8 IN282
Descriptors: selenium, dietary requirement, deficiency, toxic levels, selenosis, therapy, livestock growth, nutrition, reproduction.

Tefera, M.  Observations on the clinical examination of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the field.  Tropical Animal Health and Pr oduction. 2004, 36 (5): 435-449.  ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: clinical examination methods, common errors related to camels, restraining procedures, standing, sternal recumbency, crush, body temperature fluctuations, morning highs are fever, afternoon highs may be hyperthermia, pulse rate, hear rate-3 5-50 beats/min, mean respiration 11/min, discoloration of eye mucous membranes, left flank for rumen contractions (3+/-1.2/5 min) ausculation, palpable easily seen external lymph nodes, parotid, maxillary, prescapular, inferior cervical, thoracic, cubital , ilial and popiteal, diagnostic indicators for the rapid diagnosis, ten endemic camel diseases.

Tejedor, M.T.; Martin, J.L.; Corbera, J.A.; Shulz, U.; Gutierrez, C.  Pseudotuberculosis in dromedary camels in the Canary Islands.  Tropical Animal Health and Production.  2004, 36 (5): 459-462.  ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Corynebacterium ulcerans, bacterial disease, diagnosis, drug therapy, pathology, symptoms, antibiotics, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, clavulanic acid, clindamyci n, erythromycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, rifampicin, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazol, tetracycline, trimethoprim, Canary Islands.

Wani, N.A.; Wernery, U.; Nowshari, M.A. Chronological events of in vitro maturation in camel (Camelus dromedarius) oocytes. Reproduction Fertility and Development. 2004, 16 (1-2): 161.  ISSN:  1031 3613.  Note:  An abstract in the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Portland, Oregon, USA; January 10-14, 2004.
NAL Call no.: QP251.R47
Descriptors: dromedary camels, oocytes, egg cells, ovarian follicles, in vitro maturation, laboratory techniques, reproductive technologies.

Wernery, U.; Ul Haq, A.; Joseph, M.; Kinne, J.  Tetanus in a camel (Camelus dromedarius)--a case report.  Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2004 Apr., 36 (3): 217-224.  ISSN: 0049-4747.  Note:  In English with summaries in French and Spanish.
URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0049-4747/contents
NAL Call no.:  SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Clostridium tetani, tetanus, bacterial infection, castration, postoperative complications.

Zayed, A.E.  Anatomical, scanning electron and light microscopical studies on the prenatal development of the nasal conchae of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2004, 50 (100): 17-36.  ISSN:  1012-5973.Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: 35 dromedary camel fetuses, prenatal nose anatomy, anatomy study of various ages, structure of dorsal, middle and ventral nasal conchae, spiral lamellae, size of recesses and sinuses, surface epithelium.

Zayed, A.E. The prenatal development of the eyelids of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2004, 50 (100): 37-52.  ISSN:  1012-5973.Note:  English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: 55 dromedary camel fetuses, from 2.8 to 110 cm crown vertebral rump length, gross morphology, paraffin sectioning, might microscopy, ectodermal folds, palpebral skin, conjunctiva changes, hair follicle development, eyelashes, tactile hairs.

Zeleke, M.; Bekele, T.  Species of ticks on camels and their seasonal population dynamics in Eastern Ethiopia.Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2004, 36 (3): 225-231.  ISSN:  0049-4747.  Note:  In English with a Spanish and French summary.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, tick parasites, collection and identification, Rhipicephalus pulchellus (85.2%), Hyalomma dromedarii (5.9%), Amblyomma gemma (4.0%) and Amblyomma variegatum (1.8%), effects of season on abundance, Eastern Ethiopia.

Abd Elnaeim, M.M.M.; Saber, A.; Hassan, A.; Abou Elmagd, A.; Klisch, K; Jones, C.J.P.; Leiser, R. Development of the areola in the early placenta of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius): A light, scanning and transmission electron microscopical study. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2003, 32 (6): 326-334.  ISSN:  0340-2096.
NAL Call no.:  SF761.Z4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pregnant adult females, areola development in placenta, compared to pigs and mare, tissues of slaughtered animals, vascular casts, mercos and methylmethacrylate, areolar formation at 5-9 cm curved crown rump, fetal areolae, microvilla, 10-13cm glad openings, maternal areolar cells have apical blebs, 14-29 foetal areolae increased in height and width, 30-34 cm discoid and demarcated, capillary network comparison, similar to pig.

Abdel-Magied, E.M.; Taha, A.A.M. Morphological, morphometric and histochemical characterization of the gastric mucosa of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2003, 32 (1): 42-47. ISSN:  0340-2096
NAL Call no.: SF76 .Z4
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, mucin histochemistry, gastric glands, histochemistry, morphology, morphometrics, mucins, stomach glandular mucosa, 8 identifiable regions, pseudo-cardiac, cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions, volume densities, reactivity of surface epithelium and gastric pits, mucin stains.

Adams, Marion; Kaufmann, Brigitte. Tierhalter und lokales Wissen: indigene Charakterisierung lokaler Kamelpopulationen und Zuchtmassnahmen von Nomaden in Nordkenia. [Animal keeping and local knowledge: distinguishing characteristics of native camel populations and breeding precautions for North Kenyan nomads.] Kommunikation und Beratung, 0947-0352; 53. Weikersheim: Margraf, c2003. viii, 103 p. ill. (some col.), map  ISBN: 3823613944 (pbk.).  Note: In German.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2A32 2003
Descriptors: camels, camel breeding, indigenous nomadic people, cameleers, Kenya.

Adeyeye, E.I.; Akpambang, V.O.E.; Adebomojo, I.A.  Determination of protein, nitrite and nitrate in animal protein sources in Nigeria.  Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research.  2003, 46 (4): 270-276.  ISSN: 0030-9885.
NAL Call no.: 475 P174
Descriptors: fish snake, prawn amphibian, camel, protein, nitrite and nitrate levels, food curing, head, gills, internal organs, muscle, bone, skin, Nigeria. 

Agab, H.; Ahmed, K.E. Investigations of wry-neck syndrome in camels (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 159-162.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adults, comparison study, wry neck and non wry neck syndrome,  possible etiology of disease, clinical picture of symptoms, brucellosis, folks methods of treatment described, moder n methods, diagnosis, disease control, hematology, muscular diseases of the neck, physiopathology, pyridoxine, reference works, therapy, torticollis, intramuscular injection, vitamin B complex, drenching with Epsom salt.&nbs p;

Ahmed, F.A.; Semieka, M.A.; Misk, N.A.  Radiographic studies on the development of some secondary ossification centres in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (1): 23-31.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, female animals, new-born, adults, bones, ossification, elbow, stifle, hocks, assessment at varying ages, appearance and fusion, humeral medial epicondyle, olecranon tuberosity, tibial tuberosity, calcanean tuberosity, meas urements of length and width, tuberosities occurs at birth, time of fusion occurs at 1.5 years for the humeral medial epicondyle, 4.5 years for the olecranon tuberosity, 5.5 years for the calcanean and tibial tuberosities.

Ahmed, M.M.M.; Abead, S.M.; Barri, M.E.S.  Effect of physiological status on some macromineral profiles in the serum of female camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 107-110. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: indigenous (Rashiada) camels, blood serum samples, various ages and different physiological states, pregnant, lactating animals, blood concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, effects of age and lactation levels. < br>

Aikimbajev, A.; Meka-Mechenko, T.; Temiralieva, G.; Bekenov, J.; Sagiyev, Z.; Kaljan, K.; Mukhambetova, A.K. Plague peculiarities in Kazakhstan at the present time. Przeglad Epidemiologiczny. 2003, 57 (4): 593-598.  ISSN:  0033-2100. Note: In English with a Polish summary.
Descriptors: humans, camels, fleas, Yersinia pestis, live attenuated vaccine, zoonotic transfer due to camel slaughter practices, epidemiology, live vaccine, vaccination, Kazakhstan.

Al Busadah, K.A. Some aspects of calcium and magnesium metabolism in camel calves. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 111-114. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors:  camels, young animals, age differences, blood sera analysis, blood chemistries, calcium and magnesium, effects of EDTA and burogluconate, involvement of the parathyroid gland in regulation of Ca and Mg metabolism. 

Al Dughaym, A.M.; Ramadan, R.O.; Mohamed, G.E.; Fadlelmula, A.; Abdin Bey, M.R. Post-traumatic buccal infection and osteomyelitis associated with mandibular fractures in the dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (1): 57-60.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, clinical studies, mandibular fractures, unilateral and bilateral freactures, wounds, infection, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus laurentii, Aspergillus penicillioides, etiology, bone diseases, diagnosis, disease prevalence, disease surveys, epidemiology, mouth, osteomyelitis, radiography, sex differences, susceptibility, Saudi Arabia.

Al Haj, Ali M.; Mensah-Brown, E.; Chandranath, S.I.; Adeghate, E.; Adem, A. Distribution of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor in the intestines of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Growth Factors. 2003, 21 (3-4): 131-137.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, insulin-like-growth-factor1 (IGF-1), hormone receptors, duodenum, epithelium, immunohistochemistry, intestinal mucosa, large and small intestine, villi, tissue distribution.

Al Katheeri, N.A.; Wasfi, I.A.; Lambert, M.  The confirmation and metabolism of dexametasone in race camel urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.  Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutic s.  2003, 26 (Supplement 1): 297. ISSN: 0140-7783. Note: Meeting abstract in Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Phar macology and Toxicology, Lisbon, Portugal; July 13-18, 2003.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: racing camels, male animals, metabolic compounds, pharmacology, dexamethasone, 6 alpha hydroxydexamethasone, beta hydroxydexamethasone, anti-inflammatory drug, dosages, intravenous administration, steroids, spectrum analysis techniques, uri ne testing, chromographic techniques.

Al Nazawi, M.H. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of oxytetracycline in camels, sheep and goats. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2003, 23 (4): 187-191.  ISSN:  0253-8318.
NAL Call no.: SF604.P32
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sheep, goats, kinetics of long-acting oxytetracycline, IV two-compartment open model, peak plasma concentration, drug half lives, drug potency, species differences.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Ali, B.H.  Variations in the normal activity of esterases in plasma and liver of camels (Camelus dromedarius), cattle (Bos indicus), sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus).  Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A. 2003, 50 (4): 201-203.  ISSN: 0931-184X.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: camels, cattle, sheep, goats, males and females, three esterases--aspirin esterase, cholinesterase, nitrophenylacetate esterase, analysis of plasma, livers, lowest in camels, no statistical difference in gender effects.

Al Sultan S.I.  Studies of some normal biochemical parameters of Majaheem breed of camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia< /st1:country-region>.  Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2003, 2 (12): 646-647.  ISSN:  1680-5593.
Descriptors: camels, Majaheen breed, males and female, biochemistry of blood serum, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, magnesium, blood sugar, calcium, normal values, Saudi Arabia.

Al Sultan, S.I.  Studies of some normal biochemical parameters of Majaheem breed of camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (1): 79-80.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Majaheem, healthy animals, serum samples, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, magnesium, normal values, Saudi Arabia.

Al Sobayil, K.A.  Hormonal treatments for inducing fertile oestrus in young dromedary females at the end of their seasonal anoestrus in Quseem Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 179-181.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young females, estrus and ovulation induction, 3 delivery methods, controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and an intramuscular injection of PMSG, CIDR  and then and injection of F2alpha, control set untreated, time of estrus, female fertility efficiency, drug therapy, reproductive performance, Saudi Arabia.

Albrecht, Knut; Breitmeier, Dirk; Fieguth, Armin; Troeger, Hans Dieter.  Todesfaelle nach Verletzungen durch Wildtiere. [Fatalities after injuries sustained in attacks by wild animals.]  Archiv fuer Kriminologie. 2003, 212 (3-4): 96-103.  ISSN: 0003-9225.  Note: In German.
Descriptors: fatal attacks, camel kicks, bear causing chest fractures, elephant causing blunt trauma, wild animal attacks on humans, typical injury patterns. 

Alhadrami, G.A.  In situ dry matter and fibre degradation of salt tolerant Sporobolus grass hay in camels fed yeast culture. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 139-144.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, mature animals, first compartment ruminal fistulae, diet study of 3 formulations, digestion, Rhodes grass hay (Cholris gayana), camel pellet concentrate, different levels of yeast culture, nylon bags incubation in the rumen, yeast increased speed of rumen digestion, rumen digestion.

Alhomida, A.S.  Comparative study of distribution of soluble-and insoluble-collagen hydroxyproline in the tissues of two desert animals, Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Arabi an sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 2003, 134A (Suppl. 1): S103-S104. ISSN:  1095-6433.  Note: Meeting abstract--Sixth International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Mt Buller, Australia; February 02-07, 2003.
NAL Call no.:  QP1.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Arabian sand gazelle, cardiovascular system, kidney, liver, digestive system, muscle, tissue distribution, collagen.

Ali, B.H.; Charles, B.G.; Al Yousif, M.; Bashir, A.K.  Comparative pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in camels, sheep and goats.  Acta Veterinaria Brno. 2003, 72 (1): 49-53. ISSN:&nbs p; 0001-7213.
NAL Call no.: SF604.B7
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, pharmacokinetics, mitronidazole, single intramuscular injection, dose of 30 mgcntdotkg-1-body weight, species differences, elimination half-lives, maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax), mean residence times, recommended dose, time to Cmax, 15 mgcntdotkg-1 in camels, 10 mgcntdotkg-1 sheep and goats, every 12 h.

Ali, B.H.  Comparative pharmacokinetics of salicylate in camels, sheep and goats.  European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.  2003, 28 (2): 125-128.  ISSN:  0378-7966.
NAL Call no.:  RM301.E8
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, pharmacokinetic parameters of DL-lysine-acetyl salicylate, intravenously and intramuscularly, 20 mg/kg, non-compartmental model, clearance values, peak plasma concentration, time to reach max, species comparison, rate of absorption and elimination slower in camels.

Ali, B.H.; Al Qarawi, A.A.; Hashaad, M.  Comparative plasma pharmacokinetics and tolerance of florfenicol following intramuscular and intravenous administration to camels, sheep and goats.  Veterinary Res earch Communications. 2003, 27 (6): 475-483. ISSN:  0165-7380.
NAL Call no.:  SF601.V38
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, male animals, antibiotics, antimarial drug, florfenicol, a monofluorinated analogue of thiamphenicol, pharmacokinetics, single intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection, dose of 20 mg/kg body weigh, two̴ 9;compartment open model, max. plasma concentration, terminal half-life, MRT, species differences, rate and extent of absorption, higher in camels, drug safety.

Aliabadi, F.S.; Ali, B.H.; Landoni, M.F.; Lees, P. Pharmacokinetics and PK-PD modelling of danofloxacin in camel serum and tissue cage fluids. Veterinary Journal. 2003, 165 (2): 104-118.  ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601 V484
Descriptors: dromedary camels, antimicrobial properties, blood serum, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clearance, half life, antibacterial actions, danoflozacin, Escherichia coli 0157-H7, minimum inhibitory concentration in vitro, ex vivo measurement of bacterial counts.

Aly, SA; Abo, Al Yazeed, H. Microbiological studies on camel milk in North Sinai, Egypt. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 173-178.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camel milk, milk from different herds, microbial isolates, coliforms, enterococci, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Acremonium, Chrysosporium, levels of lipolytic activity, economic and health issues, control measures to improve milk quality.

Aminu, Deen; Sumant, Vyas; Sahani, M.S.; Deen, A.; Vyas, S. Semen collection, cryopreservation and artificial insemination in the dromedary camel. Animal Reproduction Science. 2003, 77 (3-4): 223-233.  ISSN:  0378-4320.
NAL Call no.:  QP251.A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, male and female animals, semen collection, bovine artificial vagina, artificial insemination, chymotrypsin and caffeine effects on sperm motility, copulation, cryopreservation, ejaculate volume, frozen semen, freezability of different individual’s sperm, ovulation, pregnancy rate, seasonal effects on sperm quality.

Asadi, N.; Esmaeelkhanian, S.; Gharadaghi, A.A.; Sarhadi, F.; Farhang, K.H.  Karyotype and C-banding analysis on camel (Bactrian camel) in Iran. Annales de Genetique. 2003, 46 (2-3): 90.  ISSN: 0003-3995.  Note: Fourth European Cytogenetics Conference, Bologna, Italy; September 06-09, 2003.
NAL Call no.: QH431.A1A56
Descriptors: genetics techniques, Bactrian camels, X and Y chromosomes, C-banding analysis, staining techniques, Iran.

Atarhouch, T.; Rami, M.; Bendahman, M.N.; Dakkak, A. Camel trypanosomosis in Morocco 1: results of a first epidemiological survey. Veterinary Parasitology. 2003, 111 (4): 277-286. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, camels age, anemia, serum samples, card agglutination test, Ab-ELISA, antibody detection, infection rate, clinical aspects, disease prevalence, epidemiology, hematocrit values, infection, lymph nodes, seroprevalence, trypanosomiasis, parasite isolation by inoculation of mice, 15 isolates, Zagora, Merzouga, Morocco.

Ayoub, M.A.; El Khouly, A.A.; Mohamed, T.M. Some haematological and biochemical parameters and steroid hormone levels in the one-humped camel during different physiological conditions. Emirates Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2003, 15 (1): 44-55.  ISSN: 1021-1357. Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, non-pregnant, late pregnancy, cycling, reference ranges, blood values, hormonal level of estradiol-17beta, progesterone, varying ages, different physiological conditions, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphata se, aspartate aminotransferase, blood chemistry, blood sugar, creatine kinase, creatinine, eosinophils, estradiol, gamma-glutamyltransferase, globulins, hematocrit, leukocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, nitrogen, estrous cycle, oxidoreductases.

Bada-Alambedji, R.; Ragounandea, G.; Kane, Y.; Sawadogo, G.J. Evaluation du transfert de l'immunite d'origine maternelle par le colostrum chez le jeune dromadaire. [Evaluation of maternal immunity transfer by col ostrum in newborn dromedaries.] Revue Africaine de Sante et de Productions Animales.  2003, 1 (2): 96-100. ISSN:  0851-7002.  Note:  In French with an English summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, 65 newborn calves, passive immunity, colostrum, gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), enzyme activity, electrophoretic separation of proteins, Mancini test, positive transfer after suckling.

Bardonnet, K.; Benchikh-Elfegoun, M.C.; Bart, J.M.; Harraga, S.; Hannache, N.; Haddad, S.; Dumon, H.; Vuitton, D.A.; Piarroux, R.  Cystic echinococcosis in Algeria: Cattle act as reservoirs of a sheep strain and may contribute to human contamination.  Veterinary Parasitology. 2003, 1 16 (1): 35-44. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: cattle, sheep, dromedary camels, dogs, Echinococcus granulosus, disease incidence survey of slaughtered animals, infective strains identification, PCR-amplified DNA sequences, genomic (BG 1/3) and two mitochondrial (COI and NDI) targ ets, infective cycle between species, zoonotic potential for humans, control measures should be targeted to more than sheep to reduce possible transfer to humans.

Bayleyegn, Molla; Alemayehu, D.; Woubit, Salah. Sources and distribution of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food animals, slaughterhouse personnel and retail meat products in Ethiopia: 1997-2002. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2003, 17 (1): 63-70.  ISSN:  1021-6790.
Descriptors: slaughtered animals, cattle, camels, slaughter houses, zoonotic concerns for meat handlers, beef, chicken meat, food contaminates, Salmonella, 25 serotypes, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella braenderup, Salmonella saintpaul, salmonellosis, monitoring personnel, 5 year period, Ethiopia.

Bengoumi, M.; Moutaouakil, F.; Farge F. de la; Faye B.; de la Farge F.  Seasonal variations of the plasma thyroid hormone concentrations and the body temperature in the dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 115-119.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, nomadic production system, seasonal effects on thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, body temperature, environmental temperature changes and effects, hormone secretion, photoperiod, thyroid gland, Morocco.

Benkerroum, N.; Boughdadi, A.; Bennani, N.; Hidane, K.  Microbiological quality assessment of Moroccan camel's milk and identification of predominating lactic acid bacteria. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003, 19 (6): 645-648.  ISSN: 0959-3993.
NAL Call no.: QR1.M562
Descriptors: camels, camel milk, microbiological quality, lactic acid bacteria, enterococci, fecal and total coliforms, LAB, yeasts, Staphylococcus aureus and spores of sulphite-reducing Clostridia, Pediococcus, Streptococcus , Lactococcus, Leuconostoc.

Bhakat, Champak; Mehta, S.C.; Sahani, M.S.  Annual hair yield attribute in indigenous camel breeds. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003, 73 (10): 1189-1191.  ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camel, fiber yield, breed differences, Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi, India. 

Bukachi, S.A.; Chemuliti, J.K.; Njiru, Z.K. Constraints experienced in the introduction of camels in tsetse fly infested areas: the case of Kajiado District, Kenya. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 145-148.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: camel, epidemiology of tsetse fly, Glossinia, trypanosomiasis, general health conditions, Maasai, inexperience in camel husbandry and animal diseases, Namanga, Magadi, Central, Loitokitok, lack of ma rkets, lack of pasture, inadequate veterinary services, disease identification and management concerns, Kenya.

Cardak, A.D.; Yetismeyen, A.; Bruckner, H. Quantitative comparison of camel, goat and cow milk fatty acids. Milchwissenschaft. 2003, 58 (1-2) 34-36. ISSN:  0026-3788. Note: In English with a German summary.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 M5933
Descriptors:  camels, goats, cows, comparison study, milk composition, fatty acids, long chain fatty acids, monoenoic fatty acids, polyenoic fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, species differences.

Cardak, A.D.; Yetismeyen, A.; Bruckner, H. Quantitative comparison of free fatty acids in camel, goat and cow milk. Milchwissenschaft. 2003, 58 (3-4): 127-130. ISSN:  0026-3788. Note: In English with a German summary.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 M5933
Descriptors:  camels, goats, cows, milk composition, comparison study, fatty acids, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, GC-MS, quantitative analysis, species differences, diethyl ether/n-heptane extraction, aminopropyl column.

Champak, Bhakat; Chaturvedi, D.; Sahani, M.S.; Bhakat, C. Studies on farming use of camel and bullock systems in hot arid villages of Thar desert.  Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2003, 37 (1): 1-7. ISSN:  0367-6722.
NAL Call no.: QL1.I53
Descriptors: camels, bullock, comparison of use as draft animals, interview study of farmers, economics of each farming system, profitability, kharif season crops, ground nut, guar, cotton, moth, rabi season crops of mustard, gram, wheat, variable cost we re cheaper for camels, small to medium sized farms, Thar desert of India.

Chandel, B.S.; Chauhan, H.C.; Kher, H.N. Comparison of the standard AGID test and competitive ELISA for detecting bluetongue virus antibodies in camels in Gujarat, India. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2003, 35 (2): 99-104. ISSN: 0049-4747. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: SF601 T7
Descriptors:  camels, bluetongue virus, antibody detection, breed differences, disease diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, disease prevalence, standard agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, ELISA, seroprevalence, Kutchhi breed, Marwari breed, serum testing, Gujarat, India.

Chaudhary, J.L.; Tiwari, G.S.; Aminudeen; Sahani, M.S.  A comparative utilisation of Guar straw (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) fed with or without concentrate supplement to draught camels.  Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition.  2003, 20 (2): 227-231  ISSN:  0970-3209.
Descriptors: camels, working camels, adult animals, draft animals tested at 18% body weight, diet study, nutrition, guar only, guar plus concentrate mixture, digestibility compared, water intake, urination, defecation.

Chaudhary, Z.I.; Iqbal, J.; Rashid, J.  Serum protein electrophoretic pattern in young and adult camels.  Australian Veterinary Journal. 2003, 81 (10): 625-626.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: healthy adult camels, camel calves, electrophoretic pattern, serum proteins, automated chemistry analyzer, agarose gels, total protein, albumin alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1 and 2 globulins, gamma globulin fractions, higher beta globulins in cal ves.

Chemuliti, J.K.; Njiru, Z.K.; Bukachi, S. Disease conditions of camels in non-traditional camel keeping areas of Kajiado District in Kenya: a case study. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 207-210.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, health and disease surveys, abscesses, animal husbandry, bone fractures, diarrhea, disease control, disease prevalence, helminthoses, mange, mastitis, reference works, non-traditional farming, trypanosomiasis, wounds, Glossina, Metastigmata, Trypanosoma.

Chen, Qiu Sheng; Liu, Zong Ping; Chen, Bei Heng; Zhao, Xing Xu. [Histologic structure of female reproductive duct in Bactrian camel.]  Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science.  July 2003, 23 (4): 408-411; Sum. No. 106. ISSN: 1005-4545.  Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and an English summary.
Descriptors: Camelus bactrianus, female Bactrian camel, cellular structure, histological study, uterus.

Chen, Qui Sheng; Liu, Yi.  [Stereology study of fine structure of proximal and distal convoluted tubule in Bactrian camel.] Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science. May 2003, 23 (3): 258-260; Sum. No. 105.  ISSN:  1005-4545. Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and an English summary.
Descriptors: Camelus bactrianus, Bactrian camel, kidney cellular structure, proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

Conrath, K.E.; Wernery, U.; Muyldermans, S.; Nguyen, V.K. Emergence and evolution of functional heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2003, 27 (2): 87-103. ISSN:  0145-305X.
NAL Call no.: QR180 D4
Descriptors:  camelids, camels, dromedaries, llamas, antibodies, chemical structure of antibodies, HCAbs, evolution, immunoglobulin genes, immunoglobulins, reviews.

Corbera, J.A.; Morales, M.; Pulido, M.; Montoya, J.A.; Gutierrez, C.  An outbreak of nutritional muscular dystrophy in dromedary camels.  Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2003, 23 (1): 17-122. ISSN: 0971-2119.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, nutritional deficiency disease, vitamin E/selenium deficiency, mortality levels, calves and adults, clinical signs, weakness, muscular rigidity, stiff gait, difficulty sucking and standing, ataxia, respiratory distress, o pisthotonus, tail elevation, uterine prolapse, therapeutic doses, sodium selenite, vitamin E, mineral block supplement.

Dabiri, N.G.; Faiazi, J.; Shadmanesh, A. Effect of different levels of energy and protein on fattening performance of camel. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2003, 34 (1): 169-176.  ISSN:  1017-5652.  Note:  In Arabic with an English summary.
Descriptors: camels, young males, metabolizable energy, crude protein, effects on growth, 3 by 3 factorial, 9 treatment diets, optimum diet of 2.56 Mcal ME/kg dry matter and 12.6% crude protein, fattening performance, liveweights, liveweight gain, Iran.

Deen, Aminu; Vyas, Sumant; Sahani, M.S.  Semen collection, cryopreservation and artificial insemination in the dromedary camel. Animal Reproduction Science. 2003, 77 (3-4): 223-233. ISSN:  0378-4320.
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: male camels, bovine artificial vagina, semen collection, preservation method, artificial insemination with 3 treatmentsBfrozen thawed, diluted cooled, and whole semen, seasonal effects on collection, libido of males, sperm motility, effects of caffeine on motility, variation of freezability from different males, level of pregnancies.

Derar, D.R.I.  The use of ultrasonography in studying the functional ovarian and uterine changes in female dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in upper Egypt. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal.  2003, 49 (98): 249-265.ISSN:  1012-5973. Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.:  SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, ovarian cycle changes, ovarian and uterine echographic changes, follicular cycle, continuous follicular development and regression, method for determining proper time for breeding.

Diab, O.M.; Shawkee, E.M.; Osman, E.A.  Studies on some heavy metals in camel's offal and its relation to public health.  Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2003, 49 (98): 71-78.  ISSN: 1012-5973.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, post slaughter collection, offal analysis, lead, Hg, mercury, Cu, copper, Zn, zinc, Mn, manganese, permissible limits, Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Egypt.

Dorges, B.; Heucke, J.F.; Coventry, J.; Coppock, G.A.; Beard, L.A.; Grigg, G.C. Body temperature in free ranging dromedary camels.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Mol ecular and Integrative Physiology.  2003, 134A (Suppl. 1): S7-S8.  ISSN: 1095-6433. Note:  Meeting abstract in The Sixth International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Mt Buller, Australia; February 2-7, 2003.
NAL Call no.:  QP1.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, field study, radio tracking collar, techniques, body temperature monitoring, data logger equipment, activity levels, daily cycles, gender differences, seasonal effects, free ranging animals, rut behavior, water supply, the rmoregulation.  

Dorges, B.; Heucke, J.; Dance, R.; Northern Territory. Dept. of Business, Industry & Resource Development.  Observations on the effects of camels grazing the vegetation of Central Australia. Technote (Darwin, N.T.)   No. 118. 2003.
NAL Call no.: SF85.4.A8 D67 2003
Descriptors: camels, effects if grazing, plant communities, changes, Australia, Central Australia.

Dorges, B.; Heucke, J.; Dance, R.; Northern Territory. Dept. of Business, Industry & Resource Development. Sustainable stocking rates for camels in Central Australia. Technote (Darwin, N.T.) No. 117. 2003. 4 p. 
NAL Call no.:  SF401.C2 D67 2003
Descriptors: camels, sustainable forage, rotational grazing, effects of camel grazing on plant species, Australia.

Dudi, P.R.; Gahlot, T.K. A survey of ethnoveterinary treatments of common surgical conditions of large ruminants and camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 211-212.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: camels, cattle, ruminant livestock, animals diseases treatments surveys, folks remedies, veterinary ethnobotany, medicinal plants and oils, surgery, therapy, traditional medicine, veterinary medici ne, wounds and treatments, Rajasthan, India.

El Aich, A.; Benyoussef, M.T.; Djemali, M. (ed.); Guellouz, M. Nomadic small ruminants and camel production systems. Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean. Proceeedings of the Joint EAAP CIHEAM FAO Symposium on Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean, Hammamet, Tunisia, 26-28, October 2000. 2003, 133-141. ISBN:  9074134920. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 49.9 Eu7 no. 99
Descriptors:  nomadic systems, arid zones, case studies, farming systems, sheep, goats, camels, livestock farming/production systems, pastoralism, Maghreb, Morocco.

El Hatmi, H.; Khorchani, T.; Hammadi, M.; Abdennebi, M.; Attia, H.; Djemali, M. (ed.); Guellouz, M. Production et composition du lait de chamelle elevee dans le sud Tunisien. [Production and composition of the milk of camels raised in South Tunisia.] Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean. Proceeedings of the Joint EAAP CIHEAM FAO Symposium on Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean, Hammamet, Tunisia, 26-28, October 2000. 2003, 62-68. ISBN: 9074134920. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: 49.9 Eu7 no. 99
Descriptors: camels, arid zones, camel milk, density, lactation, lactation stage, lactose, milk composition, ash, fat percentage levels, protein percentage levels, product quality, milk yield, pH, seasons, solids not fat, summer, titratable acidity, total solids, Medenine, Tunisia. 

El Khasmi, M.; Riad, F.; Safwate, A.; Farh, M.; Belhouari, A.; Hidane, K.; El Abbadi, N.; Faye, B.; Coxam, V.Exploration of intestinal absorption and renal excretion of calcium by stable strontium test in camels (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2003, 10 (2): 131-134.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, newborn (4-6 months), intestinal calcium absorption, stable strontium (Sr) as a surrogate marker, variations Sr levels, phosphorus, methodology, mineral absorption, intestines, excretion, renal clearance.

El Khasmi, M.; Riad, F.; Safwate, A.; Farh, M.; Belhouari, A.; Hidane, K.; El Abbadi, N.; Coxam,V.; Faye, B. Regulation de l'absorption intestinale du calcium chez le chamelon (Camelus dromedarius). [Regulation of calcium intestinal absorption in the camel calf (Camelus dromedarius)]. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2003, 56 (1-2): 89-94.  ISSN:  0035-1865. Note:  In French with an English and Spanish summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, 12 newborns,  postprandial hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption calcium absorption, excretion in urine, hydroxycholecalciferols, hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, intestines, kidneys, parathyrin, phosphorus, strontium. 

Elumalai, K.; Pandey, U.K.  Growth and density scenario of livestock and poultry in Haryana.  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences.  2003, 73 (10): 1168-1173.  ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, buffalo, pigs, poultry, livestock population census, India.

Erdenebaatar, Janchivdor; Bayarsaikhan, Balgan; Watarai, Masahisa; Makino, Sou ichi; Shirahata, Toshikazu.  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate the antibody responses of animals infected with Brucella species from those of animals infected with Yersinia enterocolitica O9.  Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.2003, 10 (4): 710-714. ISSN: 1071-412X.
Descriptors: cattle, sheep, goat, reindeer, camel, humans, sera, diagnosis, field study, ELISA, antigens extracted from Brucella abortus, differentiated between Brucella vaccinated Yersinia enterosarcosine O9 infected and natural Brucella infected animals.

Evans, A.C.O.  Characteristics of ovarian follicle development in domestic animals. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2003, 38 (4): 240-246.  ISSN: 0936-6768.  Note: 7th Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; September 04-06, 2003.
NAL Call no.:  SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: reproductive system, ovaries, follicle development, species comparison, bovines, Equidae, chickens, pigs, buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep, camels, llamas, horses, estrous, litter size.

Evdotchenko, D.; Han, Y.; Bartenschlager, H.; Preuss, S.; Geldermann, H. New polymorphic microsatellite loci for different camel species. Molecular Ecology Notes. 200 3, 3 (3): 431-434.  ISSN:  1471-8278.
NAL Call no.: QH541.15.M632
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, dromedary, llama, alpaca, male animal, new microsatellite loci, screened and sequenced from genomic DNA, species comparison, alleles, genetic markers, genetic variation, genomes, loci, microsatellites, nucleotide sequences.< br>

Franck, S.G.V.; Pacholek, X.; Daouda, H.; Faye, B.; Pearson, R.A. (ed.); Lhoste, P. (ed.); Saatamoinen, M. (ed.); Martin Rosset, W. Camel traction in Niger: between tradition and modern use. Working Animals in Agriculture and Transport.  A Collection of Some Current Research and Development Observations.  Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen; Netherlands 2003, 201-207.  ISBN:  90-76998-25-6.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, draft animals, riding, packsaddle, work, water extraction, cart pulling and plowing potential, Niger.

Friedrich, K.G.; Ubaldi, A.; Battisti, A.; Wisser, J. (ed.); Hofer, H. (ed.); Frolich, K. Salinomycin poisoning in two Bactrian camels at the zoological garden of Rome - Bioparco S.p.A. In Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003. 2003, 91-93.
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, feed poisoning and death, manufacturer contaminated food pellets, salinomycin, ionophore antibiotics, pathogenesis and toxicology, case report, Zoological Garden of Rome, Italy. 

Gabry, G.H. Some biological properties of camel pox virus. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza 2003, 51 (1): 5-17. ISSN: 1110-1423.
NAL Call no.: SF604 C13
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel pox virus, antibodies, exanthema, skin diseases, skin lesions, viral diseases, nose and upper lips, Vero and chorioallantoic membranes, serum samples, serum neutralization test, agar gel precipitation test, Orthopoxvirus, Poxviridae, Egypt.

Goswami, P.; Gupta, M.L.; Purohit, G.N.  Physical attributes of camel semen during different months under rural conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003, 73 (9): 1045-1046. ISSN:  0367-8318 .
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, seasonal affects, semen properties, pH and motility of sperm, artificial insemination, Bilkaneri breed, India.

Hamali, H.; Tajik, P. Assessment of camel sperm motility obtained from cauda epididymis in Green buffer with or without egg yolk.  Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. 2003, 58 (4): 369-372.  ISSN:  1022-646X.  Note:  In Persian with an English summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sperm motility, slaughtered animals, caput epididymidis sampling, cauda epididymidis sampling, corpus epididymidis sampling, semen, semen diluent additives, Green buffer.

Hindi, Mahmoud A.  The impact of subsidy policy on sustainable agricultural products of camel in the UAE (PAM approach).  Dirasat Agricultu ral Sciences. 2003, 30 (2): 186-196.  ISSN: 1026-3764.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, racing animals, draft animals, riding, meat, hides, wool, United Arab Emirates, enterprise budgets, policy analysis matrix (PAM), measures of economic protection, Nominal Protection Coefficient for tradable inputs, Effecti ve Protection Coefficient, Profitability Coefficient, the results subsidy for tradable inputs and domestic factors, 1429 Dhs/1 head or 78% of the subsidy value of outputs and inputs.

Idris, Babiker.; Wardeh, Muhammad F.; Sudan. Ministry of Animal Resources. Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands; Camel A pplied Research and Development Network. Marketing of camels in the Sudan. Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic: Camel Applied Research and Development Network: Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands [2003], ii, 34 p. 
NAL Call no.: HD9430.S73 I37 2003
Descriptors: camels, marketing of livestock, agricultural animal products, Sudan.

Inns, F.; Pearson, R.A. (ed.); Lhoste, P. (ed.); Saatamoinen, M. (ed.); Martin-Rosset, T.I.  Integrated harness and implement design -- a key factor in developing improved equipment for animal draught tillage operations. In Working Animals in Agriculture and Transport. A Collection of Some Current Research and Development Observations. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen; Netherlands 20 03, 145-163.  ISBN:  90-76998-25-6.
Descriptors: draft animals, donkeys, oxen, buffalo, camels, tillage equipment, integrated harness/implement system designs, plowing, light weight implements, pulling at steeper angles, energy efficiency, reduced costs of food for good conditioning.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.  Camelus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus, 1758 designated as the type species.  Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 2003, 60 (3): 255-256.  ISSN: 0007-5167.
NAL Call no.: 410 B874
Descriptors: Bactrian camel taxonomy, type species, Camelus Linnaeus, 1758 designation was never adopted.

Isani, G.B.; Wardeh, Muhammad F.  Aspects of Camel Marketing in Pakistan.  [Damascus, Syrian Arab Repu blic]: Camel Applied Research and Development Network: Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands [2003], iv, 56 p. ill. NAL Call no.:  HD9430.P182 I83 2003
Descriptors: camels marketing, agricultural animals, economics, animal industry, Pakistan.

Ismail, Z.B.; Qureshi, T.; Levy, M.; Khamas, W.; Nour, A. Preliminary report on some physiological parameters in pregnant female camels (Camelus dromedarius) in North America. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 125-129.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adult pregnant females, 2^nd and 3^rd trimester, hematological profile, serum enzyme and hormonal profiles, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, hormone secretion , hydrocortisone, insulin, L iditol-dehydrogenase,  progesterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine.

Jain, R.K.; Gupta, A. N.  Topographic anatomy of arterial supply on the hip-joint of camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003, 73 (5): 491-493.  ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camel, adult animals, circulatory pattern, blood vessels, arteries, angiography of hip joint, source is deep femoral, medial circumflex femoral, caudal gluteal, lateral circumflex femoral and obturator arteries, obturator artery g ave off ramus acetabularis cranialis and ramus acetabularis caudalis, medial circumflex femoral artery issued the ramus acetabularis, anastomosis around the joint.

Jasra, A.W.; Isani, G.B. Development constraints and drifting of camel production systems in Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2003, 5(1): 14-16. ISSN:  1560-8530.
Descriptors:  camels, camel habitiats, survey of camel herders, Rapid Rural Appraisal technique, agropastoral systems, calving, constraints, herds, nomadism, pastoralism, shifts and trends in production economics, production structure, socioeconomic factors, nomad vulnerabilities, surveys, trends, external and internal parasite levels, trypanosomiasis, Pakistan.

Kane, Y.; Diop, A.; Isselmou, E.; Kaboret, Y.; Mekhalle, M.O.; Diallo, B.C. Contraintes majeures de l'elevage camelin en Mauritanie. [Major constraints of camel breeding in Mauritania.]  Revue Africaine de Sante et de Productions Animales. 2003, 1 (1): 31-37. ISSN:  0851-7002. Note:  ; In French with an English summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, major constraints affecting breeding, disease, food, drug supplies, veterinary care, camel pox, scab, abscesses in young camels, tick infections and mastitis, bacteriological analyses, milk, fecal and pus samples, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas spp. some antibiotic resistance, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), negative for bovine rinderpest and Rift Valley fever viruses.

Kappeler, S.R.; Farah, Z.; Puhan, Z.  5'-Flanking regions of camel milk genes are highly similar to homologue regions of other species and can be divided into two distinct groups. Journal of Dairy Science. 2003, 86 (2): 498-508.  ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call no.:  44.8 J822
Descriptors:protein concentrations, beta casein to kappa-casein ratios, beta lactoglobulin absent, whey acidic protein and peptidoglycan, 10 camel milk protein genes, compared to other mammals, 2 related groups with different transcription factor site p robabilities.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahani, M.S. Changes in body fluid compartments during dehydration and rehydration in Indian dromedary (Camelus dromeda rius).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 99-105.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, seasonal variation of hydration states, adaptation to arid climate, body fluids, dehydration, rehydration, summer, winter, India.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahani, M.S. Effect of seasonal dehydration on creatinine clearance in Indian dromedary camels. Journal of Camel Pr actice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 91-97.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, healthy females, seasonal dehydration, 24 summer days, 13 winter days, serum creatinine clearance as indicator of glomerular filtration rate.

Kataria, A.K.; Sharma, K.N.  Isolation and characterization of Fab and Fc fragments from camel colostral IgG-1.Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 2003, 5 (1): 64-66.  ISSN:  0972-0561.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, characterization, charge characteristics, colostrums, IgG, immunoglobulins, immunology, molecular biology, molecular weight, PAGE.

Kaufmann, B.A.  Differences in perception of causes of camel calf losses between pastoralists and scientists.  Experimental Agriculture. 2003, 39 (4): 363-378.  ISSN:  0014-4797.
NAL Call no.: 10 EX72
Descriptors: dromedary camel calf mortalities, 1506 Rendille, 789 Gabra and 1206 Somali calves, analysis of causes of death, difficulties of finding adoptable calf reducing interventions, pastoralists= and scientists= perceptions variances.

Khalafalla, A.I.; El Dirdiri, G.A. Laboratory and field investigations of a live attenuated and an inactivated camelpox vaccine.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 191-200. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young animals, efficacy of 2 camel pox vaccines, Ducapox live attenuated virus vaccine, inactivated adjuvant vaccine, animals received both vaccines under 1 or 2 dose regimens, cell mediated immunity, humoral immunity resp onse, inactivated vaccines, live vaccines, Poxciridae.

Khedid, K.; Faid, M.; Soulaimani, M. Microbiological characterization of one humped camel milk in Morocco.Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 169-172.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camel milk, microbiological examination, fecal coliforms, enterococci, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, milk composition, Morocco.

Kherouatou, N.; Hammami, M.; Attia, H.; Djemali, M. (ed.); Guellouz, M. Contribution a l'etude de la matiere grasse du lait de dromadaire. [Contribution to the study of milk fat in dromedaries.] Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean. Proceeedings of the Joint EAAP CIHEAM FAO Symposium on Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean, Hammamet, Tunisia, 26-28, October 2000. 2003, 365-369. ISBN:  9074134920. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: 49.9 Eu7 no. 99
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cow milk, camel milk, cream, fat globules, milk, milk composition, milk fat, physicochemical properties, rheological properties, short chain fatty acids, structure, unsaturated fatty acids, viscosity.

Kinne, J.; Kumar, B.N. Mesodiverticular band as cause of colic in a camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2003, 10 (1): 81-82. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, case reports, clinical aspects, colic, epidemiology, intestinal diseases, small intestine, United Arab Emirates.

Kinne, J.; Nagy, P.; Wernery, U. Serum copper levels in dromedaries after long term exogenous copper supplementation. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 121-124.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, calves and young females, dietary supplements, mineral nutrition, copper, serum levels of cooper.

Kuhn, N.; Grone, A.; Pagan, O.; Bacciarini, L.N. Metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and diffuse hyperplastic gastritis resembling human Menetrier's disease in a Camel (Camelus ferus bactrianus). Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A. 2003, 50 (7): 359-362.  ISSN:  0931-184X.
NAL Call no.:  41.8 Z5
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, captive male animal, clinical case study, clinical picture, inappetence, cachexia, nodule in the tunica muscularis, and serosa, cancerous lesions, metastases in liver, heart, pleura parietalis, concomitant metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric hyperplasia neoplasms, new host records, postmortem examination, other physiological changes are described.

Kumar, Pawan; Jain, R.K.; Gupta, A.N.  Histoarchitecture of Harderian gland of Camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003, 73 (9): 972-975. ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: 6 adult camels, male and female, architecture of Harderian gland, glandular acini lined with pyramidal cells, 3 types based nuclear morphology, type-I cells have round to oval nuclei with uniform distribution of fine chromatin material, typ e-II cells have smaller, round and darkly stained nuclei, type-III cell largest and lightly stained nuclei, cytoplasm is eosinophilic & densely granular near apical portion, mucopolysaccharides, other tissue types.

Mahmoud, K.G.M.; El Shahat, K.H.; El Nattat, W.S.  Chromosome configuration during in vitro maturation of dromedary camel oocytes. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza. 2003, 51 (3): 411-420.  ISSN:  1110-1423.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, oocyte in vitro maturation, culture techniques, nuclear chromosome changes over time (24-48 hours), effect of unheated pregnant camel serum, fetal calf serum, germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), metaphase I, telophase I and metaphase II at 24 h post IVM, respectively, 48 hr metaphases undefined due to chromatin degeneration.

Maina, N.; Ngotho, J.M.; Njiru, Z.K.; Karanja, W.M.; Gem, C.O.; Karanja, S.M.; Kibugu, J.K.; Ndung' u, J.M. Efficacy of Trypan(R) (diminazene di-aceturate) in camels infected with Trypanosoma evansi.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (1): 51-55.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, parasitic disease, treatment, drug efficacy, experimental infection, Trypanosoma evansi, KETRI 2455, toxicity assessment, clearance of parasitaemia, Trypan R, adverse effects.

Makita, T.; Hirose, H.; Guifang, Cao; Manglai, D.; Hayashi, Y.; Guifang, C. Histological notes on the ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, uterine body and cervix of a two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus). Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2003, 8 (1): 49-53. ISSN:  1342-6133. Note:  In English with a Japanese summary.
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, animal tissues, cervix, cilia, epithelium, histology, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, China.

Mburu, D.N.; Ochieng, J.W.; Kuria, S.G.; Jianlin, H.; Kaufmann, B.; Rege, J.E.O.; Hanotte, Q. Genetic diversity and relationships of indigenous Kenyan camel (Camelus dromedarius) populations: implications for their classification. Animal Genetics. 2003, 34 (1): 26-32. ISSN:  0268-9146.
NAL Call no.: QP98.A1A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, genetic diversity, breeds, alleles, genes, heterozygosity, 14 microsatellites loci, phylogenetics, Kenyan breeds, Pakistan and Arabian Peninsula breeds, 2 separate Kenyan breeds, Somali, the Gabbra, Rendille and Turkana population as a group. 

McManus, D.P.; Thompson, R.C.A.  Molecular epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis. Parasitology. 2003, 127: S37-S51; (Supplement). ISSN:  0031-1820.
NAL Call no.: 448.8 P21
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, genetic diversity, DNA for identification of genetic variants, molecular based epidemiological surveys, different geographical setting and host assemblages, Echinococcus taxonomy, G9 of Poland, camel strain G6, possible strains of other strains.    

Mehta, S.C.; Chirania, B.L.; Bithu, H.K.; Sahani, M.S.  Analysis of causes of death in camel. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003, 73 (8): 873-874. ISSN: 0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, death, all ages and sexes, Arab crossbred, Bikaneri breed, Jaisalmeri breed, Kachchhi breed.

Mohammed, M.E.H.; Hart, C.A.; Kadden, O.R. Viruses and bacteria associated with neonatal camel calf diarrhoea in Eastern Sudan. Emirates Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2003, 15 (1): 56-62.  ISSN:  1021-1357. Note: In English with an Arabic summary. 
Descriptors: dromedary camels, neonates, diarrhea, viral and bacterial pathogens, fecal samples, Group A rotavirus, latex agglutination test, ELISA, electron microscopy, E. coli, Salmonella, diagnosis, treatment, pathotyping, sensitivity to antibiotics, Sudan.

Morfeld, K.A.; Skidmore, J.A.; Billah, A.M.; Loskutoff, N.M.  Effect of various cryoprotectants and methods for the short- and long-term preservation of sperm from the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Theriogenology. 2003, 59 (1): 400.  ISSN:  0093-691X.  Note: Meeting Abstract In Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Auckland, New Zealand; January 11-15, 2003.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cryopreservation techniques, frozen sperm preservation, DMSO, glucose, fructose, glycerol, lactose. 

Morgan, Gary S.; Lucas, Spencer G.  Mammalian biochronology of Blancan and Irvingtonian (Pliocene and early Pleistocene) faunas from New Mexico.  Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2003, 279: 269-320.  ISSN:  0003-0090.
NAL Call no.: 500 N483B
Descriptors: paleozoology, prehistoric eras, Pliocene (Blancan), early Pleistocene (early and medial Irvingtonian), mammalian fossils, early camels, the camels Blancocamelus and Gigantocamelus, various species, rodents, mammoth, deer, etc., Rio Grande and Gila River valleys of New Mexico.

Mosaad, G.M.; Sayed, A.N.; Ibrahim, D.R. Relationship between the dietary energy and the nutrients utilization, blood biochemical changes and follicular dynamics in dromedary she-camel (Camelus dromedarius). Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2003, 49 (98): 46-70.  ISSN:  1012-5973. Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, female, different dietary energy levels on feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, blood biochemical changes, ovarian follicular dynamics, improved conditioning, Egypt.

Muna; Ahmed M.M.; Awad, M.E.; Barri, M.E.S. Some micro mineral profile in the serum of female camels as affected by the physiological state. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2003, 6 (21): 1853-1855.  ISSN:  1028-8880.
Descriptors: 32 female dromedary camels, young animals, pregnant animals, lactating animals, different milk yields, copper and zinc serum profiles, natural grazing diet, Sudan.

Nabipur, A.; Khanzadi, S.; Kazemi, M.  Anatomy and histology of the major salivary glands in one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (1): 33-36.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adult animals, anatomy and histology, major salivary glands, parotid, mandibular, sublingual, color and mean weight, tubulo-alveolar, cuboidal and simple columnar epithelia, squamous, other types of cells.

Nagpal, A.K.; Arora, Manju; Singh, G.P.  Utilization of mixed and complete rations by lactating camels. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition.  2003, 20 (2): 178-184.  ISSN:  0970-3209.
NAL Call no.:  SF95.I47
Descriptors: camels, females, 2/3 lactation, 2 diets study, mixed ration consisting of dry moth chara, dry khejri leaves and mineral mixture, complete ration consisting of dry moth chara, khejri, wheat straw and concentrate, digestibility, mineral absorption (Na, sodium, K, potassium, Ca, calcium, P, phosphorus, Mg, magnesium), body weight, better diet was better for animals.

Nagpal, A.K.; Arora, Manju; Singh, G.P.  Utilization of moth chara, wheat straw and bui leaves based complete rations in camel calves. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003, 73 (11): 1267-1270.  ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, male calves, nutrition study, 3 diets, (1) sole roughage moth chara (Phaseolus aconitifolius) (2) moth chara, wheat straw (Triticum vulgare) and concentrate, (3) moth chara, bui (Aerva tomentosa) leaves, wheat straw and concentrate, weight gain, feed/body weight gain, digestibility coefficients, absorption of sodium, K, potassium, Ca, calcium, P, phosphorus, Mg, magnesium, serum glucose, total protein, effective homeostasis.

Nardone, A.; Djemali, M. (ed.); Guellouz, M. Dairy farming systems: critical analysis and identification of the factors limiting their development in the Mediterranean area. Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean. Proceeedings of the Joint EAAP CIHEAM FAO Symposium on Prospects for a Sustainable Dairy Sector in the Mediterranean, Hammamet, Tunisia, 26-28, October 2000. 2003, 89-95. ISBN: 9074134920. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 49.9 Eu7 no. 99
Descriptors:  dairy farming, buffalos, camels, sheep, goats, female animals, constraints, environmental factors affecting types of systems, factors of production, farming systems, genetic diversity, genotypes, interactions, limiting factors, milk production, milk quality, mixed farming, selection, sustainability, profile of the different regions around the Mediterranean.

Natyrov, A.K.; Arilov, A.N.  [Calcium metabolism in organs and tissues of the camel female.] Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya. 2003, (4): 105-108.  ISSN:  0131-6397.  Note: In Russian.
NAL Call no.:  S13.S44
Descriptors: camels, Kalmyk breed, female, calcium analysis, tissues, organs, gastrointestinal tract, age effects, levels in various organs, muscular tissue, cartilages and tendons, skin with fur, rumen, liver, maw, reticulum, blood, intestine, kidney, brain and tongue have lowest Ca.

Nawal, M.A.Y.; Gabry, G.H.; Hussien, M.; Omayma, A.A.S. Occurrence of parainfluenza type-3 (PI-3) and bovine herpes virus type-1 (BHV-1) viruses (mixed infection) among camels. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2003, 81 (2): 781-791.  ISSN:  1110-6336. Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, bovine-herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3-virus, mixed infection, antibodies, clinical aspects, cytopathogenicity, disease prevalence, epidemiology, viral antigens, hemagglutination, immune serum, mixed infections, serology, seroprevalence, virus neutralization, Egypt.

Ngaira, J.M.; Bett, B.; Karanja, S.M.; Njagi, E.N.M.  Evaluation of antigen and antibody rapid detection tests for Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology. 2003, 114 (2): 131-141. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: 2227 camels screened, card agglutination test, Trypanosoma evansi (CATT/Trypanosoma evansi) antibody detection, Suratex(R) to detect circulating antigens, comparison cross‑sectional study, diagnostic sensitivity, detection effectiveness, various locations in Kenya.

Nok, Andrew J.; Nzelibe, Humphrey C.; Yako, Sarah K.  Trypanosoma evansi sialidase: Surface localization, properties and hydrolysis of ghost red blood cells and brain cells-implications in trypanosomiasis.  Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung Section C Journal of Biosciences. 2003, 58 (7-8): 594-601.ISSN:  0939-5075.
NAL Call no.: QH301.Z4
Descriptors: infected camel blood, Trypanosoma evansi, isolation and characterization of  membrane bound sialidase, glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) membrane anchored protein, purification with Triton CF 54 and chromatography, enzyme optimization, KM and Vmax values, desialylated efficiency for RBC=s mouse, rat, camel, goat, dog, enzyme inhibiting compounds. 

Oyieke, F.A. Occurrence and transmission of camel trypanosomiasis in Northern Kenya. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (1): 17-21. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, parasitic diseases, diagnosis, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Mouse Inoculation (MI), Blood Smear (BS) techniques, diagnostic techniques, disease prevalence surveys, disease transmission, disease vectors, seasonal variation, sentinel animals, Trypanosome evansi, vector borne diseases, Kenya.

Pawan, Kumar; Jain, R.K.; Gupta, A.N.; Kumar, P.  Histoarchitecture of Harderian gland of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003, 73 (9): 972-975.  ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adults, Harderian gland, anatomy, cell ultrastructure, histology, histochemistry, morphology, many different types of cells and tissues.

Pearson, R.A. (ed.); Lhoste, P. (ed.); Saatamoinen, M. (ed.); Martin-Rosset, W. Working Animals in Agriculture and Transport.  A Collection of Some Current Research and Development Observations. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen; Netherlands 2003, 210 pp. many ref. ISBN:  90-76998-25-6.
Descriptors: draft animals, cattle, donkeys, camels, buffalo, horses, management and use, tropical agricultural systems, feeding health, harnessing, animal feeding, health, animal power.

Pleschberger, Magdalena; Neubauer, Angela; Egelseer, Eva M.; Weigert, Stefan; Lindner, Brigitte; Sleytr, Uwe B.; Muyldermans, Serge; Sara, Margit.  Generation of a functional monomolecular protein lattice consisting of an S-layer fusion protein comprising the variable domain of a camel heavy chain antibody.  Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2003, 14 (2): 440-448.  ISSN: 1043-1802.
Descriptors: camel antibodies, chimeric protein constructed, S-layer fusion-protein, S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus, SbpA-protein, camel heavy chain antibody, variable domain, functional monomolecular protein lattice, polystyrene.

Rahim, A.G.A.  Utilisation of some browse plants of Eastern Sudan by camel and goat. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (1): 37-43.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, goats, nutritive value, utilization, browse plants, Ziziphus spina christi, Acacia senegal, Capparis decidua, Blepharis lineariifolia, Maerua crassifolia and Sesamum indicum, fistulated rumen, crude protein values, water content, calcium, Ca, magnesium, Mg, potassium, K, sodium, Na,rumen has little role in mineral digestion.

Rami, M.; Atarhouch, T.; Bendahman, M.N.; Azlaf, R.; Kechna, R.; Dakkak, A.  Camel trypanosomosis in Morocco. 2. A pilot disease control trial.  Veterinary Parasitology. 2003, 115 (3): 223-231. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: tour dromedary camels, epidemiological study, camel trypanosomosis, Moroccan Saharan provinces, Merzouga (Tafilalet province), Zagora (Ouarzazate province), seroprevalences of 35.4 and 43.3%, 1 year pilot control program, melarsomine treatment, blood sampling for changes, seasonality, exposure to new animals, reductions were found, eradication impossible. 

