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Chapter 1. The Fatal Clash of Cultures 1
Differences Between the Cultures 2
Clash of Cultures - Smallpox and Other Plagues 3
Clash of Cultures - Stone versus Iron and Gunpowder 5
Clash of Cultures - Lack of a Written Language 7
Clash of Cultures - Attitude towards Land Ownership 8
Chapter 2. The Indians and the European Immigration 11
A. American Before European History 11
The End of the Last Ice Age 11
The First People - The Paleo-Indian Period 14
The Archaic Period 16
The Woodland Period 17
The Woodland People 18
B. The European Discovery of America 20
The Routes of the European Explorers 21
The Vanguard of the European Migration 24
C. European Migration to Wiechquaeskeck Territory 25
The Dutch Migration 25
The English Migration 33
The French Migration 35
Chapter 3. The Wiechquaeskeck and their Neighbors 37
The Wiechquaeskeck on Early Maps 38
The Wiechquaeskeck in Early Documents 39
Relationships among Native American Tribes 41
The Manhattan 45
The Wapping 46
The Mahican (Mohican) 49
The Tankiteke 50
The Pequot 52
Some Native American Leaders in the 17th Century 54
Wiechquaeskeck Villages or Clans 61
Chapter 4. Siwanoy - The People Who Make Sewan (Wampum) 65
The Origin of the Name "Siwanoy" 65
Wampum in the Early 17th Century 67
The Use of Sewan (Wampum) 70
The Making of Sewan (Wampum) 73
Chapter 5. Mapping the Ancient Settlements 77
Native Footpaths in the Northeast 79
NASA Research on Native Footpaths 81
Wiechquaeskeck Footpaths Rediscovered 84
Chapter 6. Dogs, Canoes, Deer, Corn, Fish and Palisades 87
European Observers of Wiechquaeskeck Life 88
A. The Native American Dog 91
Early Reports of Native American Dogs 92
The Story of the Native American Dog 93
B. The Dugout Canoe 97
The Shape of a Dugout Canoe 98
The Making of a Dugout Canoe 104
C. The White-Tailed Deer 109
Early Reports About Deer and the Indians 111
Their Methods of Hunting Deer 113
Preparing the Deer Skins 117
The Wildlife Management Institute Research 119
D. Indian Corn (Maize) 120
Early Reports of Native Horticulture 120
The Indian Use of Fertilizer 124
Early Reports of Wiechquaesgeck Horticulture 127
The Story of Indian Corn in the Northeast 131
E. Fish, Fishing and Seafood 137
The Abundance of Fish 138
Indian Methods of Fishing 139
Lobsters, Oysters and Clams 142
F. Villages, Palisades and Palisadoes 147
Campsites and Wigwams 157
Sweathouses 163
Chapter 7. What Europeans Saw in Woodlands Villages 165
Henry Hudson's Descriptions in 1609 166
Verazzano's Descriptions in 1524 166
Adriaen van der Donck in Westchester in 1640-50 167
Roger William's Observations in New England 171
John Josselyn in New England 173
Chapter 8. The First Fairfield County Real Estate Boom 175
The Land Rush After the Pequot War 175
The Land Companies Come to Western Connecticut 177
English Common Law for Land Transactions 186
The First Three Land Agents 187
17' Century Land Transfer Documents 189
17 Century Land Transfer Agreements 192
Chapter 9. Governor Willem Kieft's War 205
The Wiechquaeskeck Clash with the Dutch 207
The Wiechquaeskeck Go on a Rampage 211
Governor Kieft's Military Forces 213
The Attack on Nanichiestawack 215
The Conclusion of Governor Willem Kieft's War 218
Chapter 10. "The Last of the Mohicans" 223
The Wiechquaeskeck are Pushed Out 224
The Dispersion of the Wiechquaeskeck 225
Finis 229
Chapter 11. Archeological Studies in Southwestern Connecticut 231
Some Archeological Terms 232
A. Archeological Study Sites and Findings 233
B. Dating Indian Artifacts by Their Technology 242
Further Study 245
Other Artifacts 245
C. Clay Pottery and Weaving 251
Weaving. 253
D. Petroglyphs or Rock Carvings 255
APPENDICES
A. American-European Time Line 1492-1700 259
B. Some Maps and Charts ofthe 17 Century 265
WIECHQUAESKECK REFERENCES
A. Seventeenth Century Documents 275
B. 17' Century Maps in Chronological Sequence 279
C. Archeological Reports 280
D. Other Documents that Illuminate the 17" Century 282