McDivitt and White arrived at pad 19 at 7:07 a.m., rode up in the elevator, and climbed into their spacecraft at T-100 minutes. Getting in was relatively easy, but even so White's faceplate fogged. He started his suit fan and cleared up the moisture.34
Thirty-five minutes before the scheduled launch, while the erector was being lowered, it stuck at a 12-degree angle from the booster. Raised to its full height, then lowered again, the erector still stuck. After more than an hour, technicians found a connector incorrectly installed in a junction box, replaced it properly, and gave the signal to lower the erector. This time it worked. Space travel was becoming operational. This hold, lasting 1 hour 16 minutes was the only delay for Gemini IV. On Mercury-Redstone 4, the second manned launch in that program, Grissom's Liberty Bell 7 was scrubbed twice and was plagued by six holds that totaled 4 hours 1 minute.35
At 10:16 a.m., Thursday, 3 June 1965, millions of people throughout the world looked and listened while Gemini IV lunged spaceward. Television coverage of the launch for the first time had an international audience, as the scene was broadcast to 12 European nations via Early Bird satellite.36 Heightened by the prospect of EVA and the first use of the new Mission Control Center in Houston, interest in Gemini IV reached levels never again matched in the program. The Manned Spacecraft Center faced a major challenge in the number of reporters who wanted to cover the story from Houston. [246] Although MSC's Building 1 auditorium had been "designed to house all large events covered by the news and television services," its 800 seats fell short of the space that would be needed to accommodate the 1,100 requests for accreditation NASA had received. To meet the demand, MSC leased one of the new buildings springing up across the highway from the Center for local offices of aerospace companies - and that move came under fire from the local press when its cost was revealed: besides the $96,165 year rent, MSC spent $166,000 for modifications, $8,000 for television monitors, and $6,600 for 610 chairs.37 But "Building 6," housing the NASA Gemini News Center, served its purpose well as the base for 1068 newspaper, magazine, radio, and television representatives, as well as 60 public relations people from industry.38 It opened on 25 May, somewhat earlier than the "launch minus five days" that had been customary for news centers during Mercury.
In the spacecraft, McDivitt and White had no doubts about liftoff, as they felt their vehicle pick up speed. There was very little noise. The hush was broken only when the launch vehicle bounced like a pogo stick for a few seconds. Then everything smoothed into near silence again. Pyrotechnic shattered the illusion of quiet at stage 1 and, later, at stage 2 separation. The spacecraft entered an elliptical orbit of 163 kilometers at the low point (perigee) and 282 kilometers at the high point (apogee).39
As Gemini IV separated from its booster, McDivitt turned the spacecraft around to look for the trailing vehicle. White saw the rocket venting, with propellant streaming from its nozzle. How far was it, and where was it going? McDivitt estimated the distance as 120 meters; White guessed it was closer to 75 meters.
McDivitt braked the spacecraft, aimed it, and thrusted toward the target. After two bursts from his thrusters, the booster seemed to move away and downward. A few minutes later, McDivitt pitched the spacecraft nose down and the crew again saw the rocket, which seemed to be traveling on a different track. He thrusted toward it - no success - and stopped. McDivitt repeated this sequence several times with the same luck.40
As night approached McDivitt spotted the booster's flashing lights. He estimated that the distance to the target had stretched to perhaps 600 meters. He knew he had to catch the booster quickly if they were going to stationkeep and do extravehicular activity as planned. For a while, Gemini IV seemed to hold its own and even to close with the other vehicle. McDivitt thought they got to within 60 meters, but White estimated it at 260 to 300 meters. The target's running lights soon grew dim in the gray streaks of dawn and vanished with the sunrise. When the target hove into view about three to five kilometers away, McDivitt again tried to close the distance. Additional thrusting did not seem to bring it any closer. Well aware that he was a pioneer [248] in orbital rendezvous and that choosing the right maneuvers might not be as easy as it seemed, McDivitt had previously asked Mission Director Kraft which was more important, rendezvous or EVA. The space walk, said Kraft. McDivitt knew he had to stop spending fuel chasing the elusive target by the "eyeball" method.