Razmi, N.; Nazifi, S.; Motaalleh, G. Distribution of arginase in tissues of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 135-137.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, post slaughter testing, arginase distribution and activity, organ levels, liver, kidneys, lung and brain, rumen, intestines, high level in liver suitable for liver function tests.

Refai, Mohamed. Application of biotechnology in the diagnosis and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003, 19 (5): 443-449. ISSN: 0959-3993.
NAL Call no.: QR1.M562
Descriptors: brucellosis, Brucella melitensis, diagnosis and control, research proposal for control policies, vaccination, vaccine strain persistence, propose surveys of different animals, diagnostics, characterize Brucella isolates, camels, buffalos, swine, and other animals.

Robinson, A.  Guidelines for coordinated human and animal brucellosis surveillance. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. 2003, No. 156, vi + 46 pp.  ISSN:  0254-6019.
Descriptors: cattle, pigs, sheep, pigs, camels, wild animals, other species, surveillance system, guidelines, brucellosis control programs, epidemiology, Brucella.

Roginski, H.; Fuquay, J.W.; Fox, P.F.; Roginski, H. (ed.); Fuquay, J.W. (ed.); Fox, P.F. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Volumes 1-4. 2003, 2799 pp. ISBN:  0-12-227235-8. Note: Covers 400 topics.
NAL Call no.: SF229 E52 2003
Descriptors:  cattle, camels, buffalo, goats, sheep, dairy science and technology, husbandry, feeding, care, reproduction, diseases, cows, dairy products, dairy chemistry, education, equipment, dairy farming, milking.

Romdhane, S.B.; Romdane, M.N.; Feki, M.; Sanhagi, H.; Kaabachi, N.; M' Bazaa.  Valeurs usuelles des principaux constituants biochimiques seriques du dromadaire (Camelus dromedarius). [Blood biochemistry parameters in dromedary (Camelus dromedarius).] Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 2003, 154 (11): 695-702.  ISSN:  0035-1555. Note:  In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.:  41.8 R32
Descriptors: dromedary camels, reference serum biochemical values, sex and age differences, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate-aminotransferase, blood proteins, blood glucose, calcium, cholesterol, creatine kinase, creatinine, enzyme activity, gamma glutamyltransferase, globulins, immunoglobulins, lactate dehydrogenase, magnesium, Mg, phosphorus, P, potassium, K, sodium, Na, urea, triacylglycerols, sex differences, sexual maturity.

Sahani, M.S.; Sumant, Vyas; Aminudeen; Vyas, S. Improvement in reproductive efficiency in farm camels under hot arid region.  Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2003, 24 (2): 95-98.  ISSN:  0970-2997.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachchhi breeds, semi-intensive system, ovarian activity, breeding and non-breeding, ultrasonographs, follicular growth and regression process with out ovulation, mean conception rate, breed differences, mating, reproductive efficiency, India.

Saini, N.; Singh, G.P.; Nagpal, A.K.  Trace mineral deficiencies in camel and their remedies. Indian Dairyman.  2003, 55 (11): 67-72.  ISSN:  0019-4603.
NAL Call no.:  44.8 IN282
Descriptors: dromedary camels, copper, Cu, zinc, Zn, iron, Fe, selenium, Se, cobalt, Co, deficiencies, treatment.

Salem, A.O.; Meyer, W.; El Bab, M.R.F. A broad spectrum of mitochondrial shapes in active secretory cells of the parotid gland of the dromedary (Camelus ferus f. dom.). Annals of Anatomy. 2003, 185 (3): 197-199. ISSN:  0940-9602.
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, anatomy, cell ultra-structure, mitochondria, parotid gland, salivary glands, secretory granules.

Sayed, A.N.; Abdel Raheem, H.A.  The influence of different concentrate-roughage proportion on the metabolism of some minerals in camels. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2003, 49 (99): 1-19.  ISSN:  1012-5973. Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, diets, feed intake, digestibility, dry matter roughage, urine excretion, calcium, nutritional concentrates, feces, feed formulation, magnesium, Mg mineral metabolism, phosphorus, P, potassium, K, sodium, Na, zinc, Zn.

Schelling, E.; Diguimbaye, C.; Daoud, S.; Nicolet, J.; Boerlin, P.; Tanner, M.; Zinsstag, J. Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2003, 61 (4): 279-293.  ISSN:  0167-5877.
NAL Call no.:  SF601.P7
Descriptors: humans, camels, livestock, Coxiella burnetii, Q fever, Brucella, brucellosis diagnosis, disease prevalence, disease transmission, public health concerns, human diseases, nomadism, pastoral society, seroprevalence of antibodies, zoonoses, zoonotic diseases, 3 nomadic communities, 860 humans, 1637 animals, Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, indirect ELISA, laboratory techniques, public health risk factors, Chad.

Schulz, U.; Gutierrez, C. Atresia ilei in a newborn dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 157.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, newborns, congenital abnormalities, ileum, small intestine, etiology, atresia, case reports, clinical aspects, physiopathology, postmortem examinations, Spain.

Seddik, M.M.; Said, M.S.B.; Benzarti, M.; Khorchani, T.; Messadi, L.; Amara, A. Contribution a l'etude de la maladie des abces chez le dromadaire (Camelus dromedarius) dans la region de Nefzaoua (sud-ouest de la Tunisie). [Contribution to the study of abscesses in the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in Nefzaoua Region (southwest of Tunisia).]  Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux.  2003, 56 (1-2): 21-25.  ISSN:  0035-1865. Note:  In French with an English and Spanish summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young most susceptible, 33 herds, clinical and bacteriological studies, abscesses, epidemiology, external lymph nodes, causes, tattooing, tick infection, mixing of animals, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus, Tunisia.

Sela, Shlomo; Pinto, Riky; Merin, Uzi; Rosen, Baruch. Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli in camel milk.  Journal of Food Protection.  2003, 66 (9): 1708-1711. ISSN: 0362-028X.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J824
Descriptors: camel milk, pasteurization methods for bovine milk, bacterial thermal death time, Escherichia coli, same for both milks.

Semieka, M.A.; Ahmed, A.F.; Misk, N.A.Radiographic studies on the mandible of buffaloes and camels with special reference to mandibulo-alveolar nerve block.Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2003, 10 (1): 9-16.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: camels, buffalo, heads, mandibles, jaw structure, radiographic measures, species differences, mental foramen, mandibulo-alveolar and mental nerve block described in living animals, animal anatomy, peripheral nerves.

Shahardar, R.A.; Rao, J.R.; Mishra, A.K.  Detection of antibodies against Trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2003., 24 (1): 41-48.  ISSN: 0971-2119.
Descriptors: camels, diagnosis, surra disease, Trypanosoma evansi Ci-Elisa, polyclonal antisera, BALB/c mice, affinity purified parasite glycoprotein, 90 sera samples, surra'endemic area of Bikaner, Rajasthan, 70% were positive. 

Sharma, C.K.; Chouhan, D.S.; Palecha, S.; Anwar, S. Surgical correction of ventral hernia in a she camel.  Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery. 2003, 24 (1): 63-63.  ISSN:  0254-4105.
NAL Call no.: SF604.I45
Descriptors: dromedary camels, female animals, case report, clinical aspects, diagnosis, hernia, corrective surgical procedure, India.

Shubber, A.H.; Oxley, K.J.; Khalaf, A.M.; Ramahi, H.M.; Al Naqeeb, L.M.; Karimi, O.; Jamshidi, K. Safety and efficacy against mange and nematodes of three formulations of abamectin in Arabian camels. Veterinary Record.2003, 153 (18): 564-566.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL Call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, abamectin, 3 formulations, Genesis injection, Genesis pour-on, Genesis Horse Wormer, control of nematodes, sarcoptic mange, comparison with ivermectin, Sarcoptes scabiei, Strongyloides papillosus, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Iran and Iraq.

Siddiqi, N.J.; Alhomida, A.S. Hydroxyproline concentrations in ocular tissues of Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius Linn.).  Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics.  2003, 40 (6): 451-454. ISSN: 0301-1208.
NAL Call no.:  QP501.I48
Descriptors: dromedary camels, eyes, hydroxyproline (Hyp) concentrations (total, free, peptide-bound and protein-bound), camel eye tissues, iris, ciliary body, sclera, cornea, lens and retina, variations, collagen structure, composition.

Singh, N.; Pathak, K.M.L.; Rajender, Kumar; Manohar, G.S.; Kumar, R.  Observations on the validity of mouse inoculation test in the surveillance of Trypanosoma evansi in camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research.2003, 10 (2): 153-155.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: camels, surra survey, detection of low levels of Trypanosome evansi, intraperitoneal injections of albino mince, possible surveillance test, diagnostic value, Bikaner district, India.

Skidmore, J.A.; Campbell, B.K. (ed.); Webb, R. (ed.); Dobson, H. (ed.); Doberska, C.  The Main challenges facing camel reproduction research in the 21st century.  In Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants V. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants held in Crieff, Scotland, UK, August 2002. Published by the Society for Reproduction and Fertility; Cambridge; UK. 2003, 37-47.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, estrous behavior, artificial insemination, breeding programs, breeding season, embryo transfer, estrus, ovarian follicles, induced ovulation, reproductive disorders, reproductive efficiency, follicular cycle, semen diluted in Green buffer.

Tadjalli, M.; Akhavan, R. Anatomical study on intrahepatic branches of portal vein in one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2003, 10 (2): 201-206.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, animal anatomy, blood flow, blood vessels, liver portal vein, reference works.

Teshome, H.; Molla, B.; Tibbo, M. A seroprevalence study of camel brucellosis in three camel-rearing regions of Ethiopia.  Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2003, 35 (5): 381-390. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, seroprevalence of brucellosis, complement fixation test, no sex differences, 4.2% prevalence, three arid and semi-arid camel rearing regions Ethiopia (Afar, Somali and Borena).

Thompson, Mary; White, Richard S. Jr.Late Cenozoic camelids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from Graham County, Southeastern Arizona.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.  2003, 23 (3 Supplement): 103A-104A.  ISSN:  0272-4634.  Note: Sixty-Third Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, St. Paul, MN, USA; October 15-18, 2003.
Descriptors: paleozoology, camel fossils, llama fossils, terrestrial sediments, Arizona.

Torner, H.; Heleil, B.; Alm, H.; Ghoneim, I.M.; Srsen, V.; Kanitz, W.; Tuchscherer, A.; Fattouh, E.M. Changes in cumulus-oocyte complexes of pregnant and non-pregnant camels (Camelus dromedarius) during maturation in vitro.  Theriogenology. 2003, 60 (5): 977-987. ISSN:  0093-691X.
NAL Call no.:  QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, in vitro culturing of oocytes, pregnant and non-pregnant female differences, cumulus morphology, oocyte chromatin quality, cumulus oocyte complexes, monitor changes in in vitro maturation, post slaughter ovary harvesting, apotosis, meiotic stages of diplotene, metaphase.

Ungar-Waron, H.; Yagil, R.; Brenner, J.; Paz, R.; Partosh, N.; van Creveld, C.; Lubashevsky, E.; Trainin, Z. Reactions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of camels with monoclonal antibodies against ruminant leukocytes. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003, 26 (2): 137-143. ISSN:  0147-9571. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: QR180.C62
Descriptors: camel, dromedary, antibody testing, B lymphocytes, flow cytometry, immune response, immunology, leukocytes, monoclonal antibodies against ruminant leukocytes, cell surface antigens, circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Wang, Wen Hui. Observations on aggregated lymphoid nodules in the cardiac glandular areas of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).  Veterinary Journal.  2003, 166 (2): 205-209. ISSN:  1090-0233.
NAL Call no.:  SF601.V484
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, lymphoid tissue, ileum, appendix, cardiac glandular areas, stomach histology, description of locations and structure.

Wang, Wen Hui; Chen, Huai Tao. [Observation on the histomorphology of the spleen in the Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus).] Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica. May 2003, 34 (3): 268-272.  ISSN:  0366-6964.Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and an English summary.
Descriptors: Camelus bactrianus, Bactrian camel, cellular structure study, spleen, histomorphological analysis.

Warda, Mohamad; Gouda, Eman M.; Toida, Toshihiko; Chi, Lianli; Linhardt, Robert J.  Isolation and characterization of raw heparin from dromedary intestine: Evaluation of a new source of pharmaceutical heparin.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology.  2003, 136C (4): 357-365.  ISSN: 1532-0456. 
NAL Call no.: QP901.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, heparin, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), anticoagulant, usual sources—porcine intestine and bovine lung, camel intestinal tissue analyzed, heparin and heparan sulfate, alternative source of heparin.

Wasfi, I.A.; Hadi, A.A. Abdel; Elghazali, M.; Alkateeri, N.A.; Hussain, M.M.; Hamid, A.M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of diphenhydramine in camels and horses after intravenous administration.  Veterinary Research Communications.  2003, 27 (6): 463-473.  ISSN:  0165-7380.
NAL Call no.:  SF601.V38
Descriptors: camels, horses, pharmacokinetics of diphenhydramine (DPHM), comparative study, i.v. administration, metabolism, urinary detection time, terminal elimination half lives, total body clearance, volumes of distribution at steady state, 2 compartment model, 5 metabolites identified, diphenylmethoxyacetic acid and 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-phenylmethoxyacetic acid in acid fraction, desamino-DPHM and diphenylmethanol in basic fraction, DPHM as a conjugate.

Wasfi, I.A.; Hussain, M.M.; Elghazali, M.; Alkatheeri, Nawal A.; Hadi, A. A. Abdel. The disposition of diclofenac in camels after intravenous administration.  Veterinary Journal. 2003, 166 (3): 277-283. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: 6 dromedary camels, pharmacokinetics, diclofenac, i.v. adminsitration, metabolism, urinary detection times, terminal elimination half-life 2.35 (1.90-2.73) h, total body clearance (ClT) was 0.17 (0.16-0.21) 1h kg-1, 5 metabolites, mainly hydroxy diclofenac.

Wilson, R.T. Biodiversity of domestic livestock in the Republic of Yemen. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2003, 35 (1): 27-46. ISSN:  0049-4747. Note: In English with French and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: SF601 T7
Descriptors: sheep, goat, cattle, Bactrian camels, donkeys, horses, fowl, pigeons, animal husbandry, animal production, biodiversity, breeds, livestock numbers, economic importance of animal production, farming systems, mixed farming, native livestock, reviews, species diversity, transhumance, Republic of Yemen.

Wooding, F.B.P.; Ozturk, M.; Skidmore, J.A.; Allen, W.R. Developmental changes in localization of steroid synthesis enzymes in camelid placenta.  Reproduction (Cambridge). 2003, 126 (2): 239-247.  ISSN: 1470-1626.
DOI:  10.1530/rep.0.1260239
NAL Call no.: QP251.J75
Descriptors: camelids, reproductive biochemistry and structure, uninucleate trophoblast, epitheliochorial camelid placenta, multinucleate giant cells 30 and day 35 of pregnancy, cholesterol side chain cleavage, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase, estrogen, progesterone from corpus luteum, gestation.

Zeidan, A.E.B.; Abbas, H.E. Physio-biochemical changes in the male dromedary camels during breeding (rutting) and non-breeding season. Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2003, 10 (2): 183-190.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.:  SF997.5.C3 J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, males, breeding and non-breeding states, physiological changes during reproductive state, semen color and consistency, testes weight, tone and firmness, testicular volume, scrotal circumference, % of sperm motility, sperm cell concentration, total leukocyte counts, lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, hormone levels, sperm abnormalities, acrosomal integrity, hemoglobin; spermatozoa penetration, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, estradiol, phosphorus, sodium.

Zongping, Liu.  Studies on the haematology and trace element status of adult Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China.  Veterinary Research Communications.  2003, 27 (5): 397-405.  ISSN:  0165-7380.
NAL Call no.:  SF601.V38
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, blood profiles, reference values, biochemical analysis, serum albumin levels, trace elements of tissues, blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, pancreas, lung, cerebellum, cerebrum, ovary, rib, gluteal muscle, species comparison, cattle, yaks, sheep, dromedary camels, thyroxine, copper, Cu, zinc, Zn, manganese, Mg, iron, Fe, selenium, Se, cobalt, Co, molybdenum, Mo, hematological parameters.

Abbas, B.; Al Qarawi, A.A.; Al Hawas, A. The ethnoveterinary knowledge and practice of traditional healers in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal Arid Environments. March 2002. 50 (3): 367-379. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, ethnoveterinary care, Saudi Arabia, camel rearing areas, various plant derived treatments, surgical procedures, fractures, wounds, abscesses, dystocia, prolapse, veterinary services, Saudi Arabia. 

Abbas, B.; Agab, H.  A review of camel brucellosis.  Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2002. 55 (1): 47-56. ISSN: 0167-5877.
NAL Call no.: SF601.P7
Descriptors: camels, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, brucellosis, disease control, epidemiology, reviews, seroprevalence.

Abdel, El Fatah S.A.; Daoud, J.R.; El Fatah S.A. Abdel.  Detection of aflatoxin M1 in she-camel's milk in Sinai.Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2002, 80 (4):1 865-1871.  ISSN: 1110-6336.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, milk, aflatoxin contamination levels tested, possible public health problem of consumption, milk quality concerns, Egypt.

Abdel Nabi, Ismail M.; Sherif, Nour E.; Behnke, Jerzy; Zalat, Samy; Gilbert, Francis; Hamada, Ayman; Teama, Maged; Abdel Rahman, Mohamed.  Haematological profile and parasitological survey of the domestic goats and camels of St. Katherine, Sinai, Egypt.  Egyptian Journal of Biology. 2002, 4 (Cited October 10, 2003): 101-109.ISSN: 1110-6859.
Descriptors: camels, goats, parasite prevalence, erythrocyte counts, platelet counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total leukocyte counts, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, gastrointestinal helminthes, 15% of the camels infested.

Abdel-Raheem, H.A.; Sayed, A.N.; Mosaad, G.M. Evaluation of urea as a partial protein replacement in the rations of growing camels.  Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2002. 48 (95): 12-29. ISSN: 1012-5973.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors:  urea as protein substitute, dromedary camel diets, 4 young females, blood protein, blood sugar, crude protein, diets, feed intake and digestibility, feed conversion efficiency, growth rate, liveweight gain, nitrogen balance.

Abebe, W.; Getinet, A.M.; Mekonnen, H.M.  Study on live weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage of Issa camels in Ethiopia.  Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 2002. 153 (11): 713-716.  ISSN: 0035-1555  Note:  In English with a French summary. 
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R32
Descriptors: Issa camels, dromedaries, natural field conditions, five age groups, body measurements, carcass weight, dressing percentage, liveweight, sex differences, barymetric measurements.

Abu Zeid, Yousif, A. Protein G ELISA for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma SAG1 in dromedaries. Journal Egyptian Society Parasitology. April 2002. 32 (1): 247-257. ISSN: 1110-0583.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, males, females, seasonal differences, ELISA, detection of antibodies, immunodominant surface antigen 1 (SAG1, synonymous P30), Toxoplasma gondii, peroxidase conjugated protein G, latex agglutination test.

Afonso, C.L.; Tulman, E.R.; Lu, Z.; Zsak, L.; Sandybaev, N.T.; Kerembekova, U.Z.; Zaitsev, V.L.; Kutish, G.F.; Rock, D.L. The genome of camelpox virus. Virology. March 30, 2002. 295 (1): 1-9. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL Call no.: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: camelpox, camel disease, genomic sequence, Poxviridae, variola virus, vaccinia virus, relationships.
Abstract: Camelpox virus (CMLV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of a disease of camels. Here we report the CMLV genomic sequence with analysis. The 205,719-bp CMLV genome contains 211 putative genes and consists of a central region bound by identical inverted terminal repeats of approximately 7 kb. A high degree of similarity in gene order, gene content, and amino acid composition in the region located between CMLV017 and CMLV184 (average 96% amino acid identity to vaccinia virus (VACV)) indicates a close structural and functional relationship between CMLV and other known Orthopoxviruses (OPVs). Notably, CMLV contains a unique region of approximately 3 kb, which encodes three ORFs (CMLV185, CMLV186, CMLV187) absent in other OPVs. These ORFs are most similar to B22R homologues found in other chordopoxvirus genera. Among OPVs, CMLV is the most closely related to variola virus (VARV), sharing all genes involved in basic replicative functions and the majority of genes involved in other host-related functions. Differences between CMLV and VARV include deletion and disruption of a large number of genes. Twenty-seven CMLV ORFs are absent in VARV, including seven full-length homologues of NMDA-like receptor, phospholipase D, Schlafen, MT-4 virulence, kelch, VACV C8L, and cowpox (CPXV) B21R proteins. Thirty-eight CMLV ORFs, some of which are fragments of larger genes, differ in size from corresponding VARV ORFs by more than 10% (amino acids). Genome structure and phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences for all ORFs indicate that CMLV is clearly distinct from VARV and VACV and, as it has been suggested for VARV, it may have originated from a CPXV virus-like ancestor.

Ahmadi, N.; Dalimi, A.  Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from sheep and camel in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute. 2002. no.53, 47-56. ISSN  0365-3439.
NAL Call no.: 41.9 IN72
Descriptors:  dromedaries, camels, sheep, 48 isolates, hydatid cysts, post slaughter collection, PCR and RFLP, Echinococcus granulosus, characterization, DNA amplification, genomes, genotype grouping, Genotype 6, Genotype 1, zoonotic risks, Iran. 

Ajogi, I.; Durosilorun, A.; Junaidu, A.; Tahir, F.A. Natural (Clinical) dermatophilosis in the one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in Sokoto abattoir, Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. 2002, 50 (1): 15-19.  ISSN:  0378-9721. Note:  In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: dromedary camels, skin scabs, post-slaughter, back, flanks, neck, legs, lips, other body parts, Dermatophilus congolensis, skin mycoses survey, prevalence, seasonal variation, detection methods, Gram stain and culture methods, skin mycoses, first documented report, natural dermatophilosis, Nigeria.

Al Hamad, W.H.; Khamas, W.A. Anatomical and histological features of pulmonary tissue of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 31-36. ISSN: 0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, age, lung anatomy, lymph nodes, histology, morphology, structure, pleura. 

Al Nazawi, M.H.; Homeida, A.M. Disposition kinetics of oxytetracycline after a single intravenous injection in the Arabian camel.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 5-8. ISSN: 0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  dromedaries, camels, intravenous injection, drug kinetics, oxytetracycline, peak plasma concentrations, drug storage, fat, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetics.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Abdel Rahman, H.A.; El Mougy, S.A. Activities of diagnostic enzymes and lipid content in camel (Camelus dromedarius) blood vessels. Acta Veterinaria Brno (Czech Republic). Mar 2002. 71 (1): 19-22. ISSN: 0001-7213.
NAL Call no.: SF604.B7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, various enzymes, enzyme activity, cholesterol, trigycerides, circulatory system, blood.
Abstract: Activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the concentrations of cholesterol (CHL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured in the various parts fo the dromedary camel's blood vessels. Some enzymes were elevated. These results provide the first preliminary reference values of some diagnostic enzymes in the blood vessel wall that may be used when evaluating damage to the vasculature resulting in the leakage of the enzymes and lipids.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Omar, H.M.; Abdel-Rahman, H.A.; El Mougy, S.A.; El Belely, M.S. Assessment of trypanosomiasis-induced infertility by monitoring changes in plasma steroid concentration and semen characteristics in dromedary bulls.  Advances in Ethology. 2002, 37: 121. ISSN:  0931-4202.  Note:  Meeting abstract. 4th International Symposium on Physiology and Behaviour of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany; September 29-October 2, 2002.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adult males, endocrine system, plasma steroids, disease effects, Trypanosoma evansi, Sertoli cell, hypothalamo pituitary testis axis, scrotum, semen count and motility, estradiol, iron, Fe, testosterone, zinc, Zn.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Abdel Rahman, H.A.; El Mougy, S.A.; El Belely, M.S.  Use of a new computerized system for evaluation of spermatozoal motility and velocity characteristics in relation to fertility levels in dromedary bulls. Animal Reproduction Science. 2002. 74 (1-2): 1-9.  ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: dromedary camel bulls, analytical methods, computer analysis, computers,  kinematics, male fertility, motility, semen characters, spermatozoa, sodium citrate seminal extender, motility percentages, velocity measures, cell motion analyzer, variations correlated with fertility rates.

Al Sagair, O.; El Mougy, S.A.  A comparative morphometric study on the skull of three phenotypes of Camelus dromedarius.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 73-77.  ISSN: 0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  dromendary camels, morphometrics, phenotypes, skull measurements, variations, craniometic measurements, cranial and facial indices, Al-Wadha (white), Malha (black) and Sha'alah (brown), Saudi Arabia.

Al Sagair, O.; El Mougy, S.A.  Post-natal development in the linear and tric morphometrics of the Camelidae skull. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2002. 31 (4): 232-236.  ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, morphometrics, postnatal development, skull measurements, craniometic measurements, cranial and facial indices.

Al Zahrani, S.M. [Study on the effect of female camels urine (virgin and fertilized) on the Aspergillus niger fungus.] Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research. 2002, 20 (2): 115-122. ISSN:  1015-4442. Note: In Arabic with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: Q1.A65
Descriptors: antifungal properties, color, conidia, female animals, growth and formation of fungal spores, inhibition, sporulation, urine, Saudi Arabia.

Alahmed, A.M.  Seasonal prevalence of Cephalopina titillator larvae in camels in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research.  2002, 20 (3): 161-164.  ISSN:  1015-4442.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.:  Q1.A65
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel nasal bot fly, Cephalopina titillater, larval stages prevalence, Oestrus ovis, disease surveys, larvae, seasonal variations, Saudi Arabia.

Alcami, Antonio; Smith, Geoffrey L. The vaccinia virus soluble interferon-gamma receptor is a homodimer. Journal of General Virology. March 2002. 83 (Pt. 3): 545-549 ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL Call no.: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: glycoprotein, cowpox, camelpox, IFN-gammaR, interferon. viral chemistry, cell line, solubility.
Abstract: The vaccinia virus (VV) interferon (IFN)-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR) is a 43 kDa soluble glycoprotein that is secreted from infected cells early during infection. Here we demonstrate that the IFN-gammaR from VV, cowpox virus and camelpox virus exists naturally as a homodimer, whereas the cellular IFN-gammaR dimerizes only upon binding the homodimeric IFN-gamma. The existence of the virus protein as a dimer in the absence of ligand may provide an advantage to the virus in efficient binding and inhibition of IFN-gamma in solution.

Alhadrami, G.A.; Ali, B.H.; Bashir, A.K. Chemical composition, nutritive value and ruminal degradability of the leaves of Avicennia marina (Mangrove) in dromedary camels: comparison with Atriplex canescens.  Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research. 2002. 20 (2): 96-100. ISSN: 1015-4442  Note: In English with an Arabic summary. 
NAL Call no.: Q1.A65
Descriptors:  ash, calcium, cellulose, chemical composition, copper, manganese, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, trace elements, crude fiber, crude protein, digestibility, dry matter, fat, leaves, lignin, nutritive value for dromedary camels, potassium, rumen, trace elements, chemical constituents of 2 salt-tolerant plants, Avicennia marina, Atriplex canescens.

Alhomida, A.S.; Siddiqi, N.J. Distribution of total, free, peptide-bound and protein-bound hydroxyproline in erythrocytes from different species. FASEB Journal. March 22, 2002. 16 (5): A1026. ISSN: 0892-6638. Note: Annual Meeting of Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, April 20-24, 2002.
NAL Call no.: QH301.F3
Descriptors: camel, bovine, sheep, human, rabbit, rat, red blood cells, total, free, protein bound, peptide bound, hydroxyproline, comparative study, collagen structure.

Alrokayan, Salman.  Purification and characterization of adenosine deaminase from camel skeletal muscle.  International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 2002, 34 (12): 1608-1618.  ISSN: 1357-2725.
NAL Call no.: QD415.A1I5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, skeletal muscle enzyme sampling, adenosine deaminase purified, DEAE Sephadex chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, enzyme properties and characteristics, purine riboside was an inhibitor, catalysis, denaturation, hydrolysis. 

Anuradha; Jain, R.K. Angioarchitecture of the epididymis in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal Animal Sciences. May 2002. 72 (5): 368-371. ISSN: 0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, dromedary, epididymal arteries, structure, vascular cone, testicular arteries.

Anuradha; Jain, R.K. Venography of renal vein with special reference to the venous drainage of kidney in camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002. 79 (10): 1047-1050.  ISSN: 0019-6479.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN2
Descriptors:  camels, renal venous drainage, kidneys, morphology, renal function, veins, dromedaries.

Arafa, M.I.  Studies on two types of microfilariae in camels' blood in upper Egypt. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2002. 48 (95): 91-99.  ISSN: 1012-5973.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, microfilariae, animal parasitic nematodes, sampling of 180 animals, disease prevalence, epidemiology, new geographic records, Dipetalonema evansi, Setaria sp., Upper Egypt. 

Aslam, M.; Nawaz, M.; Ali, I.; Zia ur Rahman, M.; Sandhu, M.A. Determination of productive and reproductive traits in mountain camel. Proceedings of the 7^th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002. Session 7. 2002. 0-4. ISBN:  2-7380-1052-0.
Descriptors: mountain camels, dromedaries, age at first calving, calving interval, dry period, gestation period, lactation, lactation duration, milk production, productive and reproductive performance traits, 12 years of performance data.

Assad, F.; El Sherif, M.M.A.  Effect of drinking saline water and feed shortage on adaptive responses of sheep and camels.  Small Ruminant Research. 2002. 45 (3): 279-290.  ISSN: 0921-4488.
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors:  adaptive physiology, 5 consecutive periods of 40 days, fresh water, low saline water, high saline water, dromedaries, sheep, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate, aminotransferase, blood sugar, blood volume, energy intake, enzyme activity, extracellular fluids, feed intake, fresh water, interstitial fluids, liveweight, protein deficiencies, protein intake, roughage, saline water, semiarid climate.

Bardonnet, K.; Piarroux, R.; Dia, L.; Schneegans, F.; Beurdeley, A.; Godot, V.; Vuitton, D.A. Combined eco-epidemiological and molecular biology approaches to assess Echinococcus granulosus transmission to humans in Mauritania: occurrence of the 'camel' strain and human cystic echinococcosis.  Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002. 96 (4): 383-386. ISSN:  0035-9203.
NAL Call no.: 448.9 R813
Descriptors:  camels, cattle, disease transmission, echinococcosis, epidemiology, human diseases, molecular genetics, public health risks, zoonotic organisms, nucleotide sequences, reservoir hosts, strains, Mauritania.

Bazzi, Mohammad D.; Rabbani, Nayyar; Duhaiman, Ali S. Inhibition of camel lens zeta-crystallin by aspirin and aspirin-like analgesics. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. Jan. 2002. 34 (1): 70-77. ISSN: 1357-2725.
NAL Call no.: QD415 A1I5
Descriptors: camels, eyes, lens zeta-crystallin, inhibition, aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen. comparison study, inhibition kinetics, NADPH, binding.
Abstract: Camel lens zeta-crystallin was reversibly inhibited to various degrees by aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid) and the aspirin-like analgesics: paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen (2-(4-isobutyl phenyl)-propionic acid). Among these, aspirin was the most potent inhibitor, causing nearly complete inhibition in a dose-dependent, but time-independent manner. Analysis of inhibition kinetics revealed that aspirin was uncompetitive inhibitor (K(i) 0.64 mM) with respect to NADPH and non-competitive inhibitor (K(i) 1.6 mM) with respect to the substrate, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ). Multiple-inhibition analysis showed that aspirin and pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PAL-P), a lysine specific reagent, simultaneously bound to a critical lysine residue located towards the NADPH binding region. Consistent with this, NADPH was able to substantially protect zeta-crystallin against aspirin, whereas PQ did not provide any protection. The results suggested that an essential lysine residue was the locus of aspirin binding. The inhibition of zeta-crystallin by aspirin and aspirin-like analgesics was reversible thus eliminating acetylation as a mechanism for inhibition. Reversible binding of aspirin to this lysine may cause steric hindrance resulting in uncompetitive inhibition with respect to NADPH.

Bazzi, Mohammad D.; Rabbani, Nayyar; Duhaiman, Ali S. Sequential inactivation of zeta-crystallin by o-phthalaldehyde. Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 20 May 2002. 1597 (1): 67-73. ISSN: 0006-3002.
NAL Call no.: 381 B522
Descriptors: camel lens, o-phthalaldehyde--zeta crystallin interaction, bifunctional cross-linking reagent, active enzyme probe, isoindole adduct formation.

Bazzi, Mohammad D. Zeta-crystallin displays strong selectivity for salicylic acid over aspirin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. April 26, 2002. 293 (1): 440-445. ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL Call no.: 442.8 B5236
Descriptors: camels, lens, fluorescence measurements, oxidoreductase activity.
Abstract: Interaction of camel lens zeta-crystallin with aspirin was investigated by activity and fluorescence measurements. Aspirin minimally inhibited the oxidoreductase activity of the enzyme and weakly quenched its fluorescence. However, significant fluorescence quenching of zeta-crystallin coincided with the appearance of a fluorescence signal characteristic of salicylic acid thereby raising the possibility that salicylic acid might have been the moiety responsible for inhibition and fluorescence quenching. Direct fluorescence measurements showed that zeta-crystallin had a much higher affinity for salicylic acid than aspirin (K(i) of about 24 microM for salicylic acid versus 630 microM for aspirin). Salicylic acid was also far more effective in inhibiting zeta-crystallin than aspirin (K(i) values were 23 microM versus 820 microM, respectively). Inhibition kinetics suggested that salicylic acid interacted with zeta-crystallin via a binding site that was distinct from that of NADPH. Salicylic acid also interacted with and quenched the fluorescence of camel lens alpha-crystallin suggesting a general mode of interaction with lens proteins. Within the normal therapeutic concentrations of salicylic acid or aspirin, only crystallin-salicylic acid interactions might be significant. These results showed that camel lens zeta- and alpha-crystallin exhibited remarkable selectivity for salicylic acid over aspirin, and thus, could be considered as salicylate-binding proteins.

Bekele, T. Epidemiological studies on gastrointestinal helminths of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in semi-arid lands of eastern Ethiopia. Veterinary Parasitology. Apr. 30, 2002. 105 (2): 139-52. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age factors, body burden, Ethiopia, epidemiology, nematodes, helminthiasis, animal pathology, intestinal diseases, parasite egg count, prevalence, seasonal variations, sex factors, fecal counts.
Abstract: A total of 752 dromedaries were examined and 75% were found to be harbouring nematode eggs. The mean EPG was 1831 and the range was from 100 to 21,200. The prevalence rates in the four-age groups examined were 59.6% (3-7 years), 72.4% (8-12 years), 76.1% (13-17 years) and 83.9% (18-22 years). The prevalence rate for females and males were 77.6 and 64.8%, respectively and for long dry, short rainy, short dry and long rainy seasons were 66, 80, 69 and 82.6%, respectively. The mean EPG of faeces was significantly (P<0.01) higher for older animals compared to other group of younger animals (3-7 years), for females compared to males, and for rainy compared to dry season. Sixteen dromedary gastrointestinal organs were used for identification and counts of helminths. Among the adult worms identified, from the abomasum, Haemonchus longistipes had a 94% prevalence rate. From the small intestine Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Impalaia tuberculata and Strongyloides papillosus were identified with prevalence rates of 75, 25, 63 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, cestodes such as Moniezia benedeni, Moniezia expansa, Avitellina spp. and Stilesia globipunctata with prevalence rates of 31, 13, 25 and 19%, respectively, were identified. I. tuberculata was identified for the first time in this country from a dromedary.The pathological lesions were more pronounced in higher infestations. Infestation level over approximately 1000 of H. longistipes and 15,000 in mixed infection of T. colubriformis and I. tuberculata, caused gross lesions of ulcerated and hyperaemic mucosa, and the odour of the fluid were fetid. The microscopic lesions observed were sloughing of epithelium, necrosis of glands, atrophy and loss of villi, haemorrhages and cellular infiltration mainly of eosinophiles and lymphocytes.

Bekele, T.; Zeleke, M.; Baars, R.M.T. Milk production performance of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) under pastoral management in semi-arid eastern Ethiopia. Livestock Production Science. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science. Aug 2002. 76 (1/2): 37-44. ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call no.: SF1.L5
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, milk yield, animal husbandry, pastures, lactation, herds, milking interval, duration, age differences, calving season, seasonal variation, Ethiopia.

Champak, Bhakat; Mehata, S.C.; Sahani, M.S.; Bhakat, C.  Studies on hair production attribute in Indian dromedary camel managed in an organised farm.  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002. 72 (3): 275-276.  ISSN: 0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary breed differences, fiber crop, camels, hair, sex-differences, Bikaneri breed produced maximum annual hair yield, Jaisalmeri and Kachchhi breeds.

Champak, Bhakat; Sahani, M.S.; Bhakat, C.  A comparative study on camel carting versus bullock carting in hot arid region of Thar Desert.  Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2002. 36 (1): 1-6.  ISSN: 0367-6722.
NAL Call no.: QL1.I53
Descriptors: camels, cattle bullocks, Thar Desert, arid zones, comparisons, cost benefit analysis, costs, draft and traction power animals, economics, profitability, steers, surveys, camel carting profitability, India. 

Chen, Q.S.; Liu, Z.P.; Chen, B. H.; Zhao, X.X. [Histological examination of the Bactrian camel ovary.]  Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science. 2002. 22 (4): 381-383. ISSN: 1005-4545.  Note:  In Chinese with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.C58
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, animal anatomy, histological study, microscopy, cuboidal or squamour germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, granulose cells, histology, oocytes, ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, vestigial retina ovarii, ovaries, reference works, species differences.

Chen, Qiu Sheng; Wang, Wen Hui. [Morphologic features of renal cell related to reabsorption in two-humped camel.] Acta Zoologica Sinica. Apr. 2002. 48 (2): 245-250. ISSN: 0001-7302. Note: In Chinese.
NAL Call no.: 410 AC87
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, ultrastructure, tubuli renales cells, interstitial tissue capillaries, morphological study, renal reabsorption ability, proximal convoluted tubule, morphology relative to dehydration tolerance.

Cortez, Retamozo Virna; Lauwereys, Marc; Hassanzadeh, Gh. Gholamreza; Gobert, Martine; Conrath, Katja; Muyldermans, Serge; De Baetselier, Patrick; Revets, Hilde. Efficient tumor targeting by single-domain antibody fragments of camels. International Journal of Cancer. March 2002. 98 (3): 456-462. ISSN: 0020-7136.
NAL Call no.: RC261.A34
Descriptors: heavy chain antibodies, VHH, camels, cAb-Lys2, cAb-Lys3, bivalent cAb-Lys3, in vivo targeting tumor vehicle, camel single domain fragments.
Abstract: The variable domain of functional heavy chain antibodies (VHH) devoid of light chains, found in camels, constitute the smallest intact antigen-binding domain fragment. Two camel single-domain fragments, cAb-Lys2 and cAb-Lys3, recognizing an overlapping epitope of lysozyme with a dissociation constant of 2 nM and 65 nM, respectively, and a bivalent cAb-Lys3 were investigated for their ability to target transgenic tumors expressing lysozyme on their membrane. Biodistribution studies revealed that these non-immunogenic monomeric and bivalent camel single-domain antigen binders specifically target lysozyme-expressing tumors and metastatic lesions. The excess of antibody is rapidly eliminated from the blood circulation and no cAb retention was observed in normal organs. The tumor to organ cAb-ratios at 2 and 8 hr were in the (2.1-10.8):1 and (6.2-23.7):1 range, respectively. The degree and specificity of tumor retention is independent of the affinity of the recombinant camel single-domain fragments for their antigen and from their univalent monomeric (15 kDa) or bivalent format (33 kDa). This study demonstrates the successful and specific in vivo targeting of tumors by camel single-domain fragments. It may open perspectives for their future use as tumor-targeting vehicle, due to their small size, soluble behaviour and because they are non-immunogenic and interact with epitopes that are less antigenic for conventional antibodies.

Coventry, J.  Orphan camel calves: first feed.  Agnote Northern Territory of Australia. 2002. no.465-23, 5 pp.  ISSN:  0157-8243.
NAL Call no.: S478.A82N67
Descriptors: dromedary camels, animal feeding, calves, fostering, survival.

Dabas, V.S.; Sunil, Chaudhary; Mistry, J.N.; Singh, K.P.; Chaudhary, S.  Oesophageal obstruction in a camel.  Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2002. 36 (1): 78.  ISSN:  0367-6722.
NAL Call no.: QL1.I53
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, case study, clinical aspects, diagnosis, esophagus obstruction, India. 

Dabas, V.S.; Mistry, J.N.; Chaudhary, S.  Stomach foreign bodies in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery. 2002. 23 (1): 50-51. ISSN:  0254-4105.
NAL Call no.: SF604.I45
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, intestinal obstruction, laparotomy, postoperative care, rumen contents, stomach. 

Desmyter, A.; Spinelli, S.; Payan, F.; Lauwereys, M.; Wyns, L.; Muyldermans, S.; Cambillau, C. Three camelid VHH domains in complex with porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase: inhibition and versatility of binding topology.  Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002. 277 (26): 23645-23650.  ISSN: 0021-9258.
NAL Call no.: 381 J824
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, alpha amylase, antibodies, enzyme activity, enzyme inhibitors, humoral immunity, immune response, proteins

El Khasmi, M.; Riad, F.; Safwate, A.; El Abbadi, N.; Faye, B.; Coxam, V.; Davicco, M.J.; El Alaoui, K.; Barlet, J.P.  Thyroxine and insulin-like growth factor-I in milk and plasma of camels (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 53-58.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, thyroxine, factor I, milk biochemical, blood plasma, colostrums, insulin like growth factor, lactation, milk, newborn animals.

Elfaki, M.G.; Abbas, B.; Mahmoud, O.M.; Kleven, S.H. Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma arginini from camels (Camelus dromedarius) with pneumonia. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002. 25 (1): 49-57. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: QR180 C62
Descriptors: camels, pneumonic lesions, Mycoplasma species, biochemical and immunological characters in profile of isolates, M. arginini, pathological findings.

Elghazali, M.; Wasfi, I.A.; Al Katheeri, N.A.; Hadi, A.A.A.; Hussein, M.M. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of etamiphylline in camels after intramuscular administration. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. February 2002. 25 (1): 43-48. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: healthy camels, pharmacokinetics, etamiphylline, intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight, metabolites, drug detection time, terminal elimination half-life, renal clearance, desethyletamiphylline, ring N-dealkylation of etamiphylline, demethylation of etamiphylline.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of etamiphylline were determined after an intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight in six healthy camels. Furthermore, the metabolites and drug detection time were evaluated. The data obtained median and (range) were as follows: the terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2 beta), h) was 3.04 (2.03-3.62); apparent total body clearance (Cl/F, L/h/kg) was 1.27 (0.74-2.99); the apparent volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)/F, L/kg) was 4.94 (3.57-12.54); and renal clearance (Cl(r), L/h/kg) determined in two camels was 0.005 and 0.004, respectively. The detection time of etamiphylline in urine after an i.m. dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight ranged between 12 and 13 days. Three etamiphylline metabolites were tentatively identified in camels urine: The first one desethyletamiphylline was the main metabolite and resulted from N-deethylation of etamiphylline had a molecular weight of 251, and was detected in urine for about 13-14 days. Theophylline (molecular weight 180) was the second metabolite and resulted from ring N-dealkylation of etamiphylline. It was present in small amounts and was detected for about 5 h after drug administration in urine. The third metabolite, possibly resulted from demethylation of etamiphylline, had a molecular weight of m/z 265, and was present in small amounts and was detected in urine for about 5 h after drug administration.

Essamadi, Abdel Khalid; Bengoumi, Mohamed; Zaoui, Driss; Faye, Bernard; Bellenchi, Gian Carlo; Musci, Giovani; Calabrese, Lilia. Purification and partial characterization of camel (Camelus dromedarius) ceruloplasmin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. March 2002. 131B (3): 509-517. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ceruloplasmin (Cp), isolation and purification, single-step chromatography on amino ethyl-activated sepharose, comparison between young and adult animals, compared to human and sheep, kinetic parameter, p-phenylendiamine oxidase, pH 5.7.

Ewert, Stefan; Cambillau, Christian; Conrath, Katja; Pluckthun, Andreas. Biophysical properties of camelid V(HH) domains compared to those of human V(H)3 domains. Biochemistry. Mar 19, 2002. 41 (11): 3628-36 ISSN: 0006-2960.
NAL Call no.: 381 B523
Descriptors: immunoglobulins, heavy chain chemistry, amino acid sequence, biophysics, camels, chromatography, gel, immunoglobulins, heavy chain isolation and purification, molecular sequence data, protein conformation, protein denaturation, sequence homology, amino acid.
Abstract: Camelidae possess an unusual form of antibodies lacking the light chains. The variable domain of these heavy chain antibodies (V(HH)) is not paired, while the V(H) domain of all other antibodies forms a heterodimer with the variable domain of the light chain (V(L)), held together by a hydrophobic interface. Here, we analyzed the biophysical properties of four camelid V(HH) fragments (H14, AMD9, RN05, and CA05) and two human consensus V(H)3 domains with different CDR3 loops to gain insight into factors determining stability and aggregation of immunoglobulin domains. We show by denaturant-induced unfolding equilibria that the free energies of unfolding of V(HH) fragments are characterized by Delta G(N-U) values between 21.1 and 35.0 kJ/mol and thus lie in the upper range of values for V(H) fragments from murine and human antibodies. Nevertheless, the V(HH) fragments studied here did not reach the high values between 39.7 and 52.7 kJ/mol of the human consensus V(H)3 domains with which they share the highest degree of sequence similarity. Temperature-induced unfolding of the V(HH) fragments that were studied proved to be reversible, and the binding affinity after cooling was fully retained. The melting temperatures were determined to be between 60.1 and 66.7 degrees C. In contrast, the studied V(H)3 domains aggregated during temperature-induced denaturation at 63-65 degrees C. In summary, the camelid V(HH) fragments are characterized by a favorable but not unusually high stability. Their hallmark is the ability to reversibly melt without aggregation, probably mediated by the surface mutations characterizing the V(HH) domains, which allow them to regain binding activity after heat renaturation.

Fasihi-Harandi, M.; Hobbs, R.P.; Adams, P.J.; Mobedi, I.; Morgan-Ryan, U.M.; Thompson, R.C.A. Molecular and morphological characterization of Echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin in Iran. Parasitology. October 2002, 125 (4): 367-373.ISSN:  0031-1820.
NAL Call no.:  448.8 P21
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, isolates from humans and animals, cattle, sheep, goats, camels, camel genotype, rostellar hook dimensions, transmission cycle, general morphology, mtDNA, marker sequences, strain identification, Iran.

Faye, B.; Bengoumi, M.; Messad, S.; Chilliard, Y.  Estimation des reserves corporelles chez le dromadaire. [Assessment of body reserves in camels.] Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2002. 55 (1): 69-78. ISSN: 0035-1865.  Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors:  adipocytes, age effects, body condition assessment, body measurements, carcass weight, conformation, fats, sex, hump volume, size, and weight; physiological adaptions, quality and quantity of feed dromedary camels, Morroco.

Fayed, M.H.  Characterisation of sugar residues in glycocongugates of duodenum of one humped camel (Cameleus [sic] dromedarius).  Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2002. 47 (94): 1-11.  ISSN: 1012-5973.  Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, biochemistry, duodenum, histochemistry, residues, sugar.

Fukuyo, M.; Battsetseg, G.; Byambaa, B.  Prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in meat‑producing animals in Mongolia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2002, 33 (3): 490-495.  ISSN:  0125-1562.
Descriptors: cattle, yak, hainag, sheep, camels, horses, Sarcocystis phagoeicanis, Sarcocystis poephagi, prevalence of infection, muscle sampling, heart, tongue, diaphragm, intercostals muscles, esophagus, muscle compress sampling technique, species differences.

Gage, L.J.; Gage, L.J.  Hand Rearing Wild and Domestic Mammals. Iowa State Press; Ames; USA. 2002. xvii  ISBN: 0-8138-2683-7.
NAL Call no.: SF41.H36 2002
Descriptors: artificial rearing; domestic animals, orphans, critically ill, South American camelids, wild animals, zoo animals, marine mammals, camels, large ungulates, elephants.

Gahlot, T.K (ed.); Tibary, A. (ed.); Wernery, U. (ed.); Zhao, X.X  Selected Bibliography on Camelids, 1991-2000. The Camelid Publishers; Bikaner; India. 2002. xvi + 426 pp. ISBN: 81-901141-1-5.
NAL Call no.: Z5074.C27S44 2002
Descriptors:  dromedaries, Bactrian, South American camelids, animal anatomy, animal diseases, animal physiology, parasitology, bibliographies, reproduction, surgery, veterinary parasitology, bibliographies from 1991-2000.

Gameel, A.A.; Bakhsh, A.A.  Non-parasitic hepatic cysts in camels (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 79-82. ISSN: 0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, biochemistry, hematology, histopathology, liver, hepatic cysts, case study, clinical presentation, macroscopic and microscopic description, structure, fluid analysis, proteins, glucose, creatinine, calcium, Ca, phosphorus, P, sodium, Na, enzymes levels, ASAT, ALAT, CK, K, Fe, Mg, Cl, urea, Saudi Arabia.

Gorakh, Mal; Rajender, Kumar; Sena, D.S.; Sahani, M.S.; Mal, G.; Kumar, R. Haematological and mineral values in mange affected and healthy camels. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002. 79 (10): 1026-1027.  ISSN: 0019-6479.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN2
Descriptors:  blood chemistry, copper, Cu, eosinophils, hematology, hemoglobin, iron, leukocyte count, neutrophils, scabies, sodium, Na, camels, dromedary, Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli, mange.

Gubser, Caroline; Smith, Geoffrey L. The sequence of camelpox virus shows it is most closely related to variola virus, the cause of smallpox. Journal General Virology. Apr. 2002. 83 (Pt 4): 855-72. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL Call no.: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: camels, virology, Orthopoxvirus classification, smallpox, variola classification, base sequence, DNA, viral chemistry, viral genome, molecular sequence data, open reading frames, Orthopoxvirus genetics, phylogeny, terminal repeat sequences, variola virus genetics, viral proteins chemistry.
Abstract: Camelpox virus (CMPV) and variola virus (VAR) are Orthopoxviruses (OPVs) that share several biological features and cause high mortality and morbidity in their single host species. The sequence of a virulent CMPV strain was determined; it is 202182 bp long, with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 6045 bp and has 206 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). As for other poxviruses, the genes are tightly packed with little non-coding sequence. Most genes within 25 kb of each terminus are transcribed outwards towards the terminus, whereas genes within the centre of the genome are transcribed from either DNA strand. The central region of the genome contains genes that are highly conserved in other OPVs and 87 of these are conserved in all sequenced chordopoxviruses. In contrast, genes towards either terminus are more variable and encode proteins involved in host range, virulence or immunomodulation. In some cases, these are broken versions of genes found in other OPVs. The relationship of CMPV to other OPVs was analysed by comparisons of DNA and predicted protein sequences, repeats within the ITRs and arrangement of ORFs within the terminal regions. Each comparison gave the same conclusion: CMPV is the closest known virus to variola virus, the cause of smallpox.

Guliye, A.Y.; van Creveld, C.; Yagil, R. Detection of subclinical mastitis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) using somatic cell counts and the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase test. Tropical Animal Health & Production. March 2002. 34 (2): 95-104. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, somatic cell counts, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity, infection status of the udder, milk sampling, bacterial levels, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, subclinical mastitis diagnosis, Israel.

Gutierrez, C.; Corbera, J.A.; Doreste, F.; Padron, T.R.; Morales, M. Silica urolithiasis in the dromedary camel in a subtropical climate. Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Aug 2002. 26 (6): 437-442. ISSN: 0165-7380.
URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0165-7380/contents
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, urolithiasis, silica, male animals, intensive husbandry, feed intake, salt, interactions, water, feed supplements, urination, Canary Islands.

Gutierrez, C.; Aguirre, M.; Morales, M.; Doreste, F.; Corbera, J.A. Vegetative valvular endocarditis in a dromedary camel. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Sept 7, 2002. 151 (10): 300-301. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, bacterial endocarditis, heart valve disease, clinical aspects, case study, diagnostic techniques, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Canary islands.

Hamdy, M.E.R.; Amin, A.S. Detection of Brucella species in the milk of infected cattle, sheep, goats and camels by PCR. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. May 2002. 163 (3): 299-305. ISSN: 1090-0233.
URL: http://journals.harcourt-international.com/wbs/tvj
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: Brucella species, milk, cows, ewes, goats, camels, polymerase chain reaction assay, diagnostic value for milk.
Abstract: One hundred and three milk samples were collected from 52 cows, 21 ewes, 18 goats and 12 camels. The animals tested positive to at least one of the following: (1) standard tube agglutination test (SAT); (2) Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT); (3) milk ring test (MRT). All milk samples were examined by culture and single-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for detection of Brucella species. The PCR assay amplified Brucella-DNA from 29 bovine milk samples, 10 from sheep, 13 from goats and one from a camel. The direct culture method detected Brucella organisms from 24 samples of cows' milk, 12 from sheep, 10 from goats and failed to detect any Brucella organisms from camels' milk. PCR detected up to 100 colony forming units (CFU) of B. abortus per millilitre of milk in 100% of diluted milk samples, and 1000 CFU of B. melitensis from 70% of milk samples. Although the overall sensitivity of the PCR was higher than the culture method, it should be possible to increase the sensitivity to detect lower numbers of Brucella organisms in field samples. The speed and sensitivity of the PCR assay suggest that this technique could be useful for detection of Brucella organisms in bovine milk, as well as in sheep, goat, and camels milk.

Harandi, M.F.; Hobbs, R.P.; Adams, P.J.; Mobedi, I.; Morgan-Ryan, U.M.; Thompson, R.C.A. Molecular and morphological characterization of Echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin in Iran. Parasitology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oct 2002. 125 (pt. 4): 367-373. ISSN: 0031-1820.
NAL Call no.: 448.8 P21
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, strains, protoscoleces, morphology, RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism, ribosomal DNA, genetic variation, genotypes, man, sheep, cattle, goats, camels, intermediate hosts, host strain differences, internal transcribed spacer 1, Iran.

Haroun, M.; Hajer, I.; Mukhtar, M.; Ali, B.E. Detection of antibodies against Peste des petits ruminants virus in sera of cattle, camels, sheep and goats in Sudan. Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Oct 2002. 26 (7): 537-541. ISSN: 0165-7380.
URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0165-7380/contents
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: cattle, dromedaries, camels, sheep, goats, pest of small ruminants virus (Peste des petits ruminants), monoclonal antibodies detection, immunodiagnosis, seroprevalence, antigens, Sudan, Africa.

Haseeb, Ahmad N.; El Shazly, Atef M.; Arafa, Magdy A.S.; Morsy, Ayma-T.A. A review on fascioliasis in Egypt. Journal Egyptian Society of Parasitology. April 2002. 32 (1): 317-354. ISSN: 1110-0583.
Descriptors: herbivores, camels, donkeys, horses, humans, fascioliasis, Fasciola gigantica, liver flukes, zoonotic disease, Egypt.

Hermas, S.  Estimation of genetic parameters for camel reproductive traits.  Proceedings of the 7^th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002. Session 7. 2002. 0-2; 6.  ISBN: 2-7380-1052-0.
Descriptors:  dromedaries, camels, females, age at first calving, calving interval, conception rate, genetic correlation, genetic parameters, gestation period, heritability, phenotypic correlation, reproductive performance, service pe riod, days open, 380 records, correlations.

Ibrahem, M.M.; Rafiei, A.; Dar, F.K.; Azwai, S.M.; Carter, S.D.; Craig, P.S. Serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in naturally infected camels. Parasitology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sept 2002. 125 (pt. 3): 245-251. ISSN: 0031-1820.
NAL Call no.: 448.8 P21
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, sheep, Echinococcus granulosus, echinococcosis, infection, hydatid cysts, antigens, recombinant antigens, immunodiagnosis, antibody testing, IgG, ELISA, diagnostic value, natural infection, hydatid cyst fluid, antigen B.

Jain, R.K.; Pawan, Kumar; Gupta, A.N.; Kumar, P. Anatomy of the hyoid bone in camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002. 72 (3): 212-214. ISSN:  0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, anatomy, bones, hyoid bones, basihyoideum, cornua, thyrohyoideum, ceratohyoideum, epihyoideum, stylohyoide. 

