Catalogue Query Results
Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, 1902: 52. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on mulberry tree. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.
Pseudococcus comstocki; Fernald, 1903b: 100. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: Comstock mealybug [Bartle1978e]; comstock mealybug [Bartle1978e]; japanese mealybug [Betrem1937]; Japanese mealybug.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Ceraphronidae: Lygocerus [MurakaMoKa1967]. Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus nagasakiensis Ishii [MurakaMoKa1967], Anagyrus diversicornis Mercet [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus fujikona Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus subalbipes Ishii [MurakaMoKa1967, Trjapi1989], Aphycus sapporoensis (Compere et Annecke) [Trjapi1989], Clausenia purpurea Ishii [MurakaMoKa1967, Moore1988, Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea abnormalis (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea rubra Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix flava Mercet [Trjapi1989], Neodiscodes [Trjapi1989], Paraplatycerus citriculus Hall [Hall1974], Prochiloneurus [MurakaMoKa1967], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan [MurakaMoKa1967, Kajita1967, Moore1988, Trjapi1989], Zarhopalus corvinus (Girault) [MeyerdNeWa1981]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus [MurakaMoKa1967]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa burrelli Muesebeck [MurakaMoKa1967, Moore1988], Allotropa convexifrons Muesebeck [MurakaMoKa1967, MeyerdNeWa1981, Moore1988]. Pteromalidae: Hyperimerus [MurakaMoKa1967], Metastenus [MurakaMoKa1967], Ophelosia [MurakaMoKa1967]. Signiphoridae: Thysanus [MurakaMoKa1967].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis vittata [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Koszta1996], Ilex cornuta [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Ilex crenata microphylla [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia picta [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Monstera deliciosa [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Zinnia elegans [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Betulaceae: Alnus japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [Betrem1937, Ferris1950b, Koszta1996]. Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Opuntia dillenii [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Viburnum awabucki [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Euonymus alatus [Betrem1937, Paik1978, BenDov1994], Masakia japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Crassula tetragona [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron mucronulatum [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Erythrina indica [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Krauhnia [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Castanea [Betrem1937, Ferris1950b, ShiLi1991, BenDov1994]. Ginkgoaceae: Ginkgo biloba [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus [Koszta1996]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Cinnamomum camphorae [Green1922, BenDov1994], Fiwa japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1922, Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Aglaia odorata [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Morus [Koszta1996], Morus alba [McKenz1967, MeyerdNeWa1981, BenDov1994], Morus kagayamae [KreiteGe2005]. Musaceae: Musa [Balach1939, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Forsythia koreana [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Ligustrum ibota angustifolium [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Betrem1937, Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia parviflora typica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Pinus thunbergiana [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Sasamorpha [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cydonia sinensis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus pumila [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus sylvestris [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Persica vulgaris [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prunus mume [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pyrus serotina culta [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Betrem1937, Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Orixa japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [Koszta1996]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996], Torreya nucifera [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis willdenowiana [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Trema [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Trema orientalis [Green1922, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Saint Helena [Matile1976, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Takaha1941b, Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan Island [Takaha1941b, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Ontario [CABI1989, BenDov1994]); Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Connecticut [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Delaware [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Georgia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Illinois [Koszta1996], Indiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Louisiana [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Maryland [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Ohio [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], South Carolina [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Virginia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], West Virginia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil (Minas Gerais [SantaCSiSo2002]); Colombia [Figuer1952]. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1966a, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [CABI1989, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [MatileOr2001]; China [Borchs1960b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); France [new]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Italy [Pelliz2005]; Japan [Kuwana1902, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [CABI1989, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994]; Moldova [CABI1989, BenDov1994]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [CABI1989, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Paik1978, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Lashin1956]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the aerial parts of the host plant. Glass (1944) described the stylet penetration and feeding habits. Natural enemies discussed by Clausen (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1917), Green (1922), Ferris (1950b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kwon et al. (2002) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1962).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Johnson & Lyon (1988) and by Pellizzari (2005). Female sex pheromone was independently isolated and identified, as (R)-3-acetoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene (C11H18O2), by Bierl-Leonhardt et al. (1980, 1982) and by Negishi et al. (1980).
SYSTEMATICS: Several other species have frequently been misidentified as P. comstocki; see discussion on these erroneous records in Wilkey & McKenzie (1961). Takahashi (1941b) recorded P.comstocki from Micronesia on Citrus sp. and Pandanus sp., but this record has not been confirmed subsequently (Beardsley, 1966). Records from Western Samoa by Dale (1959) and Laing (1927) are based on misidentifications of Planococcus minor and Pseudococcus cryptus respectively (Williams & Watson, 1988a).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A serious pest of apple, pear, peach and umbrella catalpa in the Eastern states of U.S.A. (Bartlett, 1978; McKenzie, 1967). A common pest on mulberry, apple and pears in Japan (Murakami et al., 1967).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 408-409 (female) [Pseudococcus species of South Korea]; Kwon et al. 2002: 152 (female) [Korea]; Kosztarab 1996: 179 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426 (female) [Central and South America]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1947b: 2110 (female) [P. comstocki group of species].
