Scientific Data Documentation
Anthropometry (1982-1984)
DSN: CC37.HSPHANES.ANTHRO
CC37.HSPHANES.ANTHRO2
ABSTRACT
General Information
Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mexican Americans
Cuban Americans
Puerto Ricans
The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) was conducted
from July 1982 through December 1984. The data on the tape documented here
are from all three portions of the survey:
Mexican Americans
Residing in selected counties of Texas, Colorado, New Mexico,
Arizona, and California
Surveyed from July 1982 through November 1983
9,894 persons sampled; 8,554 interviewed; 7,462 examined
Cuban Americans
Residing in Dade County (Miami), Florida
Surveyed from January 1984 through April 1984
2,244 persons sampled; 1,766 interviewed; 1,357 examined
Puerto Ricans
Residing in New York City area, including parts of New Jersey
and Connecticut
Surveyed from May 1984 through December 1984
3,786 persons sampled; 3,369 interviewed; 2,834 examined
Important Caution Notice
C A U T I O N
BEFORE USING THIS DATA TAPE, PLEASE READ THIS PAGE.
o Read the accompanying description of the survey, "The Plan and Operation
of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", DHHS
Publication No. (PHS) 85-1321 before conducting analyses of the data on
this tape.
o Two aspects of HHANES, especially, should be taken into account when
conducting any analyses: the sample weights and the complex survey
design.
o Analyses should not be conducted on data combined from the three portions
of the survey (Mexican-American, Cuban-American, Puerto Rican).
o HHANES is a survey of Hispanic households and some of the sample persons
included on this tape are not of Hispanic origin. A detailed description
of the data codes dealing with national origin or ancestry appears in the
NOTES section of this document.
o Examine the range and frequency of values of a variable before conducting
an analyses of data. The range may include unusual or unexpected
values. The frequency counts may be useful to determine which analyses
may be worthwhile.
o Language of interview, which may appear several places on this tape, can
vary depending on the questionnaire (several used in the survey) and on
whether the response was provided by the sample person or by a proxy.
o For some data items, reference is made to a note. The notes (in a
separate section of this document) may be very important in data
analyses. Attention to them is strongly urged.
This Public Use Data Tape has been edited very carefully. Numerous
consistency and other checks were also performed. Nevertheless, due
especially to the large number of data items, some errors may have gone
undetected.
Please bring to the attention of NCHS any errors in the data tape or the
documentation. Errata sheets will be sent to people who have purchased the
data tapes and corrections will be made to subsequently released data tapes.
In publications, please acknowledge NCHS as the original data source. The
acknowledgment should include a disclaimer crediting the authors for
analyses, interpretations, and conclusions; NCHS should be cited as being
responsible for only the collection and processing of the data. In
addition, NCHS requests that the acronym HHANES be placed in the abstracts
of journal articles and other publications based on data from this survey in
order to facilitate the retrieval of such materials through automated
bibliographic searches. Please send reprints of journal articles and other
publications that include data from this tape to NCHS.
Division of Health Examination Statistics
National Center for Health Statistics
Center Building, Room 2-58
3700 East-West Highway
Hyattsville, MD 20782
Public Use Data Tapes for the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey will be released through the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS) as soon as the data have been edited, validated, and documented. A
list of NCHS Public Use Data Tapes that can be purchased from NTIS may be
obtained by writing the Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NCHS.
Scientific and Technical Information Branch
National Center for Health Statistics
Center Building, Room 1-57
3700 East-West Highway
Hyattsville, MD 20782
301-436-8500
BACKGROUND
The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) collects, analyzes, and
disseminates data on the health status of Americans. The results of
surveys, analyses, and studies are made known primarily through publications
and the release of computer data tapes. This document contains details
required to guide programmers, statistical analysts, and research scientists
in the use of a Public Use Data Tape.
From 1960 through 1980 NCHS conducted five population-based, national health
examination surveys. Each survey involved collecting data by direct
physical examination, the taking of a medical history, and laboratory and
clinical tests and measurements. Questionnaires and examination components
have been designed to obtain and support analyses of data on certain
targeted conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and anemia. Beginning
with the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) a
nutrition component was added to obtain information on nutritional status
and dietary practices. The numbers of Hispanics in these samples were,
however, insufficient to enable adequate estimation of their health
conditions. From 1982 through 1984 a Hispanic Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (HHANES) was conducted to obtain data on the health and
nutritional status of three Hispanic groups: Mexican Americans from Texas,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California; Cuban Americans from Dade
County, Florida; and Puerto Ricans from the New York City area, including
parts of New Jersey and Connecticut.