Janis, Christine M.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Boisvert, Bethany. Locomotor evolution in camels revisited: A quantitative analysis of pedal anatomy and the acquisition of the pacing gait. Journal Vertebrate Paleontology. March 14, 2002. 22 (1): 110-121. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: camels, pacing gate, unique foot morphology, comparison to extinct animals, 22 measurements of the metapodials and phalanges, bivariate and multivariate analyses, 18 genera of extinct camelids, Tertiary of North America, Oligocene or early Miocene, evolution and adaption.

Jasra, Abdel Wahid.; Wardeh, Muhammad F.  Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands. International Fund for Agricultural Development.  The Progress Report (2001) and Work Plan (2002/2003) for CARDN. Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic: ACSAD, 2002. iii, 192 p. ill.
NAL Call no.:  SF401.C2 J36 2002
Descriptors: Camel Applied Research and Development Network, camel research, diseases, economic aspects, Syrian Arab Republic.

Jauch, Dieter.  Vom Wildtier zum Haustier: Der Schaubauernhof der Wilhelma. [From wild animals to domestic animals: the demonstration farm at Wilhelma.] Zoologische Garten. 2002, 72 (5): 288-302.  ISSN:  0044-5169.  Note:  In German.
NAL Call no.:  410 Z724
Descriptors: domestic animals, demonstration farm, origins and development of domestication, wild species, mufflon, bezoar goats, wild boar and Przewalski's horses, comparisons to old races, species preservation, European bison, camels, Mespotamian fallow deer, wild and domestic poultry, zoos importance in preservation.

Jones, C.J.P.; Abd Elnaeim, M.; Bevilacqua, E.; Oliveira, L.V.; Leiser, R. Comparison of uteroplacental glycosylation in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Reproduction (Cambridge). 2002. 123 (1): 115-126.
NAL Call no.: QP251.J75
Descriptors: camels, alpacas, comparison study, glycosylation of fetal and maternal tissues, interspecies differences, camelid hybrids, placentae, viability of hybrid pregnancies, embryo transplantation.
Abstract: The recent birth of a camel-llama hybrid, after numerous failed attempts, has prompted an investigation into the glycosylation of apposing fetal and maternal tissues of pregnant camels and alpacas. This study was undertaken to determine whether interspecies differences in glycans are factors that may account in part for the difficulty in producing a viable hybrid. Specimens of camel placentae from day 60 to day 375 of gestation and alpaca placentae from day 22 to term (approximately 345 days) were fixed and embedded in resin, and sections were stained with a panel of 19 biotinylated lectins and an avidin-peroxidase revealing system. Several qualitative interspecies differences in tissue glycosylation were found, mainly in the trophoblast, and especially with respect to bi/tri-antennary bisected N-glycan, fucosylated structures, [beta]-galactosyl residues and sialyl termini. In the maternal uterine epithelium, differences were found mainly in bi/tri-antennary bisected complex N-glycan and [beta]-galactosyl residues, indicating that there is more conservation of glycosylation in maternal tissues compared with trophoblast. There were also many quantitative differences in the distribution of glycans. It is possible that a failure to effect the normal glycan-glycan complementation that occurs at the cell surface between maternal and fetal tissues during the implantation processes of apposition and adhesion may account in part for the difficulty in establishing a viable pregnancy between these two species.

Kadim, I.T.; Mahgoub, O.; Al Maqbaly, R.S.; Annamalai, K.; Al Ajmi, D.S.  Effects of age on fatty acid composition of the hump and abdomen depot fats of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Meat Science. 2002. 62: 2, 245-251. ISSN:  0309-1740.
NAL Call no.: TX373.M4
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, age differences, body fat storage, depot fat, fatty acids, oleic acid, palmitic acid, saturated fatty acids, stearic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, hump and abdomen fats, fatty acid compositions, melting point.

Kamenetzky, Laura; Gutierrez, Ariana M.; Canova, Sergio G.; Haag, Karen L.; Guarnera, Eduardo A.; Parra, Alberto; Garcia, Gustavo E.; Rosenzvit, Mara C. Several strains of Echinococcus granulosus infect livestock and humans in Argentina.  Infection Genetics and Evolution. 2002, 2 (2): 129-136.  ISSN:  1567-1348.
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus genetic variation and distribution, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) sequencing, Southern blot of a repetitive DNA element and single strand conformation polymorphism of the 5' non-transcribed region of the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) gene, 5 strains found, cattle, sheep, Tasmanian sheep, camel, goat as intermediate host, zoonotic disease, Argentina.

Kassilly, F.N. Forage quality and camel feeding patterns in Central Baringo, Kenya. Livestock Production Science. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science. Dec 2, 2002. 78 (2): 175-182. ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call no.: SF1.L5
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, feeding behavior, eating patterns, forage quality, nutritive value, seasonal variation, feed intake, rumination, dry matter, nutrient intake, Kenya.

Kataria, A.K.; Kataria, N.; Sharma, K.N.  Serum protein and immunoglobulin profile in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2002. 41 (1): 5-8. ISSN: 0019-5057.
NAL Call no.: SF1.I4
Descriptors: camel, dromedaries, blood chemistry profile, total proteins, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, immunoglobulin levels, seasonal variations, extreme environmental temperatures--hot and cold. 

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahni, M.S. Effect of long term dehydration on serum constituents in extreme climatic conditions in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal Physiology & Pharmacology. April 2002. 46 (2): 218-222. ISSN: 0019-5499.
NAL Call no.: QP1.I54
Descriptors: dromedary, camels, females, hot and cold climatic conditions, changes in sera concentrations, sodium, potassium calcium, phosphorus, chloride, glucose, total proteins, urea, bilirubin, cholesterol, creatinine, dehydration, rehydration, salt balance.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahni, M.S.  Effect of seasonal water restriction on erythrocytic and leucocytic indices in camel. Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2002. 41 (1): 24-28.  ISSN: 0019-5057.
NAL Call no.: SF1.I4
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, blood cells, dehydration and rehydration effects, water deprivation, basophils, red blood cells, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, hematology, hemoglobin, white cells, packed cell volume, leukocyte count, lymphocytes, seasonal variation, summer, water deprivation, winter. 

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahani, M.S.  Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in camel during dehydration and rehydration in winter and summer.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 17-25. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, female animals, research study, dehydration effects, intravenous glucose tolerance test, rehydration, seasonal effects, summer, winter, urine reduction.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahani, M.S.  Thiosulphate clearance test for determination of glomerular filtration rate in dromedaries.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 9-15. ISSN: 0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, dehydration physiological, glomerular filtration rate, rehydration, summer, thiosulfates renal clearance, urine analysis, winter.

Khadjeh, Gholam Hossain. Concentration of serum enzymes in pregnant and non-pregnant Iranian one-humped camels. Indian Journal Animal Sciences. May 2002. 72 (5): 391-392. ISSN: 0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, serum enzyme levels, females, pregnant, non-pregnant, Iran.

Khaldoun, M.; Khaldoun, T.; Mellado, M.; Cambar, J.; Brudieux, R.  Circadian rhythm in plasma aldosterone concentration and its seasonal modulation in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) living in the Algerian Sahara Desert. Chronobiology International. 2002. 19 (4): 683-693. ISSN:  0742-0528.
NAL Call no.: QP84.6.C47
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, plasma aldosterone levels, blood chemistry analysis, circadian rhythms, seasonal variations, temporal variations, Algerian Sahara.

Kimber, Kevin R.; Lubroth, Juan; Dubovi, Edward J.; Berninger, Mary Lou; Demaar, Thomas W. Serologic survey of selected viral, bacterial, and protozoal agents in captive and free-ranging ungulates from central Kenya.  E. Paul J. Gibbs and Bob H. Bokma.  The Domestic Animal/ Wildlife Interface: Issues for Disease Control, Conservation, Sustainable Food Production, and Emerging Diseases.  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, NY.  2002, 969: 217-223.  ISSN:  0077-8923.  ISBN:  15733143821573314390.  Note: Meeting--Wildlife and Livestock, Disease and Sustainability: What Makes Sense, Pilanesberg National Park, North West Province, South Africa July 22-27, 2001.
NAL Call no.: 500 N484 v. 969
Descriptors: epidemiology of a variety of diseases, wildlife, dromedary camels, bovines, donkeys, zebras, horses, giraffes, impalas, cattle, Grant’s gazelle, buffalo, rickettsias, chlamydias, Eubacteria, Cocci, equid and cattle herpes virus, Anaplasma, Brucella abortus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, influenza A virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, rinderpest virus, equine rhinovirus-2, FMD, Equine rhinitis A virus, African horse sickness virus, Bluetongue virus, Kenya and Ethiopia.

Kinne, Joerg; Ali, Mansoor; Wernery, Ulrich; Dubey, J.P. Clinical large intestinal coccidiosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates: Description of lesions, endogenous stages, and redescription of Isospora orlovi, Tsygankov, 1950 oocysts. Journal of Parasitology. June 2002. 88 (3): 548-552. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL Call no.: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: camels, diarrhea, colitis, gamonts, unsporulated oocysts, sporulating oocysts, and fully sporulated oocysts, fecal samples, Isospora orlovi.

Kubesy, A.A.; Dehority, Burk A.  Forestomach ciliate Protozoa in Egyptian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Zootaxa. July 12, 2002, 51: 1-12.  ISSN:  1175-5326.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, forestomach microbial composition, Ciliophora, protozoa, Diplodinium cameli form. bispinatum, Diplodinium cameli form. monospinatum, Entodinium biconcavum, Entodinium bimastus, Entodinium ekendrae, Entodinium parvum, Entodinium tsunodai, Ostracodinium trivesticulatum, mutualism, new host records, Egypt.

Kumar, A.T.; Kumar, A.T. Handbook of Animal Husbandry.  Indian Council of Agricultural Research; New Delhi; India.  2002, Ed. 3, 1234 pp.
NAL Call no.:  SF55.I4 H36  2002
Descriptors: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, poultry, pigs, Indian camels, equines, rabbits, lab animals, livestock animal diseases, animal health, husbandry, nutrition, production, animal products, aquaculture, honey bees, veterinary legislation, meat, milk products, and more.

Lees, Peter; Aliabadi, Fariborz Shojaee. Rational dosing of antimicrobial drugs: Animals versus humans. International Journal Antimicrobial Agents. April 2002. 19 (4): 269-284. ISSN: 0924-8579. A review.
Descriptors: calf, sheep, goat and camel, PK-PD integration, fluoroquinolone, danofloxacin, AUC/MIC ratios, bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity, elimination of bacteria, dosage schedule design.

Li, Xi Long; Zhao, Xing Xu; Su, Lei; Chen, BeiHeng.  An improved radioimmunoassay for plasma luteinizing hormone in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).  Acta Zoologica Sinica. 2002, 48 (5): 685-688.  ISSN: 0001-7302.
NAL Call no.:  410 AC87
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, reproductive hormones, plasma LH, radioimmunoassay (RIA) systems, CamLH, CamLH NZY 01, hLH or hCG as standard reference, 125I-hLH or 125I-hCG as radioligand and anti-hLH or anti-hCG serum as antibody, sensitivity and accuracy.

Li, X.L.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, B.X.; Zhao, X.X. The concentrations of LH, FSH, oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the blood plasma of the female Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) before and after intramuscular injection of seminal plasma. Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Oct 2002. 26 (7): 571-576. ISSN: 0165-7380.
URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0165-7380/contents
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: camels, female hormone levels, LH, FSH, estradiol, progesterone, blood chemistry, seminal plasma intramuscular injection, effects, ovarian follicles, ovarian development, reproduction physiology.

Mahdi, N.K.; Ali, N.H.  Cryptosporidiosis among animal handlers and their livestock in Basrah, Iraq.  East African Medical Journal. 2002. 79 (10): 550-553. ISSN:  0012-835X.
NAL Call no.: R98.E15
Descriptors:  camels, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, humans, Ascaris lumbricoides, Blastocystis hominis, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia duodenalis, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, Iran.

Mal, Gorakh; Kumar, Rajender; Sena, D. Suchitra; Sahani, M.S.  Haematological and mineral values in mange affected and healthy camels. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002, 79 (10): 1026-1027.  ISSN:  0019-6479.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN2
Descriptors: camels, infected and healthy animals, mange, Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli, blood serum, hematology, mineral profiles, hemoglobin, white blood cells, neutrophils, iron levels, calcium, copper, magnesium, potassium selenium, sodium, zinc, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, K, Se, Na, Zn.

Manal; Abdel-Mohsen, A.; El Nasser, M.A. Light and scanning electron microscopical examination of different animal hair and skin as a medicolegal tool for detection of meat adulteration.  Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2002. 47 (93): 136-151. ISSN:  1012-5973.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: buffalo, camel, donkey, dog, animal hair identification, descriptions of structure, possible adulterants of meat products, methodology, microscopy, skin, species differences, light and scanning microscopic examinations and measurements.

Mariasegaram, M.; Pullenayegum, S.; Ali, M.J.; Shah, R.S.; Penedo, M.C.T.; Wernery, U.; Sasse, J.  Isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite markers in Camelus dromedarius and cross-species amplification in C. bactrianus and Lama pacos.  Animal Genetics. 2002. 33 (5): 385-387. ISSN:  0268-9146.
NAL Call no.: QP98.A1A5
Descriptors: camels, UAE racing dromedaries, Bactrian camels, Huacaya alpacas, effective population size, genetic analysis, genetic markers, genetic variation, microsatellites, population genetics, populations, CVRL02, CVRL03, CVRL04, CVRL05, cross-species amplification and polymorphism.

Marley, S.E.; Conder, G.A.; Vercruysse, J. (ed.); Rew, R.S. The use of macrocyclic lactones to control parasites of domesticated wild ruminants. Macrocyclic Lactones in Antiparasitic Therapy. 2002. p. 371-393. ISBN: 0-85199-617-5.
Descriptors: alpacas, anthelmintics, disease control, drug residues, drug therapy, ivermectin, lactones, pharmacokinetics, alpacas, llamas, guanacos, Amblyomma americanum, buffalo, Bison bonasus, Bunostomum, Camelostrongylus mentulatus, camels, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, Capreolus capreolus, Cephenemyia trompe, red deer, fallow deer, white tailed deer, reindeer, Chabertia ovina, Cooperia, Dictyocaulus viviparous, Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, Haematopinus tuberculatus, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus longistipes, ll Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma Diana, Hypoderma tarandi, Ixodes scapularis, Linguatula, Linognathus africanus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia ostertagi, Otobius megnini, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, Psoroptes cuniculi,  Stephanofilaria zaheeri, Strongyloides papillosus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichuris discolor, Trichuris ovis.

Masood, Ehsan. Arab science: blooms in the desert. Nature. Mar 14, 2002. 416 (6877): 120-2. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call no.: 472 N21
Descriptors: camels, research programs, various research projects.

Massard, C.L.; Fonseca, A.H.; Souza, A.C.; Linares, F.F.M.; Silva, G.V.O.; Faccini, J.L.H.; Souza, J.C.P.; Famadas, K.M.; Riera, M.D.F.; Flausino, W. Diagnostico de Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) em Camelus dromedarius importados das Ilhas Canarias -- Espanha, para o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte -- Brasil. [Diagnosis of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) in Camelus dromedarius imported from Canary Islands -- Spain to the state of Rio Grande do Norte -- Brazil.] A Hora Veterinaria. 2002. 21 (125): 58-60. Note: In Portuguese with English and French summaries.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, ticks, Brazil, Canary Islands, case report, prophylaxis, control, eradication, exotic species.

Mazyad, S.A.M.; Khalaf, S.A.A.  Studies on Theileria and Babesia infecting live and slaughtered animals in Al Arish and El Hasanah, North Sinai governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2002. 32 (2): 601-610.  ISSN: 1110-0583.
NAL Call no.: QL757.J65
Descriptors:  sheep, goats, camels, cattle, tick borne diseases, babesiosis, concurrent infections, disease vectors, theileriosis, Theileria ovis, Babesia ovis, infestation levels, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Haemaphysalis parva, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum and Haemaphysalis sulcata, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginitum, Hyalomma anatolicum, Egypt.

Mesbah, S.F.; Kafi, M.; Nili, H. Ovarian teratoma in a camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Record. 2002. 151 (25): 776.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, case reports, clinical aspects, neoplasms, ovarian follicles, ovaries, Iran.

Mohamed, H.E.; Beynen, A.C.  Ascorbic acid content of blood plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and liver in camels (Camelus dromedarius) without or with parasite infections. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2002. 72 (6): 369-371. ISSN:  0300-9831.
NAL Call no.: 389.8 Z33
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, naturally infected, vitamin C levels of blood cells, whole blood, plasma, liver, ascorbic acid, blood plasma, erythrocytes, helminthoses, helminthes, leukocytes, scabies, trypanosomiasis, Sudan.

Mohamed, H.E.; Beynen, A.C.  Vitamin C concentrations in blood plasma, tissues and urine of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sudanese herds. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2002. 86 (9-10): 342-346.  ISSN: 0931-2439.
NAL Call no.: 389.78 Z3
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, adrenal glands, ascorbic acid, blood plasma, breed differences, breeding season, disease resistance, seasonal variation, sex differences, urine, disease resistance factors, breed, gender, sexual activity, seasonal effe cts, adrenals, heart, Arabi camels, Anafi camels, Bishari camels, Sudan.

Mohamed, Refai.  Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Veterinary Microbiology. 2002. 90 (1-4): 81-110.  ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V44
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, goats, cattle, sheep, humans, brucellosis, disease incidence and control, disease prevalence, epidemiology, zoonotic diseases, immune response, immunity,  immunization, reviews, vaccination, Brucella abortus, Brucella abortus biovar 1, Brucella abortus biovar 2, Brucella abortus biovar 3, Brucella abortus biovar 6, Brucella abortus biovar, S19, Brucella melitensis, Brucella melitensis biovar 2, Brucella melitensis biovar 3, Brucella melitensis Rev1.

Mohamed, T.M.; Salah, H.A.; Osman, H.G.; Fahmy, A.S. Purification and characterization of bacterial CM-cellulase from camel rumen fluid (Camelus dromedarius).  Bulletin of the National Research Centre Cairo. 2002. 27 (1): 1-24.  ISSN: 1110-0591
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, amino acid composition, cations, digesta, enzyme inhibitors, faba beans hulls and wheat straw diet, molecular weight, O-glycoside hydrolases, pH, rumen digestion, rumen fermentation, temperature effects, endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (CM cellulase; EC 2.3.1.4) forms, CII, CIV and CV were purified, divalent cations, copper, Cu, mercury, Hg, nickle, Ni, cobalt, Co, magnesium, Mg, manganese, Mn, barium, Ba.

Mohammed, Bengoumi; Faye, B.  Adaptation du dromadaire a la deshydratation. [The camel's adaptation to drought conditions.] Secheresse. 2002. 13 (2): 121-129. ISSN: 1147-7806.  Note:  In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: S600.7.D76S43
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, adaptation to water shortages, physiological responses, body temperature, diuresis, environmental temperature, homeostasis, metabolism, minerals, urine.

Moore, J.E.; McCalmont, M.; Xu, J.; Nation, G.; Tinson, A.H.; Crothers, L.; Harron, D.W.G. Prevalence of faecal pathogens in calves of racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. July 2002. 34 (4): 283-287. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, calves, diarrhea, feces, Salmonella hindmarch, Shigella, Yersinia, Escherichia coli, drug resistance, Aeromonas hydrophila, Campylobacter coli, strain differences, laboratory methods, United Arab Emirates.

Morgan, Vincent L.; Lucas, Spencer G. Notes from diary - Fayum Trip, 1907.  Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 2002, 22: i-vi, 1-148.  ISSN:  1524-4156.
Descriptors: expedition, fossil hunt in old world, Fayum fossil hunting, Walter Granger’s diary, daily routine, methodology, camel caravans, sandstorms, historical account, Egypt.

Moshe, Inbar; Uri, Shanas; Ido, Izhaki.  Characterization of road accidents in Israel involving large mammals. Israel Journal of Zoology. 2002. 48 (3): 197-206. ISSN: 0021-2210.
NAL Call no.: 410 IS7
Descriptors: cattle, horses, camels, donkeys, wild boar, large wild ruminants, car/truck accidents, costs, damage, human mortality, roads, traffic accidents; trauma, ungulates, wildlife, time of day, fencing recommendations, Israel.

Moustafa-Saleh, A.M.; Mohamed-Ahmed, Alameldin; Mohamed-Elmohrezy, Abdelmoniem; Eman-Mahmoud, Hassouna; Wrobel, K.H. Immunohistochemical investigations of the autonomous nerve distribution in the testis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Annals of Anatomy. 2002. 184 (3): 209-220.  ISSN:  0940-9602.
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, neural anatomy, autonomous system, immunohistochemistry, innervation, morphology, peripheral nerves, seasonal variation, testes tissue ultrastructure. 

Nabih, A; Toos, A.R. Biochemical changes in the serum of camels infested with some intestinal parasites.  Veterinary Medical Journal Giza. 2002. 50 (3): 343-356.  ISSN: 1110-1423.
NAL Call no.: SF604.C13
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, young animals, clinical examinations, animal parasitic nematodes, blood chemistry, blood composition, blood serum, coccidiosis, diarrhea, mixed infections, gastro intestinal parasites, total protein, albumin, carotene, vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium, Ca, inorganic phospohrus, P, magnesium, Mg, sodium, Na chlorides, AST, AP urea and uric acid, infections on blood levels, Egypt.

Nagpal, A.K.; Arora, Manju; Singh, G.P. Feed intake, utilization and growth of camels maintained on all roughage or complete ration.  Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition.  2002, 19 (4): 334-339. ISSN:  0970-3209.
NAL Call no.:  SF95 I47
Descriptors: camel calves, diet study, nutrient intake, mineral absorption, two diet mixes, 1.) mixed ration (MR) f groundnut haulms, khejri leaves, 2.) complete ration (CR) groundnut haulms, dry khejri leaves, wheat straw and concentrate daily weight gain, digestibility, absorption of sodium, Na, calcium, Ca, phophorus, P, magnesium, Mg.

Nagpal, A.K.; Roy, A.K.; Manju, Arora; Arora, M.  Nutrient utilization of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) phalgati based complete diet in camel calves. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2002. 19 (2): 149-152. ISSN: 0970-3209.
NAL Call no.: SF95.I47
Descriptors: camels, calves, dromedaries, diet study, 2 diets compared, blood chemistry, complete feeds, digestibility, guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, phalgati nutrition, voluntary intake, digestibility, nutritive value, intake, serum biochemical profiles, costs of diet, India.

Nagpal, A.K.; Manju, Arora; Arora, M.  Utilization of guar phalgati and groundnut haulms-based complete feeds in camel calves.  Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2002. 19 (1): 69-72. ISSN: 0970-3209.
NAL Call no.: SF95.I47
Descriptors: camels, male calves, diets formulations for growing animals, digestibility coefficients, complete feeds, digestibility, feed intake, peanuts, groundnuts haulms, guar, Arachis hypogaea, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, nutrient requirements, nutrition, nutritive value, India.

Nagpal, A.K.; Manju, Arora; Arora, M.  Utilization of guar phalgati and tree leaves based complete diets in camel calves.  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002. 72 (8): 712-714. ISSN: 0367-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camel calves, diet formulations, digestibility, energy consumption, feed intake, guar, protein utilization, Ailanthus excelsa, Azadirachta indica, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, dromedaries, Prosopis cineraria, neem, India.

Nagpal, A.K.; Manju, Arora; Roy, A.K.; Arora, M. Utilization of guar phalgati and tree leaves based mixed rations in camel calves.  Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2002. 19 (2): 144-148.  ISSN: 0970-3209.
NAL Call no.: SF95.I47
Descriptors: male dromedary camel calves, diets guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Ailanthus excelsa, Azadirachta indica, Prosopis cineraria, leaves, liveweight gain, nutrition, nutritive value, neem, India.

Nasser, Boubker; El Kebbaj, M'hammed Said; Cottin, Patrick; Latruffe, Norbert. Purification and characterization of the D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from dromedary liver mitochondria. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Jan 2002. 131 (1): 9-18 ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: camels, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, isolation, purification, metabolism, mitochondria, liver enzymology, Western blot, chromotography, ion exchange, enzyme stability, hydrogen ion concentration, hydrophobicity, mitochondria, liver chemistry, phospholipide metabolism, temperature.
Abstract: D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) (EC 1.1.1.30), a membrane enzyme, has been purified to homogeneity from dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) liver mitochondria. Our new purification method consisted of the solubilization of mitochondrial membranes by Triton X 100 and purification of BDH by two steps: DEAE-Sephacel and Phenyl-Sepharose. The molecular mass of the enzyme subunit size was 67 kDa. The purified enzyme is recognized by anti rat liver mitochondrial BDH antibodies. Furthermore, BDH activity was absolutely dependent upon phospholipids. BDH is also characterized by specific enzymatic parameters: an optimum pH of approximately 8 for the oxidation reaction, and approximately 7 for the reduction reaction and kinetic constant (Michaelis and dissociation constants) values of 1.07+/-0.13 mM for K(MBOH), 0.21+/-0.01 mM for K(MNAD(+)), 1.04+/-0.20 mM for K(DNAD(+)), 0.29+/-0.01 mM for K(MAcAc), 0.27+/-0.03 mM K(MNADH) and 1.12+/-0.18 mM for K(DNADH).

Ngaira, J.M.; Bett, B.; Karanja, S.M. Animal-level risk factors for Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels in eastern and central parts of Kenya.  Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 2002. 69 (4): 263-271 ISSN: 0030-2465.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 On1
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansi infection, animal husbandry, climatic seasons, disease prevalence, nomadism, risk factors, screening tests, hematocrit centifugation, mouse inoculation, latex agglutination, dependent variables in multivariable logistic regression models, nomadic vs. ranched animals, Kenya.

Nguyen, Viet Khong; Su, Chen; Muyldermans, Serge; van der Loo, Wessel. Heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae; a case of evolutionary innovation. Immunogenetics. April 2002. 54 (1): 39-47. ISSN: 0093-7711.
NAL Call no.: QR184.I4
Descriptors: Camelidae, functional antibody structures, heavy-chair antibodies, HCAbs, evolution, derivation, convergent evolution, novel antigen receptor properties.
Abstract: The emergence in Camelidae species of functional antibodies devoid of light chains (referred to as heavy-chain antibodies or HCAbs) is an intriguing evolutionary event. Homodimeric HCAbs have also been documented in spotted ratfish (Cos5-Abs) and nurse shark (NAR). To reveal the evolutionary history of HCAbs, we evaluated the phylogenetic and phenotypic relationships among HCAbs and conventional antibodies across taxa and confirmed the current viewpoint that different groups of HCAbs have evolved independently in the three lineages. At least, in the camelids, HCAbs are not the result of resuscitation of dormant genes. They are derived from the conventional antibodies within the Camelidae lineage, and are apparently the outcome of more recent adaptive changes occurring in the compartment of heteromeric antibodies. The shared structural properties of HCAbs across taxa are therefore explained by convergent evolution due to similar constraints related to the absence of pairing to the light chain. It appears that innovative evolutionary changes in Camelidae have led to a new level of antigen binding repertoire diversification and have allowed acquisition of novel antigen-receptor properties.

Njiru, Z.K.; Bett, B.; Ole-Mapeny, I.M.; Githiori, J.B.; Ndung'u, J.M. Trypanosomosis and helminthosis in camels: comparison of ranch and traditional camel management systems in Kenya.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 67-71. ISSN: 0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, age effects, disease prevalence, disease transmission, 2 farming systems, wet and dry seasonal variations, sex effects, trypanosomiasis, trapping of biting flies, disease vector assessment, fecal egg counts, Haematobia minuta, Tabanus taeniola, Hippobosca camelina, Hippobosca variegate, Trichostrongylus, Trypanosoma evansi, Kenya.

Njoroge, E.M.; Mbithi, P.M.F.; Gathuma, J.M.; Wachira, T.M.; Gathura, P.B.; Magambo, J.K.; Zeyhle, E. A study of cystic echinococcosis in slaughter animals in three selected areas of northern Turkana, Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology. 2002. 104 (1): 85-91. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: cystic echinococcosis, goats, sheep, cattle, camels, disease survey, slaughtered animals, prevalence, contributing factors, cysts pathological, epidemiology, geographical distribution, metacestodes, Kenya.
Abstract: In an attempt to establish the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis, a study was conducted in slaughter animals in three divisions of northern Turkana, Kenya. A total of 5752 goats, 588 sheep, 381 cattle and 70 camels were examined at slaughter. Echinococcus granulosus metacestodes were found in 19.4% of the cattle, 3.6% of sheep, 4.5% of goats and 61.4% of camels. The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in cattle, sheep and goats was higher in Lokichogio than in either Kakuma or Central divisions. On the other hand, the prevalence of the disease in camels was higher in Central (84.6%) than either Lokichogio (70.6%) or Kakuma (50%). The differences in prevalence rates in different study areas are attributed to differences in environmental conditions, livestock stocking intensity and cross-border migration of livestock.

Osman, Abdel Hamid Kamel; Sato, Shigeaki; Caceci, Thomas. Apoptosis in the myocardium of the adult dromedary camel. FASEB Journal. March 20, 2002. 16 (4): A360. ISSN: 0892-6638. Note: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, April 20-24, 2002.
NAL Call no.: QH301.F3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cell death, myocardium, light and electron microscopy, lack of etiology.

Patra, N.C.; Bera, A.K.; Mondal, M.; Mukhopadhyay, S.K.; Deb, P.  A brief note on cytological study of W.B.C. in camel. Journal of Interacademicia. 2002. 6 (Special issue): 732-733. ISSN:  0971-9016.
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, blood composition, blood picture, leucogram, eosinophils, hematology, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, normal values, West Bengal, India. 

Pavlik, I.; Machackova, M.; Ayele, W.Y.; Lamka, J.; Parmova, I.; Melicharek, I.; Hanzlikova, M.; Kormendy, B.; Nagy, G.; Cvetnic, Z.; Ocepek, M.; Lipiec, M. Incidence of bovine tuberculosis in wild and domestic animals other than cattle in six Central European countries during 1990-1999. Veterinarni Medicina. 2002. 47 (5): 122-131. ISSN:  0375-8427.
NAL Call no.: 41.9 C333
Descriptors: 17 species, camels, wild boar, sheep, cassowary, tapirs, sitatungas, eland, puma, pot-bellied bison, red deer, captive Bactrian camel, wild animals,  zoo animals, Mycobacterium bovis, disease prevalence, disease transmission, domestic animals, epidemiology, zoo animals, gnu, giraffes, game animals, tuberculosis, wild goats, dogs, pigs, Central Europe.

Pilstrom, Lars. The mysterious immunoglobulin light chain. Developmental & Comparative Immunology. Mar. 2002. 26 (2): 207-15. ISSN: 0145-305X.
NAL Call no.: QR180.D4
Descriptors: camels, immunoglobulins, light chain, genetics, evolutionary perspective.
Abstract: The immunoglobulin light chain is mysterious from different points of view. In an evolutionary perspective there seems to be at least three major pathways but it is today impossible to say which of them is the most ancient one and which isotype belongs to which branch. It is also difficult to assess the contribution of the light chain to the binding capacity of the antibodies. It is possible that it differs from antibody to antibody but the fact that there are antibodies in camels and sharks without any light chain suggests that it is perhaps not necessary for good antigen binding.

Pulford, D.J.; Meyer, H.; Ulaeto, D. Orthologs of the vaccinia A13L and A36R virion membrane protein genes display diversity in species of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Archives of Virology. May 2002. 147 (5): 995-1015. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL Call no.: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: viral membrane genes, camels, cats, cheetahs, cloning, molecular, elephants, foxes, Haplorhini, horses, mice, molecular sequence data, mutation, Orthopoxvirus, chemistry, classification, phylogeny, rats, sequence alignment, species specificity, vaccinia virus, variola virus.
Abstract: Alignment of vaccinia and variola virus genomes has highlighted some targets that display diversity. We have investigated the sequence diversity of two viral membrane protein genes from 36 different Orthopoxvirus (OPV) strains to evaluate the suitability of these loci to differentiate between OPV species. Orthologs of the vaccinia virus Copenhagen A13L gene were all predicted to have functional genes that ranged between 201-213 bps in length. Whereas the N- and C-termini of each protein were relatively well conserved within the genus, a central proline-rich domain displayed characteristic species-specific amino acid motifs. Orthologs of the A36R gene displayed considerable sequence variation between species and strains. The majority of variation was localised to the last 100 bps of the gene. Multiple-alignment of these sequences identified the presence of gaps, insertions or frame-shift mutations among the samples examined. Nearly all strains of cowpox virus contained different nucleotide sequences at this locus. Phylogenetic analysis of the aligned sequences showed that variola and camelpox viruses shared a common ancestry with cowpox virus, whereas ectromelia viruses were divergent from all the other OPVs examined. Phylogeny generated with A13L sequences distributed the OPV species in a manner that correlated to their known properties.

Qureshi, Z.I.; Muhammad, G.; Athar, M.; Lodhi, L.A. Acute puerperal metritis in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2002. 22 (1): 45-47.  ISSN:  0253-8318.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, puerperal metritis, case reports, clinical aspects, endometritis, epidemiology, parturition, uterine diseases, Pakistan. 

Rashed, M.N. Trace elements in camel tissues from a semi-arid region.  Environmentalist. 2002. 22 (2): 111-118. ISSN:  0251-1088.
NAL Call no.: S900.E53
Descriptors: dromedary camels, animal tissues, chemical analysis, pollution, trace elements residues, Ag, Au, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Zn, various tissues, inter-costal, scapula, sirloin, flank, front knuckle, front limb, Egypt.

Ravary, B.; Quinton, H.; Remy, D.; Millemann, Y.; Tnibar, A.  Animais selvagens e exoticos: corpo estranho intra-ruminal em um dromedario. [Wild and exotic animals: intraruminal foreign body in a dromedary.]  A Hora Veterinaria. 2002. 21 (126): 27-30. ISSN:  0101-9163. Note:  In Portuguese with an English summary.
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, abnormal behavior, case reports, clinical aspects, exotics, foreign bodies, pica, rumen, rumenotomy, surgical procedure, wild animals, France.

Refai, Mohamed. A.D.:  Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Veterinary Microbiology. 2002, 90 (1-4): 81-110.  ISSN:  0378-1135.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V44
Descriptors: domestic animal disease, cattle, sheep, camels, racing camels, goats, buffalo, equines, swine, Brucella melitensis biovar 1, 2 and 3,  Brucella abortus biovar 1, 2, and 3, distribution of biovars by country, disease organism incidence, prevention and control vaccination, Near East Region.

Renisio, Jean Guillaume; Perez, Janice; Czisch, Michael; Guenneugues, Marc; Bornet, Olivier; Frenken, Leon; Cambillau, Christian; Darbon, Herve. Solution structure and backbone dynamics of an antigen-free heavy chain variable domain (VHH) from llama. Proteins. June 1, 2002. 47 (4): 546-55 ISSN: 1097-0134.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, llamas, antibody structure, (15)N relazation rates.
Abstract: Camelids, (dromedaries, camels, and llamas) produce heavy-chains antibodies, with their antigen recognition sites composed of a single VH-like domain, referred to as VHH. The solution structure of one of these VHHs domains (VHH-H14), raised against the alpha subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), has been determined by (15)N heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The framework is well resolved within the set of 20 best-calculated NMR structures and is close to that of classical VH domains from vertebrate antibodies, consisting of two antiparallel beta-sheets organized in a beta-barrel. Loops display a lower precision, especially the Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs), involved in antigen recognition. Comparison of the three-dimensional VHH-H14 solution structure with its previously solved crystal structure (Spinelli et al., Nature Struct. Biol. 1996;3:752-757) reveals a high similarity to the framework, whereas significant conformational differences occur on CDRs, leading to the assumption that the antigen recognition site is a more mobile part. In order to deepen our insights into the dynamics of VHH-H14 in solution, (15)N relaxation was measured with longitudinal R1 and transverse R2 self-relaxation rates, and (15)N steady-state heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE), making it possible to probe picosecond-to-millisecond internal motions. Determination of dynamic parameters (S(2), tau(e), and Rex) through the Lipari-Szabo Model-free approach enables the identification of several regions with enhanced dynamics. Especially, the mobility measurements from NMR confirm that the antigen recognition site is the most mobile part of the VHH-H14 domain on picosecond-to-nanosecond fast time scales. Several residues belonging to the three CDRs are submitted to chemical exchange processes occurring on slow microsecond-to-millisecond time scales, suggesting that the formation of the VHH/antigen complex should be accompanied by structural changes.

Reta, D.; Mekonnen, H.M.  Study on milk off take from Issa type dromedaries under pastoral environmental conditions in and around Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.  Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 2002. 153 (4): 247-250. ISSN:  0035-1555. Note:  In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R32
Descriptors:  dromedaries, Issa type, lactation, milk production and yield, milking interval, comparison between those on irrigated and non-irrigated land, Ethiopia.

Sakamoto, K.; Yoshida, K.  Recent outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in countries of east Asia. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties. 2002, 21 (3): 459-463. ISSN:  0253-1933.
NAL Call no.: SF81.R4
Descriptors: epidemiology, FMD, disease occurrence, Asian topotype, reoccurrence of the disease, recent disease situation, disease outbreak and eradication, genome analysis, Pah-Asian O lineage, swine, goats, camels, sheep, Taipei China, Japan, Republic of Korea.

Saleh, Abdel Mohaimen Moustafa; Alameldin, Mohamed Ahmed; Abdelmoniem, Mohamed Elmohrezy; Hassouna, Eman Mahmoud; Wrobel, Karl Heinz. Immunohistochemical investigations of the autonomous nerve distribution in the testis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Annals of Anatomy. May 2002. 184 (3): 209-220. ISSN: 0940-9602.
Descriptors: camel, testes, autonomous nerves distribution, immunohistochemical methods, seasonal variation, antibodies to protein gene product 9.5 and neurofiliments, calcitonin gene related peptide positive axons.

Saleh, A.M.M.; Alameldin, M.A.; Abdelmoniem, M.E.; Hassouna, E.M.; Wrobel, K.H. On the intrinsic innervation of the epididymis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Annals of Anatomy. 2002. 184 (4): 305-315. ISSN:  0940-9602.
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, epididymis, neural tissue, animal anatomy, calcitonin, innervation, neurons, neuropeptides, sexually mature males, N. spermaticus inferior and superior, seasonal variation, summer, vasoactive intestinal peptide, winter.

Seddek, S.R.  Bacterial causes of lung affections in slaughtered camels in Assiut Governorate.  Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2002. 46 (92): 169-177. ISSN:  1012-5973.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors:  camels, bacterial infections, single and mixed isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Micrococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus albus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Pasteurella haemolytica, ampicillin, antibiotics, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, lungs, colistin, rimactan, streptomycin, Egypt.

Semieka, M.A.  Parotid duct (Stenson's duct) affections in some domestic animals.  Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2002. 47 (94): 312-320.  ISSN: 1012-5973.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: buffalo, donkeys, goat, camel, disease diagnosis, fistula, parotid gland, buccal cavity, salivary gland diseases, surgical operations, Egypt.

Shahardar, R.A.; Mishra, A.K.; Rao, J.R. Dot-ELISA for detection of antibodies against Trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels.  Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2002. 16 (2): 163-164. ISSN:  0971-6157.
NAL Call no.: SF810.A3J6
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, Dot ELISA parasitic disease, antibody detection, nitrocellulose paper discs, skimmed milk powder blocking, incubation with neat test serum, sero-reactivity, immunoglobulins. 

Shoop, W.; Soll, M. Ivermectin, abamectin and eprinomectin.  Merck and Co., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA. Macrocyclic Lactones in Antiparasitic Therapy by J. Vercruysse and R.S. Rew. 2002, 1-29.  ISBN:  0851996175.  Note: Book chapter.
NAL Call no.: RM412.M33 2002
Descriptors: antibiotic drugs, pharmacology, various species, cattle, sheep, camels, rabbits, Streptomycetes and related genera, Actinomycetes and related organisms, Eubacteria, bacteria. 

Siddiqi, N.J.  A comparative study on the distribution of hydroxyproline in the tissues of two desert animals viz., Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Arabian sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica).  Journal of the Saudi Chemical Society. 2002. 6 (1): 21-26. ISSN: 1319-6103. Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors:  dromedaries, Gazella, adaptability, animal tissues, desert animals, hydroxyproline, kidneys, liver.

Singh, G.P.; Saini, N. Role of anaerobic fungi in fibre digestion and its special significance to camel nutrition.  Indian Dairyman. 2002. 54 (9): 64-68. ISSN:  0019-4603.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 IN282
Descriptors:  rumen fungi, camels, digestion, fermentation, fiber digestion and fermentation, life cycle, rumen microorganisms, Neocallimastix, Piromyces, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Anaeromyces.

Sinha, S.; Nagpal, S.K.; Singh, G.  Scanning electron microscopy of the tracheo-bronchial tree and the lung parenchyma in camel.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 47-51. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, bronchi, epithelium, lungs, scanning electron microscopy, trachea tissue ultrastructure.

Skidmore, Julian A.; Billah, M.; Allen, W.R. Investigation of factors affecting pregnancy rate after embryo transfer in the dromedary camel. Reproduction Fertility & Development. 2002. 14 (1-2): 109-116. ISSN: 1031-3613.
NAL Call no.: QP251.R47
Descriptors: dromedary camels, uteri, embryo flushing, rmbryo transfer, non-surgical method, hormone regulation, progesterone, flunixin meglumine, GnRH, buserelin, estradiol.

Su, Chen; Nguyen, Viet Khong; Nei, Masatoshi. Adaptive evolution of variable region genes encoding an unusual type of immunoglobulin in camelids. Molecular Biology & Evolution. March 2002. 19 (3): 205-215. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call no.: QH506.M642
Descriptors: Camelidae, dimeric Ig structure, evolution, adaptions, VHH genes, imune function.
Abstract: A typical immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L) chains. This tetrameric structure is conserved in almost all jawed vertebrate species. However, it has been discovered that camels and llamas (family: Camelidae) possess a type of dimeric Ig that consists of two H chains only. These H chains do not associate with L chains, and they do not have the first constant region (CH1), which is present in the conventional Ig. In spite of these changes, the dimeric Ig maintains the normal immune function. To understand the evolution of the dimeric Ig, we studied the phylogenetic relationships of the variable region (V(H)H) genes of the dimeric Ig from Camelidae and those (V(H)) of the conventional Ig from mammals. The results showed that the V(H)H genes form a monophyletic cluster within one of the mammalian V(H) groups, group C. We examined the type of selective force in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and framework regions (FRs) by comparing the rate of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions. We found that the results obtained from V(H)H genes were similar to those from V(H) genes in that CDRs showed an excess of dN over dS (indicating positive selection), whereas the reverse was true for FRs (purifying selection). However, when the extent of positive selection or purifying selection was investigated at each codon site, three major differences between V(H)H and V(H) genes were found. That is, very different types of selective force were observed between V(H)H and V(H) genes (1) at the sites that contact the L chain in the conventional Ig, (2) at the sites that interact with the CH1 region in the conventional Ig, and (3) in the H1 loop. Our findings suggest that adaptive evolution has occurred in the functionally important sites of the V(H)H genes to maintain the normal immune function in the dimeric Ig.

Sumant, Vyas; Purohit, G.N.; Pareek, P.K.; Sahani, M.S.; Vyas, S.  Ultrasonographic imaging to monitor early pregnancy in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux.2002, 55: 3, 241-245.  ISSN:  0035-1865. Note:  In English with a French and Spanish summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Bilaneri breed, monitoring early conseptus, 18-40 days post mating, embryonic development, embryos, ovarian follicles, pregnancy diagnosis technology, ultrasonography.

Tadesse, A.; Molla, B. Study on skin lesions of camels (Camelus dromedarius) associated with bacterial pathogens in North-Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 37-41. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, skin lesions, tetracycline,  abscesses, chloramphenicol, drug resistance, erythromycin, furazolidone, kanamycin, penicillins, skin lesions, tetracycline, Ethiopia.

Tashani, O.A.; Zhang, L.H.; Boufana, B.; Jegi, A.; McManus, D.P. Epidemiology and strain characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus in the Benghazi area of eastern Libya.  Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002. 96 (4): 369-381. ISSN:  0003-4983.
NAL Call no.: 448.9 L75A
Descriptors:  camels, sheep, goats, cattle, disease prevalence, echinococcosis, epidemiology, human diseases, livestock, post-slaughter examinations, strains, surgical operations, unilocular hydatids, Libya. 

Thiry, E.; Lemaire, M. Infezioni sostenute da herpesvirus eterologhi nei ruminanti. [Heterologous herpesvirus infection in ruminants.] Summa. 2002. 19 (6): 29-34. Note:  In Italian with an English summary.
Descriptors: sheep, ruminants, dromedary camels, equine herpesvirus-1, diseases crossing species barriers, bovine herpesvirus, Aujeszky virus, cattle, deer, asymptomatic infections.

Thompson, Mary E.; Meldrum, D. Jeffery; White, Richard S.; Thrasher, Larry.  Camel tracks and trackways from Late Pliocene deposits, Graham County, Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2002, 22 (3 Supplement): 114A.  ISSN:  0272-4634.  Note: Meeting abstract In Sixty-Second Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Norman, Oklahoma, USA, October 09-12, 2002.
Descriptors: camel, prehistoric trackways, paleontology, fossils, mastodons, horses, Bear Springs Badlands, Arizona, USA.

Tourette, I.; Messad, S.; Faye, B.  Impact des pratiques de traite des eleveurs sur la qualite sanitaire du lait de chamelle en Mauritanie. [Impact of breeders' milking practices on the sanitary quality of she-camel milk in Mauritania.]  Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux.  2002, 55 (3): 229-233.  ISSN:  0035-1865.  Note:  In French with a English and Spanish summary.
NAL Call no.:  41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milking practices and effect on sanitary levels of raw milk, breeders survey for methods and bacterial levels, aerobic mesophilic and coliform flora count, methylene blue reduction and resazurin tests, Dornic acidity titration, need for producer directed training programs, Mauritania.

Turkutanit, S.S.; Eren, H.; Durukan, A. A case report: Dipetalonema evansi (Lewis, 1882) in a camel.  Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002. 79 (11): 1192-1194.  ISSN:  0019-6479.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN2
Descriptors: case reports, clinical aspects, histopathology, testes, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, dromedaries, Dipetalonema evansi, Spirurida, Turkey. 

Ugboko, V.I.; Olasoji, H.O.; Ajike, S.O.; Amole, A.O.D.; Ogundipe, O.T.  Facial injuries caused by animals in northern Nigeria.  British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002, 40 (5): 433-437.  ISSN:  0266-4356.
Descriptors: animal caused injuries, caused by camels, donkeys, dogs, bites, gores, falls, kicks, treatments.

Van der Made, Jan; Morales, Jorge; Sen, Sevket; Aslan, Fehmi. The first camel from the Upper Miocene of Turkey and the dispersal of the camels in the Old World. Comptes Rendus Palevol. March-April 2002, 2 (1): 117-122.  ISSN: 1631-0683.  Note:  French version abridged. In French and English with a summary in each language.
Descriptors: Paracamelus, fossil remains, prehistoric camels, systematics, animal dispersals, Miocene, Upper Miocene, Old World, Cobaninar, Turkey.

Veer, Vijay; Parashar, B.D.; Prakash, Shri. Tabanid and muscoid haematophagous flies, vectors of trypanosomiasis or surra disease in wild animals and livestock in Nandankanan Biological Park, Bhubaneswar (Orissa, India). Current Science Bangalore. March 10, 2002. 82 (5): 500-503. ISSN: 0011-3891.
NAL Call no.: 475 SCI23
Descriptors: camels, trypanosomiasis, fly vectors, India, vector biology, parasitic disease.

Viet-Khong, Nguyen; Su, C.; Muyldermans, S.;  van der Loo, W. Heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae; a case of evolutionary innovation. Immunogenetics. 2002. 54 (1): 39-47. ISSN:  0093-7711.
NAL Call no.: QR184.I4
Descriptors: camelids, camels, dromedaries, HCAbs,  evolutionary history of HCAbs, adaptive changes, antibodies, antigens, phenotypes, phylogeny.

Vyas, S.; Singh, A.K.; Goswami, P.; Bissa, U.K.; Rai, A.K.; Khanna, N.D. Superovulation and nonsurgical embryo flushing in Indian Camel (Camelus dromedarius). International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002, 17 (1-2):1 01-103.  ISSN:  0970-2857.
NAL Call no.: SF81.F3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, developing embryo transfer technology, embryos, 1 good morula, no full term pregnancy developed, ovarian follicles, superovulation protocols, Foley’s catheter for flushing embryos.

Wang, J.L. The arterial supply to the eye of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Oct 2002. 26 (7): 505-512. ISSN: 0165-7380.
URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0165-7380/contents
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, eyes, arteries, blood flow, animal anatomy, eye muscles, lacrimal apparatus, eyelids, conjunctiva, fat.

Wernery, U.; Abraham, A.; Kinne, J.  Evaluation of blood thiamine (Vit B1) in racing dromedaries.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 27-29.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  racing camels, blood analysis, HPLC, racing performance, thiamin, camel performance, training age.  

Wernery, U; Ali, M; Kinne, J; Abraham, A.A.; Wernery, R. Copper deficiency: a predisposing factor to septicaemia in dromedary calves.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 59-66.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  dromedary camels, calves,  Zn, zinc, Cu, copper deficiency, kidneys, liver, mineral deficiencies, septicaemia, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli. 

Wernery, U.; Kinne, J.; Abraham, A.A. Treatment of copper deficiency in two dromedary calves.   Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 83-84. ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:   dromedary calves, dams, camels, treatment with copper trition, blood serum levels, Cu mineral deficiencies, mineral supplements. 

Wernery, U.; Johnson, B.; Becker, H.; Maertlbauer, E. Microbiological status of raw dromedary milk.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2002. 9 (1): 1-4.  ISSN: 0971-6777.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  camel milk, sampling, UAE breed, dromedaries, microbial contamination, microbial flora, milk hygiene, raw milk, data compared to the EU and German stds, testing for Brucella, Salmonella, Camplobacter, Listeria.

Wunschmann, A.; Frank, R.; Pomeroy, K.; Kapil, S.  Enteric coronavirus infection in a juvenile dromedary (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2002. 14 (5): 441-444. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call no.: SF774.J68
Descriptors: cattle, foxes, dogs, poultry, camels, mice, horses, pigs, sheep, rats, humans, case reports, clinical aspects, colitis, diagnosis, diarrhea, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, postmortem examinations. 

Yeruham, I.;  van Straten, M.; Elad, D. Entropion, corneal ulcer and corneal haemorrhages in a one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).  Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B. 2002. 49 (8): 409-410.  ISSN:  0931-1793.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors:  dromedaries, camels, case reports, clinical aspects, clinical presentation, conjunctivitis, eye diseases, cornea, eyelids, entropion, hemorrhage, corneal ulcers, Israel.

Younan, M.; McDonough, S.P.; Herbert, D.; Saez, J.; Kibor, A.  Isospora excretion in scouring camel calves (Camelus dromedarius).  Veterinary Record. 2002. 151 (18): 548-549.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors:  ranch camels, dromedaries, young animals, animal parasitic nematodes, calves, coccidiosis, diarrhea, helminth ova levels in feces, isosporiasis, lesions, strongyloidiasis, multifocal ulcerative colitis, coccidial parasites, Eimeria cameli, Strongyloides, Kenya. 

Younan, M.  Parenteral treatment of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis in Kenyan camels (Camelus dromedarius). Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2002, 55 (3): 177-181.ISSN:  0035-1865.  Note:  In English with French and English summaries.
NAL Call no.:  41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, mastitis, Streptococcus agalactiae, intramammary infection control, intramuscular antibiotic injections, benzylpenicillin procain dihydrostreptomycin-base combination, penethamate hydroiodide, erythromycin, effectiveness of treatment. 

Zia-Ur, Rahman; Straten, M.V.; Haq, I.U.; Sandhu, M.A. Milk production potential, blood biochemical, hormonal profiles and milk composition of low and high yielding camel. Proceedings of the 7^th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002. Session 9. 2002. 0-4.  ISBN:  2-7380-1052-0.
Descriptors:  camels, milk production factors, blood chemistry, organoleptic properties, dietary effects, non-esterified fatty acids, feeds, fodder, hydrocortisone, lactose levels, milk composition, milk fat, milk protein, milk yield, protein content, taste, triiodothyronine, urea nitrogen, triiodothyronine, cortisone, water content, Pakistan. 

Zidan, M.; Pabst, R.  Lymphocyte proliferation in lymphoid organs of the dromedary camel using the monoclonal antibody MIB-5 against the proliferation-associated nuclear epitope Ki-67.  Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2002. 31 (5): 286-289.  ISSN:  0340-2096.
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors:  camels, dromedaries, epitopes, immunohistochemistry, lymph nodes, lymphatic system, lymphocyte transformation, lymphocytes, monoclonal antibodies, spleen. 

Abbas, T.A.; Ali, B.H. Retinol values in the plasma of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) and the influence of aflatoxicosis. Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Aug 2001. 25 (6): 517-522. ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, retinol, blood plasma, aflatoxins, mycotoxicoses, blood chemistry, sex differences.

Abdel-Magied, E.M.; Taha, A.A.M.; Al-Qarawi, A.A.; Elfaki, M.G. The parotid, mandibular and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2001. 30 (4): 199-203. ISSN: 0340-2096
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, red blood cells, erythrocytes, lymph nodes, morphometrics, parotid gland, jaws, throat.

Abdin-Bey, M.R. Metabolic and endocrine changes during detomidine-HCl sedation in the dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 181-183. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camel, IV administration, alpha2 agonist detomidine HCL, Domosedan, sedation, hormone secretion, neuroleptics, pharmacology, protein, aspartate aminotransferase, lactic dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, drug efficacy, drug safety.

Abdoon, A.S.S. Factors affecting follicular population, oocyte yield and quality in camels (Camelus dromedarius) ovary with special reference to maturation time in vitro. Animal Reproduction Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Apr 30, 2001. 66 (1/2): 71-79. ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ovarian follicles, oocytes viability, fecundity, ovaries, in vitro, maturation period, corpus luteum, culture media, cumulus oophorus, growth, metaphase.

Abubakr, M.I.; Nayel, M.N.; Fadlalla, M.E.; Abdel-Rahman, A.O.; Aboubeida, S.A.; Elgabara, Y.M. The incidence of bacterial infection in young camels with reference to Escherichia coli. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 83-85. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, young animals, bacterial diseases and prevelance, epidemiology, E. coli, colibacillosis, Corynebacterium species, Mycobacterium johnii, Citrobacter diversus, Salmonella arizonae, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia odorifera, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus species, Staphylococcus xylosus, Salmonella cholerae, Proteus mirabilis, Bahrain.

Agab, H. Conjoined monster in a dromedary: a case report. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 22. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camel, case reports, congenital abnormalities, epidemiology, conjoined twins, Saudi Arabia.

Al Awadi, F.M.; Srikumar, T.S. Trace elements and their distribution in protein fractions of camel milk in comparison to other commonly consumed milks. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Aug 2001. 68 (3): 463-469. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camel milk, trace elements, milk protein, composition, fractionation, species differences, human milk, milk, infant formulas, ultracentrifugation, chromatography, manganese, Mn, iron, Fe, zinc, Zn, copper, Cu, selenium, Se, casein, molecular weight, nutrient sources, Kuwait.
Abstract: Studies on camels' milk, whether with respect to concentration or bioavailability of trace elements from this milk, are limited and warrant further investigation. The object of this study was to analyse the concentration and distribution of zinc, copper, selenium, manganese and iron in camel milk compared to those in human milk, cows' milk and infant formula under similar experimental conditions. Camels' milk and cows' milk were collected from local farms, human milk samples were obtained from healthy donors in Kuwait and infant formula was purchased locally. Milk fractionation was performed by ultra-centrifugation and gel-column chromatography. The concentration of trace elements was analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry and that of protein was determined spectrophotometrically. The concentration of manganese and iron in camels' milk was remarkably higher (7-20-fold and 4-10-fold, respectively) than in human milk, cows' milk and infant formula. The zinc content of camels' milk was higher than that of human milk but slightly lower than in cows' milk and infant formula. The concentration of copper in camels' milk was similar to that of cows' milk but lower than in human milk and infant formula. The selenium content of camels' milk was comparable to those of other types of milk. Approximately 50-80% of zinc, copper and manganese in camels' milk were associated with the casein fraction, similar to that of cows' milk. The majority of selenium and iron in camels' milk was in association with the low molecular weight fraction. It is recommended that camels' milk be considered as a potential source of manganese, selenium and iron, perhaps not only for infants, but also for other groups suspected of mild deficiency of these elements. Further investigations are required to confirm this proposal.