CITATIONS: Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry: 205-206]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Baird1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 483-485]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 260]; Bartle1974 [biological control: 553-556]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 157-160]; BartleCl1972 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 1329-1332]; BashkiAr1971 [biological control: 29-30]; Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 439]; BeglyaSm1977 [biological control, economic importance: 283-328]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 384-385]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; BichinYa1985 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-96]; BichnaVa1985 [economic importance, chemical control: 31]; BierlLMoSc1980 [chemistry: 399-402, 688-689]; BierlLMoSc1982 [life history, chemistry, pheromone: 689-699]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 107-112]; Borchs1960b [host, distribution: 214]; Boyce1947 [host, distribution, biological control: 68-70]; CABI1975a [distribution: 1-2]; CABI1989 [distribution]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 38]; Clancy1944b [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 159-163]; Clause1951 [biological control: 1-8]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1978 [biological control]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; CongdoMo1959 [host, distribution, economic importance: 481-487]; Cox1940 [host, distribution, biological control: 445-447]; Cutrig1951 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 123-124]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 41]; DanzigKo1991 [distribution: 1-15]; DriggeHa1943 [host, distribution, biological control, life history, economic importance: 222-226]; ErvinMoMe1983 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 605-609]; Evans1975 [taxonomy: xvii]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FargerMo1974 [life history, chemistry, biological control: 26-28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 100]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 205, 206]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Glass1944 [life history: 3-16]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, biological control: 155-156]; Greath1986 [biological control: 289-318]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-387]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-66]; HaeussCl1944 [biological control: 503-509]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-20]; Heidar2001 [life history, ecology: 297-302]; HoughClPo1945 [chemical control, biological control: 422-425]; HuangZhSo2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 32-34]; Huber1981 [chemical control, biological control: 357-394]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; JeonKiCh2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 43-51]; Kajita1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 23-29]; Kajita1967a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 29-32]; KangPa1990 [chemistry: 627-629]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102]; Kim2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 281-286]; KlechkLe2003 [distribution, host: 31-33]; Kobakh1965 [biological control: 323-330]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 179-182]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KreiteGe2005 [host, distribution: 132]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 183]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409]; KwonLeHa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147,152]; Lashin1956 [distribution: 27-28]; LegnerBe1999 [biological control: 87-101]; LiLiWu2004 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 44,51]; Liu2004 [host, distribution, chemical control: 43-44]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; Luppov1950 [host, distribution: 27-30]; Luppov1952 [biological control, host, distribution, chemical control: 25-29]; Martir1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-43]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 299]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 196]; McKenz1967 [host, distribution: 526]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; MeyerdNe1979 [life history, ecology, chemistry: 492-494]; MeyerdNe1979a [host, distribution, biological control: 70-73]; MeyerdNeWa1981 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 79-84]; Miller1924 [host, distribution, biological control: 163-165]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212-213]; Morimo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 72-89]; Muraka1966 [biological control: 139-163]; Muraka1975 [life history, biological control: 15-25]; MurakaMoKa1967 [biological control: 85-96]; Myarts1984a [biological control: 1-56]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; NAS1975 [control]; NegishUcTa1980 [chemistry: 328-333]; NegishUcTa1980 [life history, chemistry, pheromone: 328-333]; NikitePo1981 [host, distribution: 44]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Painte1951 [economic importance, control]; Pelliz2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 20-25]; Philli1961 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 268-270]; RomancBe1981 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-41]; SantaCSiSo2002 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 39-43]; Schoen1940 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 155-160]; SemyanSt1983 [host, distribution: 160-162]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; Siraiw1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65,68, 72]; SkatteSt1989 [chemistry: 93-96]; SmetniKo1983 [chemistry, biological control: 882]; SmetniRo1988 [biological control, host, distribution, chemistry: 42-43]; SorokiKu1988 [chemistry: 747-748]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 214]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 10]; TakanoTsSa2004 [chemical control: 25-32]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-243, 747]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-38]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 372]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-53]; Trembl1999 [economic importance: 19-28]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 122, 123, 127, 132,]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 59]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 284]; Whitne1923 [distribution: 90-95]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 680-682]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-437]; Woodsi1936 [host, distribution, economic importance: 544-546]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77]; XieXuLi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 115-118]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; ZhouTaXi2001 [life history, host, distribution, chemistry, biological control: 65-70].
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