The general structure of the HHANES sample design was similar to that of the
previous National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. All of these
studies have used complex, multistage, stratified, clustered samples of
defined populations. The major difference between HHANES and the previous
surveys is that HHANES was a survey of three special subgroups of the
population in selected areas of the United States rather than a national
probability sample. A detailed presentation of the design specifications is
found in Chapter 5 of "Plan and Operation of the Hispanic Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84" (Ref. No. 1).
METHODS
Data Collection and Processing Procedures
Data collection began with a household interview. Several questionnaires
were administered:
o A Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ), administered at each
selected address, for determining household eligibility and for
selecting sample persons.
o A Family Questionnaire (FQ), administered once for each family
containing sample persons, which included sections on family
relationships, basic demographic information for sample persons and
head of family, Medicare and health insurance coverage, participation
in income assistance programs, and housing characteristics.
o An Adult Sample Person Questionnaire (ASPQ), for persons 12 through
74 years which, depending on age, included sections on health status
measures, health services utilization, smoking (20 through 74 years),
meal program participation, and acculturation. Information on the
use of medicines and vitamins in the past two weeks was also obtained.
o A Child Sample Person Questionnaire (CSPQ), for sample persons 6
months through 11 years which included sections on a number of health
status issues, health care utilization, infant feeding practices,
participation in meal programs, school attendance, and language use.
Information on the use of medicines and vitamins in the past two
weeks was also obtained.
At the Mobile Examination Center two questionnaires were administered and an
examination performed:
o An Adult Sample Person Supplement (ASPS), for sample persons 12
through 74 years, which included sections on alcohol consumption,
drug abuse, depression, smoking (12 through 19 years), pesticide
exposure, and reproductive history.
o A Dietary Questionnaire (DQ), for persons 6 months through 74 years,
by which trained dietary interviewers collected information about
"usual" consumption habits and dietary practices, and recorded foods
consumed 24-hours prior to midnight of the interview.
o An examination which included a variety of tests and procedures. Age
at interview and other factors determined which procedures were
administered to which examinees. A dentist performed a dental
examination and a vision test. Technicians took blood and urine
specimens and administered a glucose tolerance test, X-rays,
electrocardiograms, and ultrasonographs of the gallbladder.
Technicians also performed hearing tests and took a variety of body
measurements. A physician performed a medical examination focusing
especially on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, and
musculoskeletal systems. The physician's impression of overall
health, nutritional and weight status, and health care needs were
also recorded. Some blood and urine specimen analyses were performed
by technicians in the examination center; others were conducted under
contract at various laboratories.
Data presented in Sections E through H and the family relationships data in
Section J were collected on the Household Screener and Family
Questionnaires. Data presented in Section K including height, weight,
skinfold, and other anthropometric measurements were collected by trained
technicians using standardized procedures, highly calibrated equipment and
multiple measurements. A complete description of measurement procedures and
equipment is given in the Appendix. Completed interview and examination
forms were reviewed in the Survey's field offices and again at the data
processing center of NCHS by clerical editors. The editors checked the
forms for completeness, clarity, and compliance with skip patterns, and they
coded items such as industry and occupation. At the data processing center
the data were keyed and verified on key-to-disk data entry equipment under
the control of programs that checked for valid codes and ranges, compliance
with skip patterns, and consistency. After being keyed, data were reedited
by analysts for reasonableness and consistency and for compliance with
instructions for sampling and questionnaire administration.
The body measurement data, like the questionnaire data, have undergone
numerous quality control and editing procedures in both the data collection
and data processing phases of the survey. Where possible, the results have
been compared with those of previous studies.
When a skinfold was too tight to be measured, "tight skin" was written in
the recording space for that skinfold. These cases are coded as 8's on the
data tape. Also, if a skinfold was measured at over 60 mm, it was recorded
as "60" (See Appendix).