Al Busadah, K.A.; Osman, T.E.A. Failure of yohimbine to reverse the haematological changes associated with xylazine anaesthesia in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 43-46. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camel, dromedaries, IV administration, Hb, PCV, TLC, RBC, leucocytic counds, xylazine effects, yohimbine, anesthesia dosage, hematological parameters, females, xylazine, yohimbine, laboratory experiment.

Al Dosari, M.N. [Chemical analysis and in vitro organic matter disappearance of Avicennia marina and Salvadora persica leaves as camel forage in the Tuhama plain at Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.] Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2001. 9 (1): 11-19. ISSN: 1110-2675. Note: In Arabic with an English summary.
Descriptors: camel forage, Avicennia marina, Salvadors persica, ash, chemical composition, crude fiber, crude protein, ether extracts, in vitro digestibility, leaves, nutritive value, organic matter, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.

Al Eknah, M.; Homeida, N.; Al Haider, A. A new method for semen collection by artificial vagina from the dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 127-130. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, semen collection device, artificial vagina, methodology and techniques, description of collection room, teaser female, flehmen, worker safety.

Al Hazmi, Mansour A.  Grazing behaviour and food selection of camels (Camelus dromedarius L.) in Jeddah Province, western region of Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Faculty of Science United Arab Emirates University. June 2001, 11 (1): 30-43.  ISSN:  1021-0806.
Descriptors: camels, grazing behavior, food selection, hyper arid vicinity, partially guarded, free roaming, 51 plant species of camel food plants, feeding preferences, activity patters, seasonal and sex differences, Jeddah province Saudi Arabia.

Al Katheeri, N.A.; Wasfi, I.A.; Lambert, M.; Saeed, A.; Khan, I.A.; Williams, R.B. (ed.); Houghton, E. (ed.); Wade, J.F. Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen enantiomers after IV administration of racemate in camels: effect of gender. Proceedings of the 13^th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Cambridge, UK, 2000. 2001. 464. ISBN: 1-899772-08-1.
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, enantiomers, IV administration, drugs, sex differences, ketoprofen, pharmacokinetics.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Abbas, B.; Haroun, E.M.; Mahmoud, O.M.; Al Hawas, A. Clinicopathological investigation of selenium responsive myopathy in young adult camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 23-27. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: young camels, Se deficiency, clinical presentation, ataxia, tremors, inability to stand, blood chemistry, clinical aspects, muscular condition, nutrient deficiencies, nutritional muscular dystrophy, selenium.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Abdel-Rahman, H.; El Mougy, S.A. Impairment in the pituitary -- thyroid axis of the Camelus dromedarius infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2001. 108 (4): 172-174. ISSN: 0341-6593. Note: In English with a German summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansinfection effects, immunological techniques, pituitary, thyroid gland function, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, hemabblutionation test, Ag-ELISA, hormonal blood analysis.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Abdel-Rahman, H.A.; El Belely, M.S.; El Mougy, S.A. Intratesticular morphometric, cellular and endocrine changes around the pubertal period in dromedary camels. Veterinary Journal. Nov 2001. 162 (3): 241-249. ISSN: 1090-0233.
URL: http://journals.harcourt-international.com/wbs/tvj
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: dromedaries, male camels, testes, puberty, sexual development, hormonal shifts, estradiol, testosterone, spermatogenesis, histology, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa.
Abstract: We obtained the paired testes from 66 clinically healthy camels during two consecutive breeding seasons. Testicular tissues were examined for peripubertal changes in histological structure as well as spermatogenic and steroidogenic activities. Cellular sizes (length micrometer x width micrometer) increased linearly (P<0.05) throughout the first three years of the animal's life for Leydig cells and between two and a half and five years of age for Sertoli cells. A clear increase in the percentage of tubules demonstrating primary and secondary spermatocytes occurred between less than one and five years and a cohort of elongated spermatids was produced in 3.5 +/- 0.2% tubules in males of two and a half years old; the appearance of spermatozoa in 3.1 +/- 0.3% tubules was evident six months later. The basal values for intratesticular and plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17beta and testosterone respectively, were measured in all animals up to one and a half years for oestradiol-17beta and three years for testosterone. Thereafter, both steroids increased markedly (P<0.01) peaking to 269.5 +/- 27.1 pg/g and 83.4 +/- 8.3 pg/mL at three years for oestradiol-17beta and to 164.7 +/- 16.8 ng/g and 6.8 +/- 0.7 ng/mL at five years for testosterone. The results suggested that a steroid hormonal shift around four and a half to five years of age could demarcate the beginning of pubertal period which culminates with the production of the first ejaculum containing higher concentrations of spermatozoa by dromedary camels of six years old.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Mousa, H.M.; Ali, B.H. Tissue and intracellular distribution of rhodanese and mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase in ruminants and birds. Veterinary Research. 2001. 32 (1): 63-70. ISSN: 0928-4249. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: transferases, tissue distribution, mitochondria, animal tissues, enzymes, cyanides, detoxification, biochemistry, poultry, rhodanese, thiosulfate, cyanide sulfurtransferase, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, cyanide detoxification, species comparison, dromedary camels, cattle, sheep, chickens, pigeons.

Al Tarazi, Y.H. Bacteriological and pathological study on pneumonia in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Jordan. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2001. 54 (2): 93-97. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and English summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camel pneumonia, post slaughter animals, lung abscesses, etiology, various ages, clinical aspects, chronic proliferative bronchopneumonia, chronic pleuropneumonia and interstitial pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Jordan.

Ali, A.; Abdel-Razek, A.K. Comparison of number and quality of oocytes in the Egyptian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), cows (Bos taurus) and camels (Camelus dromedarius). Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2001. 45 (89): 317-325. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: buffalo, camels, cows, cumulus oophorus, in vitro fertilization, oocytes, ovarian follicles, ovaries, Egypt.

Ali, H.S.; Murad, I.M.; Thabet, A.E.R. Clinical and bacteriological investigations of cutaneous abscesses in camels in Assiut-Governorate, Egypt. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2001. 45 (90): 256-263. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: cutaneous abscesses, mandible, dorsal surface of thigh, abscesses, legs, skin diseases, clinical presentation, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Egypt.

Alseleem, Y.A. Comparison of agricultural forecasts with actual data. Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Scientific Research Agricultural Sciences. 2001. 6 (1-2): 53-58. ISSN: 1026-0544. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: camels, poultry, accuracy of data, acreage, animal production systems, barley, crop production, dates, forecasts, various crops.

Aminu, Deen; Gorakh, Mal; Sahani, M.S.; Deen, A.; Mal, G. Applicability of commercial progesterone analysis kits standardized on human serum/plasma for progesterone analysis in camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 221-226. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camel, dromedaries, analytical methods, blood chemistry, diagnostic value, ovulation, pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, progesterone analysis, serum/plasma samples, Bio Chem Immuno System kits, Equipar Srl kits.

Attia, H.; Kherouatou, N.; Dhouib, A. Dromedary milk lactic acid fermentation: microbiological and rheological characteristics. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Nature Publishing Group. May 2001. 26 (5): 263-270. ISSN: 1367-5435.
NAL Call no.: QR53.J68
Descriptors: camel milk, curd, rheology, food microbiology.
Abstract: The ability of dromedary skim milk to form an acid curd during a lactic acid starter fermentation was investigated. The activity of the starter in dromedary milk was characterized by a longer lag phase (approximately 5 vs. approximately 1 h) and by an earlier decline phase. This suggests the presence of inhibiting factors. The maximum buffering capacity of dromedary milk as well as its minimum apparent viscosity were obtained at lower pH values. Similarly, its elastic modulus appeared later (pH 5.7 vs. 6.3). Because these rheological and biochemical events took place at lower pH values, dromedary skim milk seems to present a higher physical stability toward the increase of acidity. Determination of the rheological and microscopic characteristics of the dromedary milk coagulum (pH 4.4) did not reveal curd formation but indicated a fragile and heterogeneous structure. This coagulum, which is very different from that of cows' milk, seems to be made up of dispersed casein flakes.

Ayele, W.Y.; Machackova, M.; Pavlik, I. The transmission and impact of paratuberculosis infection in domestic and wild ruminants. Veterinarni Medicina. 2001. 46 (7-8): 205-224. ISSN: 0375-8427
NAL Call no.: 41.9 C333
Descriptors: goats, sheep, Bactrian camels, Mycobacterium avium, chronic course, clinical aspects, disease control, disease prevalence, disease prevention and control, disease transmission, epidemiology, feces, milk, paratuberculosis, reproductive organs, reviews, wild animals.

Azwai, S.M.; Carter, S.D.; Woldehiwet, Z.; MacMillan, A. Camel brucellosis: evaluation of field sera by conventional serological tests and ELISA. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 185-193. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Brucella detection, antibody testing, brucellosis, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, ELISA, IgG and IgM antibodies, immunodiagnosis, immunological techniques, western blotting.

Bekele, T.; Zeleke, M. Growth rate of the one-humped camel in semi-nomadic households in Errer Valley, eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Agriculture. 2001. 78 (3): 206-210. ISSN: 0041-3216
NAL Call no.: 26 T754
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ageand sex differences for growth rate, livestock numbers, pastoral management conditions, liveweight gain, mortality, seasonal variations, Ethiopia.

Bekele, T.; Molla, B. Mastitis in lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Afar Region, north-eastern Ethiopia. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2001. 114 (5-6): 169-172. ISSN: 0005-9366. Note: In English with a German summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: dromedary camels, etiology, California mastitis test, camel milk, diagnostic value, disease prevalence, Gram positive bacteria, mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus sp., Pasteurella haemolytica, E. coli, Ethiopia.

Bekele, T. Studies on Cephalopina titillator, the cause of 'Sengale' in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in semi-arid areas of Somali State, Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dec 2001. 33 (6): 489-500. ISSN: 0049-4747. Note: In English with a French and Spanish summary.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, Cephalopina titillator, myiasis, disease surveys, disease prevalence, sex differences, larvae, age differences, epidemiology, seasonal fluctuations, histopathology, inflammation, Ethiopia.

Bishnoi, P.; Gahlot, T.K. A note on incidence and occurrence of diverse ophthalmic affections in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 73-75. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, eye diseases, injuries, trauma, etiology, age differences, conjunctiva, cornea, eyelids, foreign bodies, sex differences.

Bishnoi, P.; Gahlot, T.K. Descemetocele and subconjunctival haemorrhage in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 87. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, etiology, case reports, eye conditions, conjunctiva, diagnosis, hemorrhage, trauma, diseases, young animals.

Bouree, P. Hydatidosis: dynamics of transmission. World Journal of Surgery. 2001. 25 (1): 4-9. ISSN: 0364-2313. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cattle, dogs, humans, horses, pigs, reindeer, sheep, wolves, hydatidosis, zoonotic disease, Echinococcus granulosus, cestode parasitic diseases, developmental stages, disease distribution, disease transmission, epidemiology, intermediate hosts, life cycle, Europe, Kenya, Mediterranean Region, South America.

Champak, Bhakat; Banamali, Yadav; Sahani, M.S.; Bhakat, C.; Yadav, B. Effect of certain factors on hair quality attributes in Indian dromedary camel managed in an organised farm. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (10): 992-994. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, hair quality, age differences, shoulder, mid, hump, reck regions, breed differences, Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi, hair quality, staple length, hair diameter, hair types, pure, hetro, hairy, kemp, sex differences, India.

Champak, Bhakat; Sahani, M.S.; Bhakat, C. Impact of camel production system on the sustainability of marginal farmers in hot arid villages of Thar desert. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2001. 35 (1): 10-14. ISSN: 0367-6722
NAL Call no.: QL1.I53
Descriptors: camels, cattle, buffalo, 4 desert zones, camel production, survey, diseases, breeding, numbers of animals, health status, economic factors, parasitic mange, trypanosomiasis, fever, respiratory infections, digestive disorders, mortality, feed crops, crop yield, deserts, guar, investments, market prices, returns, sustainability, India.

Chen, Q.S.; Su, Z.H.; Chen, X.W. [Structure and distribution of mucosal immunological tissues and cells in the reproductive duct of female two-humped camels.] Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University. 2001. 24 (4): 79-83. ISSN: 1000-2030. Note: In Chinese.
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, anatomy, female genitalia, immune system, intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes, reproductive organs, reproductive duct, mucosal and gland epithelium, oviduct, uterus, vagina.

Chopra, V.; Kashyap, S.K. Determination of optimal in vitro conditions for camel alternative complement pathway assay. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (11): 1021-1024. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, analytical methods, assays, heterologous erythrocytes, complement pathway assay, complement activation, in vitro method, incubation duration, pH, Mg2+ ion concentration, temperature, reference works, titration.

Chopra, V.; Kashyap, S.K. Optimal conditions for assay of haemolytic component of camel complement in classical pathway. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (11): 1016-1020. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camel, serum, analytical methods/assays, complement, complement activation, hemolysins, immune system, immunity, nonspecific resistance, reference works.

Conrath, K.E.; Lauwereys, M.; Galleni, M.; Matagne, A.; Frere, J.M.; Kinne, J.; Wyns, L.; Muyldermans, S. beta-Lactamase inhibitors derived from single-domain antibody fragments elicited in the Camelidae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001. 45 (10): 2807-2812. ISSN: 0066-4804
NAL Call no.: RM265.A5132
Descriptors: dromedary heavy chain antibodies, TEM-1 and BcII beta lactamases, ampicillin sensitivity, antibacterial agents, antibodies, enzyme inhibitors, immunization, vaccination, vaccines, E. coli.

Corbera, J.A.; Gutierrez, C.; Morales, M.; Montel, A.; Montoya, J.A. Assessment of blood glutathione peroxidase activity in the dromedary camel. Veterinary Research. 2001. 32 (2): 185-191. ISSN: 0928-4249. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age, animal nutrition, enzymes, blood levels of glutathione peroxidase, selenium, sex differences.

Cruz, A.M.; Hurtig, M.B.; Whiteside, D.; Mehren, K. Mandibular lengthening in a juvenile camel by distraction osteogenesis. Veterinary and Compartive Orthopaedics and Traumatology VCOT. Stuttgart; New York: F.K. Schattauer, c1988-. Aug 2001. 14 (3): 156-160. ISSN: 0932-0814.
NAL Call no.: SF910.5.V4
Descriptors: camels, mandibles of young animals, lengthening, surgical operations, case reports.

Diab, F.M.; El Kady, G.A.; Shoukry, A. Bionomics of ticks collected from Sinai Peninsula:2-abundance, attachment sites, and density estimators of ticks infesting Arabian camels. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2001. 31 (2): 479-489. ISSN: 1110-0583
Descriptors: dromedary camels, tick infestation sites, anus, ears, tail, udders, ectoparasitoses, sex differences, females, males, legs, neck, nymphs, population density, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma schulzei, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Egypt.

Diaz, M.; Flajnik, M.F.; Klinman, N.; Wood, R.D. (ed.); Gearhart, P.J. (ed.); Neuberger, M.S. Evolution and the molecular basis of somatic hypermutation of antigen receptor genes. Hypermutation in Antibody Genes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2001. 356 (1405): 67-72. ISSN: 0962-8436. Note: Papers of a discussion meeting at the Royal Society, London, UK, 5-6 July, 2000.
NAL Call no.: 501 L84Pb
Descriptors: sharks, frogs, mice, camels, humans, somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes, immunoglobulins, immunogenetics, species differences, error prone DNA synthesis, DNA polymerase zeta, breaks in antigen receptor variable genes.

Dioli, M.; Jean-Baptiste, S.; Fox, M. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya and Southern Ethiopia: species composition, attachment sites, sex ratio and seasonal incidence. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2001. 54 (2): 115-122. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: ixodid ticks, infestation of dromedary camels, seasonal abundance, sex ratio, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus praetextatusa, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Rhipicephalus pravus, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Amblyomma gemma, Amblyomma lepidum, Amblyomma variegatum, Kenya, Ethiopia.

Dycker, C. Resorption und Sekretion von kurzkettigen Fettsauren und Elektrolyten im Vormagen des Kameles. [Short-Chain Fatty Acid and Electrolyte Absorption and Secretion in the Forestomach in Camels.] 2001. 111 pp. Note: In German with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: DISS F2001264
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, cross breed camels, cannulated forestomachs, chloride digestive absorption, electrolytes, mineral absorption, nutrient uptake, potassium, transport and clearance of short chain fatty acids, sodium, water.

Edwards, G.P.; Eldridge, S.R.; Wurst, D.; Berman, D.M.; Garbin, V. Movement patterns of female feral camels in central and northern Australia. Wildlife Research. 2001. 28 (3): 283-289. ISSN: 1035-3712
NAL Call no.: S960.W5
Descriptors: feral female camels, animal ecology, arid zones, distribution, movement, satellite telemetry, feral herds, environmentally sensitive area protection, Australia.

Eerdunchaolu; Takehana, K; Yamamoto, E; Kobayashi, A.; Cao, G.; Baiyin; Ueda, H.; Tangkawattana, P. Characteristics of dorsal lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2001. 30 (3): 147-151. ISSN: 0340-2096
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, dromedary camels, tastebuds, characterization, keratinization, morphology, tongue.

Eerdunchaolu, D.V.M.; Takehana, K.; Kobayashi, A.; Yamada, J.; Ueda, H.; Baiyin; Cao, G.F.; Abe, M. Immunohistochemical study of the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the camel (Camelus bactrianus). European Journal of Morphology. 2001. 39 (1): 57-63. ISSN: 0924-3860
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, endocrine glands, gastric glands, gastric inhibitory polypeptides, gastrin, gastrointestinal hormones, glucagons, immunohistochemistry, large and small intestines, motilin, pancreatic polypeptide, cholecystokinin, pancreozymin, serotonin, somatostatin IR cells, stomach substance P, tyrosine, comparison to cattle.

El Ansary, E.H.; Mohammed, B.A.; Hamad, A.R.A.; Karom, A.G.O. Brucellosis among animals and human contacts in eastern Sudan. Saudi Medical Journal. 2001. 22 (7): 577-579. ISSN: 0379-5284
Descriptors: camels, goats, sheep, humans, abattoir workers, brucellosis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, contacts with contaminated animals, serum survey, disease prevalence, epidemiology, human diseases, milkers, occupational safety and health, serological surveys, Kassala State, Sudan.

El Bahri, L.; Makhlouf, M. Thapsia garganica L: a poisonous plant of North Africa. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 2001. 43 (4): 216-218. ISSN: 0145-6296
NAL Call no.: SF601.A47
Descriptors: dromedary camels, clinical aspects, irritation of digestive tract, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hypothermis, activated charcoal, diuretics, Thapsia garganica, poisoning, poisonous weeds, North Africa.

El Baky, S.M.M/A. Prevalence of external parasites in the south eastern desert of Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2001. 31 (1): 223-232. ISSN: 1110-0583
Descriptors: goats, sheep, camels, flies, lice, ticks, sheep ked, 12 species of insects, Chrysomya albiceps, Lucilia sericata, ectoparasites, ectoparasitoses, identification, Fannia canicularis, Musca domestica, Musca lucidula, Musca sorbens, Stomoxys calcitrans, Parasarcophaga dux, Parasarcophaga hirtipes, Parasarcophaga surcoufi, Wohlfahrtia indigens, Wohlfahrtia nuba, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola ovis, Linognathus africanus, Linognathus stenopsis, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Haemaphysalis sulcata, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma dromedarii, Melophagus ovinus, Egypt.

El Kammah, K.M.; Oyoun, L.M.I.; El Kady, G.A.; Shafy, S.A. Investigation of blood parasites in livestock infested with argasid and ixodid ticks in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2001. 31 (2): 365-37. ISSN: 1110-0583
Descriptors: camels, cows, dogs, fowl, sheep, pigeons, ectoparasites, poultry, protozoal infections, tick infestations, Amblyomma, Amblyomma marmoreum, Amblyomma variegatum, Ardeidae, Argas, Argas arboreus, Argas persicus, Babesia bigemina, Babesia ovis, Boophilus annulatus, Camelus, Haemohormidium, Haemoproteus columbae, Hyalomma, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma marginatum turanicum, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus, Rhipicephalus guilhoni, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Theileria annulata, Amblyomma lipidum, Argas hermanii, Haemohormidium gallinarum, Rhipicephalus camicasi, Egypt.

El Khasmi, M.; Riad, F.; Safwate, A.; Farh, M.; Faye, B.; El Abbadi, N.; Lalaoui, K.; Coxam, V.; Davicco, M.J.; Barlet, J.P. Influence de la 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamine D3 sur l'excretion mammaire du calcium et du phosphore chez la chamelle allaitante. [Influence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus secretion of the mammary gland in lactating camels.] Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2001. 54 (3-4): 277-280. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood chemistry, calcitriol, calcium and phosphorus secretion, camel milk, lactation, mammary glands, milk, milk composition, milk secretion, potency, steroids, Morocco.

El Khasmi, M.; Riad, F.; Safwate, A.; Hidane, K.; Faye, B.; Davicco, M.J.; Coxam, V.; Barlet, J.P. Postpartum evolution of mammary secretion of minerals and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D in lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 131-135. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: female dromedary camels, postpartum period, mineral content, calcium, lactation, magnesium, milk composition and quality, yields, parturition, pH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Morocco.

El Sharaby, A.A.; Egerbacher, M.; Hammoda, A.K.; Bock, P. Immunohistochemical demonstration of Leu-7 (HNK-1), Neurone-Specific Enolase (NSE) and Protein-Gene Peptide (PGP) 9.5 in the developing camel (Camelus dromedarius) heart. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2001. 30 (6): 321-325. ISSN: 0340-2096
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, antibodies, antigens, fetus, gene expression, heart, immunohistochemistry, leucine, peptides, reviews.

Elamin, E.A.; Ramadan, R.O.; Fatani, A.E.; Al Atiya, S.A.; Abdin-Bey, M.R. Prenatal infection with a hydatid cyst in a camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. July 14, 2001. 149 (2): 59-60. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, newborn animals, Echinococcus granulosus cysts, congenital infection, atypical course, echinococcosis, case reports, Saudi Arabia.

Elsheikh, H.A.; Ali, B.H.; Zahurin, M.; Mustafa, A.M.; Alhadrami, G.; Bashir, A.K. Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and goats (Caprus hircus). Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag. Dec 2001. 48 (10): 581-586. ISSN: 0931-184X.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, goats, pharmacokinetics, theophylline, species differences, sex differences, male and female animals, enzyme activity, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, blood chemistry, blood plasma, bioavailability.

Faye, B.; Bengoumi, M.; Viateau, E.; Tourret, M.; Chilliard, Y. Adipocyte patterns of adipose tissue in camel hump and kidney. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 29-33. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, fat tissues, adipocytes, adipose tissue, age differences, body fat, kidneys, sex differences, weight.

Garg, R.; Gahlot, A.K.; Tanwar, R.K.; Sharma, S.N. Technique for collection of vitreous humour from cadaver. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (9): 84. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, goats, vitreous humour, eyes, postmortem changes, postmortem examinations, disposable needle and syringe techniques.

Garg, R.; Gahlot, A.K.; Tanwar, R.K.; Sharma, S.N. Technique of autopsy sample device. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (9): 832-833. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: cattle, camels, postmortem sampling, diagnosis, equipment, heart, liver, postmortem examinations, techniques.

Ghazi, Y.A.; Zaabal, M.M.; Ghazy, A.A. Studies on camel brucellosis with preliminary report on some immunogenetic markers. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2001. 45 (89): 144-161. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: camels, Brucella, brucellosis, blood proteins, genes, genotypes, globulins, hematology, immunogenetics, incidence, leukocyte count, markers, serology, serum albumin, susceptibility, Egypt.

Gorakh, Mal; Sena, D.S.; Rajender, Kumar; Sahani, M.S.; Mal, G.; Kumar, R. Haematological and mineral profile of bactrian and dromedary camels. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (12): 1162-1163. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedaries, Bactrian camels, blood profiles, adaptability to harsh climates, blood chemistry, hematology, hemoglobin, mineral content, reference works, species differences, zinc, Zn, iron, Fe, copper, Cu.

Gorakh, Mal; Sena, D.S.; Rajender, Kumar; Mal, G.; Kumar, R. Serum biochemical observations on mange in camels. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001. 78 (2): 104-106. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: dromedary camels, mange infestation, Himax lotion and ointment, TTburb capsules, Amitraz solution, effects on blood profile, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, biochemistry, blood protein, cholesterol, globulins, herbal drug therapy, serum albumin, triacylglycerols.

Gorban, A.M.S.; Izzeldin, O.M. Fatty acids and lipids of camel milk and colostrum. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. Oxfordshire, UK.: Carfax Publishing. May 2001. 52 (3): 283-287. ISSN: 0963-7486
NAL Call no.: TX341.H85
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milk, colostrum, lipids, milk composition, triacylglycerols, milk fat percentage, saturated, long chair and unsaturated fatty acids.

Guerouali, A.; Wardeh, M.F.; Chwalibog, A. (ed.); Jakobsen, K. Estimation of energy requirements and microbial protein synthesis at maintenance in sheep and camel fed four levels of intake. Energy Metabolism in Animals. Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Energy Metabolism in Animals, Snekkersten, Denmark, 11-16 September 2000. 2001. 381-384. ISBN: 90-74134-831
Descriptors: sheep, camels, dietary experiment, animal feeding, energy cost of maintenance, energy intake, energy requirements, energy retention, ewe feeding, ewes, excretion, feed rations, barley, sunflower meal, ground straw, metabolizable energy, oxygen consumption, protein synthesis, purines, single cell protein.

Gutierrez, C.; Corbera, J.A.; Morales, I.; Morales, M.; Navarro, R. Uterine prolapse in 2 dromedary camels. Canadian Veterinary Journal. Ottawa: Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, c1978-. Oct 2001. 42 (10): 803-804. ISSN: 0008-5286. Note: English with French summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: dromedary camels, uterine prolapse, muscular dystrophy, selenium, glutathione peroxidase, blood serum, trace element deficiencies, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, case reports, Canary Islands.

Hafez, E.S.E.; Hafez, B. Reproductive parameters of male dromedary and Bactrian camels. Archives of Andrology. 2001. 46 (2): 85-98. ISSN: 0148-5016
NAL Call no.: QP253.A54
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, male anatomy, penis, prostate, scrotum, ductus deferens, ejaculation, semen, spermatozoa, testes, vesicular gland, gene transfer, germ cells, gonadal disorders, male genitalia, reproductive performance and traits, seasonality, sexually transmitted diseases.

Hanuman, Ram; Gahlot, T.K.; Ram, H. Gross and radiological evaluation of RBR IDW technique for repair of mandibular fracture in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 199-202. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, bilateral and compound mandibular fractures, bone fractures, cost analysis, fracture fixation, healing times, surgical equipment, Reinforced Brass Rod Interdental Wiring (RBR IDW) surgical technique, interdental wiring alone, tissue repair.

Iqbal, A.; Khan, B.B. Feeding behaviour of camel......review. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2001. 38 (3-4): 58-63. ISSN: 0552-9034
NAL Call no.: S471.P16P3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, arid zones, browse, excretion, feeding behavior, feeding preferences, fodder, grazing time, reviews, rumination, seasonal variation, types of fodder plants.

Iqbal, A.; Khan, B.B.; Younas, M.; Gill, R.A.; Jasra, A.W. Comparative growth performance of camel calves kept under farm/farmer's conditions. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2001. 38 (1-2): 16-18. ISSN: 0552-9034
NAL Call no.: S471.P16P3
Descriptors: camel calves, dromedaries, growth, production systems, liveweight gain, rearing techniques, optimum feeding and management situations, Pakistan.

Jie, H.; Xuebin, Q.; Shixin, T.; Jianlin, H. Genetic polymorphism undetected at 6 loci of coding genes in domestic bactrians (Camelus bactrianus) in China. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 113-115. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, blood chemistry, serum albumin, ceruloplasmin, endangered species, esterases, genetic analysis, genetic diversity, genetic polymorphism, genomes, hemoglobin, loci, native livestock, nature conservation, postalbumin, Gobi desert, China

Joshi, S.P.; Pathak, K.M.L.; Pareek, R.K.; Kapoor, M. Chemotherapeutic trials of some anthelmintics against naturally occurring gastrointestinal nematodes of camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 47-49. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, anthelmintics, dosage, drug therapy, fenbendazole, morantel, potency, Fenbendazole (Curaminth), morantel citrate (Banminth).

Kadhim, K.K.; Khamas, W.A.; Al Shaikhly, A.K. Arterial supply to the genital system of dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 137-141. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, animal anatomy, aorta, arteries, blood circulation, blood flow, genitalia, reference works.

Kamber, R.; Farah, Z.; Rusch, P.; Hassig, M. Studies on the supply of immunoglobulin G to newborn camel calves (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Feb 2001. 68 (1): 1-7. ISSN: 0022-0299
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedary camels, calves, mortality, animal husbandry, infectious diseases, colostrum, maternal immunity, passive immunization, blood chemistry, intake, Kenya.
Abstract: A major problem in camel productivity is the high mortality rate of camel calves in the first 3 months. The causes for mortality are mainly poor management practice and infectious diseases. The purpose of this research, carried out on a ranch in Kenya, was to determine the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in camel colostrum as well as the extent of the calves' passive immunization by maternal antibodies. IgG concentration in colostrum and in the serum of the calf were measured during the first 3 d of life. Evaluation was carried out by comparing the respective values with those for horses and cattle. The average IgG concentration in the camel colostrum was higher than that found in literature for horses and cattle. IgG concentration in the serum of the camel calves reached its maximum 24 h after birth. In 39% of the examined calves, this maximum concentration was below 4 g/l, which is considered to be the critical value in horses and cattle. 61% of the calves achieved an IgG concentration of over 4 g/l. Since there is no correlation between IgG level in colostrum and early mortality, the results indicate that low colostrum intake during the first 24 h of life and not low IgG concentration in colostrum is presumably one of the main causes of early calf mortality. Therefore, it was recommended that the care of the newborn calves by herdsmen should be improved.

Kaske, M.; Elmahdi, B.; Engelhardt, W.; Sallmann, H.P. Insulin responsiveness of sheep, ponies, miniature pigs and camels:results of hyperinsulinemic clamps using porcine insulin. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 2001. 171 (7): 549-556. ISSN: 0174-1578
NAL Call no.: QP33.J681
Descriptors: camels, fatty acids, glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin, miniature pigs, species differences, techniques, glucose infusion rates.

Kataria, A.K.; Sharma, K.N. Antigenic relationship of camel (Camelus dromedarius) with some ruminant and non-ruminant species. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 35-37. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: cow, buffalo, sheep, camels, dromedaries, horse, rabbit, humans, sera, antigens, blood proteins, serum.

Kataria, A.K.; Sharma, K.N. Binding activity of dromedary camel serum with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001. 3 (1): 66-69. ISSN: 0972-0561
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, abscesses, agglutination, blood serum, IgG, immune response, skin diseases, binding with Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahni, M.S. Changes in certain blood indices due to long term seasonal water deprivation and rehydration in dromedary camel. International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 16 (2): 269-275. ISSN: 0970-2857
NAL Call no.: SF81.F3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood composition, hematology, platelets, rehydration, specific gravity, viscosity, water deprivation.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahani, M.S. Changes in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow during seasonal water restriction in Indian camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 215-220. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, deprivation, fasting, glomerular filtration rate, kidneys, nutrition, rehydration, renal function, seasonal variation, water intake.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahni, M.S. Effect of season and dehydration on phenolsulphonphthalein fractional clearance in dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 55-64. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, phenolsulpnonphthalein fractional clearance, dehydration, and rehydration comparison, kidneys, renal function, seasonal variation, summer, winter.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahani, M.S. Filtered and excreted loads of urea in different climatic conditions and hydration states in dromedary. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 203-207. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adaptation, climatic factors, excretion, renal function, different hydration states, glomerular filtration, hydration, kidneys, nitrogen, nitrogen metabolism, rehydration, renal clearance, renal function, urea.

Kataria, A.K.; Kataria, N.; Sharma, K.N. Quantitation of proteins in stratified serum of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2001. 40 (1): 61-63. ISSN: 0019-5057
NAL Call no.: SF1.I4
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, serum proteins, albumin, globulin, rations, gravitational sedimentation at low temperatures, blood chemistry, blood proteins, globulins.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahni, M.S. Some renal functions of Indian dromedary camel with glucose loading during dehydration and rehydration in winter and summer. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 11-16. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, dehydration and rehydration effects, glomerular filtration, glucose loading, glucosuria, kidneys, seasonal variation, summer and winter differences, urine, India.

Kausar, R.; Sarwar, A.; Hayat, C.S. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the mammary gland of dromedaries under different physiological conditions. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2001. 21 (4): 189-193. ISSN: 0253-8318
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, age differences, animal anatomy and structure, connective tissue, dry period, epithelium hair follicles, histology, lactation, mammary gland tissue, morphology, morphometrics, skin glands, sweat glands, teats, streak canals, glomus organs, udders.

Khadjeh, G.H. Concentration of serum proteins in pregnant and non-pregnant Iranian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 89-90. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, blood chemistry, serum protein, globulins Alpha 1 and 2, beta and gamma globulins, normal values, pregnancy, serum albumin, effects of pregnancy, Iran.

Khalaf, A.M.; Ramahi, H.M. Application of three formulations of abamectin to control mange of Arabian camels. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2001. 14 (2): 177-182. ISSN: 1607-3894. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, natural infection of sarcoptic mange, efficacy of abamectin treatment, body condition, disease control, recovery, skin lesions, parasites, Iraq.

Khan, A.H.; El Buni, A.A.; Ali, M.Y. Fertility of the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in domestic herbivores from Benghazi, Libya, and the reactivity of antigens produced from them. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2001. 95 (4): 337-342. ISSN: 0003-4983
NAL Call no.: 448.9 L75A
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, cattle, goats, humans, sheep, Echinococcus granulosus, cysts developmental stages, echinococcosis, fertility, immunodiagnosis, intermediate hosts, protoscolices and brood capsules, somatic antigens, zoonoses, Libya.

Khan, B.B.; Iqbal, A. Production and composition of camel milk..... review. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2001. 38 (3-4): 64-67. ISSN: 0552-9034
NAL Call no.: S471.P16P3
Descriptors: camels, Bactrian, dromedaries, arid zones, ascorbic acid, ash, camel milk, lactation duration, lactose, milk composition, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, milk yield and rate, reviews, solids, specific gravity, water content, lactation length, vitamin content.

Khan, J.A.; Pravindra, Kumar; Paramasivam, M.; Yadav, R.S.; Sahani, M.S.; Sujata, Sharma; Srinivasan, A.; Singh, T.P.; Kumar, P.; Sharma, S. Camel lactoferrin, a transferrin-cum-lactoferrin: crystal structure of camel apolactoferrin at 2.6 A resolution and structural basis of its dual role. Journal of Molecular Biology. 2001. 309 (3): 751-761. ISSN: 0022-2836
NAL Call no.: 442.8 J8224
Descriptors: camels, apolactoferrin, binding sites, iron, lactoferrin genetics, pH effects on dissociation of Fe3+, polypeptides, proteins, transferring.
Genetic sequence data: GenBank AF165879

Khan, J.A.; Pravindra, Kumar; Srinivasan, A.; Singh, T.P.; Kumar, P. Protein intermediate trapped by the simultaneous crystallization process:crystal structure of an iron-saturated intermediate in the Fe3+ binding pathway of camel lactoferrin at 2.7 A resolution. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001. 276 (39): 36817-36823. ISSN: 0021-9258
NAL Call no.: 381 J824
Descriptors: camels, proteins, amino acids, chemical structure, hydrogen bonding, iron binding capacity, lactoferrin, molecular conformation, oxygen, Fe3+ binding and crystan nucleation.

Kohler-Rollefson, I.; Mundy, P.; Mathias, E. A Field Manual of Camel Diseases: Traditional and Modern Health Care for the Dromedary. London: ITDG Publishing, 2001. xvi, 254 p.: ill., maps. ISBN: 1-85339-503-X.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3F54 2001
Descriptors: camel management, skin conditions, diseases and conditions of various parts of the body, internal and external parasites, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, non-infectious diseases, reproduction, calf rearing, Africa, Asia, Middle East, India.
Abstract: The authors consider this book to be a field manual on camel diseases and conditions. Traditional and modern treatments are combined. The most important diseases and conditions are addressed. The book has a practical format which makes it very useful for a herd manager and others. It has concise instructions and is well illustrated. Appendices cover terms in various languages, medicinal and poisonous plants, and common medicines and drugs.

Laukova, A.; Styriak, I.; Marekova, M. In vitro antagonistic effect of nisin on faecal Enterococci and Staphylococci. Veterinarni Medicina. 2001. 46 (9-10): 237-240. ISSN: 0375-8427
NAL Call no.: 41.9 C333
Descriptors: zoo animals, chamois, deer, European bison, zebra, Bactrian camel, gazelle, antelopes, horse, piglets, fecal bacterial strains, in vitro, nisin inhibition effectiveness, Entercoccus and Staphylococci isolates, in vitro testing.

Liao, D.J.; Shen, J.E. [Studies on the correlation between the in vito and the in vivo assays of the effective Antrycide dose for treatment of Trypanosoma evansi.] Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica. 2001. 8 (3): 129-134. ISSN: 1005-0507. Note: In Chinese with an English summary.
Descriptors: camels, buffalo, mice, mules, antrycide dose, Trypanosome evansi isolates, assays, correlation analysis, dosage, drug therapy, experimental infections, in vitro testing, mouse model, CD 100, CD50, new drugs, pharmacodynamics, trypanocides, IC 50, XJCA, HBM, ZJB, JSB1, JSB2, ZJB2.

Makita, T. [A regional anatomy of Camellus [sic]. I. The structure of humps of a two-humped camel (Camellus [sic] bactrianus).] Yamaguchi Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2001. no. 28, 11-19. ISSN: 0388-9335. Note: In Japanese with an English summary.
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, hump structure, anatomy, morphology.

Masiga, R.C.; Nyang'-ao, J.M.N. Identification of trypanosome species from camel using polymerase chain reaction and procyclic transformation test. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 17-22. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, field infections, trypanosomes parasites, DNA probes for species identification, diagnosis, epidemiology, polymerase chain reaction, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma vivax, Kenya.

Merin, U.; Bernstein, S.; van Creveld, C.; Yagil, R.; Gollop, N. Camel (Camelus dromedarius) colostrum and milk composition during the lactation. Milchwissenschaft. 2001. 56 (2): 70-74. ISSN: 0026-3788. Note: In English with a German summary.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 M5933
Descriptors: dromedary camels, colostrums, milk composition, milk fat, whey protein, comparisons, colostrums, energy content, IgG, serum albumin, immunoglobulins, alpha lactalbumin, milk composition, lactation.

Merin, U.; Bernstein, S.; Bloch-Damti, A.; Yagil, R.; Van Creveld, C.; Lindner, P.; Gollop, N. A comparative study of milk serum proteins in camel (Camelus dromedarius) and bovine colostrum. Livestock Production Science. Amsterdam , The Netherlands: Elsevier Science. Jan 2001. 67 (3): 297-301.
NAL Call no.: SF1.L5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cows, milk composition, colostrum, whey, whey protein, comparison study, species differences, beta and alpha lactoglobulin levels, IGG, albumins.

Mohamed, Hammadi; Touhami, Khorchani, Gley, Khaldi; Abdessalem, Majdoub; Hedi, Abdouli; Naceur, Slimane; Portetelle, D.; Renaville, R. Effect of diet supplementation on growth and reproduction in camels under arid range conditions. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement. 2001. 5 (2): 69-72. ISSN: 1370-6233. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: S494.5 B563B534
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pregnant females, slaty pasture range land, grazing animals, arid grasslands, arid zones, birth weight, concentrated feed supplements, grasslands, growth, liveweight gain, estrus, postpartum period, reproductive performance.

Morsy, T.A.; Habib, K.S.M. Two species of tabanids (Order: Diptera) in Aswan district, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2001. 31 (2): 429-432. ISSN: 1110-0583
Descriptors: biting flies, dromedary camels, horses, Tabanus taeniola, Haematopota miniscula, geographical distribution, hematophagous arthropods, medical and veterinary importance, Egypt.

Muhsin, T.M.; Salih, T.H. Exocellular enzyme activity of dermatophytes and other fungi isolated from ruminants in Southern Iraq. Mycopathologia. 2001. 150 (2): 49-52. ISSN: 0301-486X
NAL Call no.: 450 M994
Descriptors: buffalo, camel, cattle, sheep, 16 fungal spAspergillus parasiticus, Curvularia, Microsporum gypseum, Paecilomyces variotii, Scytalidium lignicola, Trichophyton erinacei, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton verrucosumecies isolates, amylases, dermatophytes, enzyme activity, proteinases, triacylglycerol lipase, keratinases, amylase, Iraq.

Musa, M.T.; Shigidi, M.T.A. Brucellosis in camels in intensive animal breeding areas of Sudan. Implications in abortion and early-life infections. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2001. 54 (1): 11-15. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: 3413 camels, 110 herds, Brucella abortus, brucellosis, abortion, animal breeding, antibody levels, bacteriology, camel milk, clinical aspects, disease prevalence, disease transmission, disease control, epidemiological surveys, intensive livestock farming situations, serology, serum testing.

Muyldermans, S.; Cambillau, C.; Wyns, L. Recognition of antigens by single-domain antibody fragments: the superfluous luxury of paired domains. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2001. 26 (4): 230-235. ISSN: 0968-0004
Descriptors: camelid antibodies, heavy chain antigen binding site, antigen antibody reactions, antigens, genetics, epitopes, immunoglobulins, mutations, reviews.

Nabeth, P.; Kane, Y.; Abdalahi, M.O.; Diallo, M.; Ndiaye, K.; Ba, K.; Schneegans, F.; Sall, A.A.; Mathiot, C. Rift Valley fever outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: seroepidemiologic, virologic, entomologic, and zoologic investigations. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001. 7 (6): 1052-1054. ISSN: 1080-6040
NAL Call no.: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: sheep, goats, camels, cattle, donkeys, epidemiology, zoonotic diseases, IgM, mosquito borne diseases, 1998 outbreak, Rift Valley fever virus strains, Mauritania.

Nabipour, A.; Khanzadi, S.; Gaasemi, M.J. [Anatomical and histological studies of esophagus of one-humped camel.] Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. 2001. 56 (4): ar113-ar117. ISSN: 1022-646X. Note: In Arabic with an English summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, esophagus, animal anatomy, blood vessels, epithelium, histology, plexus, smooth muscle, Iran.

Naeini, A.T.; Nazifi, S. Biochemical and cytological properties of blood and peritoneal fluid in clinically healthy adult camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 123-126. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, alkaline phosphatase, enzymes, amylases, aspartate aminotransferase, biochemistry, blood chemistry, body fluids, calcium, cholesterol, creatine kinase, eosinophils, red blood cells, erythrocytes, hematology, white cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, peritoneal fluids and blood, proteins, triacylglycerols, Iran.

Nagpal, G.K.; Purohit, G.N. Field prevalence of disease and calf mortality in camel rearing areas in Bikaner. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001. 78 (9): 787-789. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: dromedary camels, calf mortality and disease by age group, natural habitat, diarrhea, pneumonia, anuria, colic, pox, age differences, disease prevalence, epidemiology, India.

Nagpal, S.K.; Singh, G.; Jain, R.K. Histological studies on the trachea of camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 195-198. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, all regions of the trachea, animal anatomy, epithelium, histology, reference works, tissue ultrastructure, 10 year old animals, basal cells, ciliated cells, alcian blue positive mucous, PAS positive serous secretory cells.

Nazifi, S.; Saeb, M.; Snaashari, H.R. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for determination of serum and synovial fluid proteins in clinically healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 163-165. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood chemistry, serum blood protein, diagnosis, synovial fluid, reference works, SDS-PAGE, tissue protein, Iran.

Njiru, Z.K.; Ole-Mapeny, I.M.; Ouma, J.O.; Ndung'u, J.M.; Olaho-Mukani, W.M. Surra in camel calves in Laikipia district of Kenya.  Journal of Protozoology Research.  2001, 11 (1-2): 19-25. ISSN:  0917-4427.
NAL Call no.:  QL366.J68
Descriptors: Trypanosoma evansi, camel trypanosomosis, Surra, young mixed breed animals, disease prevalence, diagnostic techniques, microhematocrit centrifugation technique MHCT, monoclonal antibody based card latex agglutination test (Suratex(R)), wet smear, mouse inoculation (MI), 16 month testing period, treatment, anti-helminthics, acaricides, trypanocides, routine testing and treatment recommended, mortality rate, Kenya, Ethiopian region. 

Omanwar, S.; Rao, J.R.; Singh, R.K.; Butchaiah, G. DNA polymorphism in Trypanosoma evansisolates defined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Feb 24, 2001. 148 (8): 244-246. ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Trypanosoma evansi, genetic polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction, horses, buffaloes, camels, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan.

Pan, G.; Chen, Z.; Liu, X.; Li, D.; Xie, Q.; Ling, F.; Fang, L. Isolation and purification of the ovulation-inducing factor from seminal plasma in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Theriogenology. New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science Inc. June 1, 2001. 55 (9): 1863-1879. ISSN: 0093-691X
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, seminal plasma, polypeptides, hormones, ovulation, induction, isolation, purification, amino acid sequences, molecular weight, isoelectric point, heat stability, mice, ovulation rate, GnRH like bioactivity, hormonal control.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to extract, identify and partially characterize a newly found ovulation-inducing factor, and thus gain our understanding of induced ovulation in biology. In our preliminary research, an ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) was isolated and purified from seminal plasma of the bactrian camel by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, HPLC and reverse-phase HPLC. The OIF is a peptide with 74 residues and GnRH-like bioactivity, which is heat-stable in camel seminal plasma because the OIF is wrapped up in several protein layers with different properties. However, purified OIF is degraded when it is exposed to oxygen or is heated in water. According to the analysis of amino acid components and partial amino acid sequence aminated N-terminus, and its molecular weight, the OIF is completely different from the native-LHRH, LH, HCG, PMSG and PGF-2alpha. The OIF is a novel ovulation hormone in the bactrian camel, but is similar to that reported in the bull.

Pande, A.M.; Agarwal, S.P.; Rai, A.K.; Khanna, N.D. Circulating levels of steroid hormones in female camels during peri-parturient period. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2001. 22 (2): 137-139. ISSN: 0970-2997
NAL Call no.: SF871.I443
Descriptors: pregnant dromedary camels, blood levels, steroid hormones, estradiol 17 beta, hydrocortisone, cortisol, parturition, pregnancy, progesterone, gestation levels.

Pande, A.M.; Agarwal, S.P.; Rai, A.K.; Khanna, N.D. Serum enzyme changes around periparturient period in female camel. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2001. 22 (2): 140-142. ISSN: 0970-2997
NAL Call no.: SF871.I443
Descriptors: 8 pregnant dromedary camels, enzymes analysis, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, parturition, pregnancy, serum samples.

Pande, A.M.; Agarwal, S.P.; Rai, A.K.; Khanna, N.D. Serum thyroid hormone levels in camel neonates (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2001. 22 (2): 179-180. ISSN: 0970-2997
NAL Call no.: SF871.I443
Descriptors: dromedary camels, newborn animals to 62 days, age differences, thyroid hormone levels, blood serum, thyroxine, triiodothyronine.

Raghvendar, S.; Tandon, S.N.; Arora, S.; Sahani, M.S. Milk enzymes in different breeds of Indian camel (Camelus dromedaries). International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 16 (1): 85-87. ISSN: 0970-2857
NAL Call no.: SF81.F3
Descriptors: Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, crossbred camels, camel milk, late lactation stage, milk enzyme activity, milk quality, amylase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined, reference works.

Ramadan, R.O.; Hegazy, A.A.; Ali, A.S.; Abdin-Bey, M.R. Salivary fibro-adenocarcino-sarcoma in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University Basic and Applied Sciences. 2001. 2 (1): 71-76. ISSN: 1658-0311. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adenocarcinoma, case reports, clinical aspects, histopathology, medical treatment, neoplasms, radiography, salivary glands, surgery, Saudi Arabia.

Ranjhan, S.K.; Ranjhan, S.K. Animal Nutrition in the Tropics. 2001. Ed. 5, xvii + 576 pp. ISBN: 0-7069-8519-2. Note: A book in 3 parts. Part I--fundamentals of animal nutrition. Part II--discusses applied animal nutrition. Part III--discusses the quantitative and qualitative aspects of animal nutrition.
Descriptors: buffaloes, cattle, dromedary camels, goats, horses, pigs, poultry, sheep, agroindustrial byproducts, animal feeding and nutrition, chemical composition, digestibility, feed additives, feeds, laboratory animals, metabolic disorders, metabol ism, nutrient requirements, nutrition physiology, nutritive value of tropical feed stuff, pastures, tropics, vitamins, water.

Ravary, B.; Quinton, H.; Remy, D.; Millemann, Y.; Tnibar, A. Camelides: corps etranger intraruminal chez un dromadaire. [Ablation of an intraruminal foreign body in a dromedary.] Point Veterinaire. 2001. 32 (215): 66-69. ISSN: 0335-4997. Note: In French with an English summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, surgical case reports, foreign body removal, rumen surgery.

Reece, J.F.; Chawla, S.K. Prolapse of the soft palate in a male Arabian camel (Camelus dromidarius [sic]). Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Nov 24, 2001. 149 (21): 656-657. ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, soft palate prolapse, male animals, case reports, dulaa, Rajasthan.

Roger, F.; Guebre-Yesus, M; Libeau, G.; Diallo, A.; Yigezu, L.M.; Yilma, T. Detection of antibodies of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus) during a new epizootic disease in Ethiopian camels (Camelus dromedarius). Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 2001. 152 (3): 265-268. ISSN: 0035-1555. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R32
Descriptors: camels, hightly contagious, emerging disease of 1995, antibody testing for disease prevalence, disease surveys, rinderpest virus, serological surveys, serology, seroprevalence, peste des petits ruminants virus, Ethiopia.

Romdhane, S.B.; Romdane, M.N.; Yahia, H.B.; Sanhaji, H.; Feki, M.; M'-Bazaa, A. Estimation du transfert de l'immunite colostrale par la recherche de l'activite de la GGT et des proteines seriques chez le chamelon nouveau-ne (Camelus dromedarius). [Biochemical estimation of colostral immunity transfer in newborn dromedary through determination of GGT and protein level in serum.] Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 2001. 152 (12): 843-850. ISSN: 0035-1555. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R32
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, newborns, young animals, conferences, blood protein, colostral immunity, colostrums, enzyme activity, gamma glutamyltransferase activity, immunoglobulins, proteins.

Saber, A.S.; Weyrauch, K.D.; Salem, A.O. Scanning electron microscopic study on the papillary body of tongue papillae of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 143-151. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, tongue, histological studies, animal anatomy, reference works, scanning electron microscopy, tissue ultrastructure, post slaughter tissues, lingual papillae, Connective Tissue Core, filiform papillae, fungiform papillae, vallate papillae.

Saitmuratova, O. Kh.; Sulaimanova, G.I.; Sadykov, A.A. Amino-acid composition of camel's milk and shubat. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2001. publ. 2002, 37 (4): 369-370; Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii (2001) 37 (4): 313-314 (Ru). Note: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISSN: 0009-3130
NAL Call no.: QD241.K453
Descriptors: camel milk composition, amino acid levels, camel milk, cultured milks, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, Aral region, Kazakhstan.

Saitmuratova, O.K.; Sulaimanova, G.I.; Sadykov, A.A. Camel's milk and shubat from the Aral region. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2001. publ. 2002, 37 (6): 566-568; Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii (2001) 37 (6): 486-487 (Ru). Note: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISSN: 0009-3130
NAL Call no.: QD241.K453
Descriptors: protein analysis, camel milk, iron and zinc levels, milk composition, milk products, Aral region.

Sastri, C.S.; Iyengar, V.; Blondiaux, G.; Tessier, Y.; Petri, H.; Hoffmann, P.; Aras, N.K.; Zaichick, V.; Ortner, H.M. Fluorine determination in human and animal bones by particle-induced gamma-ray emission. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2001. 370 (7): 924-929. ISSN: 0937-0633
NAL Call no.: QP71.F7
Descriptors: camels, Camelus, poultry, humans, pigs, sheep, analytical methods, bones, chemical analysis, fluoride, fluorine, gamma radiation, iliac crest bones.

Selim, S.A.; Abdul-Razik, F.A.; Nasr, E.A.; Balata, M.; El Shazly, M.O.; Hanan, M.E. Standardization of a tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in camels in Egypt. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. 2001. 49 (1): 276-282. ISSN: 0378-9721. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: dromedary camels, virulent Mycobacterium bovis, intratracheal inoculation, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, experimental infection, tuberculosis, postmortem and bacteriological examination, cervical tuberculin skin tests, PPD tuberculin in intradermal tuberculin test.

Selim, S.A.; El Shazly, M.O.; Nasr, E.A.; El Naggar, A.L.; Ali, W.M.; Abdul-Razik, F.A. Evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and pathological findings in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. 2001. 49 (2): 84-94. ISSN: 0378-9721 Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: introderman tuberculin test, serum antibodies, field and experimentally infected animals, detection, diagnosis, ELISA, histopathology, immunodiagnosis, lesions, serology, tuberculin, tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Egypt.

Semereab, T.; Molla, B. Bacteriological quality of raw milk of camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Afar Region (Ethiopia). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 51-54. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camel milk, dromedaries, coliform count, milk hygiene, raw milk, udders, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Ethiopia.

Sena, D.S.; Gorakh, Mal; Rajender, Kumar; Sahani, M.S. Clinical trial on mange in camels. Pashudhan. 2001. 16 (8): 4, 10.
NAL Call no.: SF604.P27
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, acaricidal properties, amitraz, clinical aspects, clinical trials, control, drug therapy, ectoparasiticides, herbal drugs, medicinal plants, mite control, potency, mites, Sarcoptes scabiei, Berberis aristata, Cedrus deodara, Aloe, India.

Sena, D.S.; Sahani, M.S. pH as an indicator for detecting mastitis in camels. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (5): 442-443. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, California mastitis test, camel milk, total leukocyte count, mastitis, methodology, pH ranges as a mastitis indicator, subclinical mastitis, National Research Centre on the Camel, Rajasthan, India.

Sena, D.S.; Gorakh, Mal; Rajender, Kumar; Sahani, M.S. A preliminary study of prevalence of mastitis in camel. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2001. 20 (1): 27-31. ISSN: 0971-2119. Note: In English with a Hindi summary.
NAL Call no.: SF55.I4J68
Descriptors: lactating female camels, age differences, body weight, calves, clinical aspects, disease prevalence, mammary glands, mastitis, mixed infections, subclinical mastitis, susceptibility, udders, age effects, Streptococcus agalactias, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, India.

Shaheen, H.M. The effect of feed and water deprivation on ingestive behaviour of and blood constituents in camels: comparison with sheep and goats. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 153-162. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sheep, goats, comparison study, feed and water deprivation, digestion effects, blood chemistry effects, body temperature, feeding behavior, hematocrit, liveweight, nutrition, osmotic pressure, species differences, starvation, stress res ponse.

Shah, I.M.; Dave, M.J. Clinical efficacy of "Frewund" in treatment of wounds. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001. 78 (1): 51-52. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: cows, buffalo, goats, sheep, dogs, camels, birds, drug formulations, powders, veterinary products, wound treatments, Frewund powder, efficacy, India.

Shehata, A.; Abdel-Mohsen, M.A. Morphological study of red blood cells as a tool for animal species identification. 2001. 45 (89): 326-335. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: cell ultrastructure, many mammals and birds including dromedary camels, red blood cells, morphology, diameter, erythrocytes, species identification, nuclei, poultry, species surface area differencies.

Shringi, B.N.; Sanjay, Sharma; Sharma, K.N. Characterization of nylon wool adherent and non-adherent lymphocytes in Camel. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001. 78 (12): 1082-108. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age difference effects, cytoadherence of lymphocytes, nylon wool, E rosetting and PNL+ receptor bearing cell populations.

Shringi, B.N.; Sanjay, Sharma; Sharma, K.N. Erythrocyte and phytolectin receptor on circulating lymphocyte population of Indian camel. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases. 2001. 22 (2): 134-136. ISSN: 0970-9320
Descriptors: dromedary camels, jugulo-vena puncture, 3 age groups, age differences, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, hematology, leukocyte separation, groundnut lectin fluorescing (PNL) lymphocyte cells, T lymphocytes, thymus gland, phytolectin.

Shringi, B.N.; Sharma, K.N. Differential leucocytic count in the peripheral blood of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001. 78 (4): 303-305. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: dromedary camel calves, age differences, 1 month to 1 year, blood circulation, cell counting, eosinophils, hematology, leukocyte count, leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils.

Singh, J.; Purohit, G.N.; Pareek, P.K. Seminal plasma electrolytes in the dromedary camel and their correlation with seminal quality. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (8): 782-783. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary male camels, spermatozoa, ejaculate volume, electrolytes, potassium, semen characteristics, seminal plasma.