[Page 247 consisted of photos from Gemini IV, 3 June 1966]
As GPO engineer André Meyer later remarked, "There is a good explanation [for] what went wrong with rendezvous." The crew, like everyone else at MSC, "just didn't understand or reason out the orbital mechanics involved. As a result, we all got a whole lot smarter and really perfected rendezvous maneuvers, which Apollo now uses." Catching a target in orbit is a game played in a different ball park than chasing something down on Earth's essentially two-dimensional surface. Speed and motion in orbit do not conform to Earth-based habit, except at very close ranges. To catch something on the ground, one simply moves as quickly as possible in a straight line to the place where the object will be at the right time. As Gemini IV showed, that will not work in orbit. Adding speed also raises altitude, moving the spacecraft into a higher orbit than its target. The paradoxical result is that the faster moving spacecraft has actually slowed relative to the target, since its orbital period, which is a direct function of its distance from the center of gravity, has also increased. As the Gemini IV crew observed, the target seemed to gradually pull in front of and away from the spacecraft. The proper technique is for the spacecraft to reduce its speed, dropping to a lower and thus shorter orbit, which will allow it to gain on the target. At the correct moment, a burst of speed lifts the spacecraft to the target's orbit close enough to the target to eliminate virtually all relative motion between them. Now on station, the paradoxical effects vanish, and the spacecraft can approach the target directly. Gemini IV's problem was compounded by its limited fuel supply; the Spacecraft 4 tanks were only half the size of later models, and the fuel had to be conserved for the fail-safe maneuvers. When McDivitt and White broke off their futile chase, they had exhausted nearly half their load of propellants.41
White had been too busy helping his partner to give much thought to getting ready for EVA. Now that the rendezvous attempt was over, White put the zip gun together, while McDivitt read off a list of things for him to do. White pulled out the umbilical package and mounted suit connectors for the tether and the emergency oxygen chestpack. With 20 minutes still to go before cabin depressurization, the commander noticed that his copilot already looked tired and hot. McDivitt told the Kano tracking station that EVA would be postponed until the third revolution - he wanted White to rest.
While they relaxed, the crewmen talked with Grissom, the Houston CapCom, about the synoptic view of the Gulf of Mexico and all of Florida, including the Cape and its launch complexes. [249] After a 15-minute break, McDivitt picked up the list and White began checking suit hose locks and suit integrity. The flight planners had certainly not foreseen how much time getting ready for EVA would take, McDivitt thought.42
Over the Indian Ocean, White was ready for EVA at last - hoses hooked up, umbilical ready, gun in hand, and chestpack in place - and they again rested and chatted. Nearing Carnarvon, Australia, they began to depressurize the cabin. Then a mechanical problem arose - the door would not unlatch because a spring had failed to compress. After much yanking and poking around the hatch ratchet, the door suddenly cracked open. White found the hatch as hard to push up in zero g as it had been on the ground.43
Once he had it opened, White rose slowly through the hatch and installed a camera to record his movements as he swam in space, with the zip gun, tethered to his right arm, floating freely by his side. White triggered a burst from the gun, rose above the hatch, and, without imparting any motion to the spacecraft, propelled himself away. Experimenting with the double-barreled device, he traveled about 5 meters but found himself higher above the spacecraft than he intended. He wanted to go over to McDivitt's window. Short bursts of the gun worked well; in fact, it responded throughout much as it had in ground training on an air-bearing table, at least in pitch and yaw. White was less sure about roll, which he thought would be harder to control without using too much fuel. Floating freely, he felt a tendency to pitch, roll, and yaw, all at once. He knew the gun could correct this, but he was concerned about the fuel it would take. Instead, he tugged on the tether and pulled himself aft and high atop the spacecraft adapter. White saw the thrusters firing, expelling plumes of flaming gas, as McDivitt steadied the spacecraft. White propelled himself away from the danger - across the top of the spacecraft and out beyond its nose. He used the gun for two pitchovers and two body turns, each time stopping easily. Then the compressed oxygen fuel bottle was empty - how he wished it had been bigger!44
There was the usual brief loss of communications between Hawaii and Guaymas, Mexico. While White was using the zip gun over the Pacific, Mission Control was unaware of how he was making out. After the voice circuit was restored, radio listeners had a chance to hear an American human satellite broadcast his views of the spectacle of Earth. White told McDivitt and the world how beautiful it all was, of the pictures he was taking, and how well he was feeling - no vertigo or disorientation whatever. And when McDivitt had to tell him it was time to come back inside, Mission Control and the whole world heard him sigh, "It's the saddest moment of my life."
