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References
Human studies
  • 1,3-Butadiene. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Current Intelligence Bulletin 41, Publication No. 84-105, (1984).
  • 1,3-Butadiene: inhalation teratogenicity in the rat (final report with cover letter dated 08/11/82). International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers (IISRP) (1082). Report no. 2788-522/3; submission 8EHQ-0382-0441. Harrowgate, England: Hazleton Laboratories Europe, Ltd.
  • Downs, T., S. Pier, and M. Crane. "Cause-specific mortality in a cohort of 1,000 ABS workers." Abstr Symp. Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards.  (1992). Espoo, Finland. 
  • Matanoski, G.M., et al. "Epidemiologic data related to health effects of 1,3-Butadiene. In: Assessment of inhalation hazards."   Mohr, U; Bates, DV; Dungworth, DL; et al (1989). eds. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 201-214.
  • Delzell, E., N. Sathiakumar, and M. Macaluso. "A follow-up study of synthetic rubber workers." (1995). Final report prepared under contract to International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers. 
  • Matanoshi, G.M., et al. "Mortality of Workers in the Styrene-butadiene Rubber Polymer Manufacturing Industry."  (1982). A Report Prepared under Contract to the International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.
  • American Journal of Epidemiology
    • Monson, R.R. and K.K. Nakano. "Mortality among rubber workers. I. White male union employees in Akron, Ohio." 103(1976): 284-296.
    • Beaumon, J.J. and N.E. Breslow. "Power considerations in epidemiologic studies of vinyl chloride workers." 114(1981):725-734.
  • Downs, T.D., M.M. Crane, and K.W. Kim. "Mortality among workers at a butadiene facility." (1987). Am J Ind Med 12:311-329.
  • Duescher, R.J. and A.A. Elfarra. "Human liver microsomes are efficient catalysts for 1,3-Butadiene oxidation: evidence for major roles by cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2E1." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 311(1994):342-349.
  • Malvoisin, E., M. Mercier, and M. Roberfroid. "Enzymatic hydration of butadiene monoxide and its importance in the metabolism of butadiene." Biol Reactive Intermed II, 136A(1981):437-444.
  • Carcinogenesis
    • Cochrane, J.E. and T.R. Skopek. "Mutagenicity of butadiene and its epoxide metabolites: I. Mutagenic potential of 1,2-epoxybutene, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol in cultured human lymphoblasts." 15(1994): 713-717.
    • Melnick, R.L. and M.C. Kohn. "Mechanistic data indicate that 1,3-butadiene is a human carcinogen." (1995). 16(1995): 157-163.
  • Maniglier-Poulet, C., et al. "Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene to butadiene monoxide in mouse and human bone marrow cells." Chemico-Biological Interactions 97(1995):119-129.
  • Environmental Health Perspectives
    • Melnick, R.L., et al. "Symposium overview: toxicology, carcinogenesis, and human health aspects of 1,3-butadiene." 86(1990): 3-5.
    • Divine, B.J. "An update on mortality among workers at a 1,3-butadiene facility – preliminary results." 86(1990): 119-128.
    • Irons, R.D. "Studies on the mechanism of 1,3-butadiene-induced leukemogenesis: the potential role of endogenous murine leukemia virus." 86(1990): 49-55.
    • Ward, J.B., et al. "hprt Mutant lymphocyte frequencies in workers at a 1,3-butadiene production plant." 1.2(1994):79-85.
    • Ward, E.M., J.M. Fajen, and A. Ruder, A. "Mortality study of workers in 1,3-butadiene production units identified from a chemical workers cohort." 103(1995):598-603.
    • Ward, J.B., Jr, et al. "hprt Mutant lymphocyte frequencies in workers at a 1,3-butadiene production plant." 102(1994): 79-85.
    • Matanoski, G.M., C. Santos-Burgoa, and L. Schwartz "Mortality of a cohort of workers in the styrene-butadiene polymer manufacturing industry (1943-1982)." 86(1990): 107-117. 
    • Morrow, N.L. "The industrial production and use of 1,3-butadiene." 86(1990):7-8.
  • Ward, J.B., Jr, M.M. Ammenheuser, and W.E. Bechtold. "Assessment of butadiene exposure in a rubber plant using urine metabolite and HPRT mutant frequency as biological markers of exposure and effect." (Abstract) Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 27(1996a):73.
  • Acquavella, JF. "The paradox of butadiene epidemiology." Experimental Pathology 37(1989):114.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
    • IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. (1982).  Vol. 28. The rubber industry. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
    • IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Vol. 39. Some chemicals used in plastics and elastomers butadiene. (1986).  Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 155-179.
    • IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 54. 1,3-Butadiene. Occupational exposures to mists and vapours from strong inorganic acids and other industrial chemicals. (1992). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 237-287.