Skidmore, J.A.; Billah, M.; Short, R.V.; Allen, W.R. Assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. Collingwood, Vic., Australia: CSIRO Australia. 2001. 13 (7/8): 647-652. ISSN: 1031-3613. Note: In the Special issue: From Elephants to AIDS. Essays in Biology in Honour of Roger V. Short. Paper presented at a symposium held June 27-30, 2001, Port Douglas, Australia.
URL: http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/rfd/electronic.html
NAL Call no.: QP251.R47
Descriptors: camelids, camels, Lama guanicoe, llamas, techniques for producing hybrid animals, artificial insemination, embryo transfer.

Srivastava, V.P.; Bu Abbas, A.; Alaa Basuny.; Al Johar, W.; Al Mufti, S.; Siddiqui, M.K.J. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait. Food Additives and Contaminants. London; Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, c1984-. Nov 2001. 18 (11): 993-997. ISSN: 0265-203X
NAL Call no.: TX553.A3F65
Descriptors: aflatoxins, food contamination, milk, milk products, imports, ewe milk, goat milk, camel milk, infant formulas, yogurt, skim milk, food composition, full cream fresh milk, long life milk, Kuwait.
Abstract: As part of the programme on monitoring of environmental contaminants in food stuffs in Kuwait, 54 samples of fresh full cream and skimmed milk, powdered milk, yoghurt, and infant formula were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by HPLC following sample clean up using immuno-affinity columns. Of samples, 28% were contaminated with AFM1 with 6% being above the maximum permissible limit of 0.2 microgram l-1. Three fresh cow milk samples collected from a private local producer showed the highest level of 0.21 microgram l-1 AFM1. There was no contamination with AFM1 in powdered milk and infant formulas. These results show the necessity of a survey involving a larger number of milk and its products and suggest that presently the contamination of milk and milk products with AFM1 does not appear to be a serious health problem in Kuwait. Nevertheless, a continuous surveillance programme may be warranted to monitor regularly the occurrence of aflatoxins in the animal feeds responsible for current limited contamination and to note rapidly any worsening in the situation that may depend on market changes or on unfavourable climatic developments.

Straten, M. van.; Friedgut, O.; Even Tov, B. Outbreak of contagious ecthyma in camels in Israel. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Feb 3, 2001. 148 (5): 150-151. ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, contagious ecthyma virus, disease outbreaks, Israel.

Svensson, G. Tick bites in camels -- ticks as a potential vector for Streptococcus agalactiae. Minor Field Studies International Office, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2001. no. 179, 19 pp. ISSN: 1402-3237
Descriptors: camels, bacteria reservoir, abscesses, bacterial diseases, tick bites, vector potential, sampling of tick hemolymph, midgut and salivary glands, skin and other tissue sampling of camels, probably negative for ticks as vectors, Kenya.

Tafti, A.K.; Maleki, M.; Oryan, A. Pathological study of intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes of camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in Iran. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 209-213. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, intestinal lesions, mesenteric lymph node examination, post slaughter disease survey, cestode infections, diagnosis, epidemiology, histopathology, hyperplasia, parasitic larvae, lymphadenitis, mesentery, nematode infections, trophozoites, Eimeria, Balantidium, Besnoitia, Linguatula, Iran.

Tanwar, R.K.; Gahlot, A.K.; Singh, A.P. Urological syndrome in camels due to urethritis. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001. 78 (4): 327-328. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: camels, ampicillin treatment, bladder and kidney infections, diagnosis, body temperature, case reports, clinical aspects, creatine and urea levels, pulse rate, respiration, urethra, urethritis.

Tefera, M.; Gebreah, F. A study on the productivity and diseases of camels in Eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. July 2001. 33 (4): 265-274. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, performance, male and female animals, sex ratio, vigor, sexual reproduction, libido, reproductive performance, sexual development, age, age differences, age at first calving, calving interval, lactation, duration, dressing percentage, camel meat, Ethiopia.

Tekle, T.; Abebe, G. Trypanosomosis and helminthoses: major health problems of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Southern Rangelands of Borena, Ethiopia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 39-42. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, animal parasitic nematodes, disease prevalence, echinococcosis, epidemiology, helminthoses, Avitellina, Balantidium coli, Cephalopina titillator, Echinococcus, Eucestoda, Haemonchus, Moniezia, Stilesia, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus, Trichuris, Trypanosoma evansi, Ethiopia.

Tibary, A.; Anouassi, A. Retrospective study on an unusual form of ovario-bursal pathology in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Theriogenology. New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science Inc. Aug 1, 2001. 56 (3): 415-424. ISSN: 0093-691X
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ovaries, serous bursa malformations, ovarian diseases, female infertility, hydrobursitis, histopathology, diagnosis, treatment, ovariectomy, embryo transfer, pregnancy rate, calving rate, case reports, United Arab Emirates.
Abstract: A peculiar form of ovarian bursa pathology, called hydrobursitis, is described in the dromedary camel. This malformation is characterized by a collection of fluid within the ovarian bursa with encapsulation of the ovary. Retrospective study of all diagnosed cases in our laboratory shows that this malformation is responsible for reduced reproductive performance due to abortion, infertility and embryonic death. Hydrobursitis was diagnosed in 33 of 355 animals examined. The incidence of this lesion was higher in animals that aborted (9/24) or were barren for more than 2 years (13/37). Diagnosis by palpation per rectum and ultrasonography, is described. Gross pathological and biochemical studies on specimens collected at surgery or in the slaughterhouse showed that the fluid is hemorrhagic and that it could be a mixture of blood and follicular fluid. Bacteriological and cytological studies were inconclusive. The origin of this lesion is discussed in light of genetic, pathological and management factors. Loss of embryos in affected animals could be due to the effect of increased tension on the uterus caused by the accumulation of fluid which ranged in volume from 250 mL to 4240 mL. The condition was treated in several females by surgical ablation. Embryo transfer was used in females that were bilaterally affected and underwent a bilateral ovariectomy. Pregnancy and calving rates were 52.5% and 38.1% for unilaterally ovariectomized females bred after surgery and 33.3% and 22.2% for bilaterally ovariectomized females used as embryo recipients after surgery. These results show that involvement of the uterus in this malformation is very limited and that surgery can be considered for valuable animals if they are unilaterally affected.

Tibary, A.; Anouassi, A. Videoendoscopic technique for genital tract examination in the female dromedary: findings in normal and barren animals. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (2): 117-122. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, reproductive cycle changes, analytical methods, diagnostic techniques, female genitalia, endoscopy, video cameras, comparison between reproductive and non-reproductive females, cervix, endometrial folds, uterotubal junction papillae, uterine cysts and abscesses, adhesions, abnormalities, hysteroscopy, theriogenology, efficacy and safety of videoendoscopy.

Tuteja, F.C.; Sahani, M.S.; Rajender, Kumar; Ghorui, S.K.; Sharma, N. Tetanus in camel (Camelus dromedarius): a case report. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2001. 21 (2): 112-113. ISSN: 0970-051X
NAL Call no.: SF703.I54
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Clostridium, coronavirus, antitoxins, tetanus toxoid, case report, clinical aspects, diagnosis, drug therapy, fluid therapy, immunoglobulins, penicillins, triflupromazine.

Veer, Singh; Momin, R.R.; Parsani, H.R. Therapeutic efficacy of doramectin against sarcoptic mange in camels. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2001. 15 (1): 75-76. ISSN: 0971-6157
NAL Call no.: SF810 A3J6
Descriptors: camels, dromedary, cart animals, antibiotics, doramectin, Dectomax, efficacy of drug therapy, ectoparasiticides, Sarcoptes scabiei, mange, post treatment results showed absence of mites.

Venkatesh, S.G.; Vijay, Deshpande. Evaluation of heterogeneity of camel thyroglobulin on DEAE-cellulose. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001. 71 (4): 361-362. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, thyroglobulin, heterogeneity, amino acids, cellulose, iodine, sialic acids.

Verma, S.K. (ed.); Nahar, N.M (ed.); Raj-Bhansali, R. (ed.); Jindal, S.K.(ed.); Vir, S. Priorities of Research for Development of Arid Regions. 2001. 238 pp. ISBN: 81-7233-259-9
NAL Call no.: S616.I4P74 2001
Descriptors: camel production and development, sheep husbandry, animal husbandry, arid zone agriculture, biodiversity, biotechnology, botany, climatic change, rural communities, dry land farming, soil types, energy sources, extension education, forestr y, groundwater resources, horticulture, human diseases, locusts, mining, monitoring, non-governmental organizations, resource use planning, rehabilitation of damaged areas, remote sensing, research, India.

Viet-Khong, Nguyen; Desmyter, A.; Muyldermans, S. Functional heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae. Advances in Immunology. 2001. 79: 261-296. ISSN: 0065-2776
NAL Call no.: 448.8 AD93
Descriptors: camelids, camels, llamas, heavy chain antibodies, gene expression, gene adaptions, gene evolution, methods to isolate antigen specific variable domains, reviews.

Wasfi, I.A. ; Boni, N.S.; Elghazali, M.; Al Katheeri, N.A.; Hadi, A.A.A.; Al Muharami, A.M.; Barezaig, I.M.; Williams, R.B. (ed.); Houghton, E. (ed.); Wade, J.F. Lack of effect of repeated administration of tripelennamine on antipyrine disposition in camels. Proceedings of the 13^th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Cambridge, UK, 2000. 2001. 430 p. ISBN: 1-899772-08-1
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, antihistaminics, isoenzymes, pharmacokinetics, phenazone, tripelennamine.

Wensvoort, J; Kyle, D.J.; Orskov, E.R.; Bourke, D.A. Biochemical adaptation of camelids during periods where feed is withheld. Rangifer. 2001. 21 (1): 45-48.ISSN: 0333-256X
NAL Call no.: QL737.U55R341
Descriptors: dromedary camels, llamas, sheep, steers, biochemistry changes, feed withdrawl, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, blood chemistry, blood sugar, fatty acids, gluconeogenesis, ketosis, feed restriction, lipolysis, species differences.

Wernery, U.; Kinne, J. Endotoxicosis in racing dromedaries:a review. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 65-72. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, clinical aspects, high digestibile diets, grain feeding, rumen fermentation impairment, endotoxins, poisoning, renal tube necroses, karyorrhexis in follicular centers, kidneys, lactic acidosis, necrosis, nutritional disorders, reviews, United Arab Emirates.

Wernery, U.; Musa, B.; Kinne, J. Rickettsia-like disease in dromedaries. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 7-9. ISSN: 0971-6777
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Rickettsia-like disease, clinical aspects, kidneys, lymphocytes, monocytes, edema, oxytetracycline treatment, Giemsa stained blood smears, Oman.

Woldemeskel, M.; Issa, A.; Mersie, A.; Potgieter, L.N.D. Investigation of parasitic diseases of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2001. 8 (1): 77-81. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cysticercosis, disease prevalence, echinococcosis, epidemiological surveys, oocysts, parasitoses, Cephalopina titillator, Haemonchus longistipes, Nematodirus spathiger, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Trichuris globulosa, Ethiopia.

Woldemeskel, M.; Gumi, B. Prevalence of sarcocysts in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) from southern Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag. Apr 2001. 48 (3): 223-226. ISSN: 0931-1793
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: dromedary camels, disease prevalence, Sarcocystis cameli, sarcocysts, skeletal muscles, fetus, detection, incidence of infestation, esophagus, diaphragm, heart, sex differences, geographical variation, Ethiopia.

Wolff, R.L.; Precht, D.; Nasser, B.; El Kebbaj, M.S. Trans- and cis-octadecenoic acid isomers in the hump and milk lipids from Camelus dromedarius. Lipids. Champaign, Ill.: American Oil Chemists' Society, 1966-. Oct 2001. 36 (10): 1175-1178. ISSN: 0024-4201
NAL Call no.: QP751.L5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel milk composition, hump adipose tissue, chemical composition, trans-octadecenoic acid.

Woubit, S.; Bayleyegn, M.; Bonnet, P.; Jean-Baptiste, S. Camel (Camelus dromedarius) mastitis in Borena lowland pastoral area, Southwestern Ethiopia. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2001. 54 (3-4): 207-212. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with French and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camels, etiology, California mastitis test, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, disease prevalence, disease surveys, mastitis, milk, somatic cell count, Ethiopia.

Younan, M.; Ali, Z.; Bornstein, S.; Muller, W. Application of the California mastitis test in intramammary Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Oct 11, 2001. 51 (3/4): 307-316. ISSN: 0167-5877
NAL Call no.: SF601.P7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, infections, mastitis, diagnostic techniques, diagnosis, evaluation, detection, disease prevalence, herds, risk factors, Kenya.

Zeleke, M.; Bekele, T. Effect of season on the productivity of camels (Camelus dromedarius) and the prevalence of their major parasites in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. July 2001. 33 (4): 321-329. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedaries, seasonal variation, performance, liveweight, milk yield, rain, Strongylidae, mange, wet season, dry season, liveweight gain, Trypanosoma evansi, Sarcoptes scabiei, population density, ova, feces, disease prevalence, Ethiopia.

Zhao, X.X.; Li, X.L.; Chen, B.X. Isolation of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. (Continues Zuchthygiene) Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH. Aug 2001. 36 (3/4): 177-181 ISSN: 0936-6768. Note: Summaries in both English and German.
NAL Call no.: SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, ovulation inducing compounds, semen, seminal plasma, fractionation, proteins, estimation, intramuscular injection. LH, FSH, culture media, blood plasma.

Zhao, X.X.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, B.X. Preliminary observations on the concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during gestation in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Feb 2001. 25 (2): 153-160. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: camels, blood chemistry, sera level of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormones, quantitative analysis, temporal variation, pregnancy, artificial insemination.

Zhao, Xing Xu; Li, Xi Long. [Separation and analysis of biological activity of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) by DEAE-cellulose column.] Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science. 2001. 21 (3): 284-286. ISSN: 1005-4545. Note: In Chinese with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.C58
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, hormones, ovulation factors, blood plasma, FSH, LH, pituitary, seminal plasma, DEAE cellulose column, rat pituitary tissue in vitro, IM injection in camels.

2000

Abbas, B.; Al Qarawi, A.A.; Al Hawas, A. Survey on camel husbandry in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: herding strategies, productivity and mortality. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (3): 293-298. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with French and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age at first calving, animal husbandry, calving interval and rate, meat, milk, herds, livestock numbers, mortality, productivity, reproductive performance, Saudi Arabia.

Abdel-Magied, E.M.; Taha, A.A.M.; Abdalla, A.B. Light and electron microscopic study of the thyroid gland of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2000. 29 (6): 331-336. ISSN: 0340-2096
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, microscopy, anatomy, structure, throat, thyroid gland.

Abdel-Moniem, M.E.; Edin, M.A.A.; Abdel-Rahman, Y.; El Nady, F.A.M. Changes in the topography of the liver of one-humped camel during the prenatal life. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 44 (87): 22-34. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camel fetuses, computed tomography, fetal development of the liver, liver weight, total body weight, developmental changes.

Abdel-Rahman, Y.A. Ultrastructure of the esophageal epithelium of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (86): 86-105. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, anatomy, structure,epithelium, esophagus, ultrastructure.

Abou Eisha, A.M. Brucellosis in camels and its relation to public health. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 44 (87): 54-64. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Brucella melitensis, human risks, zoonotic diseases, blood serum, brucellosis, disease prevalence, immunodiagnosis, public health, seroprevalence, Egypt.

Abubakr, M.I.; Nayel, M.N.; Fadlalla, M.E.; Abdelrahman, A.O.; Abuobeida, S.A.; Elgabara, Y.M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in young camels in Bahrain. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (3): 267-271. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young animals, epidemiology, surveys, fecal samples, nematodes, cestode, protozoans, multiple infections, Balantidium coli, Eimeria cameli, Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus spathiger, Trichuris, Eimeria dromedarii, Monieza expansa, Bahrain.

Achaaban, M.R.; Schroter, R.C.; Forsling, M.L.; Ouhsine, A. Salt balance in camels subjected to heat stress and water deprivation under two different environmental conditions. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 57-62. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, females, climatic factors, heat stress effects, water deprivation effects, dehydration, plasma and urinary concentration of electrolytes, homeostasis, blood chemistry, sodium, potassium, heat, relative humidity, Morocco.

Ahmed, G.A.; Alhendi, A.B.; Ramadan, R.O.; Dafalla, E.A. The incidence of foreign bodies in the stomach of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 159-161. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, stomach, foreign body ingestion, bones, plastics, ropes, wire, trichobezoars, rags, canvas, case reports, Saudi Arabia.

Al Eknah, M.M. Reproduction in Old World camels. Animal Reproduction Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 2000. 60/61 p. 583-592. ISSN: 0378-4320
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sexual reproduction, reproductive physiology, puberty, sexual development, breeding season, ovarian development, ovulation, embryo transfer, synchronized females, artificial insemination, superovulation, pregnancy, parturition, literature reviews.

Al Katheeri, N.A.; Wasfi, I.A.; Lambert, M.; Saeed, A.; Khan, I.A. Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen enantiomers after intravenous administration of racemate in camels: effect of gender. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 2000. 23 (3): 137-143. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ketoprofen, enantiomers, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, sex differences, protein binding.

Al Mutairi, S.E. Evaluation of Saudi camel calves' performance under an improved management system. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 219-222. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, calf birth weight, sex distribution, body weight, improved management system, Range and Animal Development Research Center, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia, breeding season, dams age and seasonal affects, mortality.

Al Owaimer, A.N. Effect of dietary halophyte Salicornia bigelovii Torr on carcass characteristics, minerals, fatty acids and amino acids profile of camel meat. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2000, 18 (2): 185-192.  ISSN:  0971-2119.
NAL Call no.: SF55 I4 J68
Descriptors: 11 Najdi camels, feeds, diets, Salicornia bigelovii, potential as 25% diet component, Rhodes grass, carcass composition comparison, carcass composition, camel meat, minerals, essential amino acids, fatty acids, Na, sodium, linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, methionine, valine, histidine, phenyl alanine.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Abdel Rahman, H.A.; El Belely, M.S.; El Moughy, S.A. Age-related changes in plasma testosterone concentrations and genital organ content of bulk and trace elements in the male dromedary camel. Animal Reproduction Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Sept 1, 2000. 62 (4): 297-307. ISSN: 0378-4320
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, males, blood chemistry, blood plasma, testosterone, age differences, trace elements, mineral content, cations, semen, spermatozoa, epididymis, testes, prostate, bulbo urethral gland, K, potassium, Ca, calcium, Na, sodium, P, phosphorus, Mg, magnesium, Zn, zinc, Cu, copper, Fe, iron, maturity stage.

Al Quarawi, A.A.; B.H. Ali. A survey of the literature (1995-1999) on the kinetics of drugs in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. May 2000. 24 (4): 245-260. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, pharmacokinetics of drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antiparasitic agents, antibacterial agents, absorption, species differences, enzymes, drug metabolism, dosages, drug therapy, literature reviews.

Al Qarawi, A.A.; Youssef, H.A. Yohimbine and tolazoline antagonism of xylazine CNS-depression in the camel. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (86): 295-304. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, analgesics, antidotes to potential overdose of xylazine, central nervous system depression, tolazoline, yohimbine, anesthesia reversal.

Al Rawashdeh, O.F.; Al Ani, F.K.; Sharrif, L.A.; Al Qudah, K.M.; Al Hami, Y.; Frank, N. A survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2000. 31 (3): 335-338. ISSN: 1042-7260
NAL Call no.: SF601.J6
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries,disease surveys, arthritis, cutaneous melanoma, endometritis, hydatids, intestinal obstruction, liver abscesses, mastitis, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, rabies, tetanus, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Ascaris, Brucella melitensis, Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Cephalopina titillator, Cooperia oncophora, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Echinococcus granulosus, E. coli, Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus longistipes, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Micrococcus, Moniezia expansa, Nematodirus dromedarii, Onchocerca fasciata, Pasteurella haemolytica, Sarcoptes scabiei var cameli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Trichuris ovis, Trypanosoma evansi, Streptococci viridans, dermatophytosis, Spirurida, Jordan.

Al Saad, K.A.; Al Khafaji, N.J.; Al Sadi, H.I. Studies of an outbreak of sarcoptic mange in camels. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2000. 13 (1): 147-155. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: camels, sarcoptic mange, skin scrapings, treatment, diazinon, lindane, cypermethrin, scabies, skin biopsies, edema, eosinophils, erythrocytes, hair follicles, hematology, histopathology, m arked hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, keratin, lesions, limbs, neck, necrosis, cell nests, neutrophils, mites ova, Iraq.

Alhendi, A.A.B. Clinical aspects of she camel mastitis (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 42 (84): 112-119. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, females, mastitis, necrosis, pathogenicity, microbial flora, bacterial diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella spp., Pasteurella haemolytica (chronic suppurative mastitis), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Corynebacterium equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes.

Alhendi, A.A.B. Common diseases of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2000. 20 (2): 97-99. ISSN: 0253-8318
Descriptors: camels, disease prevalence, parasitoses, skin diseases, respiratory diseases, metabolic disorders, mastitis.

Almaw, G.; Molla, B. Prevalence and etiology of mastitis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 97-100.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, lactation, females, mastitis, milk hygiene, disease surveys, I, Ethiopia.

Aminu, Deen; Sahani, M.S.; Deen, A. Preliminary attempts to collect and cryopreserve camel semen. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 181-186. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedary, cryopreserved semen, artificial vagina collection, artificial insemination, semen production, sperm viability.

Anuradha; Jain, R.K.; Gupta, A.N. Angiography of renal artery with special reference to the blood supply of the kidney in camel. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 70 (10): 1025-1027. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, vascular system of kidneys, blood vessels, angiography technique, arteries, anatomy, branching structure.

Anuradha; Jain, R.K.; Gupta, A.N. Angiography of testicular artery with special reference to the blood supply of the testis in camel. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 70 (10): 1028-1031. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, vascular system of testes, angiography, anatomy, arteries, blood vessels branching.

Ashwani, Kumar; Nagpal, S.K.; Pawan, Kumar. Gross anatomy and arterial segmentation in the spleen of one humped camel. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy. 2000. 12 (2): 145-148. ISSN: 0971-1937
Descriptors: dromedary camels, animal anatomy, spleen, arteries, vascular blood flow, morphology.

Ashwani, Kumar; Nagpal, S.K.; Pawan, Kumar. Micrometric studies on the spleen of dromedary camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 195-200. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, spleen anatomy, histology, morphology, India.

Asmare, A.A. The camel, the prime source of food for human consumption in harsh arid and semi-arid areas (Camelus dromedarius). Folia Veterinaria. 2000. 44 (4): 215-221. ISSN: 0015-5748
NAL Call no.: 41.8 F712
Descriptors: dromedary camels, multi-purpose animal, meat and milk production, uses, reviews, distribution, reproduction, arid zones.

Baars, R.M.T. Costs and returns of camels, cattle and small ruminants in pastoral herds in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Apr 2000. 32 (2): 113-126. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedaries, cattle, sheep, goats, pastoralism, nomadism, transhumance, farm surveys, grazing systems, opportunity costs, household income, livestock numbers, mortality, slaughter, turnover, camel milk, hides and skins, milk yield, lactation duration, butter, milk prices, Ethiopia.

Bakhsh, A.A. Zinc values and red blood cell counts of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2000. 20 (4): 173-176. ISSN: 0253-8318
Descriptors: camels, different breeds, males and females, age differences, blood chemistry, erythrocyte count, serum zinc, Zn, normal values, Saudi Arabia.

Banamali, Yadav; Mishra, B.P.; Bhakat, C.; Sahani, M.S.; Yadav, B. Hair quality attributes of Camelus dromedarius. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 70 (2): 211-212. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age differences, animal fibers, hair, sex differences, hair staple, fiber diameter, breed differences, Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi.

Baraka, T.A.; El Sherif, M.T.; Kubesy, A.A.; Illek, J. Clinical studies of selected ruminal and blood constituents in dromedary camels affected by various diseases. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 2000. 69 (1): 61-68. ISSN: 0001-7213. Note: In English with a Czech summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.B7
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, disease effects, rumen and blood parameter changes, acidosis, bloat, chlorides, diagnosis, hemoglobin, dyspepsia, leukocytes, lymphadenitis, phosphorus, trypanosomiasis, urea, blood chemistry.

Bastawrows, A.F.; El Kader, H.A.A.; Ali, M.A. Behaviour of milk ring test on milk of some farm animals with special reference to a modified serum ring test. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (85): 159-174. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, donkey, camels, horses, diagnostic test, agglutination tests brucellosis, Brucella agglutinins, milk, laboratory diagnosis, Egypt.

Bengoumi, M.; Berrada, J.; de la Farge, F.; Hidane, K.; Faye, B. Evaluation de l'efficacite d'un traitement specifique contre les diarrhees du chamelon. [Assessment of the efficacy of a specific treatment against camel calf diarrhea.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 157-160. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, diarrhea, rehydration formula, fluid therapy, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-infective treatment, blood and fecal sampling, young animals, Morocco.

Bengoumi, M.; Gandega, E.B.; El Abrak, A.; Berrada, J.; Faye, B. Etude de la mortalite des chamelons au Sud du Maroc: enquete retrospective. [Study of camel calf mortality in South Morocco: retrospective survey.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 132-135. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camels, calf perinatat mortality, diarrhea, feed insufficiency, stillbirth, abscesses, animal husbandry, disease surveys, Morocco.

Berrada, J.; Bengoumi, M.; Hidane, K. Diarrhees neonatales du chamelon dans les provinces sahariennes du Sud du Maroc: etude bacteriologique. [Diarrhoea in newborn camel calves in Saharan provinces of South Morocco: bacteriological study.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 153-156. ISSN: 0035-1865 Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, calves, bacterial diseases causing diarrhea, newborns, fecal sampling, Salmonella, E. coli K99+, Morocco.

Bhadwal, M.S.; Sudhan, N.A. Retention of urine in camel. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000. 77 (3): 242-243. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: dromedary camels, males, urination disorders, IV normal saline, IM injection of tetracycline and diclofenas, cystone diuretic, fluid therapy, case reports, India.

Bissa, U.K.; Yadav, B.S.; Khanna, N.D.; Pant, K.P. Body weight and dimensions at birth in three breeds of Indian camel. International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 15 (2): 253-257. ISSN: 0970-2857
NAL Call no.: SF81.F3
Descriptors: camels, Bilaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi, birth weight, body length, breed differences, dams/mothers, heart girth, height, neck, limbs, liveweight, sex differences.

Bravo, P.W.; Skidmore, J.A.; Zhao, X.X.; Salamon, S. (ed.); Maxwell, W.M.C. Reproductive aspects and storage of semen in Camelidae. Special Issue: Storage of Semen of Domestic Animals. Animal Reproduction Science. 2000. 62 (1-3): 173-193. ISSN: 0378-4320
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: camel family, artificial insemination, fertility, frozen semen, cryopreservation, reproduction, semen storage, reviews, reproductive organs, semen collection methods, fertility after artificial insemination.

Chaffer, M.; Leitner, G. ; Glickman, A.; van Creveld, C.; Winkler, M.; Saran, A.; Yagil, R. Determination of udder health in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 171-174. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel milk, mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, N-acetyl beta glucosaminidase, somatic cell counts, nomadic herds, Negev, Israel.

Chaudhary, Z.I.; Iqbal, J. Incidence, biochemical and haematological alterations induced by natural trypanosomosis in racing dromedary camels. Acta Tropica. 2000. 77 (2): 209-21. ISSN: 0001-706X
NAL Call no.: 475 AC8
Descriptors: dromedary racing camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, parasitic diseases, racing animals, disease prevalence, microscopy, diagnostic techniques, latex agglutination test, hematology, physiopathology, hemoglobin, Fe, iron, lymphocytes, neutrophils, erythrocytes, leucocytes, blood chemistry, serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate, aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, lactic dehydrogenase, urea, total protein, Ca, calcium, creatinine, P, phosphorous and Mg, magnesium.

Chaudhary, Z.I. Reproduction in the dromedary camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 466-498. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: dromedaries, puberty, male and female reproductive structures, sexual activity, hormones, behaviors, seasonal changes, ovaries, pregnancy, birth, dystocia, artificial insemination, estrous synchronization, abnormalities.

Chen, Qiu Sheng; Liu, Yi. Renal artery distribution in kidneys of Bactran [sic] camels. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science. 2000. 20 (6): 565-568. ISSN: 1005-4545
NAL Call no.: SF604.C58
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, renal circulation, anatomy, arteries, segmental arteries, left and right kidneys, blood vessels.

Dahlborn, K. Physiological explanations to why the camel can survive and produce under desert conditions. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 18-34. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: physiology, digestive system, rumination physiology, thermoregulation, brain cooling, fluid balance, dehydration, rehydration, energy physiology.

Deepti, Khanna; Gupta, M.L.; Rai, A.K.; Khanna, N.D.; Khanna, D. Feed and water adaptive responses of Indian camel (Camelus dromedarius) following dehydration and rehydration. International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 15 (1): 99-103. ISSN: 0970-2857
NAL Call no.: SF81.F3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, males, Bikaneri breed, water restriction effects, dehydration, rehydration, body water, body weight, reduced body water losses, digestibility, dry matter, excretion, feces, seasonsal effects.

Delafosse, A.; Doutoum, A.A. Comparaison de trois tests serologiques pour le diagnostic de terrain du surra (trypanosomose a Trypanosoma evansi) chez le dromadaire au Tchad. [Comparison of three serological tests for field diagnosis of camel surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) in Chad.] Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (3): 249-256. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, agglutination tests, diagnosis, diagnostic value, field tests, immunological techniques, CATT, mercuric chloride, Suratex, trypanocides, Trypanosoma evansi, Chad.

Dell' Orto, V.; Cattaneo, D.; Beretta, E.; Baldi, A.; Savoini, G. Effects of trace element supplementation on milk yield and composition in camels. International Dairy Journal. 2000. 10 (12): 873-879. ISSN: 0958-6946
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milk composition, fat, protein, mineral content, effects of mineral dietary supplements, calcium, copper, zinc, lactation, milk yield, trace element deficiencies, Kenya.

Dessalegne, D.; Boardman, S.I.; Dein, F.J.; Bourne, D.C. Potential of interrelating information on the health and management of Camelids. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 145-147.ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with French and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: Camelidae, camels, diseases, animal health and husbandry, databases, information systems.

Dia, M.L.; Diop, A.; Ahmed, O.M.; Diop, C.; El Hacen, O.T. Diarrhees du chamelon en Mauritanie: resultats d'enquete. [Camel calf diarrhoea in Mauritania: survey results.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 149-152. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camels, young animals, neonates to 1 year old, diarrhea, etiology, disease surveys, intestinal diseases, E. coli, Salmonella, Eimeria cameli, Haemonchus longistipes, feed, Mauritania.

Dia, M.L.; Jacquiet, P.; Chollet, J.Y.; Diop, C.; Thiam, A.; Aminetou, M.; Ahmed-Salem, C.B.; Mrezig, A.; Diallo, B.C.; House, J.A. (ed.); Kocan, K.M. (ed.); Gibbs, E.P.J. Ten years of research activities on tropical parasitology of dromedaries, cattle, and small ruminants in Mauritania. Tropical Veterinary Diseases: Control and Prevention in the Context of the New World Order. Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, held on June 12-16, 1999, in Key West, Florida, USA. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000. 916: 404-409. ISSN: 0077-8923. ISBN: 1-57332-281-9 (hardback)\1-57331-282-7 (paperback)
NAL Call no.: 500 N484
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cattle, goats, sheep, ruminants, tick borne diseases, helminthes, nematodes, platyhelminths parasites, parasitology, publications, research, Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherches Veterinaires (CNERV), trypanosomiasis, Mauritania.

Dincer, S.; Yildiz, K.; Nalbantoglu, S. Turkiye'de develerde (Camelus dromedarus [sic]) ilk Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) larvasi. [The first report of a larva of Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) on a camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Turkey.] Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi. 2000. 24 (3): 311-312. ISSN: 1300-6320. Note: In Turkish with an English summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, larvae, camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator, myiasis, parasitic disease, first identification, Turkey.

Domenech, J.; Richard, D.; Maraval-Mollard, M.C.; Authie, J.; Asso, E.; Bastianelli, D.; Bonnet, P.; Boutonnet, J.P.; Cabaret, J.; Chantal, J.; Chardonnet, P.; Cognie,Y.; Cuisance, D.; Demarquilly, C.; Diallo, A.; Dorchies, P.; Duvallet, G.; Faye, B.; Gaston, A.; Guerin, H, ; Gueye, A.; Guillot, J.F.; Hardouin, J.; Itard, J.; Landais, E.; le Dividich, J. (et-al). Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 86-223. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with French and Spanish summaries. Conference proceedings of 30 papers.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camels, animal husbandry, diseases, growth, meat production, mortality, reproduction.

El Bab, M.R.F.; Ali, A.M.A.; Alluwaimi, A.M.; Ahmed, A.K.; Saad, A.H. Alkaline and acid phosphatase reactivity of the ileal Peyer's patches in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 175-179. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, Peyer’s patches, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, enzyme activity, epithelium, histochemistry, ileum, lymphatic system, macrophages, follicle associated epithelium, pre and post-natal periods.

El Harrak, M.; Loutfi, C. La variole du dromadaire chez le jeune au Maroc. Isolement et identification du virus. Mise au point du vaccin et application a la prophylaxie. [Camel pox in dromedary calves in Morocco. Identification of the isolated virus. Vaccine development and prophylaxis.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 165-167. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Orthopoxvirus strain T8, disease control, prophylaxis, vaccination, disease prevention, passage of virus in Vero cells, inactivated vaccine, young animals, Morocco.

El Khasmi, M.; Riad, F.; Safwate, A.; Bengoumi, M.; Hidane, K.; Davicco, M.J.; Coxam, V.; Faye, B.; Barlet, J.P. Evolution comparee de quelques parametres mineraux, de l'osteocalcine, du 25(OH)D et du 1,25(OH)2D chez la chamelle du Sud marocain et son chamelon nouveau-ne. [Postpartum levels of some minerals, osteocalcin, 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D in female camels and their newborns in South Morocco.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 115-119. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, biomarkers, female, newborn animals, blood chemistry, blood plasma, bones, calcitriol, cholecalciferol, minerals, osteocalcin, postpartum period, vitamin D.

El Naenaeey, E.Y.M. Biological detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin originated from camel (Camelus dromedarius) enterotoxaemia. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza. 2000. 48 (1): 73-82. ISSN: 1110-1423
NAL Call no.: SF604.C13
Descriptors: camels, breeding camels, rabbits, Clostridium perfringens, type A, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus ssp., enterotoxaemia, enterotoxins, abomasums, colon, heart, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, rumen, small intestine, trypsin, Egypt.

El Salahy, M.; Monib, M.; Arafa, M.I. Parasitological studies of some gastrointestinal parasites of camels in Assiut Governorate with special reference to zoonotic nematodes. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (86): 280-294. ISSN: 1012-5973. In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: camels, animal parasitic nematodes, cestode infections, disease prevalence, epidemiology, fecal culture, helminth ova, hookworms, nematodes infections, oocysts, protozoal infections, mixed infections, zoonoses, Egypt.

El Seedy, F.R.; Radwan, A.I.; El Shabrawy, M.A. Serological and bacteriological investigations on Brucella infection in one humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza. 2000. 48 (1): 83-89. ISSN: 1110-1423
NAL Call no.: SF604.C13
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, serum samples, agglutination, antigen testing, Brucella abortus serotype 1 and 7, Brucella melitensis serotype 3, brucellosis, Rose Bengal plate test, strains, bacterial diseases, Egypt.

Elagamy, E.I. Physicochemical, molecular and immunological characterization of camel calf rennet: a comparison with buffalo rennet. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Feb 2000. 67 (1): 73-81. ISSN: 0022-0299
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedary camels, buffaloes, rennet, species differences, heat stability, coagulation, casein, enzyme activity, pH, temperature, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, acetone, molecular weight, immunodiffusion, SDS page, proteolysis.

El Massry, A.A.; A.A. Derbala. Evidence of Onchocerca fasciata (Filaroidea: Onchocercidae) in camels (Camelus dromedarius). I. Prevalence, nodular lesions appearance and parasite morphology. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Mar 1, 2000. 88 (3/4): 305-312. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: dromedaries, Onchocerca, parasitic nematodes, onchocerciasis, prevalence, lesions, histopathology, microfilariae, morphology, Egypt, imported camels, filarial nodules.

Endo, H.; Cao, GuiFang; Borjihan, D.; Borjihan, E.; Dugarjav, M.; Hayashi, Y. Hump attachment structure of the two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2000. 62 (5): 521-524. ISSN: 0021-5295
NAL Call no.: SF604.J342
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, hump anatomy, cranial section has trapezium and rhomboid muscle attachements, thoracis, collagen, caudal hump has lumbad longissimus and lumbar iniocostal muscles, comparison to dromedaries, fibres, muscles.

Endo, H; Gui-Fang, C; Dugarsuren, B; Erdemtu, B; Manglai, D; Hayashi, Y. On the morphology of the liver in the two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2000. 29 (4): 243-246. ISSN: 0340-2096
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, liver structure, gross anatomy and histology, lobation, similarity to dromedaries, morphology.

Erasha, A.M. Some anatomical studies on the temporomandibular joint of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (86): 1-14. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, temporomandibular joint, head anatomy, jaw.

Essamadi, A.K.; Bengoumi, M.; Zaoui, D.; Faye, B.; Bellenchi, G.C.; Musci, G.; Calabrese, L. Young camel ceruloplasmin: purification and partial characterization. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 111-114. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young animals, ceruloplasmin, acute phase blood proteins, copper, metalloproteins, partial purification.

Fahmy, L.S.; Farag, K.A.; Hegazy, A.A.; Zabady, M. K. Angular Fetlock Deformity of the Fore Limbs in Camels: Clinical, Radiological and Histopathological Studies. Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza - 12211, Egypt. ISSN: 1658-0311. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, clinical aspects, deformities, histopathology, joint diseases, limbs, metacarpus, prognosis, radiography, valgus and varus deformities.

Fatihu, M.Y.; James, A.S.; Abubakar, M.B. Hematological data of healthy and natural Trypanosoma evansi infected camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Protozoology Research. 2000. 10 (1): 1-5. ISSN: 0917-4427
NAL Call no.: QL366.J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, tryposonomes diagnosis, blood smear, differential centrifugation by midrohematocrit technique, Trypanosome evansi, packed cell volume, total red blood cell count, effects of disease, anemia, disease prevalence, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, Nigeria.

Faye, B.; Bonnet, P.; Charbonnier, G.; Marti, A. Etat des recherches sur le dromadaire a partir de l'analyse bibliometrique des publications. Cas particulier des recherches sur le chamelon. [Assessing camel research by a bibliometrical study of publications with an emphasis on the camel calf.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 125-131. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camel calf, study of bibliographic publications, research, reviews.

Faye, B.; Mohammed, Bengoumi. Le dromadaire face a la sous-nutrition minerale: un aspect meconnu de son adaptabilite aux conditions desertiques. [Dromedaries and mineral undernutrition: a poorly understood adaptation to desertic conditions.] Secheresse. 2000. 11 (3): 155-161. ISSN: 1147-7806. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: S600.7.D76S43
Descriptors: dromedary camel, metabolic and physiological adaptions for desert climates, resistance to mineral undernutrition, key minerals, Ca, calcium, P, phosphorus, Na, sodium, Cl, chloride, Mg, magnesium, trace elements, Cu, copper, Zn, zinc, Se, selenium, absorption, deficiency, maintenance of enzymatic activity.

Fowler, M.E. Concretions in camelids. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 560-570. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: gastroliths, enteroliths, phytobezoan, tricho bezoar, cultural use against disease, phosphate mineral concretions, saccules of llama stomach, obstructions, clinical pathology, urinary calculi, urolithiasis, other organ stones.

Fowler, M.E. The influence of behaviour on the health and well-being of camels and their handlers. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 129-142. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, normal and abnormal behavior, feeding, communication between animals, flehmen, reproductive behavior, odors, pheromones, reviews, urination and defecation, vocalization, walking and locomotion, health, Aspergillus funigatus.

Fowler, M.E. Restraint and handling of camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 77-90.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, handling techniques, restraint, immobilization, injected anesthesia, animal behavior, Poxviridae.

Gahlot, T.K. and Jit Singh. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. xiv, 600 p.: ill. (some col.). ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2-S44 2000
Descriptors: camels, various topics on care and management.

Gahlot, T.K. Surgery of the dromedary camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 286-430. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: very extensive coverage, restraint, wound healing, preoperative considerations, postoperative care, various types of wounds, wound management, wound treatment, wound healing, snake bites, scorpions, preoperative care, surgical recommendations for various organs, obstructions, genital injuries, skeletal injuries, etc.

Gahlot, T.K.; Chadha, B.P. Training and sport of the dromedary camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 577-591. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: training as a ritualistic process, selecting for trainability, for carting, racing, dancing, military, male camels, nose pegs, Indian Camel Corps, polo.

Gaili, E.S.E.; Al Eknah, M.M.; Sadek, M.H. Comparative milking performance of three types of Saudi camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 73-76.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, females, breed differences, Majaheem, Maghateer, Awarik, milk yields, milking and milk composition, calving, lactation, moisture content, peak lactation, milk fat, Saudi Arabia.

Garg, S.K.; Uppal, R.P. Pharmacokinetic basis of rational antimicrobial therapy in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 539-559. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: antimicrobial drugs, pharmacokinetic features, sulfonamides, penicillins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, macrolides.

Ghulam, Muhammad; Muhammad, Athar; Gahlot, T.K. Dipetalonemiasis, toxoplasmosis and piroplasmosis in camels. Selected Topics on Camelids. 2000. 271-285. ISBN: 81-901141-0-7
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, toxoplasmosis, reviews, helminthes, epidemiology, parasitic diseases, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis, Toxoplasma gondii, Theileria, babesia, Dipetalonema, Spirurida.

Girardet, J.M.; F. Saulnier; J.L. Gaillard; J.P. Ramet; G. Humbert. Camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk PP3: Evidence for an insertion in the amino terminal sequence of the camel milk whey protein. Biochemistry and Cell Biology. [Ottawa, Ont.]: National Research Council of Canada, c1986-. 2000. 78 (1): 19-26. ISSN: 0829-8211
NAL Call no.: QP501.B642
Descriptors: camel milk, milk proteins, whey protein, amino acid sequences, n terminal sequences, dromedaries.

Gorakh, Mal. Chemical composition and vitamin C content of milk in Indian camels managed under farm conditions. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000. 77 (8): 695-696. ISSN: 0019-6479
NAL Call no.: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milk composition, vitamin C, ascorbic acid, ash, fat, lactation stage, late lactation, pH, solids not fat, total solids.

Gorakh, Mal; Sena, D.S.; Rajender, Kumar; Sahani, M.S. A study on the clinical, haemato-biochemical and histopathological aspects of mange in camels. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2000. 14 (1): 27-30.
NAL Call no.: SF810.A3J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, histopathology, hemato-biochemical changes, Scarcoptes scabiei, ectoparasites, mange skin diseases, clinical aspects, lesions, immune response, pruritus alopecia, scab formation, cutaneous hypersensitivity, epidermal hyperplasia, perivascular infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, ectoparasitoses.

Guliye. A.Y.; Yagil, R.; DeB, F.D.; Hovell. Milk composition of Bedouin camels under semi-nomadic production system. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 209-212. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: semi-nomadic dromedaries, camel milk composition, chloride, dry matter, lactation duration, lactose, milk fat and protein levels, pH, parity groups, Israel.

Gurdial, Singh; Yashwant, Singh; Nagpal, S.K.; Gahlot, T.K. Structure of blood cells of the dromedary camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 2000. 137-150. ISBN:81-901141-0-7
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood cells, structure, ultrastructure, leukocytes, erythrocytes.

Gutierrez, C.; M.C. Juste; J.A. Corbera; E. Magnus; D. Verloo; J.A. Montoya. Camel trypanosomosis in the Canary Islands: assessment of seroprevalence and infection rates using the card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi) and parasite detection tests. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. June 10, 2000. 90 (1/2): 155-159. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, sero-prevalence, antibody testing, agglutination tests, immunodiagnosis, detection, age differences, Canary Islands.

Gutierrez, C.; Montoya, J.A.; Herraez, P.; Corbera, J.A.; Belloli, A.; Morales, M. Syncope associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a dromedary camel. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. Aug 2000. 78 (8): 543-544. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cardiomyopathy, clinical aspects, heart myocardium, muscle fibers, hypertrophy, histopathology, case reports.

Haridy, F.M.; Morsy, T.A. Camel: a new Egyptian host for Fasciola gigantica. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2000. 30 (2): 451-454. ISSN: 1110-0583
NAL Call no.: QL757.J65
Descriptors: Fasciola gigantica, dromedary camels, liver flukes, parasitic diseases, disease incidence, post slaughter examination, hydatid cysts, first record of fluke in Egypt.

Haroun, E.M.; Magzoub, M.; Mahmoud, O.M.; Al Qarawi, A.A.; Al Hawas, A.M.; Omer, O.H. Some clinico-pathological aspects of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in Najdi camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 101-106.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, Najd I breed, experimental infection, Trypanosoma evansi, albumins, anaemia, microcytic normochromic anaemia, neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, enzymes, histopathology, liver, blood chemistry changes.

Hassan, H.Y.; El Said, M.S. Some hematological and biochemical parameters of debilitating camels at Alexandria governorate. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (86): 219-227. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, anemia, blood chemistry, effects of emaciation and disease, hematology, erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volume, leukocyte counts, Ca, calcium, P, phosphorus, Mg, magnesium, Na, sodium, K, potassium, Cl, chloride, Fe, iron, Cu, copper.

Helmy, N. Seasonal abundance of Ornithodoros (O.) savignyi and prevalence of infection with Borrelia spirochetes in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2000. 30 (2): 607-619. ISSN: 1110-0583
NAL Call no.: QL757.J65
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, zoonotic diseases, seasonal variation, antibodies, disease prevalence, population dynamics, Lyme disease, antigens, domestic animals, tickborne diseases, disease vectors, reservoir hosts, Borrelia, Ornithodoros savignyi, Egypt.

Hombach Klonisch, S.; M. Abd-Elnaeim; J.A. Skidmore; R. Leiser; B. Fischer; T. Klonisch. Ruminant relaxin in the pregnant one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Biology of Reproduction. Madison, Wis.: Society for the Study of Reproduction. Apr 2000. 62 (4): 839-846. ISSN: 0006-3363
NAL Call no.: QL876.B5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pregnancy, relaxin, precursors, complementary DNA, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, gene expression, messenger RNA, localization, immunohistochemistry, ovaries, uterine tissue, placenta, preprorelaxin , prorelaxin, molecular sequence data.

Homeida, A.M. Phenotypic variation in sulphonamide acetylation. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 109-111
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, donkeys, Awassi goats, New Zealand White rabbits, Awassi sheep, Jersey cattle, IV injection of sulfadimidine, acetylated sulfonamide levels in plasma, unimodal and bimodal distribution, acetylateing phenotype in camels and rabbits, Saudi Arabia.

Hulsebusch, C.G. Immunoglobulin-G status of camels during six months post-natum. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 105-110. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camel calves, blood serum, colostral immunity, colostrums, IgG, immunoglobulins, newborn and young animals, birth to 6 months of age.

Iqbal, A.; Gill, R.A.; Khan, B.B.; Younas, M.; Jasra, A.W. Comparative growth performance of camel calves kept under station and farmers' conditions. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 198-200. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camel calves, animal husbandry, body measurements, body weight and growth.

Jain, R.K.; Gupta, A.N.; Nagpal, S.K. Gross anatomical and radiological investigation on the venous drainage of the pelvic limb in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 121-125.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: adult dromedary camels, veinous anatomy, radiography, limbs, venography and gross dissections, dorsal venous system and plantar venous system.

Jain, S.; Pareek, R.; Pathak, K.M.L.; Kapoor, M. Comparison of six different tests for the detection of Trypanosoma evansin dromedaries. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 215-217. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, 6 diagnostic diagnostic techniques, ELISA, immunodiffusion tests, trypanosomiasis, wet blood film examination (WFE), stained thick blood film examination (TFE), mouse inoculation test (MIT), mercuric chloride test (MCT), agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT) and antigen ELISA (ag-ELISA), India.

Jianlin, H.; Mburu, D.; Ochieng, J.; Kaufmann, B.; Rege, J.E.O.; Hanotte, O. Application of New World Camelidae microsatellite primers for amplification of polymorphic loci in Old World camelids. Animal Genetics. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Science Ltd. Dec 2000. 31 (6): 404-406. ISSN: 0268-9146
NAL Call no.: QP98.A1A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, microsatellites, llamas, alpacas, genetic-polymorphism, loci evaluation, biochemical techniques, DNA, polymerase chain reaction, nucleotide sequences, contains molecular sequence data.

Jones, C.J.P.; F.B.P. Wooding; M.M Abd-Elnaeim; R. Leiser; V. Dantze; R.W. Stoddart. Glycosylation in the near-term epitheliochorial placenta of the horse, donkey and camel: A comparative study of interbreeding and non-interbreeding species. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Cambridge, U.K. Mar 2000. 118 (2): 397-405. ISSN: 0022-4251
NAL Call no.: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: comparative study, reproductive biochemistry.

Kamber, R.; Farah, Z.; Rusch, P.; Hassig, M. Untersuchungen uber die Versorgung von neugeborenen Kamelfohlen (Camelus dromedarius) mit Immunglobulin-G. [Studies on the supply of immunoglobulin G to newborn camel calves (Camelus dromedarius).] SAT, Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde. 2000. 142 (10): 581-588. ISSN: 0036-7281. Note: In German with English, French, and Italian summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: camels, breeding, high mortality rate of calves, blood chemistry, colostrums, IgG, maternal antibodies, maternal immunity, mortality, newborn animals, East Africa.

Kane, Y.; Diallo, B.C. Donnees sur les pathologies du chamelon en Mauritanie. [Data on camel calf diseases in Mauritania.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 161-163. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camel calves, bacterial diseases, disease surveys, ectoparasites, mange, mycoses, parasites, viral diseases, Mauritania.

Kassilly, F.N.; Abate, A.L. Composition and quality of camel diets in Central Baringo, Kenya. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. 2000. 48 (3): 139-147. ISSN: 0378-9721. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: camels, diet composition, fiber content, in vitro digestibility, lignin, nutritive value, protein, seasonal variation, feeding preferences, Kenya.

Kasturi, M.; Raghvendar, S.; Tandon, S.N.; Raisinghani, G.; Khanna, N.D. Studies on haemolytic complement activity of camel (Camelus dromedarius) through alternate pathway. International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 15 (2): 179-183. ISSN: 0970-2857
NAL Call no.: SF81.F3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, different age groups, hemolytic complement activity, alternate pathways, lysing ability for other species red blood cells, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, rabbit, guinea pig, CH50 titers, buffers, complement activation, erythrocytes, heating, magnesium, optimum pH, zymosan.

Kataria, A.K.; Kataria, N.; Sharma, K.N. A differential study of serum proteins' profile in camel (Camelus dromedarius) vis-a-vis some other species. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 2000. 2 (1-2): 52-55. ISSN: 0972-0561
Descriptors: camels, cows, buffalo, sheep, goats, rabbit, humans, comparison study, blood protein, electrophoretic fractionation, globulins, prealbumin, species differences.

Kataria, A.K.; Sharma, K.N. Chromatographic purification of serum and colostral immunoglobulins of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 91-95.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, IgM, Sephadex G-200 columns, boric acid precipitation and ammonium sulfate precipitation, immunoglobulins, purification, chromatography, gel filtration, chromatography, S. aureus antigen.

Kataria, N.; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahni, M.S.; Singh, R. Effect of water restriction on serum aldosterone and cortisol in dromedary camel during winter and summer. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 1-7.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: healthy female camels, dromedaries, dehydration and rehydration effects, aldosterone, hydrocortisone, seasonal effects.

Kataria, N; Kataria, A.K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Garg, S.L.; Sahni, M.S.; Singh, R. Thyroid hormone profile in dromedary camel in winter and summer during water restriction. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 21-26.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, female dromedaries, thyroid hormone and serum cholesterol levels, dehydration and rehydration effects, hormones, seasonal effects, summer, winter.

Kaufmann, B.A. Camel calf losses and calf care measures in pastoral herds of Northern Kenya. A system view. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 137-144. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camel husbandry, calf losses and causes, calf care, colostrums, drought, diarrhea, enteritis, mortality, predation, septicaemia, sex differences, tick bites, survey, 1980-1995, Kenya.

Khalafalla, A.I. Camel contagious ecthyma: risks in young calves. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 173-176. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, economics, risk factors, skin diseases, skin lesions, young animals, contagious ecthyma virus, Parapoxvirus, Sudan.

Khanna, N.D.; Rai, A.K. Investigations on work potential of Indian camel. Camel Newsletter. 2000. no.17, 15-22, 57, 24(ar). Note: In English with Arabic and French summaries.
Descriptors: camels, draft animal potential, riding, carting, load carrying, Bakaner breed, body weight, draft force, cholesterol, creatine, nutrient requirements, pulse rate, India.

Khazali, H.; Hashemi, M. [The effect of GnRH agonist and cervix stimulation on ovulation in pre- and pubertal camels of Iran.] Pajouhesh va Sazandegi. 2000. 4 (45): 114-117. ISSN: 1019-9632. Note: In Persian with an English summary.
Descriptors: female camels, pre-pubertal and pubertal animals, GnRH injections, cervix stimulation, ovulation effects, GnRH, progesterone, age differences, sexual maturity.

Kohler-Rollefson, I. The camel and human society. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 1-17. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: overview article, camel pastoralism, deserts, producing milk, meat, wool, dung for fuel, transport of goods and people, distribution, origin, history, domestication, management, racing.

Kuldeep, Singh; Prem, Singh; Ashok, Kumar. Oesophageal obstruction in a camel: an unusual case. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 213. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camel, case reports, obstruction, esophagus, surgical procedure, outcome, India.

Li, Xiao Ming; Chen, Huai Tao. [Histology and cellular ultrastructure of suprarenal gland in Bactrian camels.] Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science. 2000. 20 (3): 283-285. Note: In Chinese with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.C58
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, histological, histochemical, electromicroscopical techniques, tissue ultrastructure, kidneys, histology, anatomy, zona glomerulosa.

Magzoub, M.; Omer, O.H.; Haroun, E.M.; Mahmoud, O.M. Effect of season on gastrointestinal nematode infection in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 107-108.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Haemonchus longistipes, Parabronema skrjabini, Nematodirus spp., Trichuris globulosa, nematode infections, abomasums, gastrointestinal diseases, herbage availability, intestines, dry and wet seasonal variations, disease prevalence, epidemiology, parasitic nematodes, nematode larvae, disease transmission, Saudi Arabia.

Mahendra, Pal; Lee, ChangWoo. Trichophyton verrucosum infection in a camel and its handler. Korean Journal of Veterinary Clinical Medicine. 2000. 17 (1): 293-294. ISSN: 1225-4800. Note: In English with a Korean summary.
Descriptors: male camel, skin infections, Trichophyton verrucosum, dermatomycoses, case reports, treatments, iodine, miconazole, clinical aspects, Korean Republic.

Majid, A.A.; Goraish, I.A. Seroepidemiological observations of camel brucellosis in Eastern and Western Sudan. Camel Newsletter. 2000. no.17, 23-26, 58, 25(ar). Note: In English with Arabic and French summaries.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Brucella abortus, brucellosis, disease survey, epidemiology, infection.

Marai, I.F.M.; Khalil, A.B.A. Pre- and post-natal development of skin characteristics in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 70 (12): 1210-1217. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, embryonic development, fetal development, skin anatomy and structure, skin growth, epidermis and dermis, corneum, granulosum, spinosum, follicles, glands, basale, germinativum, arrector pili muscles.

Mathur, A.S. Incidence of Trypanosoma in camels in various districts in Rajasthan. Bioved. 2000. 11 (1-2): 85-88. ISSN: 0971-0108
NAL Call no.: QH1.B56
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, age differences, disease prevalence, sex differences, India.

Metawie, R.A. Immunoglobulin concentrations in the sera of camel calves before and after ingestion of colostrum and during the first 8 months of age. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2000. 78 (2): 843-851. ISSN: 1110-6336. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: S19.E37
Descriptors: camel calves, albumins, total blood protein, blood serum, colostrums, immunoglobulins, newborn animals, preweaning period.

Metawie, R.A.; Mohamed, O.M.; El Bagoury, A.M.; Ezzo, O.H. Some haematological and serum biochemical changes in camel calves during the first 8 months of age. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2000. 78 (3): 1311-1321. ISSN: 1110-6336. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: S19.E37
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age differences, blood chemistry, blood composition, hematology, young animals.