The examination protocol included training and periodic retraining of
examiners by a supervisor and consultant, as well as an ongoing system of
quality control procedures to reduce variability introduced by errors of
measurement. Despite these efforts to reduce measurement errors, residual
errors of a magnitude large enough to warrant concern occur in any
anthropometric survey. In the HHANES, systematic examiner differences were
observed for triceps, subscapular, iliac crest and medial calf skinfolds and
elbow breadth. The range of differences in mean body measurement values
between examiners varied from 4 millimeters for elbow breadth to 5-9
millimeters for the skinfold measurements. Preliminary analyses of the data
suggest that the differences may be attributable to a drift from
standardized techniques associated with the use of multiple trainers for the
technician teams. The use of multiple examiners increases the variability
of the distribution because of the inclusion of interexaminer errors of
measurement while minimizing the effect of an individual examiner bias.
Users should be aware that these technician differences do exist and are
encouraged to consider this issue before analyzing the elbow breadth and
skinfold measures.
The general tape description format is Tape Position X Item X Counts. The
item (field) may be a tape descriptor (e.g., Version Number), a sample
person descriptor (e.g., Age at Interview), or a question (e.g., Is sample
person covered by Medicare?). Where appropriate, data entries are presented
by codes. Frequency counts are given for each code. The counts are
included to help the user in planning analyses and in verifying that
programs account for all data. The data source is given also (e.g., from
Family Questionnaire). In some cases, a note is referenced. The notes
contain explanations of the item (e.g., how Poverty Index is calculated).
The questionnaire data have undergone many quality control and editing
procedures. The responses of sample persons to some questions may appear
extreme or illogical. Self-reported data, especially, are subject to a
number of sources of variability, including recall and other reporting
errors. In the data clean-up process, responses that varied considerably
from expected were verified through direct review of the collection form or
a copy of it. Such responses may not represent fact, but they are included
as recorded in the field. The user must determine if these responses should
be included in analyses.
Responses to "other" and "specify" were recoded to existing categories if
possible. For responses that could not be recoded, new code categories were
created if the information was deemed analytically useful. Caution should
be used in interpreting the data from these new categories because there is
no way of knowing which other respondents would have selected one of the new
categories if given the option.
Missing data or unintelligible entries were assigned a code, usually "8",
which is labeled as "blank but applicable". These codes indicate that a
sample person should have a data value for a particular item but for varying
reasons that value is unavailable.
Copies of the questionnaires and examination forms, both in English and
Spanish, can be found in the plan and operation report for HHANES (Ref. No.
1). Detailed information on interviewing and examination procedures is
contained in the household interviewer's manual (Ref. No. 12), the mobile
examination center interviewer's manual (Ref. No. 13), and the examination
staff procedures manual (Ref. No. 14). These manuals are available upon
request from:
Division of Health Examination Statistics
National Center for Health Statistics
Center Building, Room 2-58
3700 East-West Highway
Hyattsville, MD 20782
301-436-7080
Sample Weights
Because the HHANES sample is not a simple random one, it is necessary to
incorporate sample weights for proper analysis of the data. These sample
weights are a composite of individual selection probabilities, adjustments
for noncoverage and nonresponse, and poststratification adjustments. The
HHANES sample weights, which are necessary for the calculation of point
estimates, are located on all data tapes in positions 184-213. Because of
the complex sample design and the ratio adjustments used to produce the
sample weights, commonly used methods of point and variance estimation and
hypothesis testing which assume simple random sampling may give misleading
results. In order to provide users with the capability of estimating the
complex sample variances in the HHANES data, Strata and Pseudo Primary
Sampling Unit (PSU) codes have been provided on all data tapes in positions
214-217. These codes and the sample weights are necessary for the
calculation of variances.
Variance Estimation
Computer Programs
There are computer programs available designed for variance estimation for
complex sample designs. The balanced repeated replication approach (Ref.
No. 2) is used in &REPERR and a linearization approach is used in &PSALMS to
calculate variance-covariance matrixes. Both routines are available within
the OSIRIS IV library (Ref. No. 3). SURREGR (Ref. No. 4) and SUPERCARP
(Ref. No. 5) are programs that calculate variance-covariance matrixes using
a linearization approach (Ref. No. 6) (Taylor series expansion). Another
program, SESUDAAN (Ref. No. 7) calculates standard errors, variances, and
design effects. (Note: This version of SESUDAAN should not be used to
obtain variances for totals.) SURREGR and SESUDAAN are special procedures
which run data under the SAS system (Ref. No. 8).