While he was floating freely, White had paid no attention to the time; and, since they were on the internal spacecraft communications link, [250] Flight Control could not break in on them. Finally, after 15 minutes 40 seconds, McDivitt broke off to ask the ground if they wanted anything. "Yes," Kraft chuckled, "Tell him to get back in." After he passed this on to White, McDivitt heard boots thumping atop the spacecraft. White came back to the hatch as Gemini IV was passing over the Atlantic, dismounted the camera and removed electrical connections, and handed all these items to McDivitt along with the gun. McDivitt then helped White get settled, pulling on his legs and guiding his feet into the footwells.45
White closed the hatch and reached for the handle to lock it. When it failed to catch, he knew it was going to be as hard to close as it had been to open. Pushing on the handle lifted White out of his seat, so McDivitt pulled on him to give him some leverage. Finally White felt a little torque in the handle and yelled for McDivitt to yank harder. The door was latched.
White sat back, physically exhausted, sweat streaming into his eyes and fogging his faceplate. McDivitt also felt tired, so they rested before extending a radio antenna to find a ground-based voice and tell Earth all was well. Carnarvon answered them. The crew of Gemini IV had almost circled the globe in an unpressurized spacecraft.46
While White relaxed, McDivitt began powering down some of the spacecraft systems to save electrical power and control fuel, intending to drift for the next two and a half days. Seven and a half hours after liftoff, White went to sleep. He and McDivitt had intended to sleep alternate periods of four hours each, but this was hard to do. The constant crackle of radioed information and orders and the occasional automatic thruster firings kept them awake. Whoever was on duty frequently bumped the sleeper in this uncommonly small bedroom.47
Gemini IV was the first of the program's longer missions, and it imposed a set of new demands on ground control, which moved for the first time into a three-shift operation. Kraft acted as both Mission Director for the entire flight and Flight Director for the first shift. Eugene F. Kranz directed the second shift and John Hodge the third. Kraft's shift focused its efforts on helping McDivitt and White carry out the flight plan. The second shift concerned itself mainly with keeping track of systems performance and the use of such consumable stores as oxygen and fuel. Realtime flight planning was the special province of Hodge's shift. The basic framework of the flight plan was set before launch; but on the basis of what had already been achieved, how systems were working, and what stocks of fuel and other consumables remained, the third shift was ready by morning with specific instructions for the crew on tasks to be done or eliminated during the day ahead.48
Backing up the flight control teams were a number of systems experts who stood by in the staff support rooms of the new Mission Control Center. [251] They included not only NASA specialists but also contractor people, some of whom were assigned full-time to Houston while missions were in progress. At their home plants, other teams maintained systems under simulated flight conditions to provide quick answers to flight problems. Technical monitors and principal investigators were also on hand in the Mission Control Center for the Gemini experiment program, now more methodically handled by a new Experiments Program Office under Robert Piland in the Engineering and Development Directorate. Gemini IV's 11 experiments made it the first American mission to bear some resemblance to the manned space laboratory that had long been a staple of space flight thought.
Gemini IV was also the first mission to employ systematic methods to gather, evaluate, and publish information quickly, another demand imposed by longer flights and shorter intervals between missions. Willis Mitchell and Scott Simpkinson of GPO headed the 150-person Mission Evaluation Team that began work at liftoff and kept working through postflight inspection and mission evaluation.49 Gemini IV served as training ground for pilots, flight controllers, and evaluators alike, setting the style for later Gemini missions, as well as for future Apollo flights.