Misk, N.A.; Youssef, H.A.; Semieka, M.A.; El-Khabery, A.H. Development of teeth and dental formulae of the dromedary. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 114-136. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: anelodone type teeth, structure, development, age differences, radiographic anatomy, deciduous and permanent teeth.

Mohamed, S.A. Biochemical studies on bacterial xylanases of camel rumen fluid (Camelus dromedarius). Bulletin of the National Research Centre Cairo. 2000. 25 (2): 155-168. ISSN: 1110-0591. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, rumen fluid, enzymes, xylan, cellulose, characterization, precipitation, purification, rumen microorganisms, enzyme activity, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE cellulose column.

Mohamed, S.A.; El Badry, M.O.; Fahmy, A.S. Purification and characterization of protozoal alpha-amylases from camel rumen fluid (Camelus dromedarius). Bulletin of the National Research Centre Cairo. 2000. 25 (4): 385-409. ISSN: 1110-0591. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
Descriptors: camel rumen, alpha amylases, characterization, chromatography, isolation, purification, rumen fluids, rumen protozoa.

Mohamed, S.A.; Mohamed, T.M.; Mohamed, M.A.; Fahmy, A.S. Purification and characterization of bacterial lipase from camel (Camelus dromedarius) rumen fluid. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 27-35.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, rumen fluid, triacylglycerol lipase, purification, characterization, heat stability, enzymes, cations, enzyme activity.

Mohamed, T.M.; Salah, H.A.; Fahmy, A.S. Purification and characterization of bacterial CM-cellulase from camel (Camelus dromedarius) rumen fluid. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 37-51.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: characterization, rumen fluid, cellulose, cellulose, composition, inhibitors, precipitation, purification, enzyme activity, glucose, heat stability, cations, enzyme inhibitors.

Mohamed, Zidan; Anwar, Kassem; Ali, Dougbag; El Ghazzawi, E.; Mohammed, El Aziz; Pabst, R. The spleen of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) has a unique histological structure. Journal of Anatomy. 2000. 196 (3): 425-432. ISSN: 0021-8782
NAL Call no.: 447.8 J826
Descriptors: dromedary camels, spleen structure, histology, macrophages.

Muhammad, G.; Athar, M. Dipetalonemiasis, toxoplasmosis and piroplasmosis in camels. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 271-285. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: parasitic disease, nematode, Dipetalonema, evansi, Toxoplasma gondi, Theileria, babesiosis, epidemiology, clinical signs, blood, serum parameters, diagnosis, treatment.

Musa, B.E.; Salim, M.A.; Samra, M.T.A. Omani camel calves in a traditional management system. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 209-212. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Omani breed, multipurpose animal, racing, females, birth rate, breeding season, conception rate, dams mothers, gestation period, mortality, postpartum interval, sex ratio.

Nagpal, A.K.; Roy, A.K.; Kiradoo, B.D.; Raja, Purohit; Sahani, M.S.; Purohit, R. Voluntary feed intake and nutrient utilisation of adult female racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) during exercise and at rest. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 205-208. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: female dromedary camels, calcium, digestibility trial, crude fiber and protein, ether extracts, exercise, feed intake, magnesium, mineral absorption, nitrogen, nutrition physiology, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, roughage diet of Phaseolus aconitifolius.

Nagpal, A.K.; Sahani, M.S.; Roy, A.K. Effect of grazing sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) pasture on female camels in arid ecosystem. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 70 (9): 968-971. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: dromedary camels, females, Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kutchchi, non-pregnant, pasture grazing, blood chemistry, pregnancy, blood, liveweight gain, blood lipids, Vigna aconitifolia, Lasiurus scindicus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, India.

Nagpal, A.K.; Saini, N.; Sahani, M.S. Effect of type of supplementation on nutrient utilization and serum profile of camels in rut. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 70 (12): 1263-1265. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: camels, blood chemistry, body weight, breeding, dietary concentrates, feed supplements, males, nutrients, sesame oil, sugar, utilization, winter, Phaseolus aconitifolius, gur, unrefined brown sugar.

Nazifi, S.; Gheisari, H.R. Observations on comparative values of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), T3 uptake and free thyroxine index (FTI) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 53-55.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, males, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, serum level, cerebrospinal fluid levels, different age groups, thyroid hormones, blood chemistry, Iran.

Nazifi, S.; Gheisari, H.R.; Poorkabir, M.A.; Saadatfar, S. Serum lipids and lipoproteins in clinically healthy male camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dec 2000.24 (8): 527-531. ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, male animals, blood lipids, age differences, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein.

Njiru, Z.K.; Olaho-Mukani, W.; Khaemba, B.M.; Ochieng, R.S.; Ndung'-u, J.M. Haematological and serological changes during acute Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 113-116.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansi, effects of experimental infections, death, eosinophilia, hematology, hemolysis, immunosuppression, melarsonyl, monocytes, pathology.

Njiru, Z.K.; Ole-Mapeny, I.M.; Ouma, J.O.; Ndung' u, J.M.; Olaho-Mukani, W. Prevalence of trypanosomosis in camel calves:a pilot study in Laikipia District of Kenya. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 183-186.ISSN: 0035-1865. Note:In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, calves, disease prevalence of trypanosomiasis, costs, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, mortality, treatment, young animals, Trypanosoma evansi, Kenya.

Ogunsan, E.A.; Umar, I.O.; Bannor, T. T.; Majiyagbe, K.A. Hydatidosis in slaughtered camels in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2000. 21: 1-9. ISSN: 0331-3026
Descriptors: dromedary camels, post slaughter survey, cysts pathology, diagnosis, zoonoses, Echinococcus granulosus, Nigeria.

Olaho-Mukani, W.; Mahamat, H. Trypanosomiasis in the Dromedary Camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 255-270. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: Trypanosoma evansi, T. brucei, T. congolense, surra, etiology, epizootiology, clinical manifestation, pathology, diagnosis, Triquin, Cymerlarsan, chemotherapy.

Omer, M.K.; Skjerve, E.; Holstad, G.; Woldehiwet, Z.; Macmillan, A.P. Prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep, goats, horses and camels in the State of Eritrea; influence of husbandry systems. Epidemiology and Infection. 2000. 125 (2): 447-453. ISSN: 0950-2688
NAL Call no.: RA651.A1E74
Descriptors: camels, cattle, goats, sheep, horses, Brucella, Pose-Bengal test, complement fixation test, seroprevalence, effects of husbandry system, brucellosis, serological surveys, Eritrea.

Osman, A.H.K.; Ahmed, A.A.M.; Caceci, T. Immunolocalization of relaxin in the corpus luteum of the dromedary camel. Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 2000. 46 (6): 245-263. ISSN: 0023-2513
Descriptors: dromedary camels, corpus luteum, hormones, local immunity, ovaries, polypeptides, pregnancy, relaxin levels, reproduction, pregnant and non-pregnant females, Egypt.

Osman, T.E.A.; Al Busadah, K.A. Effects of age and lactation on some biochemical constituents of camel blood in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 149-152. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, non-pregnant females, lactating females, calves, mean values, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, albumin, alpha amylase, age differences, biochemical markers, blood composition, creatinine , lactation, serum albumin, Saudi Arabia.

Pacholek, X.; Gamatie, D.; Franck, S.G.V.; Tibayrenc, R. Prevalence de la trypanosomose a Trypanosoma evansi chez les chamelons de l'Ouest nigerien. [Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi trypanosomiasis in young camels in West Niger.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 177-182. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansi, young and adult animals, epidemiological survey, agglutination tests, disease prevalence, serology, seroprevalence, trypanosomiasis, West Niger.

Pacholek, X.; Lancelot, R.; Lesnoff, M.; Messad, S. Performances de croissance des chamelons eleves dans la zone pastorale Nigerienne. [Growth performance of camel calves raised in the pastoral zone of Niger.] Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 189-197. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In French with English and Spanish summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, body measurements, body weight, breeding season, growth, mathematical models, seasonal variation, sex differences, height at withers, chest girth, Niger.

Patel, M.K.; Patel, K.S.; Brahmkshtri, B.P.; Vataliya, P.H.; Solanki, J.V. Cytogenetic profile of Kachchhi camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 201-202. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, Kachchhi, whole blood culture technique, chromosomal spreads, 37 pairs, 31 acrocentric chromosomes, 5 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes, sex chromosomes, X chromosome.

Purohit, G.N.; Mehta, J.S.; Garg, N.; Gupta, A.K.; Pareek, P.K.; Sharma, S.S. Caesarean section in a dromedary camel: a case report. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2000. 21 (1): 76-77. ISSN: 0970-2997
NAL Call no.: SF871.I443
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pregnant female, birth problems, dystocia, xylazine, caesarean section, case study, successful outcome.

Raghvendar, S.; Mishra, B.P.; Sena, D.S.; Sahani, M.S. Blood biochemical attributes of double humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) of Ladakh. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000. 70 (1): 54-55. ISSN: 0367-8318
NAL Call no.: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, blood chemistry profile, Jammu, Kashmir, India.

Roger, F.; Yigezu, L.M.; Hurard, C.; Libeau, G.; Mebratu, G.Y.; Diallo, A.; Faye, B. Investigations on a new pathological condition of camels in Ethiopia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 163-165.ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, Morbillivirus, clinical aspects, epidemiology, outbreaks.

Rose, R.J. Physiology of exercise in the racing camel (Camelus dromedarius). Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 35-50. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: camel racing as a formal sport, pacing, physiology, biochemistry, glucose, fatty acids, hematology, plasma biochemistry, cardiorespiratory response, oxygen, muscles.

Saber, A.S. Statics and dynamics of the locomotor system of the dromedary camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 89-113. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: movement, metrics, bony structure, ligaments, tendons, recumbent positions, rising movements, gaits, foot pads and structure.

Saitmuratova, O.Kh.; Sulaimanova, G.I. Carbohydrates from camel's milk and shubat near the Aral sea. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2000. 36 (3): 263-264.; Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii (2000) 36 (3) 212-231 (Ru). ISSN: 0009-3130
NAL Call no.: QD241.K453
Descriptors: camel milk, carbohydrates, chemical composition, cultured milks, galactose, glucose, mannose, Uzbekistan.

Saleh, M.A.; El Sokkary, G.H.; Abdel-Razik, A.R.K. Circulating steroids and proteins in Egyptian oasis pregnant camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 9-13.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pregnancy, steroids, immunoglobulins, albumins, hydrocortisone, fertility, globulins, hormones, mating, metabolism, estrogens, sex hormones, parturition, progesterone, blood chemistry, blood serum, Egypt.

Salem, A.O.; Abdel-Rahman, Y.A. Fine structure of the secretory end-pieces of the parotid salivary gland of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (86): 106-128. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, parotid salivary gland, morphology.

Sasse, J.; Mariasegaram, M.; Babu, R.; Kinne, J.; Wernery, U. South American camelid microsatellite amplification in Camelus dromedarius. Animal Genetics. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Science Ltd. Feb 2000. 31 (1): 75-76. ISSN: 0268-9146
NAL Call no.: QP98.A1A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, microsatellites, polymerase chain reaction, genetic markers, gene frequency, alleles, heterozygosity, genetic polymorphism, segregation.

Sena, D.S.; Gorakh, Mal; Rajender, Kumar; Sahani, M.S. Detection of subclinical mastitis in camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 203-204. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, subclinical mastitis, etiology of bacterial diseases, camel milk, detection, mastitis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae.

Sena, D.S.; Gorakh, Mal; Rajender, Kumar; Sahani, M.S. Prevalence, haematobiochemical studies and chemotherapy of gastrointestinal nematode infection in camels. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2000. 14 (2): 151-153. ISSN: 0971-6157
NAL Call no.: SF810.A3J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age differences, albendazole, albumins, animal parasitic nematodes, fecal samples, anthelmintics, blood serum, breed differences, disease prevalence, epidemiology, drug therapy, eosinophils, fenbendazole, ivermectin, globulins, glucose, hematology, hemoglobin value, leukocyte count, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, patholo gy, proteins, sex differences, Nematodirus, Strongyloides, seasonal differences, India.

Shaheen, H.M. Feeding and drinking of camels, sheep and goats after different periods of deprivation. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 63-71.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, starvation, feeding, species behaviors, erythrocytes, cell membranes, concentrates, food and water restrictions, different periods of deprivation, drinking, feed intake, rehydration, refeeding, roughage, water intake, feeding preferences.

Shaheen, H.M.; Aboul-Ela, M.B.; Yousef, M.K.; Ahmed, N.A. Comparative erythrocytes morphology in camels, sheep and goats during feed and water deprivation. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (1): 15-19.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sheep, goats, feed and water deprivation effects, refeeding effects, erythrocyte morphology, shape changes, dimensions, species comparisons.

Shereif, N.A.; Tinson, A.H. Genetics and breeding methods in the dromedary camels. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 74-88. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: improving performance and productivity, genetic variation, heritability, identification, embryo transfer, invitro fertilization, DNA technology.

Silva, B. Camels--a commercial commodity worth checking out. AgVentures. Blackwell, OK: Schatz Pub. Group, c1997-. Apr/May 2000. 4 (2): 22-27.
NAL Call no.: S441.A475
Descriptors: camels, markets, alternative livestock, North America.

Singh, G.; Singh, Y.; Nagpal, S.K. Structure of blood cells of the dromedary camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 137-150. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: blood cell morphology, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, agranulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, shape.

Skidmore, J.A.; Billah, M.; Allen, W.R. Using modern reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer and artificial insemination to improve the reproductive potential of dromedary camels. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 97-100. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camels, camel semen extender and diluents, green buffer, Laciphos, skim milk glucose extender, viable spermatozoa numbers, artificial insemination, chorionic gonadotropin, embryo transfer, FSH, pregnancy rate, superovulation.

Skidmore, J.A.; Billah, M.; Allen, W.R.; Short, R.V. Using modern reproductive methods to hybridize Old and New World Camelids: Camelus dromedarius x Lama guanicoe. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 93-96. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, guanaco, artificial insemination of female camels, gauanco semen, hybridization, a viable hybrid was born, Camel Reproduction Centre, Dubai.

Sobha, G; S. Suryakala; C. Geetha; V. Deshpande. Camel kidney ferritin: Isolation and partial characterization. Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. July 2000. 24 (5): 287-297. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, kidneys, ferritin, iron, carbohydrates, quantitative analysis, phosphates, immunochemistry, ratios, cross reaction, ELISA, protein composition, amino acids.

Sorour, A.; Raghib, M.F.; Shoeib, H.K. Health response of one humped camel to probiotic Pronifer supplementation. 1st Scientific Conference for Provincial Laboratories, Animal Health Research Institute, 15-17 May 2000. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2000. 78 (1): Special Issue, 137-144. ISSN: 1110-6336. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: S19.E37
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Egyptian Fallahi, 2-3 years old, feed additives, feed conversion efficiency, growth promoters, liveweight gain, probiotic effects, lactobacillus.

Sumant, Vyas; Sahani, M.S. Real-time ultrasonography of ovaries and breeding of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the early postpartum period. Animal Reproduction Science. 2000. 59 (3-4): 179-184. ISSN: 0378-4320
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: female dromedary camels, ovaries, postpartum period, ultrasonography, ovarian follicles, involution, development, pregnancy, breeding, tropics, ultrasonic devices, India.

Takahashi, F. [Livestock farming and utilization of milk in Mongolia. (Part 1) Nature and livestock farming.] Milk Science. 2000. 49 (2): 89-98. Note: In Japanese with an English summary.
Descriptors: camels, cattle, goats, sheep, horses, dairy farming, animal husbandry, reviews, livestock numbers, seasons, milk production, Mongolia.

Takehana, K.; Eerdunchaoluo; Ueda, H.; Kobayashi, A.; Iwasi, K.; Sou, K. A histochemical study of the camel (Camelus bactrianus) duodenal glands. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2000. 62 (4): 449-452. ISSN: 0021-5295
NAL Call no.: SF604.J342
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, duodenum, complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides, histochemistry, anatomy and morphology, lectins, tubulo-alveolar glands, endocrine glands, light and electron microscopy.

Tanwar, R.K.; Singh, A.P.; Bihani, D.K.; Fakruddin; Gahlot, A.K. Peritonitis associated with perforation of intestine in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 219-221. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camel, males, clinical aspects, duodenal ulcers, duodenum, peritonitis.

Tejedor, M.T.; J.L. Martin; P. Lupiola; C. Gutierrez. Caseous lymphadenitis caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans in the dromedary camel. Canadian Veterinary Journal. Ottawa: Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, c1978-. Feb 2000. 41 (2): 126-127. ISSN: 0008-5286
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young animals, Corynebacterium, lymphadenitis, case reports.

Tibary, A.; Anousassi, A. Ultrasonography of the Genital Tract in Camels. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 431-465. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: veterinary procedures, pregnancy and diagnosis, Bactrian, dromedaries, equipment, techniques, preparation of the animal, ovaries, vagina, ovulation, oviduct, uterus, pathological changes, fetal detection, scrotum, testes, prostate.

Tinson, A.H.; Kuhad, K.S.; Singh, K.; Al Masri, J. Surgical technique to control sand masturbation in male racing camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 167-169. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: male, adult racing dromedary camels, animal behavior, sand masturbation control, ketamine, surgical operations, xylazine, abnormal behavior.

Tinson, A. H.; Singh, K.; Kuhad, K.S. Large scale management of camels for embryo transfer. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 143-147. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camels, embryo transfer programs, FSH, GnRH, ovarian follicles, ovulation, pregnancy rate, progesterone, prostaglandins.

van Straten, M. Periparturient conditions affecting camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Israel and their treatments. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 101-104. ISSN: 0035-1865 Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, reproductive disorders, periparturient conditions, clinical cases, dystocia, embryo malpositions, parturition complications, placental retention, uterine prolapse, uterine torsion, Negev region, Israel.

Vyas, S.; M.S. Sahani. Real-time ultrasonography of ovaries and breeding of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the early postpartum period. Animal Reproduction Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier. May 31, 2000. 59 (3/4): 179-184. ISSN: 0378-4320
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: camels, dromedaries, ovaries, animal breeding, sexual reproduction, postpartum period, Graafian follicles, uterus involution, pregnancy, conception, conception rate.

Wang, J.L.; Cui-Sheng.; Wang, G.X.; Li, H.Y. The arterial suppy of the carpal joint in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Mar 2000. 24 (2): 75-84. ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: bactrian camels, arteries, blood supply, joints animal, animal anatomy, cardiovascular system.

Wang, J.L.; Gao Lan; Cui Sheng; G.X. Wang; H.Y. Li. The arterial supply of the cubital joint in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Feb 2000. 24 (1): 1-9. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: camels, arteries, joints, blood circulation, anatomy.
Abstract: Twenty stomachs of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) were studied by gross dissection. Based on the configuration of the stomach and the structure of the mucous membrane, the stomach was divided into three ventricles that differ from the arrangement described for ox and sheep. The first and second ventricles of the proventriculus of camel form one stomach rather than two different stomachs. These ventricles of the proventriculus do not correspond to the rumen and reticulum of ox and sheep. The third ventricle appears to be the abomasum. One part of the abomasum has reticular mucosal folds that indicate it is not the reticulum. A second part of the abomasum has longitudinal mucosal folds suggesting it is not the omasum. Three glandular sac areas associated with the preventriculus and abomasum are also described.

Wang, J.L., G. Lan, G.X. Wang, H.Y. Li, Z.M. Xie; Anatomical subdivisions of the stomach of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Morphology. New York, N.Y.: Wiley Liss. Aug 2000. 245 (2): 161-167. ISSN: 0362-2525
NAL Call no.: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, stomach anatomy, three ventricles, proventriculus, abomasum, glandular sac areas.

Wang, WenHui; Chen, QiuSheng; Chen, HuaiTao; Zhang, DeLu. [Distribution and morphological features of plasmocytes in the digestive system of Bactrian camels.] Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2000. 30 (10): 12-14. ISSN: 1000-6419. Note: In Chinese.
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, plasmocytes, digestive system, histology, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon.

Warda, M.; Zeisig, R. Phospholipid- and fatty acid-composition in the erythrocyte membrane of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and its influence on vesicle properties prepared from these lipids. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2000. 107 (9): 368-373. ISSN: 0341-6593. Note: In English with a German summary.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: red blood cells, cell membranes, dromedary camels, phospholipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylserines, erythrocytes, fatty acids, liposomes.

Wardeh, M.F. Annual Technical Report. The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands, 1998-1999. 2000. 68 pp.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, animal behavior, animal diseases, animal physiology, arid zones, dry conditions, epidemiology, nutrition physiology, reproduction, socioeconomics, Arab Countries.

Wasfi, I.A.; Abdel-Hadi, A.A.; Elghazali, M.; Boni, N.S.; Alkatheeri, N.A.; Barezaig, I.M.; Al Muharami, A.M.; Hamid, A.M. Comparative disposition of tripelennamine in horses and camels after intravenous administration. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 2000. 23 (3): 145-152. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: horses, dromedary camels, antihistaminics, intravenous injection, pharmacokinetics, species differences, drug metabolism, urine, detection, metabolites.

Wasfi, I.A.; Boni, N.S.; Elghazali, M.; Alkatheeri, N.A.; Abdel-Hadi, A.A.; Al Muharami, A.M.; Barezaig, I.M. Lack of effect of repeated administration of tripelennamine on antipyrine disposition in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Dec 2000. 23 (6): 409-412. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, antihistaminics, pharmacokinetics, interactions, drug metabolism, drug therapy, phenazone.

Wasfi, I.A.; Boni, N.S.; Elghazali, M.; Abdel-Hadi, A.A.; Almuhrami, A.M.; Barezaig, I.M.; Alkatheeri, N.A. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of caffeine in camels. Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Aug 2000. 69 (1): 69-74. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: camels, caffeine, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, drug excretion in urine, detection, intravenous injection, half-life, theophylline, theobromine, blood serum.

Werney, U. Infectious diseases of dromedary camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 184-254. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, anerobic diseases, clostridiosis, botulism, anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, blood parameters, hemorrhagic septicemia, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, E. coli, Johne’s disease, tuberculosis, pneumonia, brucellosis, venereal diseases, skin diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, Dermatophilus, rabies, camel pox, parapoxviruses, papilloma virus, influenza A virus.

Yagil, R. Ecophysiology of the desert camel (Camelus dromedarius). Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 51-60. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: desert adaptation, role as a production animals in severe climates, factors of adaptation, size and shape, types of forage, metabolism, behavior, physiology, renal function.

Yagil, R. Lactation in the desert camel (Camelus dromedarius). Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 61-73. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: milk production, colostrums, milk quantity and quality, endocrine control, lactation length, milk products, therapeutic uses, insulin levels, high vitamin C.

Younan, M.; Ali, Z.; Muller, W.; Bornstein, S. Streptococcus agalactiae infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 169-171. ISSN: 0035-1865 Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: camels, sub-clinical mastitis, females, Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield type B), arthritis, puerperal disorders, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, different management systems, Kenya.

Yu, Hong Xian. [Vascular dissection of sacral region and tail in Bactrian camel.]  Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. May 2000, 30 (5): 12-14; Sum. 273. ISSN:  1000-6419. Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and an English summary.
Descriptors: Camelus bactrianus, tail/sacral region, vascular structure, blood vessel architecture. 

Zaitoun, A.M.; Ali, H.S.; El Ghaffar, S.K.A. Studies on camel-pox in Assiut Governorate-Egypt. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2000. 43 (85): 140-158. ISSN: 1012-5973. Note: In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL Call no.: SF604.A77
Descriptors: dromedary camels, skin diseases, pathology, histopathology, oxytetracycline, retinol, antiseptics, age, seasons, Egypt.

Zakia, A.M.; Fadelmula, A.; Agab, H.; El Hydia, A. Concurrent infection of invasive aspergillosis and pneumoconiosis in a camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 187-191. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: dromedary camel, fungal diseases, aspergillosis, case reports, clinical aspects, lung lesions, pneumoconiosis, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Sudan.

Zarif-fard, M.R.; Hashemi-Fesharki, R. Study on tissue and blood protozoa of camels in southern Iran. Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 2000. 7 (2): 193-194. ISSN: 0971-6777
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: camels, blood sampling, disease prevalence, epidemiology, filariasis, trypanosomiasis, Dipetalonema, Trypanosoma evansi, Spirurida, Iran.

Zariffard, M.R.; Khajeh, G.H. [Serodiagnosis of camel hydatidosis by the indirect haemagglutination test.] Pajouhesh va Sazandegi. 2000. 4 (45): 104-105. ISSN: 1019-9632. Note: In Persian with an English summary.
Descriptors: dromedary camels, livestock, domestic animal diseases, disease prevalence, seroprevalence, Echinococcus granulosus, unilocular hydatids, diagnostic techniques, diagnosis, hemagglutination tests, immunodiagnosis, Iran.

Zeleke, M.; Bekele, T. Camel herd health and productivity in eastern Ethiopia selected semi-nomadic households. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 213-217. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pastoral management, animal health, animal production, disease surveys, epidemiology, liveweight gain, milk production, mortality, parity, seasonal variation, trypanosomiasis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Strongylidae, Trypanosoma evansi, Ethiopia, East Africa, South of the Sahara, Ethiopia.

Zhao, X.X.; Xue, H.W.; Nie, Q.C.; Zhang, Y.K. Postnatal growth and development pattern of camel calves. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Camel Calf, Ouarzazate, Morocco, 24-26 October 1999. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 2000. 53 (2): 201-208. ISSN: 0035-1865. Note: In English with Spanish and French summaries.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R3262
Descriptors: Bactrian camel calves, postnatal growth and development patterns, body measurements, body weight, effects of maternal milk supply, traditional management conditions.

Zhao, X.X. Reproduction of the Bactrian camel. Selected Topics on Camelids. 1^st ed. Chandan Sagar Well, Bikaner, India: Camelid Publishers, 2000. p. 499-538. ISBN: 8190114107
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2S44 2000
Descriptors: distribution, usefulness, improving productivity, reproductive efficiency, reproductive organs, ovaries, uterus, cervix, vestibulum, blood circulation, mammary glands, puberty, breeding age, breeding behavior, estrus, ovulation, pregnancy, gestation, fetal development, birth, male genitali a, rutting behavior, poll glands, courtship and copulation, diseases, artificial insemination, lactation.

Zidan, M.; Schuberth, H.J.; Pabst, R. Immunohistology of the splenic compartments of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Apr 19, 2000. 74 (1/2): 17-29. ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, immunohistochemistry, spleen, histology, leukocytes, antibodies, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, follicles, lymph, B lymphocytes, enzyme activity, T lymphocytes, macrophages, phagocytosis.

Zidan, M.; Kassem, A.; Pabst, R. Megakaryocytes and platelets in the spleen of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2000. 29 (4): 221-224. ISSN: 0340-2096
NAL Call no.: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, platelets, spleen, antigens, cytoplasm, glycogen, megakaryocytes, immunohistochemistry, microfilaments, microtubules, plasma membranes, surface antigens, blood cells, age, healthy animals, both sexes.

1999

Abdel-Fattah, M.; H. Amer; M.A. Ghoneim; M. Warda; Y. Megahed. Response of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) to intravenous glucagon injection and to infusion of glucose and volatile fatty acis, and the kinetics of glucagon disappearance from the blood. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag. Oct 1999. 46 (8): 473-481. ISSN: 0931-184X
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, intravenous injection, glucagon, glucose, volatile fatty acids, blood chemistry, blood plasma, blood sugar, blood lipids, lactic acid, species differences.

Abo Shehada, M.N.; H. Anshassi; G. Mustafa; Z. Amr. Prevalence of Surra among camels and horses in Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Feb 15, 1999. 38 (4): 289-293. ISSN: 0167-5877
NAL Call no.: SF601.P7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, horses, Trypanosoma evansi, disease prevalence, incidence, serological surveys, climatic factors, cattle, goats, donkeys, geographical variation, symptoms, mice, rats, clinical aspects, Jordan.

Al Hazmi, M.A.  A comparative study of behavioural ecology and physiology of Arabian camels Camelus dromedarius from two habitats (high and low land) in the mid-western region of Saudi Arabia.  Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences. A. Zoology. January-June 1999, 18A (1): 11-23.
Descriptors: Camelus dromedarius, two habitats, comparison study, body temperature, behavioral ecology, high and lowland habitats, Wadi Briman and Wadi Liyah, Saudi Arabia.

Al Hazmi, M.A.  Grazing behaviour and food selection of camels (Camelus dromedarius) along Makkah, Al Sail Al Kabir and Taif Road in the mid-western region of Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences A Zoology. January-June 1999, 18A (1): 51-61.
Descriptors: Camelus dromedarius, grazing behavior, food plant choices and preferences, Asir Mountains, Saudi Arabia.  

Al Qudah, K.M.; L.A. Sharif; O.F. Al-Rawashdeh; F.K. Al Ani. Efficacy of closantel plus albendazole liquid suspension against natural infection of gastrointestinal parasites in camels. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Mar 31, 1999. 82 (2): 173-178. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, closantel, albendazole, Haemonchus longistipes, Ascaris, Trichuris ovis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Fasciola hepatica, efficacy, evaluation, infections, Cestoda, oral administration, feces composition, helminth ova, helminth larvae, mixed infections, Jordan.

Alkatheeri, N.A.; I.A. Wasfi; M. Lambert. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ketoprofen after intravenous and intramuscular administration in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Apr 1999. 22 (2): 127-135. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ketoprofen, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, metabolites, drug residues, urine, blood serum.

Alsobayil, F.A.; K.R. Mama. Anesthetic management of dromedary camels. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. Trenton, N.J.: Veterinary Learning Systems. Mar 1999. 21 (3, suppl.): S102-S111. ISSN: 0193-1903
NAL Call no.: SF601.C66
Descriptors: bull camels, preanesthetic medication, restraint, neuroleptics, phenothiazines, agonists, alpha adrenergic receptors, injectable anesthetics, halothane, local anesthetics, anesthesia, anticholinergics.

Bekele, T. Studies on the respiratory disease "Sonbobe" in camels in the eastern lowlands of Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dec 1999. 31 (6): 333-345. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Pasteurella haemolytica, respiratory diseases, morbidity and mortality, symptoms, epidemics, postmortem examinations, oxytetracycline as drug therapy, penicillins, streptomycin, etiology, identification, Ethiopia.

Bell, Christiane. Reproduction of the Female Camel (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus). [Hannover: s.n.], 1999. 180 p. ill.
NAL Call no.: DISS F1999070
Descriptors: camels, reproductive processes, anatomy, hormones, pregnancy.

Claus, R.; B. Kaufmann; M. Dehnhard; V. Spitzer. Demonstration of 16-unsaturated C-19 steroids ('boar pheromones') in tissues of the male camel (Camelus dromedarius). Reproduction in Domestic Animals. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH. Dec 1999. 34 (6): 455-458. ISSN: 0936-6768
NAL Call no.: SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: dromedary camels, male animals, steroids, pheromones, chemical structure, sexual reproduction, testes, chemical composition, glands animal, animal tissues, palatal flap.

Derbala, A.A.; A.A. El Massry. Some studies on the growth and development of Echinococcus granulosus, camel origin in experimentally infected dogs. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. June 1, 1999. 83 (1): 25-36. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, strains, dogs, experimental infections, growth, biological development, developmental stages, morphology, body measurements, small intestine, histology, camel isolates.

Gharaibeh, N.S.A. N-ethylmaliemide (NEM)-stimulated passive potassium transport in camel erythrocytes: inhibitory effects of age, furosemide, sodium fluoride and okadaic acid. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. Jan 1999. 157 (1): 57-60. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: dromedary camels, erythrocytes, N-ethyl-maleimide, potassium, ion transport, inhibition, age, furosemide, sodium fluoride, enzyme inhibitors, pretreatment.
Abstract: The effects of age, and the inhibitory effects of furosemide, sodium fluoride, and okadaic acid on N-ethyl-maliemide (NEM)-stimulated, ouabain-resistant potassium influx were investigated in camel erythrocytes. The NEM-stimulated influx which declined with the age of erythrocytes, was partially inhibited by 2 mmol/L furosemide, 20 mmol/L sodium fluoride, and completely inhibited by 150nM okadaic acid. The effect of all chemical inhibitors was significant if added before the NEM pretreatment.

Gorban, A.M.S.; O.M. Izzeldin. Study on cholesteryl ester fatty acids in camel and cow milk lipid. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 1999. 34 (3): 229-234. ISSN: 0950-5423
NAL Call no.: TP368.J6
Descriptors: camel milk, milk, milk fat, cholesteryl esters, fatty acids, dietary fat, food composition, nutrient content, cholesterol, lactating females, species differences.
Abstract: The average lipid content of mature camel milk (3.48 g 100 g(-1)), was found to be less than cow's milk (3.69 g 100 g(-1)), but the total cholesterol content of camel milk was high (31.32 mg 100 g(-1)) when compared to the total cholesterol content of cow's milk (25.63 mg 100 g(-1)). The average free cholesterol content of mature milk from 54 lactating camels was 21.34 mg 100 g(-1), while the average free cholesterol of mature milk of 24 lactating cows was 17.25 mg 100 g(-1). In the esterified fraction of camel's milk the percentage of saturated fatty acids was 52% with a content of palmitic acid of 18.4%. In cow's milk saturated fatty acids accounted for 58% of the total with a content of palmitic acid of 23.6%. The unsaturated fatty acids fraction in both groups was mainly contributed by oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. Pelargonic acid (C9:0) and decanoic acid (C10:1) were found in significant amounts in mature camel milk, but were only just detectable in cow's milk. The higher content of medium chain fatty acids in camel milk is useful from a nutritional point of view as they are more easily absorbed and metabolized than long chain fatty acids.

Haarmeyer, Petra. Oesophagus and Forestomach Motility, Rumination and Jaw Movements in Camels with Special Reference to Circadian Rhythm and Dehydration. Hannover: [s.n.], 1999. 101 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: DISS F1999273
Descriptors: camels, digestive system motility, behavior, daily rhythms, effects of water stress.

Han, J.; J. Quan; Z. Men; Y. Zhang; W. Wang. Rapid communication: Three unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms of EcoRI, PvuII, and ScaI digested mitochondrial DNA of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus ferus) in China. Journal of Animal Science. Savoy, IL: American Society of Animal Science. Aug 1999. 77 (8): 2315-2316. ISSN: 0021-8812
NAL Call no.: 49 J82
Descriptors: camels, mitochondrial DNA, wild animals, restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Johnson, E.H.; D.E. Muirhead; R. Al Busaidy; B.E. Musa. The ultrastructural morphology of the camel eosinophil. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. Jan 1999. 157 (1): 79-84. ISSN: 1090-0233
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: camels, eosinophils, morphology, cell ultrastructure, eosinophilia, polymorphism, species differences.
Abstract: The ultrastructural morphology of the eosinophil was studied in specimens of peripheral blood from normal adult camels and those with eosinophilia. Specific granules were extremely polymorphic. The specific granules exhibited the basic structure of an electron-dense crystalloid core surrounded by a lighter, homogeneous matrix. The crystalloid cores were extremely variable in size and shape, often were segmented and demonstrated a variety of lamellated patterns that were transverse, longitudinal or concentric to the long axis of the core. It was not uncommon to observe multiple crystalloid cores in a single granule. In addition to large specific granules, microgranules and specific microgranules were observed. The extreme polymorphism of the specific granules and variety of lamellated patterns differentiate camel eosinophils from those of other species.

Kappeler, S.; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Alternative splicing of lactophorin mRNA from lactating mammary gland of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Dairy Science. Savoy, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Oct 1999. 82 (10): 2084-2093. ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel milk, whey proteins, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, repetitive DNA, molecular conformation, species differences, alternative splicing, globule membrane. genbank/aj131714.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the corrected structure of lactophorin, a major whey protein in camel milk. The protein had 60.4% amino acid sequence identity to a proteose peptone component 3 protein from bovine whey and 30. 3% identity to the glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 in mice. The N-terminal heterogeneity of the protein was a result of alternative mRNA splicing. About 75% of the protein was expressed as a long variant A with 137 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 15.7 kDa; about 25% was as a short variant B with 122 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 13.8 kDa. Both proteins are probably threefold phosphorylated. In contrast to the related proteins, no glycosylation was found in camel lactophorin. Because of this difference, specific interaction with carbohydrate binding proteins, as reported for the murine protein, can be excluded, and a function of the protein other than cell recognition or rotaviral inhibition is proposed. The concentration of lactophorin in camel milk was found to be about three times higher than the concentration of the bovine homologue in bovine milk. Pronounced similarities existed between the primary and secondary structures of bovine and camel proteins. We speculated that camel lactophorin has a similar function to that of bovine protein in milk, which is supposed to be the prevention of fat globule aggregation and the inhibition of spontaneous lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase.

Kappeler, S.R.; M. Ackermann; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Sequence analysis of camel (Camelus dromedarius) lactoferrin. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. 1999. 9 (7): 481-486. ISSN: 0958-6946
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: camel milk, lactoferrin, dromedary camels, amino acid sequences, molecular conformation, antibacterial properties, colostrum, milk composition, molecular sequence data, bacteriostactic activity.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterise camel lactoferrin in terms of primary structure and molecular weight. The protein was eluted from a heparin-sepharose column at a sodium chloride concentration of 0.5 M, and corresponded to bovine lactoferrin in terms of N-terminal sequence and the molecular weight of 80.16-80.73 kDa. Lactoferrin cDNA was PCR amplified, using a cDNA library from lactating mammary gland of a Somali camel. The sequenced clone had a length of 2337 bp and an open reading frame of 2124 bp, which coded for a protein of 708 amino acid residues. The mature protein had a length of 689 amino acid residues, a calculated molecular weight of 75.250 kDa and a calculated isoelectric point at pH 8.14. Primary structure identity to bovine lactoferrin was 74.9%. Concentration of lactoferrin in whole, late-lactational milk was 220 mg l(-1), which was higher than the lactoferrin concentration in comparable bovine milk, which was 140 mg l(-1).

Latif, B.M.A.; J.K. Al Delemi; B.S. Mohammed; S.M. Al Bayati; A.M. Al-Amiry. Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. meat-producing animals in Iraq. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. July 1999. 84 (1/2): 85-90. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, camels, Sarcocystis, protozoal infections, disease prevalence, cysts, diagnostic techniques, dogs, experimental infections, feces, sporocysts, disease transmission, Iraq.

Mohamed, H.A.; A.N. Hussein. Studies on normal haematological and serum biochemical values of the 'Hijin' racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kuwait. Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. June 1999. 23 (4): 241-248. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, racing camels, blood chemistry, hematology, blood serum, estimation, hematocrit, erythrocyte count, volume, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, potassium, sodium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, glucose, protein content, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, enzyme activity, Kuwait.

Oukessou, M.; B. Berrag; M. Alvinerie. A comparative kinetic study of ivermectin and moxidectin in lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. June 15, 1999. 83 (2): 151-159. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ivermectin, moxidectin, subcutaneous injection, camel milk, pharmacokinetics, blood plasma, lactation.

Osuobeni, E.P.; W.A. Hamidzada. Ultrasonographic determination of the dimensions of ocular components in enucleated eyes of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Oct 1999. 67(2): 125-129. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, dimensions of the eyes, refractive status, optical characteristics, schematic eyes.
Abstract: The refractive status and visual capabilities of the one-humped camel are not currently known. Schematic eyes are important tools in studying the optical characteristics and refractive status of an eye. The variables required in developing a schematic eye for a particular animal species include the dimensions of the optical components. We have employed A-scan ultrasonography to measure the dimensions of optical components in freshly enucleated eyes of the one-humped camel. Measurements were made in eyes immersed in distilled water kept at 20 degrees C. The average values of the optical components were as follows: anterior chamber depth = 5.27 mm, lens thickness = 10.93 mm, vitreous chamber depth = 14.85 mm and axial length = 31.05 mm. The uncorrected average corneal thickness was 0.76 mm. These values would have to be confirmed in live animal subjects before they can be used to design a schematic eye for the one-humped camel.

Pearce, S.G.; M.B. Hurtig. Surgical repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament in a dromedary camel. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. Nov 1, 1999. 215 (9): 1325-1327. ISSN: 0003-1488
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ligaments, rupture, stifle, surgery, autografts, case reports.

Sghiri, A.; M.A. Driancourt. Seasonal effects on fertility and ovarian follicular growth and maturation in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Animal Reproduction Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Apr 31, 1999. 55 (3/4): 223-237. ISSN: 0378-4320
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, seasonal variation, fertility, ovaries, ovarian follicles, growth, sexual reproduction, semiarid climate, ovulation, age, body condition, maturation, steroidogenesis, conception, testosterone, estradiol, Morocco.

Vellayan, S.; Jeffery, J.; Sulaiman, S.; Zahedi, M.; Oothuman, P.; Krishnasamy, M. The camel nasal bot, Cephalopina titillator (Clark), in the dromedary, Camelus dromedarius at Zoo Negara, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine. December 1999, 16 (2): 53-54. ISSN:  0127-5720.
Descriptors: camel new mammalian host for Cephalopina titillator (Oestridae) exotic imported host, Zoo Negara, Malaysia.

Wanderley, R.C.; G.A. Alhadhrami; M. Pessarakli; J.L. Aquino-Ramos; J.T. Huber. An assessment of the microbial colonization of forage in the rumen of dairy cows and camels. Animal Feed Science and Technology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Jan 1999. 76 (3/4): 207-218. ISSN: 0377-8401
NAL Call no.: SF95.A55
Descriptors: camels, dairy cows, rumen, forage, dry matter, nitrogen content, rumen, kinetics. microorganisms and fermentation, colonization, microbial contamination, protein degradation,

Wasfi, I.A.; A.A. Abdel-Hadi; A.K. Bashir; G.A. Alhadrami; M.O.M. Tanira. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Feb 1999. 22 (1): 62-64. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, amikacin, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, dosage.

Wasfi, I.A.; I.M. Barezaiq; N.A. Alkatheeri; A.A.A. Hadi; N.S. Boni; A.M. Almurhami; M. Elghazali. The pharmacokinetics of promethazine after intravenous administration in camels. Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Apr 1999. 66 (2): 159-160. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, promethazine, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, time.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of promethazine were determined in seven camels (Camelus dromedarius) after an intravenous dose of 0(.)5 mg kg body weight(-1). The data obtained (median and range) were as follows: the elimination half-life (t (1/2beta) ) was 5(.)62 (2(.)84-6(.)51) h; the steady state volume of distribution (V(dss)) was 8(.)90 (7(.)10-12(.)00) L kg(-1), total body clearance (C(T)) was 24(.)5 (17(.)22-33(.)65) ml kg(-1) min(-1) and renal clearance (Cl(r) was 4(.)81 (1(.)97-5(.)48) mlkg(-1) min(-1).

Wasfi, I.A.; M. Elghazali; N.S. Boni; A.A.A. Hadi; G.A. Alhadrami; A.M. Almuhrami; N.A. Alkatheeri; I.M. Barezaiq; B.A.O. Agha; S.A. Wajid. The disposition of theophylline in camels after intravenous administration. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Aug 1999. 22 (4): 255-260. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, theophylline, intravenous injection, pharmacokinetics, dosage, metabolites, caffeine, blood serum, urine, binding.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of theophylline were determined after an intravenous (i.v.) dose of 2.36 mg/kg in six camels and 4.72 mg/kg body weight in three camels. The data obtained (median and range) for the low and high dose, respectively, were as follows: the distribution half-lives (t(1/2alpha)) were 1.37 (0.64-3.25) and 2.66 (0.83-3.5) h, the elimination half-lives (t(1/2beta)) were 11.8 (8.25-14.9) and 10.4 (10.0-13.5) h, the steady state volumes of distribution (V(ss)) were 0.88 (0.62-1. 54) and 0.76 (0.63-0.76) L/kg, volumes of the central compartment (V(c)) were 0.41 (0.35-0.63) and 0.51 (0.36-0.52) L/kg, total body clearances (Cl(t)) were 62.3 (39.4-97.0) and 50.2 (47.7-67.4) mL/h.kg body weight and renal clearance (V(r)) for the low dose was 0.6 (0.42-0.96) mL/h.kg body weight. There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the two doses. Theophylline protein binding at a concentration of 5 microgram/mL was 32.2 +/- 3.3%. Caffeine was identified as a theophylline metabolite but its concentration in serum and urine was small. Based on the pharmacokinetic values obtained in this study, a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg body weight administered by i.v. injection at 12 h intervals can be recommended. This dosing regimen should achieve an average steady state serum concentration of 10 microgram/mL with peak serum concentration not exceeding 15 microgram/ml.

Williams, O.J. and Central Australian Camel Industry Association. Capture and Handling of Camels Destined for the Abattoir. 1st ed. Alice Springs, N.T.: CACIA, c1999. 16 p.: col. ill. ISBN: 0957705409
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2 W55 1999
Descriptors: camels, handling, capture, restraint, transport, Australia.

Yahaya, M.S.; J. Takahashi; S. Matsuoka; O. Alaku. Ovarian activity of dromedary (single humped) camel (Camelus dromedarius) in North-Eastern Nigeria. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. Seoul, Korea: AAAP and Korean Society of Animal Nutrition. Sept 1999. 12 (6): 868-870. ISSN: 1011-2367
NAL Call no.: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ovaries weight, seasonal fluctuations, follicular fluid, Graafian follicles, corpus luteum, dry season, harmattan, Nigeria.

1998

Abdullani, A.M.; Boehle, W. Camel's milk economics in pastoral Somalia. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 267-273. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, camel's milk, economics, trade, socioeconomic organization, pastoralism, Somalia.

Abdurahman, O.A.Sh. Detection of subclinical mastitis in camels: relationship between udder infection and inflammatory indicators in milk. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 31-34. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: French summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: camel, Camelus bactrianus, Bactrian, dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, pathology, mastitis, pathogen, diagnosis, Sudan, Sweden.

Abeiderrhamane, N. La pasteurisation du lait de chamelle: une experience en Mauritanie. [The pasteurization of camel milk: an experience in Mauritania.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 213-219. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, pasteurizing, pasteurized milk, camel's milk, cow's milk, dairy, marketing, supply balance, season, Mauritania.

Abu Elzein, E.M.E.; M.A. Sandouka; A.I. Al Afaleq; O.B. Mohamed; J.R.B. Flamand. Arbovirus infections of ruminants in Al-Rub Al-Khali desert. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Feb 21, 1998. 142 (8): 196-197. ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: sheep, goats, camels, bluetongue virus, small ruminants virus, akabane virus, contagious ecthyma virus, viral diseases, disease surveys, antibody testing, deserts.

Abu-Lehia, I.H. Recombined camel's milk powder. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p.181-184. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, powdered milk, reconstituted milk, organoleptic analysis.

Abu Taraboush, H.M.; M.M. Al Dagal; M.A. Al Royli. Growth, viability, and proteolytic activity of bifidobacteria in whole camel milk. Journal of Dairy Science. Savoy, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Feb 1998. 81 (2): 354-361. ISSN: 0022-0302
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: camel milk, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium, cold storage, refrigeration, enzyme activity, proteolysis, survival, species differences, acidity, Saudi Arabia, Bifidobacterium angulatum.
Abstract: Four species of Bifidobacteria were evaluated for growth, viability, and proteolytic activity in whole camel milk, and comparison was made with whole cow milk. Growth of all species in either whole milk was characterized by the appearance of two logarithmic phases following anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C for 36 h. The growth rate of Bifidobacterium longum 15707 was higher in camel milk than in bovine milk and was higher for Bifidobacterium angulatum 27535 in bovine milk than in camel milk. Bifidobacterium bifidum 2715 and Bifidobacterium breve 2258 showed the same trend as B. angulatum 27535 after 16 h of postinoculation. Viable counts of all species except B. bifidum 2715 increased in the fermented whole milks during the first 3 d of storage at 4 degrees C. However, such counts did not change in unfermented milk, except for B. longum 15707, which showed an increase in viable counts after 12 d of storage. Viability of all species in both fermented and unfermented milks was unaffected during refrigerated storage for 15 d. All species except B. longum 15707 showed higher proteolytic activity in fermented camel milk than in bovine milk. However, proteolytic activity of all species except B. breve 2258 started at d 9 in unfermented camel milk only and increased sharply until the end of the storage period.

Al-Ani, F.K.; Al-Shareefi, M.R. Studies on mastitis in lactating one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iraq. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 121-124. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, mastitis, mammary glands, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermides, E. coli, Streptococcus, Micrococcus ssp., Pasteurella hemolytica, Corynebacterium pyrogenes, Iraq.

Ali, B.H.; Y.C. Wong; G.A. Alhadrami; B.G. Charles; A.K. Bashir. Plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular furosemide in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Jan/Feb 1998. 64 (1): 69-72. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, furosemide, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, pharmacokinetics, electrolytes, blood plasma.
Abstract: Single bolus intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) doses of furosemide (1.5 mg kg-1) were administered in a crossover design to three female and three male adult, dromedary camels. Plasma furosemide concentrations were assayed by HPLC and sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations were measured using ion-selective electrodes. Plasma furosemide concentration-time plots indicated multi-compartment disposition, and there was considerable intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters. The mean (SD) i.v. terminal elimination half-life was 118 (67) minutes. The systemic clearance was 5.4 (1.2) ml min-1 kg-1, and the steady-state volume of distribution was 0.43 (0.14) litre kg-1. The mean absorption time after i.m. dosing was 33 (62) minutes, while the absolute bioavailability was 71(20) per cent. The glucuronide metabolite of furosemide was not detected in plasma. Clearance was lower, volume of distribution was larger, and half-life was longer compared with published data for dogs, horses, rats and humans. Plasma potassium and sodium concentrations were significantly diminished (P<0.05) by an average of 35.6 per cent (two to six hours post-dose) and 11.3 per cent (eight hours post-dose), respectively. Plasma chloride concentrations were not significantly affected by furosemide administration.

Bengoumi, M.; A.K. Essamadi; J.C. Tressol; J.P. Chacornac; B. Faye. Comparative effects of selenium supplementation on the plasma selenium concentration and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in cattle and camels. Animal Science. Midlothian, U.K.: British Society of Animal Science. Dec 1998. 67 (pt.3): 461-466. ISSN: 1357-7298
NAL Call no.: SF1.A56
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cattle, species differences, mineral supplements, blood plasma, selenium, dietary minerals, erythrocytes, glutathione peroxidase, enzyme activity, mineral metabolism, comparative study, Morocco.

Bengoumi, M.; A.K. Essamadi; J.C. Tressol; B. Faye. Comparative study of copper and zinc metabolism in cattle and camel. Biological Trace Element Research. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. Aug 1998. 63 (2): 81-94. ISSN: 0163-4984
NAL Call no.: QP534.B56
Descriptors: camels, cattle, Zn, zinc, Cu, copper, nutrient requirements, mineral nutrition, mineral metabolism, species differences.

Bengoumi, M.; Faye, B.; Tressol, J.C. Composition minerale du lait de chamelle du Sud marocain. [Mineral composition of the camel milk from southern Morocco] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 145-149. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, composition, minerals, blood plasma, animal nutrition, Morocco.

Bonnet, Pascal. CIRAD (Organization). Dromadaires et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Colloques; 1264-112X. Colloques (Cirad (Organization)). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p., ix p. of plates: ill. (some col.), maps. ISBN: 2876143070
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, conference, dairy animals.

El Sawalhy, A.; J.R. Seed. Diagnosis of trypanosomiasis in experimental mice and field-infected camels by detection of antibody to trypanosome tyrosine aminotransferase. Journal of Parasitology. Lawrence, Kan.: American Society of Parasitologists. Dec 1998. 84 (6): 1245-1249. ISSN: 0022-3395
NAL Call no.: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: Trypanosoma evansi, mice, dromedary camels, infections, experimental infections, immunodiagnosis, tyrosine, aminotransferases, enzyme activity.

Elagamy, E.I. Camel's colostrum. Antimicrobial factors. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 177-180. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, colostrum, immunoglobulin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, Egypt.

Elamin, E.A.; M.O.A. El Bashir; E.M.A. Saeed. Prevalence and infection pattern of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in mid-eastern Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Apr 1998. 30 (2): 107-114. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, serological surveys, trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma evansi, disease prevalence, ELISA, diagnostic techniques, hematocrit, age differences, sex differences, nomadism, agro-pastoral systems, dry season, wet season, buf fy coat, Sudan.

Elmahdi, Barakat E.M. Comparative Aspects of Glucose Metabolism in Camels, Sheep, Horses and Ponies. [Hannover: s.n., 1998?] iv, 101 p.: ill
NAL Call no.: DISS F1998052
Discriptors: camels, sheep, horses, comparative metabolic studies.

Farah, Z.; Streiff, T. Processing options for camel's milk: field studies in north-eastern Kenya. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 151-154. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, butter, cultured milk, dairy, Kenya.

Field, C.R.; Tullu, D.; McLeod, A. Condensed camel's milk: a new approach to food security in Kenya. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 227-235. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, camel's milk, evaporated milk, food security, pastoralism, arid zones, semiarid zones, Kenya.

Gameel, A.A.; A.A. Hegazy; N. Yassein. Primary bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Mar 7, 1998. 142 (10): 252. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adenocarcinoma, lungs, histopathology, case reports, Saudi Arabia.

Gharaibeh, N.S.A. N-ethylmaliemide (NEM)-stimulated potassium transport in camel erythrocytes. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. Sept 1998. 156 (2): 145-148. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: camels, erythrocytes, potassium, ion transport, N-ethylmaleimide.

Gnan, S.O.; Mohamed, M.O.; Shereha, A.M.; Igwegbe, A.O. Antimicrobial activity of camel's milk. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 185-187. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, cow, milk, antimicrobial activity, Libya.

Gnan, S.O.; Mohamed, M.O.; Shereha, A.M.; Igwegbe, A.O. Fermentation ability of camel's milk. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 173-176. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, cow, milk, lactic fermentation, Libya.

Heller, M.; D. Anderson; F. Silveira. Streptococcal peritonitis in a young dromedary camel. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. Apr 1998. 76 (4): 253-254. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, peritonitis, septicemia, treatment, case reports.

Hadi, A.A.A.; I.A. Wasfi; A.K. Bashir; F.A. Gadir. Pharmacokinetics of streptomycin in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Dec 1998. 21 (6): 494-496. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, streptomycin, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, dosage.

Hosseini, S.H.; A. Eslami. Morphological and developmental characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus derived from sheep, cattle and camels in Iran. Journal of Helminthology. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. Dec 1998. 72 (4): 337-341. ISSN: 0022-149X
NAL Call no.: 436.8 J82
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, cestode larvae, developmental stages, parasitic nematodes, intermediate hosts, strains, experimental infections, dogs, biological development, species differences, sheep, cattle.

Hulsebusch, C.G.; Kaufmann, B.A.; Atkins, D.J.; Evans, J.O. Milk production of Somali and Turkana type dromedaries under semiarid conditions in Kenya. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 137-142. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: French summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, pastoralism, semiarid climate, Kenya.

Ibrahem, M.M.; P.S. Craig. Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Libya. Journal of Helminthology. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. Mar 1998. 72 (1): 27-31. ISSN: 0022-149X.
NAL Call no.: 436.8 J82
Descriptors: echinococcus, camels, meat animals, disease prevalence, zoonoses.

Indra, R.; Erdenebaatar, B. Camel's milk processing and its consumption patterns in Mongolia. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 257-261. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: camel, Camelus bactrianus, milk, milk products, processing, Mongolia.

Ismail, M.D.; Mutairi, S.E. Al. Milk production potential of dairy camels in northern Saudi Arabia. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 35-40. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, breed, lactation, Saudi Arabia.

Jacquiet, P.; Dia, M.L.; Cheikh, D.; Thiam, E.; Aminetou, M.M. Parasitisme et production laitiere. [Parasites in milk production.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 41-45. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, ruminant, parasitic diseases, milk production, lactation, reproduction, Mauritania.

Kamoun, M. Approche pratique des besoins energetiques, azotes et hydriques des Negga (Camelus dromedarius) en lactation. [A practical approach on the needs of energy from nitrogen and hydrogen, of the Necca camel during lactation.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 47-54. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with and English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Negga dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, animal nutrition, pregnancy, lactation, growth, Tunisia.