Even though the total number of examined persons in this survey is quite
large, subclass analyses can lead to estimates that are unstable,
particularly estimates of variances. Consequently, analysis of subclasses
require that the user pay particular attention to the number of sample
persons in the subclass and the number of PSU's that contain at least one
sample person in the subclass. Small sample sizes, or a small number of
PSU's used in the variance calculations, may produce unstable estimates of
the variances.
A more complete discussion of these issues and possible analytic strategies
for examining various hypotheses is presented in Chapter 11 of "Plan and
Operation of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84"
(Ref. No. 1) and in an earlier NCHS methodology (Series 2) publication (Ref.
No. 9).
Average Design Effects
Some users, however, may not have access to the computer programs for
estimating complex sample variances or may want to do their preliminary
analyses without using them. In addition, variance estimates calculated
from HHANES data through use of the programs described previously are likely
to be unstable because there were so few sample areas for each portion of
HHANES. This instability is not due to there being too few people in the
sample but may be due to the fact that the sample was selected from
relatively few areas. Therefore, the following discussion is designed to
provide an alternative approach to deal with the unavailability of software
and the small number of PSU's. The approach is based on using average
design effects (Ref. No. 10).
The design effect, defined as the ratio of the variance of a statistic from
a complex sample to the variance of the same statistic from a simple random
sample of the same size, that is,
DESIGN EFFECT (DEFF) = COMPLEX SAMPLE VARIANCE
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE VARIANCE
is often used to show the impact of the complex sample design on variances.
If the design effect is near 1, the complex sample design has little effect
on the variances and the user could consider assuming simple random sampling
for the analysis.
Some illustrative design effects for HHANES data on this tape are given in
the following tables. The design effects in the tables are the average for
the age groups usually presented in NCHS Series 11 publications. If the
average design effect for a subgroup was less than 1.0 (implying an
improvement over simple random sampling), it was coded as 1.0.
The following guidelines were used in the calculation of the average design
effects:
1. Exclude all persons of non-Hispanic origin,
2. Exclude all estimates for large age ranges, such as all ages
combined or 'all adults', and
3. Exclude all estimates where the proportion of the subpopulation with
the specific characteristic or condition was zero percent or one
hundred percent.
Design effects tend to be larger when age groups are combined, just as they
are when the sexes are combined, as shown in the tables. The data in the
tables give the user an idea of the range in design effects for selected
response variables from this data tape. If a response variable is not one
shown in the tables take the range into account; it is possible that a user
could have one of the higher, rather than one of the lower, design effects.
VARIABLES AND THEIR CATEGORIES
Sociodemographic Data - Sample Person (Pos. 1-99)
Source
Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ)
Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ)
1-5 Sequence Number 7462
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
1-5 Sample person sequence number7462
00001-09894 Mexican Americans 7462 - -
10002-12238 Cuban Americans - 1357 -
13001-16785 Puerto Ricans - - 2834
6-12 Blank
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
6-12 Blank
13 Portion of Survey
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
13 Portion of survey
1 Mexican-American (M) 7462 - -
2 Cuban-American (C) - 1357 -
3 Puerto Rican (P) - - 2834
14 Family Questionnaire Missing
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
14 Family Questionnaire missing
1 Yes 21 6 10 See Note 1
2 No 7441 1351 2824
15 Version Number
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
15 Version number 7462 1357 2834
2
16 Examination Status
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
16 Examination status
1 Examined 7462 1357 2834 See Note 2
2 Not examined 0 0 0
17 Language of Interview
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
17 Language of interview (Pos. 1-400) FQ
1 English 4513 244 1229
2 Spanish 2929 1107 1595
Blank 20 6 10
18-21 Date of Interview
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
Date of interview HSQ 4
18-19 01-12 Month 7462 1357 2834
20-21 82-84 Year 7462 1357 2834
22-25 Date of Examination
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
Date of examination
From survey control record
22-23 01-12 Month 7462 1357 2834
24-25 82-84 Year 7462 1357 2834
26-29 Date of Birth
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
Date of birth HSQ 2e
26-27 01-12 Month 7462 1357 2834
88 Blank but applicable 0 0 0
28-29 08-84 Year 7462 1357 2834
88 Blank but applicable 0 0 0
30-31 Age at Interview (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
30-31 Age at interview (computed)
01-74 (See next column for units) 7462 1357 2834
32 Age at Interview Units
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
32 Age at interview units HSQ 2f
1 Years 7342 1349 2796
2 Months 120 8 38
33-38 Age at Examination (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
Age at examination (computed)
Positions 33-38 are all 0 for non-
examined persons.