Meanwhile, McDivitt and White drifted through space, watching systems, making observations, and doing experiments. A rigid constraint on fuel usage hampered most of these activities, although several of Gemini IV's 11 experiments were largely unaffected.**
Five dosimeters checked radiation in the spacecraft (experiment D-8), especially while Gemini IV was passing through the South Atlantic Anomaly (an intense pocket of the ionosphere), where radiation levels were considerably higher than in all other regions. In the Simple Navigation experiment (D-9), the pilots used a handheld sextant in an attempt to get celestial navigation readings, to judge sextant operation and navigational accuracy. McDivitt and White agreed that the sextant might be useful for Apollo.50
McDivitt and White had good fortune in the Synoptic Terrain (5-5) and Synoptic Weather (5-6) photography. The 70-millimeter Hasselblad camera worked well and, tourist-like, they tried to capture the view. They were especially smitten with the Nile River area - one saw Cairo, the other Alexandria - and White remarked that a landmark near a body of water was easier to spot. On one occasion, they snapped pictures from the Pacific Coast to Texas, showing good geological detail. They performed like professionals in getting pictures of weather phenomena. Unmanned Tiros weather satellites provide coverage from 640 kilometers, but Gemini IV gave the meteorologists a closer look, without a mosaic patchwork, at cellular cloud patterns, [252] cloud layers in tropical disturbances, lines of cumulus clouds over the ocean, and thunderstorm areas.51
The crew used the bungee exerciser (M-3) more than had been planned, but White later said that his desire to do strenuous work dwindled during the flight; although, as McDivitt suggested, this might have been caused by lack of sleep. Both agreed that a systematic exercise program would be needed for long missions. Sensors attached to the pilots' bodies, in the Inflight Phonocardiogram experiment (M-4), gathered data on heartbeat rates, especially during liftoff, EVA, and reentry. As might be expected, their heartbeats were essentially normal except during these periods. The bone demineralization experiment (M-6) did show a greater mass loss in the small finger and heel than that experienced by Earthbound, bedrested patients.52
One engineering experiment - Electrostatic Charge (MSC-1) - gave higher readings than expected. Investigation later determined that thruster and water boiler operation produced some moisture, resulting in a high electrical charge, which dissipated very quickly. Concerns that docking in space might generate a harmful jolt were laid to rest. The Proton-Electron Spectrometer (MSC-2) and Tri-Axis Magnetometer (MSC-3), complementary radiation studies, provided useful data about Earth's radiation environment and the magnitude and direction of local geomagnetic fields. Photographing the red-blue Earth limb was the final engineering experiment (MSC-10), designed to help train Apollo astronauts in making navigational fixes.53
After 48 revolutions, covering 75 hours of flight, the spacecraft computer was updated during a stateside pass. Told to turn the computer off, McDivitt flipped the switch and discovered that he could not. On the ground, efforts to solve the problem began at once. For the next few revolutions, the crew received instructions for trying different switch positions, but the computer finally quit entirely. Now they would have to resort to a rolling Mercury-type reentry, rather than the lifting bank angle the computer was supposed to help them achieve.54
In revolution 62, at 97 hours 28 minutes, they fired their maneuvering thrusters in the proper retroattitude for 2 minutes 41 seconds. Afterward they jettisoned the equipment adapter. Bang! bang! bang! bang! went the retrorockets. White watched the brown, dusty Texas plains pass in review and then released the retroadapter. Gemini IV was returning to Earth.55
At 120,000 meters, McDivitt started the rolling reentry. As the spacecraft rotated, the crew saw the adapter, trailing them, turn into an orange mushroom as it burned. Without the computer, McDivitt and White suspected, they would land short of the planned Atlantic landing point. The spacecraft was getting some lift, but they were sure it would not be enough. McDivitt and White welcomed the increasing g-rates. White noticed no dimming of vision and no shortness of breath. [253] They talked, watched their instruments, and enjoyed the scenery.56