Kappeler, S.; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Sequence analysis of Camelus dromedarius milk caseins. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. May 1998. 65 (2): 209-222. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedaries, camel milk, casein, protein composition, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, beta casein, kappa casein, alphas1 casein, alphas2 casein, species differences, molecular conformation, phosphorylation, molecular sequence data.
Abstract: alpha s1-, alpha s2-, beta- and kappa-caseins from Somali camels (Camelus dromedarius) were purified by acid precipitation at pH 4.4, crudely separated into an alpha-CN and a beta-CN fraction and further purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Fragments of tryptic digests were sequenced. Amino acid patterns obtained were used to screen a cDNA library constructed from mRNA from lactating udder tissue. Full length clones corresponding to the four caseins were sequenced. The numbers of residues in the sequences deduced were alpha s1-CN 207, alpha s2-CN 178, beta-CN 217, kappa-CN 162. Percentage similarity to bovine proteins was alpha s1-CN A 39, alpha s2-CN 56, beta-CN 64, kappa-CN 56. Acid-precipitated casein of pooled milk was separated by reversed-phase HPLC and monitored at 220 nm, and its composition, estimated from peak integration, was (g/kg total casein) alpha s1-CN 220, alpha s2-CN 95, beta-CN 650, kappa-CN 35. Degrees of phosphorylation and glycosylation were determined by laser ionization mass spectrometry and sequence pattern analysis. Molecular masses determined were (kDa) alpha s1-CN A, 24.755 and 24.668; alpha s1-CN B, 25.293; alpha s2-CN 21.993; beta-CN, 24.900; kappa-CN 22.294-22.987. The pH values of the most probable isoelectric points were: alpha s1-CN A 6P 4.41, alpha s1-CN B 6P 4.40, alpha s2-CN 9P 4.58, beta-CN 4P 4.66, kappa-CN 1P, with ten sialic acid residues bound, 4.10.

Karue, C.N. The dairy characteristics of the Kenyan camel. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 55-60. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, dairy cow, milk production, lactation, milking, animal nutrition, pastoralism, Kenya.

Khanna, N.D.; Sahani, M.S.; Rai, A.K. The camel as a milk animal: an Indian experience. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 95-100. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, colostrum, chemical composition, milk production, milking, animal nutrition, body weight, India.

Kumar, R.; A.P. Singh; M. Kapoor; A.K. Rai. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and dosage regimen of sulphadiazine (SDZ) in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Oct 1998. 21 (5): 393-399. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sulfadiazine, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, dosage, intravenous injection, oral administration, half life.

Larsson-Raznikiewicz, M.; Mohamed, M.A. Camel's (Camelus dromedarius) milk: properties important for processing procedures and nutritional value. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p. Chapter pagination: 189-196. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk casein, coagulation, cheese, Somalia.

Li, Yunzhang; Yang, Xiaoye; Xing, Zhengui; Hao, Lujun. [Observations on the life habits of Cephalopina titillator from Bactrian camels.]  Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. January 1998, 28 (1): 5-7; Sum. 245. ISSN:  1000-6419. Note:  In Chinese.
Descriptors: Cephalopina titillator (Oestridae), isolates from Bactrian camel host, biology, life history.

Marichatou, H.; Matinat, N.; Lecompte, F.; Bonnin, G.; Anouassi, A.; Combarnous, Y. Production and characterization of reference preparations for pituitary hormones from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius): camLH, camFSH, camGH and cam PRL and setting-up of homologous immunoassays (RIA and ELISA) for cam PRL. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 129-136. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, hormone, pituitary gland, immunology, ELISA, lactation, reproduction.

Minoia, P.; Garicci, A.C.; Massari, S.; Bozzetti, M.; Dell'Aquila, M.E.; Lacalandra, G.M. Isolation and characterization of dromedary camel K-casein cDNA. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 155-158. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, casein, PCR, gene.

Moslah, M. La production laitiere du dromadaire en Tunisie. [Milk production of the Dromedary in Tunisia.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 61-65. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in English.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Maghrebi dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, lactation, animal nutrition, rangeland, Tunisia.

Nazifi, S.; K. Maleki. Biochemical analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult camels (Camelus dromedarius). Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. July/Aug 1998. 65 (1): 83-84. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood serum, blood chemistry, cerebrospinal fluid, chemical composition, enzymes, enzyme activity, normal values.
Abstract: The concentrations of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, copper, magnesium, and iron and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), creatine kinase (CK) and amylase were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 21 clinically healthy adult camels. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in CSF were similar to those of serum, whereas the values for all other constituents were significantly higher (P<0.05) in serum than in CSF.

Ochirkhuyag, B.; J.M. Chobert; M. Dalgalarrondo; Y. Choiset; T. Haertle. Characterization of whey proteins from Mongolian yak, khainak, and Bactrian camel. Journal of Food Biochemistry. Trumbull, Conn.: Food and Nutrition Press Inc. June 1998. 22(2): 105-124. ISSN: 0145-8884.
NAL Call no.: TX545.J6
Descriptors: yaks, Bactrian camels, dromedary camels, ruminants, milk proteins, amino acids, amino acid sequences, fractionation, comparisons, alpha lactalbumin, amino acid composition, molecular sequence data, N-terminal amino acid sequences, comparative study.
Abstract: The composition of whey proteins from ruminant Mongolian domestic animals was analyzed and a comparative study between camel (Camelus bactrianus) and dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) was made. Whey proteins were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence determination. The main components of wheys of yak and khainak were nearly identical with their bovine counterparts. Three different forms of alpha-lactalbumin were isolated in the whey of Camelus bactrianus and two from Camelus dromedarius. As shown by classical biochemical and immunological studies, beta-lactoglobulin was absent from whey of both Camelus. Camel whey basic protein (CWBP), having no analogy with known milk and nonmilk proteins, was identified in the whey of Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius and its N-terminal sequence was determined.

Omer, O.H.; M. Magzoub; E.M. Haroun; O.M. Mahmoud; Y.M. Abdel-Hamid. Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) by the passive haemagglutination test and Ag-ELISA. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag. Dec 1998. 45 (10): 627-633. ISSN: 0931-1793.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: dromedary, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, hemagglutination tests, ELISA, immunodiagnosis, antibodies, antigens, experimental infections, seroconversion, blood serum, serology, surveys, age differences, parasitology, Saudi Arabia.

Simpkin, S.P. Traditional camel management methods in Kenya with special reference to milk production. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p. Chapter pagination: 67-78. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, animal husbandry method, milk production, milking, animal nutrition, breed, animal health, reproduction, Kenya.

Skidmore, J.A.; G.R. Starbuck; G.E. Lamming; W.R. Allen. Control of luteolysis in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Cambridge, U.K. Nov 1998. 114 (2): 201-209. ISSN: 0022-4251.
NAL Call no.: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: dromedary camels, white blood cells, cell lysis.

Wangoh, J.; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Iso-electric focusing of camel milk proteins. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. July 1998. 8 (7): 617-621. ISSN: 0958-6946.
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milk composition, proteins, casein, whey protein, isoelectric focusing, genetic polymorphism, breed differences, amino acid sequences.

Wardeh, M.F. Dairy camel breeds in the Arab Countries. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 125-128. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk yielding animals, breed, classification, Algeria, Libya, Sudan.

Wasfi, I.A.; N.S. Boni; A.A. Abdel-Hadi; M. Elghazali; O. Zorob; N.A. Alkatheeri; I.M. Barezaiq. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of flunixin after intravenous administration in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 1998. 21 (3): 203-208. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, flunixin, intravenous injection, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, dosage effects, metabolites, urine, detection, time, half life.

Wasfi, I.A.; M. Elghazali; A.A.A. Hadi; O. Zorob; N.S. Boni; N.A. Alkatheeri; I.M. Barezaiq. Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid and its detection time in urine after intravenous administration of the drug in camels (Camelus dromedarius). American Journal of Veterinary Research. Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. Nov 1998. 59 (11): 1451-1458. ISSN: 0002-9645
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: dromedary camels, non steroidal antiinflammatory agents, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, urine, detection, metabolites, intravenous injection, drug residues, racing animals.

Wernery, U.; Haydn-Evans, J.; Kinne, J. Amprolium-induced cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in dromedary racing camels. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag. Aug 1998. 45 (6): 335-343. ISSN: 0931-1793
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: dromedary camels, racing animals, amprolium, barley, feeds, hay, thiamin phosphates, blood chemistry, histopathology, clinical aspects, symptoms, potassium, anemia, blood sugar, glucose, enzymes, muscles, leukocyte count, hematology.

Zhang, L.H.; J.J. Chai; W. Jiao; Y. Osman; D.P. McManus. Mitochondrial genomic markers confirm the presence of the camel strain (G6 genotype) of Echinococcus granulosus in north-western China. Parasitology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jan 1998. 116 (pt.1): 29-33. ISSN: 0031-1820.
NAL Call no.: 448.8 P21
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, strains, genotypes, man, sheep, cattle, camels, zoonoses, mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome C oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, structural genes, nucleotide sequences, restriction fragment length polymorphism, genetic markers, echinococcosis, Xinjiang, COI gene, NDI gene, molecular sequence data, sequence alignment.

Zhao, X.X. Milk production of Chinese Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 101-105. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus, milk production, China.

Zhao, X.X.; Y. Zhang; B.X. Chen. Serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations during pregnancy of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Theriogenology. New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science Inc. Sept 1998. 50 (4): 595-604. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, pregnancy, blood serum, progesterone, estradiol, ovulation, gestation period.
Abstract: Serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol during pregnancy in the Bactrian camel were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum progesterone concentrations increased by 15 d after artificial insemination(AI) and remained elevated throughout most of gestation, the mean concentrations (3.06+/-0.49 to 8.51+/-4.80 ng/mL) were similar to those reported for many species during the same stage of pregnancy. Serum 17 beta estradiol increased significantly from 11 mo of pregnancy with peak mean concentrations of 617.47+/-32.56 pg/mL at the 11.5 mo.

Zia-Ur-Rahman; Straten, M.V.; Haq, I.U. Blood biochemical, hormonal profiles and mild composition of low and high yielding camel. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p. Chapter pagination: 163-165. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, milk, hormone, urea, fatty acid, Pakistan.

Zia-Ur-Rahman; Straten, M.V. Milk production and composition in lactating camels injected with recombinating bovine somatotropin. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 159-161. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, milk production, chemical composition, somatotropin, Pakistan.

Zia-Ur-Rahman; Haq, I.U. Milk production potential of camels in Punjab (Pakistan). Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 107-109. ISBN: 2876143070. SSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, chemical composition, animal nutrition, Pakistan.

1997

Abdel-Rahim, S.E.A. Studies on the age of puberty of male camels (Camelus dromedaries [sic]) in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. July 1997. 154 (1): 79-83. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Najdi, Mojaheem, Wadah, age, puberty, sexual development, sexual maturity, body weight, testes, diameter, penis, semen characters, mating ability, comparison study, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: Aspects of sexual development and attainment of sexual and breeding maturity were studied in two groups of Najdi camels (Mojaheem and Wadah), maintained in stalls under good nutritional conditions. Body weight, testes diameter and degree of penile freedom were recorded weekly. Sexual maturity was assessed by the examination of semen collected by an artificial vagina. Puberty was defined as the stage when the animal was able to produce viable sperms. Mating, followed by strong jerks and ejaculation of mature sperms, was taken to indicate onset of breeding maturity. Mojaheem camels reached sexual maturity at a significantly younger age and heavier weight (164 weeks and 360 kg) than Wadah camels (182 weeks and 336.5 kg) (P < 0.001). Complete separation of the penis from preputial adhesions occurred at an average age of 138.6 weeks in both breeds. At the point of sexual maturity, the mean percentage of live spermatozoa was 65.1 +/- 5.2 while percentage of abnormal sperms was 17.6 +/- 2.2; total motility was 40 +/- 16% and progressive motility (48 +/- 12.2% (semen pH range 7.8-8.2). The percentage of live sperm was 65 +/- 1.5 (normal sperms 82 +/- 4). It is suggested that the encouragement of rapid growth during the pubertal period in camels managed under good nutritional and environmental conditions could assist early sexual development and breeding maturity.

Adeghate, E. Immunohistochemical identification of pancreatic hormones, neuropeptides and cytoskeletal proteins in pancreas of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Morphology. New York, N.Y.: Wiley Liss. Feb 1997. 231 (2): 185-193. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pancreatic hormones, identification techniques, insulin, glucogon, atrial natriuretic peptide, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, neurofilament-200 protein, S-100 protien, vimentin,
Abstract: The patterns of distribution of insulin (INS), glucagon (GLU), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), neuropeptide-Y (NPY), cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), neurofilament-200 protein (NF), S-100 protein (S-100), and vimentin (VIM) in the pancreas of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. INS-immunoreactive cells were observed in the central and peripheral parts of the islets of Langerhans, but some solitary INS-positive cells were found outside the islets. INS-positive cells constituted 44.26-90.91% [mean +/- standard deviation (std): 67.34 +/- 14.20] of the total number of islet cells. GLU-immunopositive cells were located mainly in the peripheral region of the islets, and they constituted 11.43-44.44% [mean +/- std: 23.54 +/- 8.27] of the total number of islet cells. ANP and CCK-8 immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and perivascular nerves fibers. NPY was identified in pancreatic neurons and in some peripheral and central cells of the islets of Langerhans. VIM immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and the nerves located in the perivascular, interlobular and periacinar regions. VIM was also detected immunohistochemically in the periductal nerves of the pancreas. NF occurred only in nerves. S-100 was discerned mainly in the nerves of the interlobular connective tissue and in nerves lying close to blood vessels and acinar tissue. It is concluded that INS, GLU, ANP, NPY, CCK-8, NF, S-100, and VIM are well distributed in the pancreas of the camel.

Agarwal, S.P.; A.K. Rai; N.D. Khanna. Induction of sexual activity in female camels during the nonbreeding season. Theriogenology. New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science Inc. Jan 15, 1997. 47 (2): 591-600. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, induced ovulation, conception rate, anestrus females, synthetic progestogens, chorionic gonadotropin, LH, eCG, hCG, GnRH, blood serum, estradiol, progesterone, corpus luteum, standing reflex, hydroxyprogesterone-hexanoate.
Abstract: Sixteen anestrous adult female camels (Camelus dromedarius) in good health and with inactive ovaries were selected from the herd during the month of June (non-breeding season). The camels were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. To induce ovarian activity, camels in Groups I, II and III were given an intramuscular injection of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate followed by 1000 IU eCG on days 2 and 3 of treatment. The camels were mated on Day 5 after the last eCG injection. Ovulation in Groups II and III was induced by intravenous administration of 3000 IU hCG and 40 mcg GnRH, respectively. Group IV was administered saline and served as the control. Periodic examinations per rectum were performed to explore the status of the ovaries. Blood samples were collected at 8 different stages and sera were analyzed for estradiol 17-B and progesterone using specific RIA kits. All camels in the control and treated groups were mated successfully. Levels of estradiol 17-B did not exhibit any particular trend. Blood progesterone levels suggested ovulation in 2 camels (50%) in Group I and in 3 camels (75%) in each of Groups of II and III. This was confirmed by presence of CL in the ovary during per rectum examination. No camel ovulated in the control group. One camel conceived in each of Groups I and III.

Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management. The Camel (Camelus dromedarius). SCARM report; no. 61. Model code of practice for the welfare of animals. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO, 1997. v, 17 p. ISBN: 0643062823.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2A37 1997
Descriptors: animal welfare, camels, care and management, Code of Practice, Australia, New Zealand.

Ali, B.H.; G.A. Alhadrami; A.K. Bashir. Furosemide-induced changes in plasma and blood volume of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Dec 1997. 20 (6): 483-486. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, furosemide, blood plasma, blood volume, blood proteins, hematocrit, diuresis, urine, dosage effects, intravenous injection, drug effects, plasma total solids.

Assad, F.; M.T. Bayoumi; H.S. Khamis. Impact of long-term administration of saline water and protein shortage on the haemograms of camels and sheep. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Sept 1997. 37 (1): 71-81. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, sheep, blood profiles, salt water effects, long term exposure, Egypt.

Cui, S.; Z.M. Xie. Gross anatomy of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve of the head and cranial neck region in the Bactrian camel. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. May 1998. 155 (3): 317-322. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, neuroanatomy, peripheral nerves, vagus nerve, head and neck, accessory nerve, cervical nerves.
Abstract: Seven heads and necks of Bactrian camels were dissected to investigate the origin, course, branches and distribution of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve in the cranial cervical region. The spinal root and external branch of the accessory nerve were not present, but there was a delicate communicating branch between the dorsal root of the first cervical nerve and the root of the vagus nerve. The sternocephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve while the brachiocephalic and trapezius muscles were supplied by the sixth and seventh cervical nerves. In the head and cranial cervical region of the Bactrian camel the vagus nerve gave off the auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, cranial laryngeal nerve, a common trunk to the larynx, oesophagus and trachea, and some communicating branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, first cervical nerves and the cranial cervical ganglion.

Dunnett, M.; R.C. Harris; M.Z. Soliman; A.S.S. Suwar. Carnosine, anserine and taurine contents in individual fibres from the middle gluteal muscle of the camel. Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. May/June 1997. 62 (3): 213-216. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, gluteus muscles, muscle fibers, carnosine, anserine, dipeptides, taurine, chemical composition.
Abstract: High muscle carnosine and anserine contents contribute significantly to intra-cellular physico-chemical buffering. Our aim was to measure carnosine, anserine and taurine contents directly in individual type I, IIA and IIB fibres from the middle gluteus muscle of the camel. Mean carnosine contents in type I, IIA and IIB were 24.6 +/- 9.2, 39.4 +/- 11.4 and 42.8 +/- 18.8 mmol kg-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. Mean anserine contents in type I, IIA and IIB fibres were 30.0 +/- 8.4, 37.3 +/- 10.1 and 34.5 +/- 9.7 mmol kg-1 dw, respectively. Mean taurine contents in type I, IIA and IIB fibres were 42.4 +/- 15.9, 20.3 +/- 12.9 and 24.7 +/- 15.9 mmol kg-1 dw, respectively. Higher carnosine contents in type II fibres emphasise the importance of carnosine to intra-muscular acid-base regulation. A specific role for taurine in type I fibres is unclear.

Elmahdi, B.; H.P. Sallmann; H. Fuhrmann; W. von Engelhardt; M. Kaske. Comparative aspects of glucose tolerance in camels, sheep, and ponies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier Science Inc. Sept 1997. 118A (1): 147-151.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, ponies, sheep, comparison study, blood plasma glucose levels, intravenous glucose tolerance, cellular insulin levels.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to gain information about factors responsible for the higher level of plasma glucose in camels as compared to sheep and ponies. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was carried out with four camels, four ponies, and four sheep by infusing 1 mmol glucose per kg body weight intravenously within 3 min. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were estimated in venous plasma samples taken before and within 6 hr after infusion. Basal glucose values were higher in camels (7.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) than in ponies (4.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/l) and sheep (3.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). The rate of glucose elimination was markedly lower in camels (0.270 +/- 0.018 hr-1) than in sheep (0.804 +/- 0.036 hr-1) and ponies (0.858 +/- 0.084 hr-1). The insulin response after glucose infusion was more pronounced in ponies and sheep than in camels. Concentrations of NEFA in plasma dropped 30 min after the infusion in all species, however, NEFA level decreased slower in camels than in sheep and ponies. It is concluded that the markedly higher plasma concentration of glucose in camels compared to sheep and ponies may be caused by a poorer insulin response and/or a reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin.

Elsheikh, H.A. A comparative study of some drug metabolizing enzymes in lungs of dromedary camels, Desert sheep and Nubian goats. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Dec 1997. 20 (6): 496-498. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Desert sheep, Nubian goats, lungs enzymes, drug metabolism, enzyme activity, sex differences, species differences, protein content.

Gorban, A.M.S.; O.M. Izzeldin. Mineral content of camel milk and colostrum. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aug 1997. 64 (3): 471-474. ISSN: 0022-0299
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camel milk, colostrum, mineral content, milk composition.

Kadir, A.; B.H. Ali; G. Al Hadrami; A.K. Bashir; M.F. Landoni; P. Lees. Phenylbutazone pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Feb 1997. 20 (1): 54-60. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, phenylbutazone, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, oxyphenbutazone, thromboxanes.

Kaluz, S.; M. Kaluzova; A.P.F. Flint. Sequencing analysis of prion genes from red deer and camel. Gene. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Oct 15, 1997. 199 (1/2): 283-286. ISSN: 0378-1119
NAL Call no.: QH442.A1G4
Descriptors: camels, red deer, Cervus elaphus, structural genes, animal proteins, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, open reading frames, species differences.

Kamal, M.A. Effect of sevin on kinetic parameters of camel retina acetylcholinesterase. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. Marrickville, N.S.W., Australia: Academic Press. June 1997. 42 (2): 235-246. ISSN: 1039-9712
NAL Call no.: QD415.A1B52
Descriptors: camels, sevin insecticide effects, kinetic parameters, retina membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase.
Abstract: The present investigation addresses the effect of sevin (insecticide) on kinetic parameters of camel retina membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7). The Michaelis-Menten constant (Ks) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide (ASCh) by AChE was 0.072 mM in the control system, a value decreased by 38-55% in the sevin treated systems. The Vmax was 0.967 micromoles/min/mg protein for the control system while it was decreased by 50-84% in the sevin treated systems. The Lineweaver-Burk plot, Dixon plot, and their secondary replots indicated that the nature of the inhibition was of the linear mixed type, i.e. uncompetitive and noncompetitive. The values of Ki(slope) and KI(intercept) were estimated as 6.194 and 2.811 micr omolar, respectively. The turnover number (Kcat) and specificity constant (Ksp) were 74.65 min-1 and 10.37 X 10(5)(M. min)-1 in the control system respectively, while the values for both parameters were significantly decreased in the sevin treated systems.

Kudi, A.C.; D.J.U. Kalla; M.C. Kudi; G.I. Kapio. Brucellosis in camels. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Oct 1997. 37 (2): 413-417. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: Brucella, infectious diseases, disease process, incidence, Nigeria.

Kumar, A.; N. Jindal. Rabies in a camel--a case report. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Feb 1997. 29 (1): 34. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, rabies, occurrence, case study, India.

Li, Yunzhang; Yang, Xiaoye; Zhu, Yongwang; Xing, Zhengui; Wu, Haiying; Tang, Shengming; Hao, Lujun; Baiyinwuliji.[Epidemiological investigation of immature Cephalopina titillator infestation in Bactrian camels.] Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. D ecember 1997, 27 (12): 11-12; Sum. 244. ISSN:  1000-6419. Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and an English summary.   
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, Cephalopina titillator (Oestridae), Camelus bactrianus, epidemiology of immature stages, infestation levels, Alashen district, Nei Mongol.

Mukhwana, E.J.; E.S. Mitema. Comparative efficacy of three anthelmintics against mixed gastrointestinal nematode infections in camels. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. May 1997. 29 (2): 99-101. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, albendazole, levamisole, thiophanate, nematode infections, helminth ova, drug efficacy, Kenya.

Ouma, J.O.; W. Olaho-Mukani; B.E.L. Wishitemi; S.O. Guya. Changes in classical pathway complement activity in dromedary camels experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. June 1997. 57 (1/2): 135-140. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, surra, parasitic disease, effects on blood complement levels, melarsomine treatment, hemolytic compliment activity, experimental infection, immunity.
Abstract: The complement system is known to have important effector functions in immune responses. However, its role in camel trypanosomosis has not been determined. The present study was undertaken to evaluate haemolytic complement activity in Trypanosoma evansi-infected and uninfected camels. Five dromedary camels were experimentally infected with T. evansi and classical pathway haemolytic complement activity was assayed. Parasitaemia and packed cell volume were also monitored. Following infection, classical pathway haemolytic complement showed a slight initial increase (7%) in all the camels. The amounts later dropped as the infection progressed and correlated negatively with parasitaemia. Haemolytic complement recovered following elimination of trypanosomes by treatment with melarsomine. Treatment of uninfected camels had no effect on complement. This study has demonstrated that complement concentration increases in the initial phase of infection followed by a drop as the infection progresses towards chronicity. In addition, the study has shown that activation of the classical complement pathway occurs in camels infected with T. evansi. Complement could therefore be involved in the in vivo control of parasitaemia in dromedary camels infected with T. evansi. Decreased complement levels in this species could lead to immunosuppression, widely reported in animal trypanosomosis.

Raza, H.; M.S. Lakhani; I. Ahmed; A. John; R. Morgenstern; W. Montague. Tissue specific expression of glutathione S-transferases, glutathione content and lipid peroxidation in camel tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Inc. Dec 1997. 118B (4): 829-835. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: camels, glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity, isoenzymes, toxic effects, immunohistochemistry, ethacrynic acid, xenobiotics.
Abstract: Differential expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity in various tissues of the camel was observed with a maximum activity in the liver. Compared with the rat and human livers, GST activity in camel liver was 50% lower than that of rat liver and similar to that of human liver. Extra-hepatic tissues in camel have a comparable GST activity with those of similar tissues in the rat. Assay of GST activity using ethacrynic acid as substrate demonstrated maximum activity in the camel brain followed by intestine, liver and kidney. Microsomal GST activity in camel tissues was expressed in the order of liver > testis > intestine approximately kidney approximately brain. Phenotyping of GST was performed in camel hepatic and extrahepatic tissues using human specific antibodies to class alpha, mu, and pi cytosolic GST isoenzymes and rat specific antibody to the microsomal GST. Western immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses showed an abundant expression of GST alpha and mu in the camel liver, while pi was very poorly expressed. Camel extrahepatic tissues however, had a significant expression of GST pi. The camel GST isoenzymes were found to be predominantly expressed in the hepatocytes around the central vein with a gradual decrease in expression in the hepatocytes located toward the periphery. Kidney cortex exhibited a greater expression of the enzyme protein in the proximal tubules as compared to the glomeruli. Glutathione (GSH) concentration in rat tissues, except in the brain, was about 2-fold higher than that of camel tissues. Rate of NADPH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation was comparable both in the rat and camel tissues with the highest activity in the brain and lowest activity in the intestine. The differential expression of GST isoenzymes in different organs of the camel, GSH concentration and the rate of lipid peroxidation in different tissues may be important factors in determining the differential susceptibility of camel tissues to the toxic effects of xenobiotics.

Teame, G. An assessment of the efficacy of deltamethrin with HCH for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in camels. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Feb 1997. 29 (1): 33-34. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, Sarcoptes, scabies, infestation, deltamethrin, HCH, drug efficacy, mange.

Wardeh, Muhammad F.; International Fund for Agricultural Development. Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands. Camel Applied Research and Development Network. The Nutrient Requirements of the Dromedary Camels. Damascus: Camel Applied Research and Development Network, 1997. 97 p.: col. ill.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2W37 1997
Descriptors: dromedary camels, feeding, feeds, nutrition requirements.

Zahran, A.S.; A.A. Al Saleh. Isolation and identification of protease-producing psychrotrophic bacteria from raw camel milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Highett, Victoria: Dairy Industry Association of Australia. Apr 1997. 52 (1): 5-7. ISSN: 0004-9433.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 Au74
Descriptors: camel milk, psychrotrophic bacteria, bacterial proteins, proteinases, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Saudi Arabia.

Yigezu, L.M.; F. Roger; M. Kiredjian; S. Tariku. Isolation of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (strangles agent) from an Ethiopian camel. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. June 7, 1997. 140 (23): 608. ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Streptococcus equi, isolation, outbreaks, symptoms, histopathology, pathogenicity, bacterial diseases, lesions, strangles, case reports, Ethiopia.

1996

Afza, M.; M. Sakir; M. Majid-Hussain. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection and Lymphadenitis (Taloa or Mala) in the camel. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. May 1996. 28 (2): 158-162. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, lymphadenitis, bacterial toxins, experimental infections, strain differences, toxicity, leukocyte count, dermo-necro toxicity, Abu Dhabi.

Alhomida, A.S. Total, free, short-chain and long-chain acyl carnitine levels in Arabian camel milk (Camelus dromedarius). Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. Basel; New York: Karger, 1981-. July/Aug 1996. 40 (4): 221-226. ISSN: 0250-6807
NAL Call no.: RM214.N8
Descriptors: dromedaries camels, milk, milk composition, acyl carnitine levels, nutrient content, species differences.

Al Senaidy, A.M. Distribution of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols within blood fractions of ruminants. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier Science Inc. Nov 1996. 115A (3): 223-227.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, cattle, sheep, alpha tocopherol, tocopherols, lipoproteins, erythrocytes, blood plasma, cholesterol, blood lipids, species differences, comparison study.
Abstract: This is a comparative study of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in plasma, red blood cells, and in lipoprotein fractions, and their interrelationships with plasma cholesterol and total lipids were studied in camel, cattle, and in sheep. Plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in cattle were significantly higher than in camel or sheep (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Erythrocytes of the three species contained similar amounts of both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Plasma tocopherols distributed equally between plasma lipoprotein fractions of camel and cattle, but sheep had significantly higher LDL/HDL tocopherol ratios than camel or cattle (P < 0.05). All species had similar plasma tocopherol to total lipid ratios, but varied in RBC-to-plasma tocopherol ratios where sheep had significantly the highest ratio (P < 0.05). Plasma cholesterol and total lipids were positively correlated with plasma alpha and gamma-tocopherol in all species, and were negatively correlated with alpha-tocopherol in the erythrocytes. gamma-Tocopherol in red blood cells correlated with cholesterol and total lipids negatively in camel and positively in cattle. The camel's unique adaptations to dehydration and rehydration may not be related to deference in vitamin E distribution within blood fractions. Plasma cholesterol level is probably the main determinant of blood tocopherol concentration and distribution pattern.

Ali, B.H.; Z. Cheng; G. El Hadrami; A.K. Bashir; Q.A. McKellar. Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its sulphate and glucuronide metabolites in desert camels and goats. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 1996. 19 (3): 238-244. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, goats, acetaminophen, metabolites, species differences, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, bioavailability, glucuronic acid, sulfates, comparison study.

Australian Camelid Veterinary Network. Camelid medicine & surgery: Friday 13 & 14 July 1996. Proceedings (University of Sydney. Post-Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science); 278. Sydney, South NSW: Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, [1996] viii, 339 p.: ill. ISBN: 1875582533
NAL Call no.: SF604.R37 no. 278
Descriptors: camelids, diseases, surgery, methods, treatment, conferences.

Azwai, S.M.; S.D. Carter; Z. Woldehiwet. Immunoglobulins of camel (Camelus dromedarius) colostrum. Journal of Comparative Pathology. London: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Apr 1996. 114 (3): 273-282. ISSN: 0021-9975
NAL Call no.: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, colostrum, colostral immunity, IGG, IGM, IGA, cross reaction, IGG1, IGG2, IGG3.

Ben-Zvi, Z.; E. Gussarsky; C. Van Creveld; R. Yagil. The bioavailability of febantel in dehydrated camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Aug 1996. 19 (4): 288-294. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, febantel, bioavailability, dehydration physiological, pastes, drug formulations, blood serum, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, metabolites, binding, blood proteins, febantel suspension, fenbendazole-sulfone.

Catley, A.P.; A. Aden. Use of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools for investigating tick ecology and tick-borne disease in Somaliland. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Feb 1996. 28 (1): 91-95. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: cattle, camels, tick infestations, tickborne diseases, rapid rural appraisal, seasonal fluctuations, ranking, rain, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, indigenous knowledge, Djibouti.

Daneji, A.I.; K.T.F. Djang; E.A. Ogunsan. Actinobacillus lignieresi infection in camels on the Sokoto plains, Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Nov 1996. 28 (4): 315-316. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Actinobacillus lignieresii, abscesses, head, culture media, Nigeria.

Elagamy, E.I.; R. Ruppanner; A. Ismail; C.P. Champagne; R. Assaf. Purification and characterization of lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and immunoglobulins from camel's milk. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. 1996. 6 (2): 129-145. ISSN: 0958-6946.
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: camels, milk, species differences, blood serum, IgG, IgA, IgM, lysozyme, SDS page, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, molecular weight, cross reaction, gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, purification.

Ibrahem, M.M.; P.S. Craig; A. McVie; K. Ersfeld; M.T. Rogan. Echinococcus granulosus antigen B and seroreactivity in natural ovine hydatidosis. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. Sept 1996. 61 (2): 102-106. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: sheep, camels, Echinococcus granulosus, hydatids, cysts, fluids, antigens, recombinant antigens, echinococcosis, ELISA, IgG, blood serum, detection, immunodiagnosis.
Abstract: Hydatid cyst fluid from sheep and camels infected with Echinococcus granulosus, together with partially purified preparations of hydatid fluid antigen B and a recombinant antigen B product, were tested in an ELISA for their ability to detect IgG antibodies against E. granulosus in the serum of naturally infected sheep. The antibody activity in sera from sheep naturally infected with Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis or Fasciola hepatica was also tested. All the antigen preparations from native hydatid cyst fluid were able to detect antibodies in the sera from a significant proportion of sheep with natural hydatid cyst infection, as identified by inspection at slaughter, although the seroreactivity was variable. The native antigen B preparation from camel hydatid cyst fluid gave the highest sensitivity in the ELISA (total 90 per cent), with 99 per cent specificity. In all cases, the recombinant antigen B was the least sensitive antigen (25 per cent) although it was highly specific (99 per cent).

Kaluz, S.; M. Kaluzova; A.P.F. Flint. Heterogeneity in the third intracytoplasmic region of the oxytoxin receptor-encoding gene. Gene. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. June 26, 1996. 172 (2): 313-314. ISSN: 0378-1119.
NAL Call no.: QH442.A1G4
Descriptors: camels, cats, cattle, red deer, donkeys, horses, man, mice, pigs, rats, sheep, hormone receptors, oxytocin receptor, amino acid sequences, biochemical polymorphism, species differences, nucleotide sequences, structural genes, molecular sequence data.
Abstract: The oxytocin receptor (OTR), a member of the seven-transmembrane domain guanine-nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) coupled receptor family plays a central role in lactation, ovarian cyclicity and reproductive behaviour. Recent cloning and sequencing unexpectedly revealed that the third intracytoplasmic region (3ICR) of the sheep receptor has 3 and 2 additional amino acids (aa) relative to the rat and human receptors, respectively. We have now confirmed, by sequencing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-derived genomic fragments coding for the OTR 3ICR from a variety of ruminant and non-ruminant species, that additional aa are a general phenomenon in ruminants.

Mehaia, M.A. Chemical composition of camel skim milk concentrated by ultrafiltration. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. July 1996. 6 (7): 741-752. ISSN: 0958-6946.
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: camels, skim milk, concentrated milk, ultrafiltration, ultrafiltration retentates, milk composition, milk fat, milk protein, ash, total solids, lactose, nitrogen, nitrogen content, mineral content, nutrient retention.

Obied, A.I.; H.O. Bagadi; M.M. Mukhtar. Mastitis in Camelus dromedarius and the somatic cell content of camels' milk. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. July 1996. 61 (1): 55-58. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, mastitis, mammary infections, somatic cell count, herds, disease prevalence, etiology, bacteria, leukocyte count, lactation stage, Sudan.
Abstract: Seven hundred and sixty-three camels from 400 herds of local Sudanese camel breeds were investigated for the prevalence of mastitis, identification of its bacterial causes and determination of the leucocyte contents of camel's milk. One hundred and forty-nine (19.5 per cent) of the 763 camels examined were diagnosed as mastitis cases based on clinical signs. One hundred and fifty-nine (47.3 per cent) of the 336 randomly selected milk samples were reactive in a rapid mastitis test and 16 of the 153 tested samples contained Brucella abortus agglutinating antibodies. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Aerobacter species and Escherichia coli were found to be the main causes of mastitis (in descending order). The leucocyte contents of the 757 milk samples ranged from <5 X 10(5) to >7.5 X 10(6) leucocyte ml-1 and 42.8 per cent of the samples contained <5 X 10(5) cells ml-1. Neither significant correlation between the leucocyte content of milk and isolated bacterial species nor significant variation in leucocyte contents during different stages of lactation were detected.

Olaho-Mukani, W.; J.M.N. Nyang'Ao.; J.O. Ouma. Use of Suratex for field diagnosis of patent and non-patent Trypanosoma evansi infections in camels. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Jan 1996. 152 (1): 109-111. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, latex agglutination test, diagnostic techniques, treatment, antigens, persistence, Kenya.

Omar Abdulkadir Sh. Abdurahman. Studies on Mastitis in the Camel: Cytological, Bacteriological and Diagnostic Aspects. Uppsala: Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1996. 1 v. (various pagings): ill. ISBN: 9157651051.
NAL Call no.: DISS F1996037
Descriptors: camels, diseases, physiology, camel milk, mastitis, pathogenic bacteria, diagnosis, disease process.

Oukessou, M.; M. Badri; J.F. Sutra; P. Galtier; M. Alvinerie. Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Oct 26, 1996. 139 (17): 424-425. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ivermectin, pharmacokinetics, subcutaneous injection, species differences.

Sell, Randall S. (Randall Scott); Aakre, Dwight G. (Dwight Gerard), NDSU Extension Service. Alternative Agriculture Series. Fargo, ND: NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, 1993. 18 v.: ill., map
NAL Call no.: S494.5.A65S44 1993
Descriptors: alternative agriculture, North Dakota.

Sheik, E.A.; Q. Rahim. Body condition scoring in camels. World Review of Animal Production. Rome: International Publishing Enterprises. Jan/June 1996. 31 (1/2): 41-48. ISSN: 0043-8979.
NAL Call no.: 49 W89
Descriptors: dromedary camels, body condition, body measurements, Saudi Arabia.

Skidmore, J.A.; M. Billah; W.R. Allen. Patterns of hormone secretion throughout pregnancy in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. Collingwood, Vic., Australia: CSIRO Australia. 1996. 8 (5): 863-869. ISSN: 1031-3613.
NAL Call no.: QP251.R47
Descriptors: dromedary camels, hormone profiles, reproductive biochemistry.

Vilmos, P.; E. Kurucz; I. Ocsovszki; G. Keresztes; I. Ando. Phylogenetically conserved epitopes of leukocyte antigens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Aug 1996. 52 (4): 415-426. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: camels, cattle, river buffalo, swine, humans, leucocyte antigens, conserved epitopes, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry.
Abstract: The occurrence of conserved epitopes in the immune system was investigated on the leukocytes of cattle, river buffalo, sheep, camel, swine and humans by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The distribution of the most conservative epitopes on leukocyte sub-populations suggests that the expression pattern of the proteins is similar. Western blotting experiments indicate that the recognized antigens are structural homologues.

1995

Afzal, M.; A. Saeed. Distribution of enzymes between different organs of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. May 1995. 72 (5): 195. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, organs, enzymes, enzyme activity, distribution.

Alhomida, A.S.; A.S. Duhaiman; A.A. Al Jafari; M.A. Junaid. Determination of L-carnitine, acylcarnitine and total carnitine levels in plasma and tissues of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1995. 111B (3): 441-445.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: camels, blood plasma, animal tissues, heart, liver, composition, carnitine, carnitine acetyltransferase, lipid metabolism, oxidation, fatty acid beta oxidation.
Abstract: The total, free and acyl carnitine levels were measured in plasma and tissues of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Significant variation in carnitine concentrations were observed in plasma and tissues of the camel when compared with other animal species. A higher proportion of acyl carnitine was found in plasma and skeletal muscle of the camel than other animal species. Among the camel tissues, skeletal muscle possessed the highest amount of carnitine while the lowest amount was found in kidney. The higher carnitine content and a higher proportion of acyl carnitine in plasma and tissues of the Arabian camel suggest an adaptive mechanism that could be common to desert animal species.

Azwai, S.M.; S.D. Carter; Z. Woldehiwet. Monoclonal antibodies against camel (Camelus dromedarius) IgG, IgM and light chains. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Mar 1995. 45 (1/2): 175-184. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, monoclonal antibodies, IgG, IgM, hybridomas, lymphocytes, cell fusion, ELISA, SDS page, immunoblotting, ascites, mice, lymph nodes, polypeptides, heavy and light chains.

Ben Zvi, Z.; G. Goldin; C. van Creveld; R. Yagil. Lidocaine elimination and monoethylglycinexylidide formation in the dehydrated camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Dec 1995. 18 (6): 442-445. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, lidocaine, drug metabolism, metabolites, dehydration, water deprivation, physiological, liver function, pharmacokinetics, blood flow.

Boyd, Eva Jolene. Noble Brutes: Camels on the American Frontier. Plano, Tex.: Republic of Texas Press, c1995. xx, 255 p.: ill. ISBN: 155622379X
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2B69 1995
Descriptors: camels, American Southwest, 19th century, animal introductions, frontier and pioneer life, history, expeditions.

Dawood, A.A.; M.A. Alkanhal. Nutrient composition of Najdi camel meat. Meat Science. Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited. 1995. 39 (1): 71-78. ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call no.: TX373.M4
Descriptors: camel meat, meat cuts, proximate analysis, amino acids, mineral content, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, moisture content, crude protein, fat, ash, livers as food, heart as food, kidneys as food, camels, age differences.

Dawood, A.A. Physical and sensory characteristics of Najdi camel meat. Meat Science. Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited. 1995. 39 (1): 59-69. ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call no.: TX373.M4
Descriptors: camel meat, camels, age differences, cooking losses, shear, losses, tenderness, flavor, organoleptic traits, moisture, meat cuts, freezing, roasting, cooking methods, ground camel meat burgers, drip loss, juiciness, expressible moisture.

Duhaiman, A.S.; N. Rabbani; A.A. AlJafari; A.S. Alhomida. Purification and characterization of zeta-crystallin from the camel lens. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Oct 13, 1995. 215 (2): 632-640. ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL Call no.: 442.8 B5236
Descriptors: camels, eye lens, zeta-crystallins, purification, characterization, physicochemical properties, kinetics.
Abstract: Zeta-crystallin a novel NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase was purified from the cortex of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) lens to homogeneity by Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration column and 2', 5' ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity column chromatography in the presence of dithiothreitol. The purified zeta-crystallin has a molecular weight of 140 kDa, as determined by Superose 12 gel filtration column. SDS-PAGE showed a single polypeptide band of molecular weight 35 kDa, suggesting that the native enzyme is composed of four identical subunits. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 7.6 on native polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme was purified 20-fold over homogenate with a specific activity of 26.0 Unit/mg protein, and an overall recovery of 53%. This enzyme was NADPH specific and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Km values for the reduction of 9,10-phenanthroquinone and oxidation of NADPH were 17 micromolar and 6.9 micromolar, respectively, at pH 7.8. The Vmax values of the enzyme for 9,10 phenanthroquinone and NADPH were 32 micromoles min-1 mg-1 protein and 22.7 micromoles min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively.

Farid, M.F.A. Nutrient requirements of dromedary camels: protein and energy requirements for maintenance. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. June 1995. 30 (2): 207-218. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, energy requirements, protein requirement, nutrient requirements, balance studies, metabolizable energy, nitrogen, nitrogen metabolism, animal nutrition, digested nitrogen, nitrogen requirements, nutritional maintenance.

Faye, B.; M. Rotavonanahary; J.P. Chacornac; P. Soubre. Metabolic profiles and risks of diseases in camels in temperate conditions. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Kidlington, Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1995. 112A(1): 67-73.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, female animals, metabolic profiles, biochemistry, animal health, diet, blood chemistry, temperate zones, farm surveys, protein, urea, glucose, free fatty acid, liver enzymes, minerals, ceruloplasmin, survey, France.
Abstract: A survey of 65 female camels has been conducted over a 1-year period in France to determine their metabolic profiles and to study the correlations between this profile and the feeding and health status in temperate conditions. The following parameters were measured: protein (albumin, globulin, total protein), urea, glucose, free fatty acid, liver enzymes (GLDH, GGT, GOT), minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) and ceruloplasmin. The values obtained were similar to those reported in desert areas throughout the world, but the standard deviation was generally higher. This important variation might be due to the large variability of feeding conditions: albumin (36.4 +/- 4.7 g/l), total globulin (32.7 +/- 5.1 g/l), total protein (69.2 +/- 6.1 g/l), urea (30.0 +/- 14.8 mg/100 ml), glucose (111.0 +/- 12.2 mg/100 ml), FFA (0.15 +/- 0.15 mmol/l), GLDH (5.8 +/- 10.8 IU/l), GGT (10.1 +/- 5.8 IU/l), GOT (48.1 +/- 14.3 IU/l), calcium (10.2 +/- 6.5 mg/100 ml), magnesium (2.6 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml), copper (65.4 +/- 20. 2 micrograms/100 ml), zinc (34.6 +/- 7.8 micrograms/100 ml), ceruplasmin (41.4 +/- 2.6 UO). The season, the mineral supplementation and the health status had a significant effect on the metabolic profile of the she-camels.

Gavrielli, R.; R. Yagil; G. Ziv; C.V. Creveld; A. Glickman. Effect of water deprivation on the disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Oct 1995. 18 (5): 333-339. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, enrofloxacin, water deprivation, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, oral administration, absorption, binding, drug excretion, urine, blood, milk.

Grigg, G.C.; A.R. Pople; L.A. Beard. Movements of feral camels in central Australia determined by satellite telemetry. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Dec 1995. 31 (4): 459-469. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, feral animals, behavior, telemetry studies, Australia.

Jobse, C.; J.B. Buntjer; N. Haagsma; H.J. Breukelman; J.J. Beintema; J.A. Lenstra. Evolution and recombination of bovine DNA repeats. Journal of Molecular Evolution. New York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag. Sept 1995. 41 (3): 277-283. ISSN: 0022-2844.
NAL Call no.: QH359.J6
Descriptors: camels, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, buffalo, repetitive DNA, satellite DNA, recombination, evolution, Tragulus javanicus, SINE elements.
Abstract: The history of the abundant repeat elements in the bovine genome has been studied by comparative hybridization and PCR. The Bov-A and Bov-B SINE elements both emerged just after the divergence of the Camelidae and the true ruminants. A 31-bp subrepeat motif in satellites of the Bovidae species cattle, sheep, and goat is also present in Cervidae (deer) and apparently predates the Bovidae. However, the other components of the bovine satellites were amplified after the divergence of the cattle and the Caprinae (sheep and goat). A 23-bp motif, which as subrepeat of two major satellites occupies 5% of the cattle genome, emerged only after the split of the water buffalo and other cattle species. During the evolution of the Bovidae the satellite repeat units were shaped by recombination events involving subrepeats, other satellite components, and SINE elements. Differences in restriction sites of homologous satellites indicate a continuing rapid horizontal spread of new sequence variants.

Klopries, M.; U. Wernery; O.R. Kaaden. Characterization of the camel skin cell line Dubca. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Sept/Oct 1995. 151 (5): 555-565. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: dromedary camels, skin fibroblast cell culture, Dubca cells, viral cell cultures, viruses, fetal origin, Camelpox virus (CaPV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), border disease virus (BDV).
Abstract: A skin fibroblast cell culture was established from a 2-month-old dromedary foetus. The cells were transformed by infection with SV40 and cloned in soft agar. The established cell line is now designated Dubca cells (Dubai camel) and has been in permanent culture for 95 passages. The cell culture was examined morphologically, chromosome preparations made and DNA fingerprinting performed by hybridization with the oligonucleotide probe (GTG)5. SV40 large T antigen was detected by western blotting. The viral host range was determined by infection with viruses of different families. Camelpox virus (CaPV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and border disease virus (BDV) could be propagated in these cells.

Kohler Rollefson, I. Camels in the land of kings. Natural History. New York, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History, 1919-. Mar 1995. 104 (3): 54-61. ISSN: 0028-0712
NAL Call no.: 500 N483J
Descriptors: camels, animal husbandry, pastoral society, cultural values, Rajasthan.

Nyang'ao, J.M.; W. Olaho-Mukani; J.M. Maribei; J.K. Omuse. Evaluation of the efficacy of melarsenoxyde cysteamine (Cymelarsan) in treatment of camels experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi using antigen trapping enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Dec 1995. 18 (6): 468-470. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, arsenicals, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, experimental infections, ELISA, diagnostic techniques, efficacy, drug therapy, antibody detection ELISA. microhematocrit centrifugation, mouse sub-inoculation.

Oatham, M.P.; M.K. Nicholls; I.R. Swingland. Manipulation of vegetation communities on the Abu Dhabi rangelands. I. The effects of irrigation and release from long-term grazing. Biodiversity and Conservation. London: Chapman & Hall, c1992-. 1995. 4 (7): 696-709. ISSN: 0960-3115.
NAL Call no.: QH75.A1B562
Descriptors: rangelands, plant communities, species diversity, sprinkler irrigation, grazing effects, camels, goats, desert plants, Stipagrostis plumosa, Zygophyllum, range management, arid regions, Abu Dhabi, species richness, Zygophyllum hamiense.

Olaho-Mukani, W.; J.N.M. Nyang'ao; J.K. Kimani; J.K. Omuse. Studies on the haemolytic complement of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). I. Classical pathway haemolytic activity in serum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. June 1995. 46 (3/4): 337-347. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, complement activation, age differences, sex differences, immune hemolysis, normal values, complement, hemolysins, species differences, pH, magnesium, cations, concentration, incubation duration.

Riad, F.; M.B. Goumi; M.J. Davicco; V. Coxam; J.C. Tressol; J.P. Barlet. Regulation of urinary phosphate excretion in camels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Kidlington, Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Ltd. Aug 1995. 111A (4): 577-581.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, urine, regulation, phosphorus excretion, phosphates, parathyrin, peptides, female animals, parathyrin related peptide, calcium excretion.
Abstract: Urinary inorganic phosphorus (P) excretion was measured in 16 adult female non-pregnant, non-lactating daily watered camels. They were randomly divided into four groups of four animals. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received either an i.v. infusion of phosphate or synthetic human parathyroid hormone (PTH) or PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), respectively. The fourth group was used as a control. Intravenous P loading induced a significant increase in phosphatemia and in P renal clearance. Both PTH and PTHrP increased calcemia and decreased phosphatemia. They had no significant effect on urinary calcium excretion, but they increased P renal clearance and phosphaturia. Thus, the regulation of urinary P excretion in normally watered camels looks similar to that already described in other ruminants.

Saeed, A.; M. Afzal, M.; S. Akhtar. Effect of storage on some constituents of camel serum. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association. June 1995. 72 (6): 212-215. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: camels, blood composition, blood, storage, temperature, cold storage, enzymes, enzyme activity, room temperature storage.

Wernery, Ulrich.; O.R. Kaaden. Infectious Diseases of Camelids. Berlin; Boston: Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, 1995. x, 138: col. ill., map ISBN: 3826330560.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3W413 1995
Descriptors: camels, diseases, handbooks, manuals.

Ziv, G.; C.V. Creveld; Z. Ben Zvi; A. Glickman; R. Yagil. Disposition kinetics of tylosin tartrate administered intravenously and intramuscularly to normal and water-deprived camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Aug 1995. 18 (4): 299-305. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, tylosin tartrate, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, water deprivation, drug excretion.

1994

A Hadi, A.A.; I.A. Wasfi; F.A. Gadir; M.H. Amiri; A.K. Bashir; J.D. Baggot. Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Feb 1994. 17 (1): 48-51. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, aminoglycoside antibiotics, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, dosage, absorption, half life.

Abdel Rahim, S.E.; K. Abdel Rahman; A.E. El Nazier. Production and reproduction of one-humped camels in the Al-Qasim region, Saudi Arabia. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 53-59. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, reproductive performance, age at first conception, sexual reproduction, nutrient requirements, grazing, feed intake, nutritive value, feed supplements, breeding season, animal husbandry, Saudi Arabia.

Aboul Ela, M.B. Reproductive performance of the one-humped camel under traditional management in the United Arab Emirates. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 47-51. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, reproductive performance, age at first mating, age at first calving, breeding season, days open, United Arab Emirates.

Akbar, S.J.; F.J. Derksen; A.M. Billah; U. Werney. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing camels. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Dec 24/31, 1994. 135 (26): 624-625. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: camels, racing animals, exercise, lung hemorrhage, respiratory diseases, racing performance.

Alshaikh, M.A.; M.S. Salah. Effect of milking interval on secretion rate and composition of camel milk in late lactation. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Nov 1994. 61 (4): 451-456. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camels, milking interval, camel milk, milk secretion, late lactation, milk composition, milk protein yield, solids not fat, total solids, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: The effect of milking interval on secretion rates of milk and milk constituents was studied in four milking camels during late lactation. An interval of 4 h produced the highest milk secretion rate compared with 8, 12 and 16 h intervals, and rates tended to decline with increasing milking intervals. Secretion rates of organic (lactose, SNF, fat and protein) and inorganic milk constituents (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) generally followed similar patterns of decreasing secretion with increasing milking intervals. Many of the values for different intervals were significantly different.

Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands. Camel Applied Research and Development Network (CARDN). Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic: ACSAD, 1994. 28, 24 p.: col. ill.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C36 1994
Descriptors: camels, applied research, Syrian research network.

Baba, S.S.; A.G. Ambali; L.T. Zaria; S. Kalra. Abattoir records of slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. Sept 1994. 42 (3): 253-257. ISSN: 0378-9721
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: dromedary camels, abattoirs, slaughter plants, disease surveys, animal diseases, disease prevalence, meat hygiene, Nigeria.

Baer, A.; I.Ryba; Z.Farah. Plasmin activity in camel milk. Lebensmittell Wissenschaft und Technologie. London: Academic Press. 1994. 27 (6): 595-598. ISSN: 0023-6438
NAL Call no.: TP368.L4
Descriptors: camel milk, plasmin, plasminogen, casein, proteolysis, food processing.

Ben Zvi, Z.; M. Rubin; C. Van Creveld; R. Yagil. Antipyrine disposition in the dehydrated camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Apr 1995. 18 (2): 137-140. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, phenazone, water deprivation, water intake, pharmacokinetics, age differences, intravenous injection, drug metabolism, body weight, dehydration physiological.

Combarnous, Y.; A. Anouassi. Radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques as aids to studying pituitary hormones and improving reproductive management of the one-humped camel. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 15-20. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, LH, FSH, prolactin, somatotropin, ELISA, radioimmunoassay.

Comin, A.; M. Camici; A. Prandi; M. Messina; A.J. Mohamed; G. Gabai; G. Bono. Isolation of luteinizing hormone, antiserum production and the development of a radioimmunoassay for camels. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 21-31. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, LH, radioimmunoassay, immune serum, extraction, isolation, anterior pituitary.

Damanhouri, Z.A.; O.S. Tayeb. Comparison of cytochrome P-450 content and conjugative enzymes in livers of camels (Camelus dromedarius), guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1994. 108B (3): 349-355. ISSN: 0305-0491.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: camels, guinea pigs, rats, cytochrome p 450, glutathione S-transferase, isoenzymes, transferases, comparisons, UDP-glucuronyltransferase.
Abstract: The activities of the conjugative enzymes, glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase, have been measured in vitro in the livers of camels, guinea-pigs and rats. Some sex differences were observed in the levels of these conjugative enzymes. In rats and guinea-pigs, females had higher UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity than males. In camels, females had higher glutathione S-transferase activity than males. In these species, the cytochrome P-450 isozymes observed between the 50,000 and 60,000 mol. wt regions have been separated and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Camels showed lower levels of afl types of cytochrome P-450 isozymes, while guinea-pigs showed higher levels of most of these isozymes. In general, camels seemed to have the lowest drug-metabolizing enzyme activity when compared to rats and guinea-pigs.

Egbe Nwiyi, T.N. Haematological and pathological studies of camel babesiosis in Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. Dec 1994. 42 (4): 287-290. ISSN: 0378-9721.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: camels, Babesia, protozoal infections, disease prevalence, histopathology, hematology, Nigeria.

El Belely, M.S. Endocrine changes, with emphasis on 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha and corticosteroids, before and during parturition in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Agricultural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Apr 1994. 122 (pt.2): 315-323. ISSN: 0021-8596.
NAL Call no.: 10 J822
Descriptors: dromedary camels, parturition, plasma, chemical composition, progesterone, quantitative analysis, estrogens, prostaglandins, corticoids, luteal cells, pregnancy.

Haroun, E.M. Normal concentration of some blood constituents in young Najdi camels (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd. Aug 1994. 108A (4): 619-622. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Hajdi males, blood, blood chemistry, hematology, age differences, sex differences, breed differences.
Abstract: Normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in young male Najdi (Saudi) camels. The mean values were as follows: total protein = 62.3 +/- 8.9 g/l, albumin = 33.5 +/- 8.9 g/l, bilirubin = 8.7 +/- 1.7 micromole/l, urea= 6.6 +/- 1 micromole/l, uric acid = 232 +/- 35.7 micromole/l, iron = 10.4 +/- 5.7 micromole/l, total iron binding capacity = 40.4 +/- 7.3 micromole/l, AST = 12+/-5IU/l ALT = 9 +/- 4IU/I and ALP = 42.6 +/- 21.3IU/1. These values were compared with those reported by other investigators in camels with different ages, sexes and breeds as well as with blood constituents in true ruminants.

Kamoun, M.; R.T. Wilson. Improving early reproductive characteristics of Tunisian camels by nutritional and management interventions. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 89-94. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age at first conception, reproductive performance, sexual maturity, maturity, body weight, liveweight, animal nutrition, body measurements, restricted feeding, Tunisia.

Khalafalla, A.I.; H. Agab; B. Abbas. An outbreak of contagious ecthyma in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Nov 1994. 26 (4): 253-254. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, contagious ecthyma virus, lesions, Sudan.