    • "Mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene and its epoxide metabolites in human TK6 cells and splenic T cells isolated from exposed B6C3F1 mice." In: Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards. Cochrane, J.E.; Skopek, T.R. (1993). IARC Scientific Publications. Vol. 127;. Sorsa, M.; Peltonen, K.; Vainio, H.; et al, eds. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 195-204.
  • Bulbulyan, M.A. et al. "Cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of chloroprene workers from Armenia." International Journal on Cancer 81.1(1999): 31-33.
  • Duescher, R.J., and A.A. Elfarra. "1,3-Butadiene oxidation by human myeloperoxidase: role of chloride ion in catalysis of divergent pathways." Journal of Biological Chemistry 267(1992): 19859.
  • Carpenter, C.P., et al. "Studies on the inhalation of 1,3-butadiene; with a comparison of its narcotic effect with benzol, toluol and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human." J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 26(1944): 69-78.
  • J. Occup. Med.
    • McMichael, A.J., et al. "Mortality among Rubber Workers: Relationship to Specific Job." 18(1976): 178-185.
    • Matanoski, G.M. and L. Schwartz. "Mortality of workers in styrene-butadiene polymer production." 29(1987): 675-680.
  • Osterman-Golkar, S.M., et al. "Haemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene." Mutagenesis 11(1996): 145-149.
  • Kelsey, K.T., et al. "Sister-chromatid exchanges, glutathione S-transferase theta deletion and cytogenetic sensitivity to diepoxybutane in lymphocytes from butadiene monomer production workers. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 335(1995): 267-273.
  • Andjelkovich, D., J. Taulbee, and M.J. Symons. "Mortality Experiences of a Cohort of Rubber Workers 1964-1973." Occup. Med. 18(1976): 387-394.
  • Cowles, S.R., et al. "Mortality, morbidity, and haematologic results from a cohort of long-term workers involved in 1,3-butadiene monomer production." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 51(1994): 323-329.
  • Meimhardt, T.J., et al. "Environmental Epidemiologic Investigations of the Styrene-butadiene Rubber Industry. Mortality Patterns with Discussion of Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Malignancies." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health 8:250-259.
  • Scientific Publications
    • Matanoski, G.M., M. Francis, and A. Correa-Villasenor. "Cancer epidemiology among styrene-butadiene rubber workers. In: Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards." Scientific Publications. 127(1993). Sorsa, M.; Peltonen, K.; Vainio, H.; et al, eds. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
    • Divine, B.J., J.K. Wendt, and C.M. Hartman. "Cancer mortality among workers at a butadiene facility. In: Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards." (1993). IARC Scientific Publications 127(1993): 345-362. Sorsa, M.; Peltonen, K.; Vainio, H.; et al, eds. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
  • Toxicology
    • Sorsa, M., et al. "Assessment of exposure to butadiene in the process industry." (1996). 113(1996): 77-83.
    • Tates, A.D., et al. "Biological effect monitoring in industrial workers from the Czech Republic exposed to low levels of butadiene." 113(1996): 91-99.
    • Ward, J.B., Jr., et al. "Biological monitoring for mutagenic effects of occupational exposure to butadiene." 113(1995): 84-90.
    • Delzell, E., N. Sathiakumar, and M. Hovinga. "A follow-up study of synthetic rubber workers. 113(1996): 182-189.
    • Macaluso, M.; R. Larson, and E. Delzell. "Leukemia and cumulative exposure to butadiene, styrene and benzene among workers in the synthetic rubber industry." 113(1996): 190-202.
    • Divine, B.J. and C.M. Hartman. "Mortality update of butadiene production workers." 113(1996): 169-181.
    • Ward, E.M., J.M. Fajen, and A. Ruder. "Mortality study of workers employed in 1,3-butadiene production units identified from a large chemical workers cohort." 113(1996): 157-168.
    • Hayes, R.B., et al "hprt Mutation frequency among workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene in China." 113(1996): 100-105.
Animal Studies
  • Sharer, J.E., R.J. Duescher, and A.A. Elfarra. "Species and tissue differences in the microsomal oxidation of 1,3- butadiene and the glutathione conjugation of butadiene monoxide in mice and rats." Drug Metab Dispos 20(1992):658- 664.
  • Environmental Health Perspectives
    • Laib, R.J., et al. "Inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,3-butadiene and 1,2-epoxybutene-3 in rats and mice." 86(1990): 57-63.
    • Melnick, R.L., et al. "Inhalation toxicology and carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice following 65 weeks of exposure." 86(1990c): 27-36.
    • Evelo, C.T.A., et al. "Physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling of 1,3- butadiene lung metabolism in mice becomes more important at low doses." (1993). 101(1993): 496-502.