At 27,000 meters, McDivitt slowed the roll rate and stopped it completely at 12,000 meters. Shortly, he punched out the drogue parachute. When it deployed, the spacecraft gyrated instead of stabilizing. At 3,230 meters, the main parachute deployed and unfurled with a comforting shock, and then they braced themselves for the 1,500-meter, two-point suspension mark. When the spacecraft assumed its new position, the crew lurched forward, then backward, but neither knocked their helmets against anything. The splashdown - at 97 hours 56 minutes 12 seconds after launch - was rough, slamming them against the water. But they were down and safe, so far.57
Gemini IV missed its mark by 80 kilometers; but several of the recovery ships had begun moving toward its landing site, and one helicopter crew watched the spacecraft descend to the ocean. Within a few minutes, swimmers jumped into the water and attached a flotation collar. Then the pilots were hoisted into the helicopter. Fifty-seven minutes after touchdown, the crew stepped onto a triumphal red carpet on the deck of the aircraft carrier Wasp to be greeted by the ship's crew.58
During the helicopter ride, an MSC physician reported that the crew seemed to be in good shape. Nevertheless, everyone wondered about their physical condition after being weightless so long. A NASA information specialist, who had seen Cooper stagger after his Mercury flight, was surprised to see White do a jig-step. A colleague commented, "The air of tension [immediately] dissipated." Berry and his medical team met the crew aboard the Wasp. Medical examinations over the next 66 hours revealed no major problems. In fact, on the day after the landing, on his way to the ship's medical ward, White noticed some Marines and midshipmen having a tug-of-war. He joined the midshipmen for 15 minutes. Although his team lost, White certainly appeared strong and healthy. Later McDivitt and White inscribed a picture of themselves walking across the red carpet, "The day the straw men fell down." Berry agreed, as he found his patients fatigued but showing no sign of faintness. Although the loss of bone mass in the heel and little finger was not surprising, physicians were startled to find a loss in the volume of plasma - circulating blood. Both lost weight, as have all American astronauts - McDivitt, two kilograms (four and a half pounds); White four kilograms (eight and a half pounds). But they paved the way for an even longer mission.59
Gemini IV roused great excitement, with all its daily activities heralded in newspapers around the world. Its deeds shunted aside dark clouds that loomed on 7 June (the day that McDivitt and White returned from space), when the U.S. Military Command in South Vietnam announced that its troops would fight alongside Vietnamese forces. [254] President Johnson came to Houston to congratulate them; a million Chicagoans showered them with ticker tape; and Administrator Webb sent them, at the request of the President, to the Paris International Air Show, where they met Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first space traveler.60
* The Gemini IV spacecraft had no name, official or otherwise (such as "Molly Brown"), nor did its pilots wear a distinctive patch on their suits, as did all later Gemini crews. A few of the newsmen called the ship "Little Eva," to symbolize the extravehicular activity.
** For descriptions, objectives, and results of all Gemini experiments, see Appendix D.
33 Letter, John H. Boyd, Jr., to Jack E. Riley, 10 May 1965, with enclosure, "Launch Countdown"; "Preliminary GT-4 Flight Crew Debriefing Transcript," Part I, 16 June 1965, pp. 6-7; "Gemini Status Report," Gemini 4 News Center, 2 June 1965, 5:00 p.m.; [Ivan D. Ertel], Gemini 4 Flight, MSC Fact Sheet No. 291-B (Houston, 1965); "Gemini IV Mission Report," p. 7-43.
34 [Ertel], Gemini 4 Flight; Boyd letter, 10 May 1965; "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 1, 7.
35 Gemini 4 mission commentary transcript, 3 June 1965, tape 2, pp. 5-8; J[oseph] F. Wambolt and S[ally] F. Anderson, "Gemini Launch Systems Final Report: Gemini/Titan Launch Vehicle; Gemini/ Agena Target Vehicle; Atlas SLV-3," Aerospace TOR-1001(2126-80)-3, January 1967, p. II.G-5; Lt. Col. Alexander C. Kuras and Col. John G. Albert, "Gemini-Titan Technical Summary," 24 Jan. 1967, pp. 140- 41; Albert, interview, Patrick AFB, Fla., 26 May 1967; Joseph M. Verlander, interview, Cocoa Beach, Fla., 29 Aug. 1967; "Number of Holds Manned Space Flight Launches," compiled by MSC Historical Office, ca. 1964.
36 "Europeans See Shot on Early Bird," The Washington Post, 4 June 1965.
