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Your search term(s) "liver transplantation" returned 172 results.

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Acute Liver Failure. In: Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1567-1576.

Acute liver failure (ALF), also known as fulminant hepatic failure, is a rare manifestation of liver disease and constitutes a medical emergency. Despite advances in medical management and the availability of liver transplantation, mortality rates in patients with ALF remain substantial. This chapter on ALF is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include definition; causes, including drugs, hepatotropic viruses, and ALF of unknown etiology; clinical presentation (symptoms), including hepatocellular dysfunction, hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema (fluid on the brain), infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, and multiple organ failure syndrome; differential diagnosis; predictors of outcome; and management considerations, including issues in medical management, liver transplantation, and experimental therapy. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 1 figure. 4 tables. 87 references.

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Adult-to-Adult Right Hepatic Lobe Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16(11): 1833-1841. November 2002.

Spurred on by the critical shortage of cadaveric livers, adult-to-adult right hepatic lobe living donor liver transplantation has grown rapidly as a therapeutic option for selected patients. This review covers a range of related topics, including recipient and donor selection and outcomes, donor risk, controversies, and future issues. In the United States alone, the number of living donor liver transplantations has increased six-fold in the last 4 years. The therapy can be complex, bringing together a variety of disciplines, including transplantation medicine and surgery, hepatology, psychiatry, and medical ethics. Moreover, living donor liver transplantation is still defining itself in the adult-to-adult application. Uniform standards, guidelines and long-term outcomes are yet to be determined. Nevertheless, initial success has been remarkable, and a basic understanding of this field is essential to any physician contemplating options for their liver failure patients. 3 figures. 2 tables. 44 references.

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Alagille Syndrome. Birmingham, England: Children's Liver Disease Foundation. 2002. 8 p.

Alagille syndrome is a type of liver condition characterized by biliary hypoplasia (lack of development of some of the bile ducts) in association with at least two other signs in other parts of the body. These other signs can include typical facial features, cardiovascular abnormalities, eye abnormalities, and abnormal shape to some of the bones in the spine. This brochure helps parents and caregivers of children recently diagnosed with Alagille syndrome. Causes of Alagille syndrome, the role of genetic testing in families who already have one child with Alagille syndrome, diagnostic tests that confirm the presence of Alagille syndrome, how liver disease affects the child, and treatment options, including the possibility of liver transplantation are discussed. The author stresses that while Alagille syndrome is a serious condition, in the majority of cases many of the symptoms will improve between the age of 5 and 10 years. The brochure also describes the work of the England-based Children’s Liver Disease Foundation, an organization started in 1980 by a group of parents who wanted to support research for children’s liver diseases and to help families coping with liver disease. The brochure encourages parents to contact the Children’s Liver Disease Foundation for publications and support. A form with which readers can donate to the Children’s Liver Disease Foundation is provided.

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Alcoholic Liver Disease. In: Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1375-1391.

This chapter on alcoholic liver disease is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include epidemiology, ethanol metabolism (both hepatic, i.e., liver and gastric, i.e., stomach metabolism), the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury, cofactors in the development of alcoholic liver disease (heritable factors, gender, diet and nutrition, coexistent viral hepatitis), diagnostic considerations, complications, treatment options, and prognosis. Treatments discussed include abstinence from alcohol intake, nutritional supplements, anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, drugs with unconfirmed benefit, and liver transplantation. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 7 figures. 6 tables. 188 references.

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Assessment of the Reversibility and Treatments of Alcoholic Liver Disease. In: Tsuji, T., et al, eds. Molecular Biology and Immunology in Hepatology. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science. 2002. p. 183-203.

The results of many epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrate that excessive use of alcohol remains the most important cause of cirrhosis (liver scarring) in the Western world and a leading cause of mortality during mid-life, especially in males. This chapter on the reversibility and treatments of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is from a text book on the pathogenesis and treatment of intractable liver diseases. This chapter reviews general measures for the treatment of ALD, including abstinence from alcohol, nutritive support, relief of vitamin and trace element deficiencies, and, in more detail, specific pharmacotherapy. Topics covered include the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease and these general treatment measures. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of liver transplantation and the controversy of transplantation in patients with ALD. 2 figures. 2 tables. 119 references.

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Benign Stricture of the Bile Ducts. In: Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.629-637.