  • Anderson, D., A.J. Edwards, A.J.; Brinkworth, M.H. "Male-mediated F1 effects in mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene. In: Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards."  (1993).  IARC Scientific Publications. Vol. 127. Sorsa, M.; Peltonen, K.; Vainio, H.; et al, eds. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 171-181. 
  • 1,3-Butadiene induces cancer in experimental animals at all concentrations from 6.25 to 8,000 parts per million. In: Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards. Melnick, R.L.; Huff, J.E. (1993). IARC Scientific
  • Bolt, H.M., et al. "Biological activation of 1,3-butadiene to vinyl oxirane by rat liver microsomes and expiration of the reactive metabolite by exposed rats." J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 106(1983): 112-116.
  • Mutation Research
    • Adler, I.D., et al. "Heritable translocations induced by inhalation exposure of male mice to 1,3-butadiene." 347(1995): 121-127.
    • Adler, I.D. and D. Anderson. "Dominant lethal effects after inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene." 309(1994): 295-297.
    • Adler, I.D., et al. "Mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene inhalation in somatic and germinal cells of mice. 309(1994): 307-314.
    • Kligerman A.D.; et al. "Comparison of cytogenetic effects of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene and 1,2:3, 4-diepoxybutane in mouse, rat and human lymphocytes following in vitro G0 exposures." 439.1(1999): 13-23.
  • Filser, J.G., et al. "Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene in microsomes from livers of mouse, rat, and man." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Toxicol Suppl. 345.R31(1992).
  • Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
    • Dahl, A.R., et al. "The fate of isoprene inhaled by rats: comparison to butadiene." 89(1987): 237-242.
    • Himmelstein, M.W., B. Asgharian, and J.A. Bond. "High concentrations of butadiene epoxides in livers and lungs of mice compared to rats exposed to 1,3-butadiene." 132(1995): 281-288.
    • Irons, R.D., et al. "Macrocytic-megaloblastic anemia in male NIH Swiss mice following repeated exposure to 1,3-butadiene. 85(1986): 450-455.
    • Dahl, A.R., et al. "Toxicokinetics of inhaled 1,3-butadiene in monkeys: comparison to toxicokinetics in rats and mice." 110(1991): 9-19.
    • Irons, R.D., et al. "Susceptibility to 1,3-butadiene-induced leukemogenesis correlates with endogenous ecotropic retroviral background in the mouse." 101(1989): 170-176.
  • Toxicology Letters
    • Deutschmann, S. and R.J. Laib. "Concentration-dependent depletion of non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content in lung, heart and liver tissue of rats and mice after acute inhalation exposure to butadiene." 45(1989):175-183.
    • Kreiling, R., R.J. Laib, and H.M. Bolt. "Depletion of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content during exposure of rats and mice to butadiene." 41(1988): 209-214.
    • Recio, L. and T.L. Goldsworthy. "The use of transgenic mice for studying mutagenicity induced by 1,3- butadiene." 82(1995): 607-612.
  • Thornton-Manning, J.R., et al. "Tissue concentrations of butadiene epoxides in rodents following multiple and single exposures to 1,3-butadiene (BD) by inhalation." Toxicologist 30(1996):215.
  • Toxicology
    • Dunnick, J.K., et al. "Respiratory tract lesions in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice after inhalation exposure to 1,2-epoxybutane." 50(1988): 69-82.
    • Doerr, J.K., E.A. Hollis, and I.G. Sipes. "Species difference in the ovarian toxicity of 1,3-butadiene epoxides in B6C3F1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats." 113(1996): 128-136.
  • Irons, R.D., W.S. Stillman, M.W. Cloyd. "Selective activation of endogenous ecotropic retrovirus in hematopoietic tissues of B6C3F1 mice during the preleukemic phase of 1,3-butadiene exposure." Virology 161(1987): 457- 462.
Other
  • Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of 1,3- butadiene. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, (1994a).
  • Memo from Rich Cook, Office of Mobile Sources to Dennis Beauregard. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, (1994b) (November 9, 1994).
  • Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene; final rule. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), (1996, November 4). Federal Register 61(214):56745-56795.
  • Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene; proposed rule and notice of hearing. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), (1990, August 10).  Federal Register 55:32736-32776.
  • Pharmacokinetic/mechanism-based analysis of the carcinogenic risk of butadiene. PB88-20817. Hattis, D.; Wasson, J., (1987). Rockville, MD: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1-122.
  • Proposed identification of 1,3-butadiene as a toxic air contaminant. California Air Resources Board, (1991). Prepared by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Sacramento, CA.