McGregor, B.A. (Bruce A.) and Victoria. Dept. of Agriculture. Speciality fibre product development and marketing: report of a speciality fibre mission to Yorkshire, U.K. and Oklahoma, U.S.A., September and October 1993. Study Tour Report Series 0815-2373; no. 158. [Melbourne, Vic.?]: Dept. of Agriculture, [1994] 36 p.: ill. ISBN: 0730647897.
NAL Call no.: TS1545.M34 1994
Descriptors: animal fibers marketing research, textile industry, mohair, cashmere, United States, England, Australia.

McKinnon, A.O.; A.H. Tinson; G. Nation. Embryo transfer in dromedary camels. Theriogenology. Stoneham, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann. Jan 1994. 41 (1): 145-150. ISSN: 0093-691X
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, superovulation, embryo transfer, pregnancy rate, laparotomy, male fertility, United Arab Emirates.
Abstract: Embryo recovery rates per attempt from naturally mated camels that superovulated following treatment with FSH or eCG were 261/68 (384%) and 193/84 (230%) respectively. The rate was affected by interval between ovulation and collection, male fertility and reproductive characteristics of the donor. Best recovery rates were achieved on Day 7.0 or 7.5 after natural mating from multiparous camels that had been superovulated with FSH. An overall pregnancy rate of 32% was achieved from the non-surgical transfer of 296 embryos. Factors affecting pregnancy rate included season, age and parity of recipient, number of recipient CL's, quality of embryo and donor/recipient/embryo synchrony.

Nessiem, M.G. Evaluation of the silicone centrifugation technique in the detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels and experimental animals. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Nov 1994. 26 (4): 227-229. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, laboratory diagnosis, specific gravity technique, Egypt.

Rawdah, T.N.; M.Z. El Faer; S.A. Koreish. Fatty acid composition of the meat and fat of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Meat Science. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. 1994. 37 (1): 149-155. ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call no.: TX373.M4
Descriptors: camels, meat, raw foods, dietary fat, fatty acids, food composition.

Riad, F.; M.B. Goumi; M.J. Davicco; A. Safwate; J.P. Barlet. Influence of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium and phosphorus concentration in camel milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nov 1994. 61 (4): 567-571. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel milk, 1alpha hydroxycholecalciferol, calcium:inorganic phosphorus ratio, hypercalcemia, blood plasma, dehydration effects, regulation.
Abstract: Some qualitative aspects of the milk of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) suggest that the ability to produce milk of high nutritive value for offspring or for human beings during long periods of drought is important when evaluating the role of this animal in arid areas (Yagil & Etzion, 1980). These results also demonstrate that the calcium:inorganic phosphorus (Pi) ratio decreases in milk from dehydrated camels, owing to the decrease of Ca and increase of Pi. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin do not regulate Ca and Pi concentrations in the milk of domestic ruminants. Neither parathyroidectomy or intravenous infusion of chelating agents in the cow (Pischke & Stott, 1964), nor calcitonin deficiency induced by thyroidectomy (with thyroxine supplementation) in the goat (Barlet, 1974) has any effect on milk Ca and Pi concentrations. Only parathyroid hormone-related peptide secreted by the lactating mammary gland (Rateliffe et al. 1992) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), the active metabolite of vitamin D3 (DeLuca, 1974) have been shown to increase Ca secretion in the milk of goats (Barlet et al. 1992) and cows (Roux et al. 1979). In the work reported here, we have studied the influence of hypercalcaemia induced by Ca infusion or by 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-(OH)D3; a synthetic derivative obtained from cholesterol, whose structure differs from that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 only by the absence of a hydroxyl group in position 25; Holick et al. 1973) on Ca and Pi concentrations in dromedary milk.

Riad, F.; M.B. Goumi; J. Giry; M.J. Davicco; A. Safwate; J.P. Barlet. Renin-aldosterone axis and arginine-vasopressin responses to sodium depletion in camels. General and Comparative Endocrinology. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Aug 1994. 95 (2): 240-247. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 G28
Descriptors: camels, dehydration physiological, furosemide, renin, aldosterone, arginine, vasopressin, sodium, osmotic pressure, hormone secretion, blood plasma, Morocco.
Abstract: Urinary output, urinary sodium and potassium excretion, plasma electrolyte concentrations and osmolality, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) concentrations were determined in eight camels in Tadla (Morocco). After administration of furosemide (2 mg.kg-1 body wt) urinary water, sodium and potassium excretions increased, inducing hypovolemia (as reflected by 14.6% increase in hematocrit), hyponatremia (142 +/- 1.0 vs 150 +/- 2.1 mmol.liter-1 in controls; P < 0.05), plasma hypo-osmolality (287.5 +/- 11.5 vs 307 +/- 1.4 mOsm.kg-1 H2O in controls; P < 0.05), and hypokalemia (3.7 +/- 0.2 vs 4.6 +/- 0.1 mmol.liter-1 in controls; P < 0.05). Such body fluid volume and composition changes were associated with parallel increases in PRA and plasma aldosterone concentrations (5.9 +/- 0.6 vs 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng AI.ml-1.hr-1 and 132.4 +/- 5.5 vs 25.1 +/- 6.5 pg.ml-1 in controls, respectively; P < 0.05). They were also associated with a fourfold increase in plasma arginine-vasopressin concentrations (0.8 +/- 0.2 vs 0.2 +/- 0.1 pg.ml-1; P < 0.05). In furosemide-treated animals, plasma aldosterone concentrations correlated positively with PRA (r = 0.85: n = 64; P < 0.01) and negatively with plasma sodium concentrations (r = -0.80; n = 64: P < 0.01), suggesting that in sodium-depleted camels the nexus between the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone was restored.

Roeder, E.; T. Bourauel; U. Meier; H. Wiedenfeld. Diterpene glycosides form Iphiona aucheri. Phytochemistry Oxford. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1994. 37 (2): 353-355. ISSN: 0031-9422.
NAL Call no.: 450 P5622
Descriptors: Compositae, poisonous plants, dromedary camels, plant composition, diterpenes, glycosides, toxic substances, racing animals, liver diseases, spectral analysis, United Arab Emirates, atractyloside, carboxyatractyloside.
Abstract: Iphiona aucheri is responsible for poisoning racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates U.A.E. Terpenoids, a non-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid and two diterpene glycosides, atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside, were isolated and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. Atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside were identified as the toxic principle of the plant.

Skidmore, J.A.; W.R. Allen; R.B. Heap. Oestrogen synthesis by the peri-implantation conceptus of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Essex, U.K. July 1994. 101 (2): 363-367. ISSN: 0022-4251.
NAL Call no.: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: dromedary camels, conceptus, endometrium, implantation, estrone, estradiol, biosynthesis, maternal recognition.

The racing camel (Camelus dromedarius): physiology, metabolic functions and adaptations. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum; 617. Oxford; Boston: Published for the Scandinavian Physiological Society by Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994. 95 p.: ill. (some col.) ISBN: 9172681381.
NAL Call no.: QP1.A2 Suppl. 617
Descriptors: dromedary camels, racing animals, physiology, metabolism, adaptions for racing.

Tragardh, Cecilia. A pilot study of the health status of camels in Syria: a minor field study.
Working Paper (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet. International Rural Development Centre); 255. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, 1994. 35 p.: ill., map.
NAL Call no.: HD1401.W674 no. 255
Descriptors: disease assessment, health assessment, field study, Syria.

Veshkini, A.; M. Teshfam; R.Z. Kermani. Radiographic studies of gastric emptying in suckling camels. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. Raleigh, NC: American College of Veterinary Radiology. May/June 1994. 35 (3): 169-172. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL Call no.: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, suckling, radiography, stomach emptying, barium sulfate, abomasum, rumen, omasum, water sacs.

Wardeh, M.F. The Camel Applied Research and Development Network. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 105-111. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, agricultural research network, research policy, research projects, international cooperation, West Asia, North Africa.

Wilson, R.T. Towards committed and collaborative camelid research. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 95-103. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, alpacas, llamas, vicunas, agricultural research, research policy, research support, animal husbandry, animal production.

Zhao, X.X.; Y.M. Huang; B.X. Chen. Artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 61-65. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis, reproductive performance, semen, freezing, thawing.

Zine Filali, R.; A. Guerouali. Maintenance energy requirements of the one-humped camel. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 9-13. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, nutrient requirements, energy requirements, metabolizable energy, digestible energy, energy digestibility, feed conversion efficiency.

1993

Abu Damir, H.; N.I. Eldirdiri; S.E.I. Adam; J.A. Howarth; Y.M. Salih; O.F. Idris. Experimental copper poisoning in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Comparative Pathology. London: Academic Press. Feb 1993. 108 (2): 191-208. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, copper, Cu, oxicity.

Abu Elzein, E.M.E.; M.M. Hassanein; A.I. Al Afaleq. High level agglutination of camel (Camelus dromedarius) erythrocytes by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1. Avian Pathology. Oxfordshire: Carfax Publishing Company. 1993. 22 (1): 189-192. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL Call no.: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian paramyxovirus, erythrocytes, camels, hemagglutination inhibition test.

Afzal, M.; I.A. Khan; R. Salman. Symptoms and clinical pathology of rabies in the camel. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Aug 28, 1993. 133 (9): 220. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: camels, rabies, disease process.

Azwai, S.M.; S.D. Carter; Z. Woldehiwet. The isolation and characterization of camel (Camelus dromedarius) immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. Journal of Comparative Pathology. London: Academic Press. Aug 1993. 109 (2): 187-195. ISSN: 0021-9975
NAL Call no.: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, isolation and characterization of immunoglobulins.

Celada, Jesus D.; Thomas E. Llamazares; Eduardo Zorita. Livestock Culture in Bierzo, Spain. Leon [Spain]: Universidad de Leon, 1993. 53 p.: ill. (chiefly col.), col. map. ISBN: 8477193908
NAL Call no.: SF55.S7C45 1993
Descriptors: animal culture, livestock production, history.

Elamin, E.A.; G.E. Mohamed; M. Fadl; S. Elias; M.S. Saleem; M.O.A. Elbashir. An outbreak of cameline in filariasis in the Sudan. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Mar/Apr 1993. 149 (2): 195-200. ISSN: 0007-1935
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, filariasis, outbreaks, symptoms, drug therapy, ivermectin, adverse effects, microfilariae, periodicity, Sudan.
Abstract: Sheathed microfilariae (mean length 278 +/- 10 micrometer SEM; mean width 7.2 +/- 0.8 micrometer were detected in the blood of 7/14 housed camels (Camelus dromedarius). Microfilaraemic camels of either sex were inappetent, lethargic, reluctant to move and exhibited weakness in the hind limbs; some remained in sternal recumbency. Cardiac disorders, orchitis and skin nodules were conspicuously absent. The microfilariae showed a biphasic pattern in the blood that peaked at 20:00 and plateaued between 04:00 and 06:00. Adult filarial worms were recovered from the mesenteric and femoral arteries. Marked clinical improvement within 1-2 weeks was seen in three camels treated at 10:00 with a single subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg of ivermectin. These camels became amicrofilaraemic 2-5 days after treatment and remained so for the length of the observation period (133 days). Treatment of two camels at the time of high microfilaracmia (06:30) resulted in adverse reaction and death.

Farah, Z. Composition and characteristics of camel milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nov 1993. 60 (4): 603-626. ISSN: 0022-0299
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milk composition, milk yield, colostrum, amino acids, casein, micelles, size, whey protein, milk fat, fatty acids, fat globules, coagulation, literature reviews.

Gameel, S.E.A.M.; S.O. Mohamed; A.A. Mustafa; S.M. Azwai. Prevalence of camel brucellosis in Libya. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Midlothian, Scotland: University of Edinburgh. May 1993. 25 (2): 91-93. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Brucella melitensis, blood serum, serological surveys, zoonoses, camel milk, Libya.

Gasthuys, F.; M. Steenhaut. Repair of a diaphyseal fracture of the metatarsus by open reduction and internal fixation in an adult Bactrian camel. Veterinary and Compartive Orthopaedics and Traumatology, VCOT. Stuttgart: F.K. Schattauer Publishers. May 1993. 6 (2): 125-128. ISSN: 0932-0814.
NAL Call no.: SF910.5.V4
Descriptors: camels, fracture fixation, metatarsus.

Goumi, M.B.; F. Riad; J. Giry; F. de La Farge; A. Safwate; M.J. Davicoo; J.P. Barlet. Hormonal control of water and sodium in plasma and urine of camels during dehydration and rehydration. General and Comparative Endocrinology. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Mar 1993. 89 (3): 378-386. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 G28
Descriptors: dromedary camels, dehydration physiological, rehydration, urine, blood plasma, sodium, body water, hormonal control, Morocco.
Abstract: Eight dromedary camels were studied for 24 days under control conditions (3 days), and during water deprivation (14 days) and rehydration (7 days) in Tadla (Morocco), during the summer. During dehydration, food intake gradually fell and was zero on the last day and animals lost about 30% of their body weight. However, most of this reduction in weight was attributed to water loss, since body weight of the animals returned to control values following rehydration. Dehydration was associated with a decrease in plasma volume (-42 +/- 3%) and a concomitant rise in plasma Na concentration (from 154 +/- 2 to 191 +/- 3 mM). These changes were accompanied by increased plasma arginine-vasopressin (from 0.2 +/- 0.1 to 5.7 +/- 2.2 pg ml-1) and plasma renin activity (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 20.0 +/- 5.2 ng Al ml-1 hr-1), without significantly changed plasma concentrations of aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide. Dehydration was associated with increased urine osmolality (from 952 +/- 515 to 1963 +/- 498 mosm kg-1 H2O), reduced urine production (from 4565 +/- 2230 to 817 +/- 178 ml day-1), and increased Na excretion. Most of these parameters returned to control values during initial rehydration, except for plasma renin activity, which remained elevated for 7 days, and diuresis, which rose to 12773 +/- 6707 ml day-1 on Day 7 of rehydration.

Hamers-Casterman, C.; T. Atarhouch; S. Muyldermans; G. Robinson; C. Hamers; E. Bajyana-Songa; N. Bendahman; R. Hamers. Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. Nature. London: Macmillan Magazines Ltd. June 3, 1993. 363 (6428): 446-448. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call no.: 472 N21
Descriptors: dromedary camels, antibodies, IgG, amino acid sequences, molecular sequence data.
Abstract: Random association of VL and VH repertoires contributes considerably to antibody diversity. The diversity and the affinity are then increased by hypermutation in B cells located in germinal centres. Except in the case of 'heavy chain' disease, naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies have not been described, although antigen binding has been demonstrated for separated heavy chains or cloned VH domains. Here we investigate the presence of considerable amounts of IgG-like material of Mr 100 K in the serum of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). These molecules are composed of heavy-chain dimers and are devoid of light chains, but nevertheless have an extensive antigen-binding repertoire, a finding that calls into question the role of light chains in the camel. Camel heavy-chain IgGs lack CH1, which in one IgG class might be structurally replaced by an extended hinge. Heavy-chain IgGs are a feature of all camelids. These findings open new perspectives in the engineering of antibodies.

Homeida, A.M.; M.M. Al Eknah; E.A. Dafalla; A.K.A. Galil; A.Y. Al Taher. Uterine activity after ovariectomy in the camel (Camelus dromedarius): effect of exogenous administration of oestrogen and progesterone. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. Nov 1993. 55 (3): 382-384. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ovariectomized females, uterus, estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, uterine contraction.
Abstract: During oestrous cycles of the camel, spontaneous uterine contractions were correlated significantly with plasma oestradiol-17 beta concentration. Ovariectomy in the camel resulted in a decreased plasma concentration of oestradiol-17 beta (< 15 pg ml-1) and progesterone (< 0.1 ng ml-1) and caused complete cessation of uterine activity. Daily administration of oestradiol benzoate (5 mg, intramuscularly) increased the plasma concentration of oestradiol-17 beta (> 45 pg ml-1) and increased the frequency and amplitude of uterine activity. Coadministration of progesterone (100 mg, intramuscularly) increased the plasma concentration of progesterone (> 4 ng ml-1) and increased the frequency but not amplitude of uterine activity. It is suggested that uterine activity in the camel is correlated with the circulating levels of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone.

Kennedy, T.P.; P.E. Green. The camel, Camelus dromedarius, as a host of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. July 1993. 70 (7): 267-268. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Boophilus microplus, hosts, survival, experimental infestation, Queensland, Australia.

Meyer, H.; H.J. Rziha. Characterization of the gene encoding the A-type inclusion protein of camelpox virus and sequence comparison with other Orthopoxviruses. Journal of General Virology. Reading: Society for General Microbiology. Aug 1993. 74 (pt.8): 1679-1684. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL Call no.: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: camels, Orthopoxvirus, genes, proteins, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, molecular sequence data, genbank/x69774.
Abstract: A gene was identified in camelpox virus strain CP-1 that is similar to the 160K gene of cowpox virus strain Brighton (BR) that encodes the A-type inclusion body protein (ATIP). The CP-1 gene was mapped, sequenced, and the presence of the ATIP-specific mRNA was demonstrated. The open reading frame [2178 nucleotides (nt)] was found at a similar position in the CP genome as the one reported for the cowpox virus 160K ATI gene. DNA sequence comparison revealed a deletion of two adjacent adenine residues relative to cowpox virus BR, generating a reading frame shift accompanied by the formation of a translational stop codon. An identical deletion has been described for vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve. The DNA sequence of the corresponding region of monkeypox virus strain Copenhagen revealed a deletion leading to a putative stop codon 75 nt upstream of the same stop codons in the camelpox and vaccinia virus genes. These findings are consistent with the expression of truncated ATIPs, of 94K in vaccinia and camelpox viruses and of 92K in monkeypox virus. In addition, a deletion of 789 bp could be localized downstream of the ATI open reading frame in camelpox virus isolates of different origin. This causes the transcription of a shortened ATI-specific mRNA (3.7 kb) relative to vaccinia and cowpox viruses (both 4-5 kb). The similarity observed in ATIP-encoding and flanking sequences might suggest that vaccinia and camelpox viruses are descended from a common ancestor.

Mehala, M.A. Composition, yield and organoleptic evaluation of fresh Domiati cheese made from a mixture of camel and cow milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Victoria: Dairy Industry Association of Australia. Nov 1993. 48 (2): 74-77. ISSN: 0004-9433
NAL Call no.: 44.8 Au74
Descriptors: Domiati cheese, camel milk, chemical composition, sensory evaluation, Saudi Arabia.

Natelson, N. Humane innovations and alternatives in Israel. Humane Innovations and Alternatives. Washington Grove, MD: Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, c1991-. 1993. 7 p. 453-455. ISSN: 1062-4805
NAL Call no.: QL55.H8
Descriptors: camels, animal welfare, Israel.

Net, J.L. le; M.F. Ahmed; G. Saint Martin; M.T. Masson; C. Montois; L. Longeart. Granulomatous enteritis in a dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) due to green algal infection. Veterinary Pathology. Lawrence, Kan.: American College of Veterinary Pathologists. July 1993. 30 (4): 370-373. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Prototheca, algal infection, enteritis.

Ngeranwa, J.J.N.; P.K. Gathumbi; E.R. Mutiga; G.J.O. Agumbah. Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma (brucei) evansi in small East African goats. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. May 1993. 54 (3): 283-289. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: goats, Trypanosoma evansi, pathogenesis, disease course, experimental infections, histopathology, camel disease, surra, Kenya.
Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi is the cause of surra, a camel disease which is the most important single cause of economic losses in camel rearing areas. Sheep and goats herded with camels are the most likely hosts for T. evansi. Upon intravenous infections goats developed erratic parasitaemia, lost weight and their packed cell volume dropped significantly (P < 0.001). Trypanosomes were demonstrated by direct microscopy in extravascular locations such as synovial, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids and also in lymph by subinoculations into mice. The carcasses were emaciated and pale. Histologically there was lymphatic tissue hyperplasia, muscular atrophy and nephrotic changes. Two animals had necrotic foci in the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen and lungs and also bronchopneumonia. Histologically there was depopulation of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissues, destruction of hepatocytes in the liver with infiltration by inflammatory cells in the liver, lymph nodes, spleen and the kidneys.

Saint-Martin, G. Workshop "Is it Possible to Improve the Reproductive Performance of the Camel?" (1990: Paris, France). Actes de l'atelier "Peut-on ameliorer les performances de reproduction des camelins?": Paris, 10-12 septembre 1990. [Proceedings of the Workshop "Is it Possible to Improve the Reproductive Performance of the Camel?]" Etudes et Syntheses de l'I.E.M.V.T., 41. Maisons-Alfort, France: CIRAD-EMVT, 1993. 437 p.: ill. (1 col.), maps. ISBN: 2876141108
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2W67 1993
Descriptors: camels, reproduction, conference proceedings.

Sorensen, E.S.; T.E. Petersen. Phosphorylation, glycosylation and amino acid sequence of component PP3 from the proteose peptone fraction of bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Nov 1993. 60 (4): 535-542. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camel milk, proteose peptones, serine, amino acid sequences, whey protein, species differences.

Sorensen, E.S.; T.E. Petersen. Purification and characterization of three proteins isolated from the proteose peptone fraction of bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. May 1993. 60 (2): 189-197. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camels, milk proteins, proteose peptones, amino acids, osteopontin, camel whey protein.

Stenzel, D.J.; M.F. Cassidy; P.F.L. Boreham. Morphology of Blastocystis sp. isolated from circus animals. International Journal of Parasitology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Aug 1993. 23 (5): 685-687. ISSN: 0020-7519.
NAL Call no.: QH547.I55
Descriptors: circus animals, camels, llamas, lions, bulls, Blastocystis, ultrastructure, protozoal infections, taxonomy.
Abstract: Blastocystis sp. is reported for the first time from faecal samples collected from a camel, a llama, a highland bull and a lion in a travelling circus. Fresh faecal specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy, and vacuola and cyst forms of similar morphology were present in all three ungulates. These cells were smaller than cultured vacuolar cells of Blastocystis hominis isolated from humans and contained only a single vacuole in comparison to the multivacuolar cell found in fresh human faeces. The taxonomic relationship of Blastocystis isolated from humans and ungulates remains to be determined. The number of parasites present in the lion sample was too small to make valid comparisons.

Stiles, D. Nomads on notice. Natural History. New York, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History. Sept 1993. 102 (9): 50-57. ISSN: 0028-0712.
NAL Call no.: 500 N483J
Descriptors: nomadism, camels, cattle, goats, sheep, survival, transhumance, arid zones, Chalbi desert, drought, robbing, Kenya.

1992

Agarwal, S.P.; A.K. Rai; N.D. Khanna. Hormonal studies in postpartum female camels and their neonates. Theriogenology. Stoneham, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann. Oct 1992. 38 (4): 735-747. ISSN: 0093-691X
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, newborn animals, postpartum interval, progesterone, hydrocortisone, thyroid, hormone changes, blood sampling, India.
Abstract: The expulsion of the fetus from the mother at parturition necessitates reorganization of the endocrine status in both individuals. In this study, the patterns of hormonal changes were investigated in postpartum Dromedary camels and their neonates. Blood samples were recovered within a few hours after calving from 10 female Dromedary camels and their calves, and sampling was continued at varying intervals upto Day 21 post partum. Sera were assayed for progesterone, cortisol and thyroid hormone concentrations by specific radioimmunoassays. Progesterone concentrations in the dams varied between 0.5 and 2.0 ng/ml on the day of calving and declined steadily thereafter to become undetectable by Day 9; progesterone remained undetectable in the neonates. Cortisol concentrations were high (25 to 30 ng/ml) at parturition in both the dams and their calves. They declined to 6 to 7 ng/ml in the dams, but became undetectable in the neonates by Day 14 post partum. The thyroid hormones were low in the dams (T4 70; T3 = 1-6 ng/ml) on Day 1 post partum but then increased gradually to Day 21 (T4 = 110; T3 = 2.2 ng/ml). In contrast, thyroid hormone concentrations in the neonates were 4 to 5 times higher than those of their mothers at birth. They declined thereafter but nevertheless remained at almost double the concentrations found in the dams.

Al Ani, F.K.; W.A.R.A. Al Azzawi; M.S. Jermukly; K.K. Razzaq. Studies on some haematological parameters of camel and llama in Iraq. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. June 1992. 40 (2): 103-106. ISSN: 0378-9721.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: camels, llamas, hematology, blood profiles, normal values, female animals, Iraq.

Allen, W.R.; International Camel Conference (1st: 1992: Dubai). Proceedings of the First International Camel Conference: 2nd-6th February 1992. Newmarket, Suffolk, U.K.: R & W Publications, c1992. 431 p.: ill. (some col.)
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3I58 1992
Descriptors: camels, diseases, conference, reproduction, physiology, nutrition.

Aminlari, M.; T. Vaseghi. Arginase distribution in tissues of domestic animals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Oct 1992. 103 (2): 385-389. ISSN: 0305-0491.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: sheep, cattle, camels, horses, donkeys, dogs, arginase, enzyme activity, determination, animal tissues, colorimetry, rapid methods.
Abstract: A new colorimetric method was used for determination of arginase in different tissues of some domestic animals. source of arginase. In all species studied liver was the richest source arginase. Significant differences were observed in the specific activity of arginase in livers from different species. In all species, besides liver, kidney and brain also contained significant levels of arginase. In the dog, in addition to the three organs mentioned above, lung, heart, spleen and skeletal muscle showed some arginase activity. In sheep and cattle significant arginase activity was observed in the rumen. No differences were observed between epithelial and muscular layers of different parts of digestive system in all species studied. These results are discussed in terms of the possible role of arginase in different tissues of animals.

Baumann, M.P.O.; K.H. Zessin. Productivity and health of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Somalia: associations with trypanosomosis and brucellosis. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Midlothian, Scotland: University of Edinburgh. Aug 1992. 24 (3): 145-156. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, serological surveys, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, animal husbandry, pastoralism, livestock numbers, arid zones, Brucella, reproductive performance, Somalia.

Benlamlih, S.; K. Dahlborn; R.Z. Filali; J. Hossaini-Hilali. Fluid retention after oral loading with water or saline in camels. American Journal of Physiology. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society. May 1992. 262 (5,pt.2): R915-R920. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call no.: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: camels, dehydration physiology, isotonic saline, water deprivation, rehydration, diuresis, water excretion, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, osmotic pressure, blood proteins, renal function, kidneys, blood plasma, atrial natriuretic peptide.
Abstract: When dehydrated camels are offered water they drink volumes of water exceeding their body water loss during the water deprivation period. The excess water is excreted during 2-4 days. To investigate the ability to retain fluid in the body, normohydrated camels were loaded with water or isotonic saline (0.1 l/kg body wt) by esophageal tube. After water loading plasma osmolality decreased and a water diuresis was seen, but it took 3 days until the body weight returned to prehydration level. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) increased, but plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration did not change. After the saline loading plasma osmolality increased and total plasma proteins and hematocrit decreased. Renal Na excretion increased 4 h after the saline load, but the magnitude of the natriuresis was small, and the camels had not regained their body weight 6 days after the load. PAC and PRA decreased after saline loading, while plasma ANP concentration did not change. These data show that camels are able to retain excess water within the body and to tolerate blood hyposmolality for a relatively long time. With saline the retention of fluid lasts even longer despite an attenuation of PAC.

4, M.; J. Mumford; U. Wernery. Analysis of the camelpox virus thymidine kinase gene. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Nov/Dec 1992. 148 (6): 541-546. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, Orthopoxvirus, thymidine kinase, genes, DNA sequencing, recombinant vaccines, nucleotide sequences.

Chauhan, R.S.; R.K. Kaushik. Pyometra in camels: case report. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Jan/Feb 1992. 148 (1): 84-85. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, pyometra, case reports, Actinomyces pyogenes.

Cooper, C.W. Risk factors in transmission of brucellosis from animals to humans in Saudi Arabia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. London: The Society. Mar/Apr 1992. 86 (2): 206-209. ISSN: 0035-9203
NAL Call no.: 448.9 R813
Descriptors: sheep, goats, camels, cattle, man, livestock products, brucellosis, terminal hosts, disease transmission, disease prevention, risk, etiology, disease surveys, case reports, Saudi Arabia.

Dahlborn, K.; S. Benlamlih; R. Zine-Filali; A. Gueroulali; J. Hossaini-Hilali; M. Oukessou. Food deprivation and refeeding in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). American Journal of Physiology. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society. June 1992. 262 (6, pt.2): R1000-R1005. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call no.: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, female animals, food deprivation, refeeding, feeding behavior, water intake, body weight, glucose, hydrocortisone, thyroxine, urea, metabolism, blood plasma, urine, blood chemistry, body temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, arid zones, semiarid zones, renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
Abstract: Camels thrive in arid and semiarid areas, although food and water frequently are scarce. However, the mechanisms enabling camels to withstand food deprivation are poorly understood. In this study four female camels were totally deprived of food for 4 days. Their body weight decreased by 6%. Food deprivation caused no change in total plasma protein concentration in the camel, indicating that no alterations in plasma volume occurred. When the first meal was withheld water intake was unchanged. Next day the camels showed signs of hydration with a decreased plasma Na+ concentration and an increased excretion of diluted urine. In the afternoon water intake decreased. Urine K+ excretion fell the first day and urine volume and Na+ excretion from the third day. No activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was observed. Plasma and urine urea concentration increased during food deprivation. Plasma glucose concentration and plasma cortisol and thyroxine levels did not change. Body temperature decreased during food deprivation. After refeeding, total plasma proteins increased temporarily by 12%, and a threefold increase in RAAS was seen, implying that both plasma volume and RAAS changed rapidly. Our results show that fluid balance was only slightly affected in the food-deprived camel. We suggest that strategies for the camel to endure food deprivation include maintenance of plasma volume and glucose concentration and a lowering of the body temperature.

El-Agamy, E.I.; R. Ruppanner; A. Ismail; C.P. Champagne; R. Assaf. Antibacterial and antiviral activity of camel milk protective proteins. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. May 1992. 59 (2): 169-175. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camel milk, antibacterial properties, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, IgA, IgG, antiviral properties, gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, rotavirus.

El-Khouly, A.B.; F.A. Gadir; D.D. Cluer; G.W. Manefield. Aspergillosis in camels affected with a specific respiratory and enteric syndrome. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. Aug 1992. 69 (8): 182-186. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus, symptoms, histopathology, morbidity, mortality, respiratory system, digestive system.

Elamin, F.M.; C.J. Wilcox. Milk composition of Majaheim camels. Journal of Dairy Science. Champaign, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Nov 1992. 75 (11): 3155-3157. ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: camels, milk composition, chemical composition, mineral content, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: To determine composition, milk samples were obtained at random from camels at two camel rearing areas near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Proximate analyses indicated 3.15% fat, 2.81% protein, 4.16% lactose, 10.95% total solids, .15% acidity, .83% ash, and 88.33% water. Mineral composition was (milligrams per gram) 30.03, Ca; 72.48, K; 43.10, Na;.28, Fe;.18, Pb; and 4.50, Mg. Results should contribute to the overall knowledge of camels as a food source, but much still needs to be learned if efficient improvement programs are to be initiated.

Elgasim, E.A.; M.A. Alkanhal. Proximate composition, amino acids and inorganic mineral content of Arabian camel meat: comparative study. Food Chemistry. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. 1992. 45 (1): 1-4. ISSN: 0308-8146.
NAL Call no.: TX501.F6
Descriptors: camel meat, proximate analysis, food composition, mineral content, amino acids, nutrient content, nutritive value, comparisons, beef, lamb, chicken, goat, fish, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: The proximate composition, amino acid and inorganic mineral contents of the Arabian Camel (Camelus dromedarius) meat were investigated and compared with other red and white meats (beef, lamb, goat, chicken and fish). Camel meat had more moisture, less fat, less ash and similar protein contents to beef, lamb, goat and chicken. The highest moisture and the lowest protein contents were found for fish (Epinephulus chlorostigma). Accordingly the moisture to protein ratios (M/P) of the camel and fish were higher than those of beef, lamb, goat and chicken. Except for Na, camel had a similar elemental composition (Zn, Ca, K, Mg, Cu and Mn) to beef but was superior to that of fish. For the six species studied, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids (ESAA/NEAA) ranged between a high of 0.90 for goat and a low of 0.81 for fish. Camel had a similar ESAA/NEAA value to beef (0.85). Based on its possible contribution to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the nutrient density of camel meat is quite comparable to that of beef, however, the two species are poor sources of Ca.

Farah, Z.; R. Rettenmaier; D. Atkins. Vitamin content of camel milk. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Bern: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. 1992. 62 (1): 30-33. ISSN: 0300-9831.
NAL Call no.: 389.8 Z33
Descriptors: camels, milk, vitamin content, food composition, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, vitamin E.
Abstract: The content of vitamin C, vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins E and A in camel milk was studied. The milk samples were collected from 20 individual camels (Camelus dromedarius) in two different occasions. The study showed that camel milk contains considerably less vitamin A and B2 than cow milk while the content of vitamin E was about the same level. The level of vitamin C was in average three times higher than that of cow milk.

Faye, B.; G. Saint Martin; R. Cherrier; A. Ruffa. The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius). I. Changes in metabolic profiles and growth performance. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd. June 1992. 102 (2): 409-416. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, young animals, dietary protein, forage, mangroves, Avicennia marina, leaves, dietary minerals, zinc, copper, mineral supplements, concentrates, energy intake, nutritional state, nutrient deficiencies, growth, metabolism, foo d intake, nutritive value, mortality, protein energy concentrates, Djibouti.
Abstract: 1. The main forage for camels in northern Djibouti (mangrove with Avicennia marina) is very poor in nitrogen and energy. In a trial, 32 young camels (less than 2 years old) were used in four groups of eight each. 2. All the camels received mangrove as basal diet ad lib. 3. After 1 month, the camels received mineral supplementation in copper and zinc (groups 1 and 3) or/and a concentrate rich in protein and energy (groups 2 and 3) or continued with the basal diet (controls). 4. Any supplementation was stopped after 2 months for 1 month. 5. Growth performance was 550 g/day (concentrate-supplemented camels) and 570 g/day (concentrate + mineral-supplemented camels). 6. The growth was negative for the two other groups (-260 g/day). 7. Food intake of mangrove was slightly more important with mineral supplementation only and with mineral + concentrate supplementation. 8. The changes in metabolic profiles have shown an important catabolism in non-supplemented animals, an increase of urea and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma and a decrease of glucose concentrations. 9. Three camels died in the control group with symptoms of starvation and signs of liver damage (increase of liver enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase).

Faye, B.; G. Saint-Martin; R. Cherrier; A. Ruffa. The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius). II. Changes in mineral status. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd. June 1992. 102 (2): 417-424. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, young animals, dietary protein, forage, concentrates, dietary minerals, mineral supplements, copper, zinc, calcium, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, mineral deficiencies, trace element deficiencies, nutritional state, mineral absorption, mineral content, liver, blood plasma, Djibouti, protein energy concentrates.
Abstract: 1. Mangrove Avicennia marina is poor in some trace elements such as copper, zinc and manganese. In a trial we used 32 young camels divided into four groups. 2. Groups 1 and 3 were supplemented with copper and zinc in drinking water after 1 month of mangrove feeding. 3. Groups 2 and 3 received concentrate rich in protein and energy. The supplementation was stopped after 2 months. 4. All the camels were deficient in trace elements at the beginning of mineral supplementation. 5. The plasma concentration of copper increased significantly up to normal levels (< 70 micrograms/100 ml) in energy protein supplemented groups, but the quantity supplied (100 mg of copper sulphate/day) was not sufficient to maintain this level after the end of supplementation. 6. The original zinc deficiency was too severe to observe a significant effect of the mineral supplementation. 7. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels were improved during the supplementation period in protein-energy supplemented group s. 8. A high interaction between mineral absorption and quality of the diet was observed. A well-balanced diet seems essential to avoid deficient mineral status.

Gahlot, T.K.; D.S. Chouhan. Camel Surgery. 1st ed. Bikaner, India: Dept. of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Agricultural University, 1992. 160 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2G35 1992
Descriptors: camels, surgery, surgical techniques.

Grenot, C.J. Ecophysiological characteristics of large herbivorous mammals in arid Africa and the Middle East. Journal Arid Environments. London: Academic Press. Aug 1992. 23 (2): 125-155. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: sheep, goats, camels, animal physiology, deserts, literature reviews, arid regions, North Africa, Middle East.

Hussein, M.F.; M.M. Liman; H.H. Mogawer; M.N. Bakkar; A.R. Garel-Nabi. The haematology of growing camels (Camelus dromedarius) during the first year of life. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. Suweon, Korea: Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies. Sept 1992. 5 (3): 519-525. ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call no.: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: dromeday camels, hematology, calves, age differences.

Keatinge, J.D.H.; A. Rodriguez; G.F. Sabir; A. Afzal; N.A. Shah. Camels in the farming systems of the arid highlands of western Pakistan: is management research a worthwhile investment. Journal Arid Environments. London: Academic Press. Sept 1992. 23 (3): 293-300. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, draft animals, farming systems research, farming systems, arid regions, highlands, agricultural economics, Baluchistan, Pakistan.

Lalla, Sigrid. Fine Structural Investigations on the Liver and Various Hepatopathies in the Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Hannover: [s.n.], 1992. 194 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: DISS F1992177
Descriptors: dromedary camels, liver structure, liver diseases.

Mirgani, T. Lipid composition of camel erythrocytes. Journal Arid Environments. London: Academic Press. May 1992. 22 (4): 401-405. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, erythrocytes, lipids, phospholipids, glycerophospholipids.

Mutugi, M.W.; W. Olaho-Mukani; W. Kuto; B. Alushula; H. Njogu; A.R. Njogu. Some reproductive parameters in a Kenyan population of Camelus dromedarius. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. Sept 1992. 40 (3): 215-217. ISSN: 0378-9721.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: camels, reproductive efficiency, Kenya.

Otsyula, M.; K. Kamar; M. Mutugi; A.R. Nijogu. Preliminary efficacy trial of Cymelarsan, a novel trypanocide, in camels naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi in Kenya. Acta Tropica. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. Feb 1992. 50 (3): 271-273. ISSN: 0001-706X
NAL Call no.: 475 AC8
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanocides, Kenya.

Oukessou, M.; V. Uccelli-Thomas; P.L. Toutain. Pharmacokinetics and local tolerance of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in camels. American Journal of Veterinary Research. Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. Sept 1992. 53 (9): 1658-1662. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: camels, oxytetracycline, pharmacokinetics, drug formulations, creatine kinase, enzyme activity, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection.

Rashed, M.N. Determination of trace elements in milk of some animals from Aswan (Egypt). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry Reading: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. 1992. 48 (1): 41-50. ISSN: 0306-7319.
NAL Call no.: QH540.I52
Descriptors: camels, goats, ewes, buffalo, milk composition, comparison study, trace elements, minerals, mineral content, livestock feeding, grazing, forage, site factors, Egypt.

Rinkanya, F.G.R.; H.S.N. Kiniiya; G. Muraguri. Evaluation of the efficacy of Ectopor pour-on against ticks infesting camels in Kenya. Tropical Pest Management. London: Taylor & Francis. Jan/Mar 1992. 38 (1): 96-97. ISSN: 0143-6147.
NAL Call no.: SB950.A1P3
Descriptors: camels, Amblyomma variegatum, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, pyrethroid acaricides, Kenya.

Schwartz, H.J.; M. Dioli. The One-humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Eastern Africa: A Pictorial Guide to Diseases, Health Care and Management. Weikersheim, FR Germany: J. Margraf, c1992. 282 p.: ill. (some col.) ISBN: 3823612182.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2O53 1992
Descriptors: camels, Eastern Africa, diseases, care, treatment, husbandry, illustrations, dromedaries.

Soliman, A.K.; B.A.M. Botros; D.M. Watts. Evaluation of a competitive enzyme immunoassay for detection of Coxiella burnetii antibody in animal sera. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. June 1992. 30 (6): 1595-1597. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL Call no.: QR46.J6
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, Coxiella burnetii, antibodies, serum, enzyme immunoassay, detection.
Abstract: A competitive enzyme immunoassay (CEIA) was established and compared with other serological techniques for detecting Coxiella burnetii antibody in camels, goats, and sheep. This technique was evaluated because a conjugated anti-camel immunoglobulin was not available to serve as a direct signal for the demonstration of antigen-antibody reaction. A C. burnetii antibody-positive human serum and a peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin G were used as an indicator system competing against antibody in animal serum or as an indicator of the absence of antibody. Sera were considered antibody positive when the A414 of the test sera plus the competing positive antibody was less than or equal to 50% of the A414 of the negative-control serum plus the competing antibody. Antibody to C. burnetii was repeatedly demonstrated in 66% of camel serum samples (n = 200) by the CEIA. Among 48 camel serum samples, 71% were positive for antibody by CEIA versus 65% by EIA using peroxidase-labeled protein A. The CEIA detected C. burnetii antibody in 63% of sheep serum samples (n = 40) and in 50% of goat serum samples (n = 96), while the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique detected antibody in 38% of sheep and 34% of goat serum samples and the EIA detected antibody in 50% of sheep and 35% of goat serum samples. These data indicate that the CEIA is a reliable and sensitive technique for demonstrating C. burnetii antibody in camels, sheep, and goats.

Wernery, U.; J. Wensvoort. Experimentally induced rumen acidosis in a 1-year-old camel bull (Camelus dromedarius)--a preliminary report. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Mar/Apr 1992. 148 (2): 167-170. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, acidosis, rumen fluid, blood, symptoms, young male dromedary.

Wernery, U. The prevalence of Salmonella infections in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Sept/Oct 1992. 148 (5): 445-450. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, Salmonella, salmonellosis, disease prevalence, serotypes, incidence, Clostridium perfringens, United Arab Emirates.
Abstract: One hundred and eighty-seven Salmonella strains were isolated from 4006 samples collected from camels in the United Arab Emirates between 1987 and 1991. One hundred and sixty-five (4.3%) strains were isolated from 3801 faecal and 22 from 205 organ samples of 62 autopsied camels. In total, 28 different serotypes were identified with S. saintpaul being the most frequent (69), followed by S. frintrop (31) and S. hindmarsh (15). Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from only two faecal specimens. All salmonellas isolated from faecal samples originated from carrier camels, and those isolated from organs were secondary findings. The camels from which salmonella organisms were found died from diseases other than salmonellosis, Most of the S. saintpaul isolated originated from one herd suffering from Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxaemia which suggests that salmonella infections may predispose camels to clostridial enterotoxaemias.

1991

Abouheif, M.A.; S.M. Basmaeil; M.N. Bakkar. A standard method for jointing camel carcasses with reference to the effect of slaughter age on carcass characteristics in Najdi camels. 2. Partition and distribution of carcass fat. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. Suweon, Korea: Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies. Sept 1991. 4 (3): 219-225. ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call no.: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age differences, carcass composition, body fat, Saudi Arabia.

Abu Lehia, I.H. Nitrogen distribution and mineral contents of camel colostrum. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Victoria: Dairy Industry Association of Australia. Nov 1991. 46 (2): 82-84. ISSN: 0004-9433.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 AU74
Descriptors: dromedary camels, colostrum, Saudi Arabia.

Ali, B.H.; H.A. El Sheikah. Some compartive aspects of drug metabolism in Nubian goats (Capra hircus), desert sheep (Ovis aries) and dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C. Pharmacology and Toxicology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Feb 1992. 101 (2): 189-195. ISSN: 0742-8413.
NAL Call no.: QP901.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, goats, sheep, fascioliasis, poisonous plants, latex, toxicity, phenazone, sulfadimidine, drug metabolism, enzymes, enzyme activity, pharmacokinetics, tropics, species differences, Calatropis procera.

Anderson, B.C. Experimental infection in mice of Cryptosporidium muris isolated from a camel. Journal of Protozoology. Lawrence, Kan.: Society of Protozoologists. Nov/Dec 1991. 38 (6): 165-175. ISSN: 0022-3921.
NAL Call no.: 439.8 J82
Descriptors: camels, Cryptosporidium, experimental infection, mice, feces, histopathology, smears.

Bergin, T.J.; L.R. Torenbeeck. Melioidosis in camels. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Victoria: Australian Veterinary Association. Sept 1991. 68 (9): 309. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: camels, Pseudomonas pseudomallei, outbreaks, Queensland, Australian Northern Territory.

Buscher, Friedemann Christian. Comparative Studies of Enzymes Related to Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Different Tissues of Camels (Camelus dromedarius), Bovines (Bos taurus) and Rats (Rattus rattus) Based on Enzyme Measurements. Hannover: [s.n.], 1991. 180 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: 41.2 H198 1991 no.9
Descriptors: camels, cattle, rats, enzyme physiology, fatty acids, species comparison.

El Bahri, L.; R. Chemli. Peganum harmala L.: a poisonous plant of North Africa. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Manhattan, Kan.: Kansas State University. June 1991. 33 (3): 276-277. ISSN: 0145-6296
NAL Call no.: SF601.A47
Descriptors: Peganum harmala, poisonous plants, indole alkaloids, alkaloids, toxic substances, toxicity, symptoms, poisoning, cattle, camels.

El Faer, M.Z.; T.N. Rawdah; K.M. Attar; M.V. Dawson. Mineral and proximate composition of the meat of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Food Chemistry. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. 1991. 42 (2): 139-143. ISSN: 0308-8146
NAL Call no.: TX501.F6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, meat cuts, proximate analysis, mineral content, food composition tables, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: The information available on the nutritional value of the meat of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is very limited. The mineral elements and proximate composition of muscle tissues taken from the shoulders, thighs, ribs, necks and humps of seven young (1-3 years) male camels have been determined. The amounts of mineral elements, protein and ash in the various muscle tissues of the camel are generally similar to the amounts reported for these constituents in the corresponding tissues of beef. However, the meat of the camel contains significantly less lipids (1.2-1.8% versus 4.0-8.0%) and higher water content (5-8% more) than beef. The hump consists mainly of lipids (86.9%).

Elias, E. Left ventrolateral Cesarean section in three dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Surgery. Hagerstown, Md.: J.B. Lippincott Company. Sept/Oct 1991. 20 (5): 323-325. ISSN: 0161-3499
NAL Call no.: SF911.V43
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Caesarean section, case reports.

Elsheikh, H.A.; B.H. Ali; A.M. Homeida; T. Hassan; H.J. Hapke. Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine (sulfamethazine) in camels, sheep and goats. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Sept 1991. 14 (3): 269-275. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, male animals, phenazone, sulfadimidine, pharmacokinetics, species differences.

Elsheikh, H.A.; B.H. Ali; A.M. Homeida; H.J. Hapke. Activities of glutathione S transferase and ethoxycoumarin O deethylase in tissues of camels, sheep, goats and rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C. Pharmacology and Toxicology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1991. 98 (2/3): 293-297. ISSN: 0306-4492.
NAL Call no.: QP901.C6
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, rats, glutathione transferase, enzymes, drug metabolism, enzyme activity, sex differences, liver, kidneys, duodenum, mucosa.
Abstract: The activities of the drug metabolizing enzymes ethoxycoumarin O deethylase, glutathione S transferase, and protein concentrations were measured in vitro in the liver, kidney and duodenal mucosa of camels, sheep, goats and rats. Enzyme activities were generally higher in the liver than in the kidney and duodenal mucosa in the four species studied. The activities of ethoxycoumarin O deethylase and glutathione S transferase in liver of male kids were about one third and half of that in adult male goats, respectively. In the kidney and duodenal mucosa of male kids, the activity of glutathione S transferase was about 70% and 53% of that in the mature male goat, respectively. In the latter tissues, however, there was no detectable activity of ethoxycoumarin O deethylase. In general, goats and sheep had similar activities of the two enzymes which were significantly higher than those found in camels and rats. Some sex related differences were noted in the activity of the two enzymes studied. Female sheep had significantly higher hepatic glutathione S transferase than the male; while the enzyme activity in the kidney and duodenal mucosa of male goats was significantly higher than in females. Male rats had higher hepatic ethoxycoumarin O deethylase activity than females.

Farah, Z.; M. Ruegg. The creaming properties and size distribution of fat globules in camel milk. Journal of Dairy Science. Champaign, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Sept 1991. 74 (9): 2901-2904. ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: camels, cattle, milk, fat globules, particle size, creaming, comparisons, raw and heated milk.
Abstract: The natural creaming of raw and heated camel milk was studied. Compared with cow (Bos taurus) milk camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk showed very slow creaming rate in both raw and heated milk at refrigerator and room temperatures. Fat globule size distribution was similar in cow and camel milks. The creaming ability was also studied in various combinations of skim milks and creams of raw camel and cow milks. All systems that contained skim camel milk creamed poorly. It was concluded that insufficient quantity of agglutinin in camel milk was mainly responsible for the slow rate of creaming.

Kataria, N.; J.S. Bhatia. Activity of some enzymes in the serum of dromedary camels. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association. Sept 1991. 51 (2): 174-176. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: camels, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, enzyme activity, normal values, blood serum, age differences, sex differences, seasonal variation.
Abstract: The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) in the serum of 60 healthy dromedary camels of either sex and different ages (one to 25 years) were determined. The results were analysed with respect to time of year (December-January and May-June), sex and age groups (below four years; four to 10 years; and over 10 years). The overall mean activities of AST,ALT, ALP, ACP, LDH and ICD were 36.1 +/- 0.35, 4.65 +/- 0.35, 27.21 +/- 0.43, 7.18 +/- 0.21, 479.0 +/- 7.33 and 7.74 +/- 0.17 iu litre-1, respectively. Activities of AST, ALT, ALP and ACP were significantly higher during extremely hot conditions (May-June) than in extreme cold (December-January) while the activity of LDH was higher in extremely cold conditions. Analysis of data based on sex revealed that AST, ALT and ALP activities in the serum of male animals were significantly higher than in female animals. The activities of all the enzymes were highest in animals under four years and then gradually decreased with age being lowest in the animals over 10 years.

Njanja, J.C.; F.G.R. Rinkanya; H.K. Kiara. Ticks of camels, sheep and goats in northwestern Kenya rangelands. Tropical Pest Management. London: Taylor & Francis. Apr/June 1991. 37 (2): 166-168. ISSN: 0143-6147
NAL Call no.: SB950.A1P3
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, rangelands, semiarid zones, surveys, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus pravus, tickborne diseases, pest disease surveys, tick infestations, pest control, Kenya.

Omar, Sh. Abdurahman. Prevalence of mastitis among camels in Southern Somalia: a pilot study. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281-7985; no. 37. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts, [1991] 9 leaves: map.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 37
Descriptors: camels, mastitis, Somalia.

Ribadu, A.Y.; D. Ogwu; C.O. Njoku; L.O. Eduvie. An abattoir survey of female genital disorders of imported camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kano, Nigeria. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. May/June 1991. 147 (3): 290-292. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, female genital diseases, disease surveys, slaughtered animals, disease prevalence, Nigeria.
Abstract: An abattoir survey of 850 female genital organs of imported camels was conducted at the Kano abattoir between October 1987 and April 1988. An incidence of 4.49% of disorders was recorded, including follicular cystic degeneration (0.12%), ovarian haemorrhagic cysts (0.47%), pyometra (0.35%), early embryonic mortality (0.12%), endometrial haemorrhages (0.47%), fetal maceration (0.12%), abscess (0.24%), vulvar tick infection (1.77%) and cervical hypoplasia (0.12%).

Safer, A.M.; K.S. Abo-Salem. Ultrastructure of the nephron of the young camel Camelus dromedarius. Journal of Morphology. New York, N.Y.: Wiley-Liss. Nov 1991. 210 (2): 101-115. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young animals, adults, kidneys, morphology, tissue ultrastructure, renal function, water deprivation, age differences.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to compare the ultrastructure of the kidney of young camels (Camelus dromedarius) with that of adult kidneys, described previously (Safer et al., '88). Young kidneys are known to produce a urine that is only about half as concentrated as that of adult kidneys (Maloiy, '72; Abo-Salem, '88). While possessing most of the ultrastructural features of adult kidneys, and of mammalian kidneys in general, young kidneys differ from those of adults in several respects. The basal lamina comprising part of the filtration barrier is approximately one-fourth as thick as that of the adult kidney. Young kidneys also lack thickened, heterogeneous basal laminae associated with the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, and the thin segments of the loops of Henle in adult kidneys. In addition, the proximal convoluted tubules of young kidneys contain mixtures of lightly stained and darkly stained cells, while those of adult kidneys possess only lightly stained cells. These differences between young and adult kidneys might in part be related to a greater degree of water deprivation experienced by adult animals.

Safer, A.M.; E. Katchburian. Unusual membrane-bound bodies in the basal lamina of the uriniferous tubules of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Acta Anatomica. Basel: S. Karger. Feb 1991. 140 (2): 156-162. ISSN: 0001-5180.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 AC82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, kidneys, intra-membranes particles, cell ultrastructure, nephrons.
Abstract: Kidney samples of the camel Camelus dromedarius were aldehyde fixed and glycerol impregnated for ultra thin-section and freeze-fracture studies of the basal lamina. Results obtained show the presence of extracellular membrane-bound bodies within the thick basal lamina of the tubular portion of the nephron. The 10- to 500-nm bodies appear isolated and are found at various levels along the width of a highly structural lattice basal lamina. The bodies are observed either in small groups or as single structures which are invariably surrounded by a clear halo of the basal lamina. In ultrathin sections they appear limited by a typical unit-membrane structure, and their interior may appear empty or may exhibit material of variable electron opacity. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal the limiting membrane of the bodies which appear either as concave or convex structures. Intramembrane particles (IMPs) measuring between 5 and 15 nm are present in some of the bodies, whilst others appear devoid of IMPs. The IMPs are present in both concave and convex surfaces and are usually aggregated into clumps. The region of the basal lamina which contains the membrane-bound bodies is usually granular except in the area immediately surrounding the bodies which corresponds to the clear halo observed in thin sections. Although these basal lamina membrane-bound bodies appear to be similar to matrix vesicles previously described in mineralizing tissues, it seems unlikely that they are involved in calcification. It is possible that the membrane-bound bodies and the highly configurated basal lamina may be related to ionic transport mechanisms which are associated with the high osmolarity of the camel urine.

Squire, K.R.E.; P.N. Boehm. External fixation repair of a displaced comminuted radial fracture in a juvenile camel. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Schaumburg, Ill.: The Association. Sept 15, 1991. 199 (6): 769-771. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: camels, radius, bone fractures, fracture fixation, case reports, Thomas splint, fiberglass casts.

Trueman, K.F.; M.W. Powell. Suspected poisoning of camels by Trema tomentosa (poison peach). Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Victoria: Australian Veterinary Association. June 1991. 68 (6): 213-214. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: camels, Trema tomentosa, poison peach, poisoning, susceptibility, case reports, Queensland, Australia.

Ul'masov, Kh.A.; V.K. Dashkevich; V.N. Lyashko; M.B. Evgen'ev. Properties of protein synthesis from heat shock in the blood cells of the camel, Camelus dromedarius. Doklady Biological Sciences Akademiia Nauk SSSR. New York, N.Y.: Consultants Bureau. May 1991. 315 (1/6): 656-659. ISSN: 0012-4966
NAL Call no.: 511 P444AEB
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood cells, heat shock, heat shock proteins, protein synthesis.

Zguigal, H.; N.G. Ghoshal. Gross and histologic study of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus in one humped camels. American Journal of Veterinary Research . Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. July 1991. 52 (7): 1173-1177. ISSN: 0002-9645
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: camels, blood vessels, sinuses, head, histology, heat regulation, carotid rate.
Abstract: Gross and histologic features of the rostral epidural rete mirabile (carotid rete) and the cavernous sinus in one humped camels were studied. It was evident that the branches of the carotid rete share a common tunica adventitia with the veins of the cavernous sinus. Transmission electron microscopy of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus revealed gap junctions in endothelial cells lining the walls of the arterial rete branches and veins. The internal elastic lamina of rete branches were fenestrated. Some of these structural features could facilitate countercurrent heat exchange between the rete branches and the venous plexus of the cavernous sinus to regulate brain temperature.

1990

Abu Damir, H.; M.E.S. Barri; M.H. Tageldin; O.F. Idris. Clinical and subclinical colloid goitre in adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) at Kordofan region of Sudan. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. May/June 1990. 146 (3): 219-227. ill. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, goiter, thyroid gland, blood picture, blood chemistry, blood serum, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, symptoms, iodine, histopathology, anemia, supplements, Sudan.

Ahmed, A. Elmi. Relationship of forage species cover and its proportion in camel diets. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281-7985; no. 35. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts; Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, [1990] 4 leaves.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 35
Descriptors: camels feeding, feeds, forage plants, Somalia.

Ahmed, A. Elmi. Mineral contents of some major plant species that camels consume in Ceeldheer district, central Somalia. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281-7985; no. 34. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts; Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, [1990] 6 leaves.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 34
Descriptors: camels feeding, forage plants, feeds, Somalia.