37 "NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Master Plan & Architectural Concept," Brown and Root, Inc., [April 1962]; Howard I. Gibbons, telephone interview, 31 Oct. 1968; Quarterly Activity Report, 30 April 1965, p. 20; Jim Maloney, "MSC Will Lease Building for News," The Houston Post, 11 May 1965; Jim Schefter, "MSC to Spend $223,000 on News Center on Outside," Houston Chronicle, 11 May 1965; letter, W. H. Sheley, Jr., to Gilruth, 16 May 1966.
38 Stanley P. Weiss, recorder, "Minutes of Senior Staff Meeting, May 21, 1965," p. 2; "Houston Gemini News Center Accreditation List," 11 June 1965.
39 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 17-18, 20-21, 23-25, 31; "Gemini IV Mission Report," p. 4-1.
40 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 38, 50-57.
41 Ibid., pp. 54-55, 58-69, 72; Gemini 4 mission commentary, tape 7, p. 1; Meyer, comments on draft chapter of Gemini narrative history, 28 Feb. 1969.
42 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 85-95, 96-98; Gemini 4 mission commentary, tape 9, pp. 3-6.
43 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 100-103.
44 Ibid., pp. 108, 109-16.
45 Ibid., pp. 133-45; Gemini 4 mission commentary, tape 11, EVA-1 through -14.
46 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 145-54; "Composite Air-to-Ground and Onboard Voice Tape Transcription of the GT-4 Mission," NASA Program Gemini working paper No. 5035, 31 Aug. 1965, pp. 56-62; Frederick T. Burns et al., "Gemini Extravehicular Activities," in Reginald M. Machell, ed., Summary of Gemini Extravehicular Activity, NASA SP-149 (Langley, Va., 1967), p. 3-3.
47 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, p. 186; "GT-4 Air-to-Ground," pp. 83, 90, 92; McDivitt interview; "GT-4 Flight Crew Report," 11 June 1965, tape 5, p. 3.
48 MSC Gemini 4 Release No. 3, 28 May 1965; memo, Ertel to Public Affairs Officer, "Release on GT-4 Flight Controller and Recovery Personnel," 14 May 1965, with enclosure; Kranz interview.
49 "Building 30 inhouse facilities for support personnel for MCG Test 617," 1 June 1965; memo, Mathews to members of Mission Evaluation Team, "Gemini IV Mission Evaluation Team," GT-65141, 28 May 1965, with enclosures; Scott H. Simpkinson, interview, Houston, 18 Jan. 1967; memo, Mathews to Special Asst., "Technical monitor and principal investigator staff for support for experiments in the Mission Control Center," GP-61328, 25 May 1965, with enclosure; memo, Mathews to Chief, Flight Support Div., "Gemini experiments," GP-61329, 2 June 1965; memo, Purser to Mgr., GPO, "Experimenter staff support for GT-4," 2 June 1965; memo, Mathews to Asst. Dir., Flight Crew Ops., Attn: Helmut A. Kuehnel, "Gemini IV experiments inflight consultation plan," GP-61355, 3 June 1965; MSC Announcement No. 65-81, "Designation of Manager, Experiments, in E&D, and Establishment of the Experiments Program Office," 21 June 1965.
50 "Gemini IV Mission Report," pp. 8-2, -4, -7, -8, -9; TWX, Mathews to NASA Hq., Attn: Schneider, "Gemini Experiment D-9, Simple Navigation," GP-7126, 12 May 1965; Capt. E. M. Vallerie, "Experiment D-9, Simple Navigation on Gemini IV," in "Gemini III and IV Experiments Symposium," pp. 105-109; Lts. M. F. Schneider, J. F. Janni, and G. E. Radke, "Experiment D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft Gemini IV," ibid., pp. 171-216; R[obert] O. Piland and P[aul] R. Penrod, "Experiments Program Summary," in Gemini Midprogram Conference, Including Experiment Results, NASA SP-121 (Washington, 1966), pp. 310-11; "Preliminary Debriefing," Part II, pp. 219-28.
51 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, p. 222, Part II, p. 219; Paul D. Lowman, Jr., "Experiment S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography during Gemini IV," in "Gemini III and IV Experiments Symposium," pp. 19-32; Gordon C. Hrabal, "Experiments for GT-4 Mission," NASA Program Gemini working paper No. 5023, 14 May 1965, p. 13-3; see also color photographs taken by Gemini IV crew in Earth Photographs from Gemini III, IV, and V, NASA SP-129 (Washington, 1967), pp. 13-108.