Benign strictures of the biliary system are uncommon and usually follow surgery, in particular cholecystectomy, laparoscopic or open. They may also complicate liver transplantation. Cystic lesions of the liver and bile ducts are increasingly being diagnosed. This chapter on benign stricture of the bile ducts is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The authors note that other causes are primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic pancreatitis, and abdominal trauma. Clinical features are cholestasis with or without sepsis and pain. Diagnosis is by cholangiography. In most cases, the underlying cause is clear from the clinical data. The authors conclude that in all benign strictures of the bile duct, the outcome depends on the experience and judgment of the team of surgeon, endoscopist and radiologist, in selecting and performing the most suitable corrective procedure tailored to the individual patient. 7 figures. 1 table. 33 references.

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Autoimmune Liver Disease. Birmingham, England: Children's Liver Disease Foundation. 2002. 8 p.

Autoimmune diseases are caused by the body’s defense mechanism (the immune system) malfunctioning and attacking part of itself. This brochure provides information for parents of children diagnosed with autoimmune liver disease, including autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis. Autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis is very similar to autoimmune hepatitis, except that the former attacks not only the liver cells, but also the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. The brochure covers the symptoms, diagnosis and treatments for these diseases, including the use of immunosuppressive agents and their side effects, as well as the indications for liver transplantation. The most common symptoms are tiredness and lack of appetite; other symptoms can include weight loss, nausea, itching, fever, nose bleeds, diarrhea, jaundice, and abdominal pain. Late symptoms include swollen abdomen (ascites), puffiness or swelling of the legs (edema), and irritability or confusion. A diagnosis is often made by excluding other causes of liver disease; liver biopsy and liver function tests are also used. Most treatments feature immunosuppressive drugs used to slow the action of the immune system. The brochure describes the work of the England-based Children’s Liver Disease Foundation, an organization started in 1980 by a group of parents who wanted to support research for children’s liver diseases and to help families coping with liver disease. A form with which readers can donate to the Children’s Liver Disease Foundation is provided.

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Burden of Hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology. 36(5 Supplemental 1): S30-S34. November 2002.

This article on the burden of hepatitis C in the United States is from a special supplemental issue of Hepatology journal on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference (June 2002) on the management of hepatitis C. According to the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 3.9 million of the United States civilian population have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), of whom 2.7 million (74 percent) have chronic infection. HCV infection is most common among non-Caucasian men, ages 30 to 49 years. Moreover, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in groups not represented in the NHANES sample, such as the homeless or incarcerated, may be as high as 40 percent. The age-adjusted death rate for non-A, non-B viral hepatitis increased from 0.4 to 1.8 deaths per 100,000 persons per year between 1982 and 1999. In 1999, the first year hepatitis C was reported separately, there were 3,759 deaths attributed to HCV, although this is likely an underestimate. There was a 5-fold increase in the annual number of patients with HCV who underwent liver transplantation between 1990 and 2000. Currently, more than one third of liver transplant candidates have HCV. Inpatient care of HCV-related liver disease has also been increasing. In 1998, an estimated 140,000 discharges listed an HCV-related diagnosis, accounting for 2 percent of discharges from non-federal acute care hospitals in the United States. The total direct health care cost associated with HCV is estimated to have exceeded $1 billion in 1998. Future projections predict a 4-fold increase between 1990 and 2015 in persons at risk of chronic liver disease (i.e., those with infection for 20 years or longer), suggesting a continued rise in the burden of HCV in the U.S. in the foreseeable future. 3 figures. 2 tables. 18 references.

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Children with Hepatitis B: A Growing Problem. In: Everson, G.T.; Weinberg, H. Living with Hepatitis B: A Survivor's Guide. Long Island, NY: Hatherleigh Press. 2002. p.229-252.

Chronic hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis (liver scarring), liver cancer, and the need for liver transplantation. This chapter on children with hepatitis B is from a book that helps readers diagnosed with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection educate themselves about the disease and its treatment. After a brief overview of transmission issues, the authors discuss diagnostic tests, preventing the infection, pregnancy or breastfeeding in women with hepatitis B, disclosure of the child's disease, chronic disease and the family, the course of the infection in children, dealing with blood draws and biopsies, monitoring children with hepatitis B (including the role of liver biopsy), and treatment considerations, including the indications for interferon, giving injections, nonresponders, lamivudine, and posttreatment follow up. Throughout the chapter the authors include quotes from real people who are parenting children with hepatitis. The authors also include resources for both parents and children that may offer additional support and information for readers. 1 reference.

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Chronic Hepatitis C: Latest Treatment Options. Nurse Practitioner. 27(4): 32-33, 37-40, 42, 47-49. April 2002.

The most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most frequent reason for liver transplantation. Unfortunately, most infected individuals do not realize that they are HCV positive and only discover the disease after severe liver damage has occurred. This article updates nurses on the epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and management of chronic HCV. A patient treatment algorithm is provided. The author also focuses on counseling and quality of life issues for infected patients. 6 figures. 52 references.

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