  • Proposed identification of 1,3-butadiene as a toxic air contaminant. Part A. Exposure assessment. California Air Resources Board. Stationary Source Division, Sacramento, CA, (1992).
  • Proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (1996, April 23).  Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011.
  • Review of sources and emission estimates for 1,3-butadiene. Ligocki, M.P., (1993). SYSAPP-93/074. Prepared by Systems Applications International, Inc., San Rafael, CA. 
  • A survey of exposures to gasoline vapour. Report No. 4/87. Concawe, (1987). de Hague: Concawe.
  • Toxicological profile for 1,3-butadiene. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service, (1992). 
  • The use of the benchmark-dose approach in health risk assessment. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, EPA/630/R-94/007, (1995).
  • American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
    • Bond, J.A., et al. "Species differences in the distribution of butadiene in tissues."  48(1987): 867-872.
    • Checkoway, H. and T.M. Williams. "A hematology survey of workers at a styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber manufacturing plant." 4.3(1982): 164-169.
  • Jelitto, B., R.R. Vangala, and R.J. Laib. "Species differences in DNA damage by butadiene: role of diepoxybutane. Archives of Toxicology 13(1989): 246-249.
  • Hallenbeck, W. "Cancer risk assessment for the inhalation of 1,3-butadiene using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling." Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology 49(1992):66-70.
  • Goodrow, T., et al. "Activation of K-ras by codon 13 mutations in C57BL/6 × C3HF1 mouse tumors induced by exposure to 1,3-butadiene." Cancer Res 50(1990): 4818-4823.
  • Carcinogenesis
    • Brunnemann, K.D., et al. "Analysis of 1,3-butadiene and other selected gas-phase components in cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke by gas chromatography-mass selective detection." 11(1990): 1863.
    • Kohn, M.C. and R.L. Melnick. " Species differences in the production and clearance of 1,3-butadiene metabolites: a mechanistic model indicates predominantly physiological, not biochemical, control. 14(1993):619-628.
  • Bechtold, W.E., et al. "Analysis of butadiene, butadiene monoxide and butadiene diepoxide in blood by gas chromatography/gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy." Chemical Research in Toxicology 8(1995): 182-187.
  • Anon. "Chemical profile: butadiene." Chem Mark Rep 239(1991): 50.
  • Csanády, G.A. and J.A. Bond. "Species differences in the biotransformation of 1,3-butadiene to DNA-reactive epoxides: role in cancer risk assessment. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, CIIT Activities 11(1991): 1-8.
  • Himmelstein, M.W., et al. "Toxicology and epidemiology of 1,3-butadiene." Crit Rev Toxicol, 27.1(1997):1-108.
  • Cole, P., E. Delzell, and J. Acquavella. "Exposure to butadiene and lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer." Epidemiology 4(1993):86.
  • Dahl, A.R., et al. "Species differences in the metabolism and disposition of inhaled 1,3-butadiene and isoprene." Environmental Health Perspectives 86(1990):65-69.
  • Rosenthal, S.L. "The reproductive effects assessment group's report on the mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene and its reactive metabolites." Environ Mutagen 7(1985): 933-945.
  • Crump, K.S. "A new method for determining allowable daily intakes." Fundam Appl Toxicol 4(1984): 854-871.
  • Norppa, H. and M. Sorsa. "Genetic toxicology of 1,3-butadiene and styrene. In: Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards." (1993). IARC Scientific Publications. Vol. 127. Sorsa, M.; Peltonen, K.; Vainio, H.; et al, eds. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 185-193. 
  • Nordlinder, R.G., R.I. Nilsson, and A.B. Buskhe. "1,3-butadiene in gasoline: an analytical conclusion." J Occup Environ Med. 38(1996):463.
  • Andjelkovich, D., J. Taulbee, and M. Symons. "Mortality of rubber workers with reference to work experience." J Occup Med 19(1997): 397-405.
  • Mutat Res
    • De Meester, C. "Genotoxic properties of 1,3-butadiene." 195(1988): 273-281.
    • Jacobson-Kram, D. and S. Rosenthal. "Molecular and genetic toxicology of 1,3-butadiene." 339(1995): 121- 130.
  • Andjelkovich, D., J. Taulbee, and M.J. Symons. "Mortality experience of a cohort of rubber workers, 1964-1973." Occup Med 18(1976):387-394.
  • Bond, J.A. and G.A. Csanády. "Species and organ differences in the in vitro metabolism of butadiene to butadiene monoepoxide." Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 32(1991): 119. 
  • Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
    • Bond, J.A., et al. "Species differences in the disposition of inhaled butadiene." 84(1986): 617-627.
    • Bechtold, W.E., et al. "Species differences in urinary metabolite ratios between mice, rats, and humans." 127(1994): 44-49.
       
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