52 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part II, pp. 230-32; Lawrence F. Dietlein, "Experiment M3" and "Experiment M-4, Inflight Phonocardiogram," in"Gemini III and IV Experiments Symposium," pp. 40- 48, 49-59; Pauline B. Mack et al., "Experiment M-6, Bone Demineralization on Gemini IV," ibid., pp. 61-80; Dietlein and Rita M. Rapp, "Experiment M-3, Inflight Exercise - Work Tolerance," in Gemini Midprogram Conference, p. 394; Mack et al., "Experiment M-6, Bone Demineralization," ibid., pp. 413- 14; "Gemini IV Mission Report," p. 7-46.
53 TWX, Mathews to SSD, Attn: Major Charles A. Wurster, GV-52310 (ca. May 1964); TWX, Mathews to McDonnell, Attn: Burke, "Contract NAS 9-170; Experiment Order 6304, Electrostatic Charge Experiment," GA-51182, 27 Aug. 1964; memo, Mathews to Asst. Dir., E and D, "GT-4 Experiment MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Measurement," GA-01360, 13 Jan. 1965; memo, Clifford M. Jackson to Mgr., Spacecraft, "Status of electrostatic charge measurement experiment, MSC-1," GS- 04161, 16 Feb. 1965; "Preliminary Debriefing," Part II, pp. 217-18, 229; "Gemini IV Mission Report," pp. 8-12 to -14, -16, -17; Patrick Lafferty, "Experiment MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge on Gemini III and Gemini IV," in "Gemini III and IV Experiments Symposium," pp. 137-39; James Marbach, "Experiment MSC-2, Proton-Electron Measurement on Gemini IV," ibid., pp. 149-51; William D. Womack, "Experiment MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer on Gemini IV," ibid., pp. 161-63; Max Petersen, "Experiment MSC-10, Two-Color Earth Limb Photography," ibid., pp. 121-31.
54 "Gemini IV Mission Report," p. 4-3; "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 243-45, Part II, pp. 90-92; "GT-4 Air-to-Ground," pp. 305-10, 313-14, 319-22, 332, 335.
55 "GT-4 Air-to-Ground," pp. 384, 386; "Gemini IV Mission Report," pp. 4-3, -4; "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 260-61, 269-74, 280-81.
56 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 284-93; "Gemini IV Mission Report," p. 7-27.
57 "Preliminary Debriefing," Part I, pp. 297-306, 310-13; "GT-4 Air-to-Ground," pp. 390-92, 394.
58 "GT-4 Air-to-Ground," p. 395; Gemini 4 mission commentary, tape 183, pp. 4-7, tape 184, pp. 1-3, tape 186, p. 2; "Recovery Mission Chronology," [Naval History Office, TF-140, December 1966].
59 Bennett W. James et al., interview, Houston, 29 June 1967; "Gemini IV Mission Report," pp. 7-47 through -49; Charles A. Berry et al., "Mans Response to Long-Duration Flight in the Gemini Spacecraft," in Gemini Midprogram Conference, pp. 241, 247, 248, 250; Berry interview.
60 See "Current News," 30 July 1965, a compilation of news stories and front pages of newspapers all over the world, prepared by NASA's Office of Public Information, especially The Washington Daily News, 4 June 1965; The Boston Globe, 8 June 1965; The Miami Herald, 8 June 1965; New York Herald Tribune, 4 June 1965; The New York Times, 15 June 1965; The Washington Post, 18 June 1965; The Yomiuri Shimbun, Tokyo, 8 and 9 June 1965; The Daily Telegraph, London, 8 June 1965; White House News Release, "Text of the Remarks by the President at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, June 11, 1965;" "President Visits Center, Honors Gemini IV Crew," MSC Space News Roundup, 25 June 1965; TWX, Alex P. Nagy to Purser, AF-1-866, 30 July 1965; George Sherman, "French Crowds Cheer Americas Space Twins," The Sunday Star, Washington, 20 June 1965; "Space Twins Steal Some Red Thunder," Washington Daily News, 19 June 1965.