33-34 00-75 Years 7462 1357 2834
35-36 00-11 Months 7462 1357 2834
37-38 00-30 Days 7462 1357 2834
39-43 Family Number
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
39-43 Family number See Note 3
00002-03529 7462 - -
04005-04922 - 1357 -
07001-08584 - - 2834
44-45 Relationship to Head of Family
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
44-45 What is sample person's relationship HSQ 2b
to head of family? Sample person is: See Note 4
01 Head of family living alone (1 145 56 113
family with only 1 member)
02 Head of family, with no related 76 23 24
persons in household (2+
persons in household)
03 Head of family, with related 1582 369 678
persons in household
04 Wife of head (husband living at 1299 300 296
home and not in Armed Forces)
05 Wife of head (husband living at 5 0 0
home and is in Armed Forces)
06 Husband of head (wife living at 35 12 37
home and not in Armed Forces)
07 Husband of head (wife living at 0 0 0
home and is in Armed Forces)
08 Child of head or head's spouse 3769 484 1437
09 Grandchild of head or head's 217 32 115
spouse
10 Parent of head or head's spouse 57 35 33
11 Other relative (includes ex- 273 46 101
spouse, daughter-in-law, etc.)
12 Foster child 4 0 0
46 Sex
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
46 Sex FQ B-4
1 Male 3516 636 1237
2 Female 3946 721 1597
47 Observed Race
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
47 Observed race FQ B-5
1 White 7213 1300 2462 See Note 5
2 Black 76 15 152
3 Other 8 3 73
8 Blank but applicable 72 15 59
9 Not observed 72 18 78
Blank 21 6 10
48-49 National Origin or Ancestry
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
48-49 Sample person's national origin or HSQ 2c
ancestry. See Note 6
01 Mexican/Mexicano 1641 1 1
02 Mexican-American 5202 0 0
03 Chicano 102 0 0
04 Puerto Rican 7 3 2596
05 Boricuan 0 0 36
06 Cuban 4 1069 20
07 Cuban-American 0 222 0
08 Hispano - specify 150 14 26
09 Other Latin-American or other 37 18 41
Spanish - specify
00 Other - specify 276 30 114
10 Spanish-American 22 0 0
11 Spanish (Spain) 21 0 0
50-52 State or Foreign Country Born
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
50-52 In what state or foreign country FQ B-6
was sample person born? See Note 7
001-118 State/country code 7403 1345 2771
888 Blank but applicable 38 6 53
Blank 21 6 10
53 National Origin Recode
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
53 National origin recode See Note 8
"Hispanic" = Mexican-American in
Southwest, Cuban-American in
Florida and Puerto Rican in New
York City area.
1 "Hispanic" 7197 1291 2645
2 Not "Hispanic" 265 66 189
54-55 Highest Grade or Year of Regular School Attended
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
54-55 What is the highest grade or year of FQ B-7
regular school sample person has
ever attended?
00 Never attended or kinder- 1476 116 446
garten only
01-08 Elementary grade 3118 556 1090
09-12 High school grade 2119 400 1011
13-16 College 581 243 225
17 Graduate school 70 30 14
88 Blank but applicable 77 6 38
Blank 21 6 10
56 Finish that Grade or Year?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
56 Did sample person finish that FQ B-8
grade/year?
1 Yes 3938 853 1436
2 No 1934 368 861
8 Blank but applicable 93 14 81
Blank 1497 122 456
57 Married, Widowed, Divorced, Separated, or Never Married?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
57 Is sample person now married, FQ B-9
widowed, divorced, separated, or
has he or she never been married?
0 Under 14 years of age 2953 297 1000
1 Married - spouse in household 2600 632 660
2 Married - spouse not in household 70 17 54
3 Widowed 161 50 66
4 Divorced 214 92 155
5 Separated 159 21 149
6 Never married 1265 241 730
8 Blank but applicable 19 1 10
Blank 21 6 10
58 Serve in U.S. Armed Forces?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
58 Did sample person ever serve in the FQ B-11
Armed Forces of the United States?
1 Yes 416 27 145
2 No 3557 952 1409
8 Blank but applicable 7 3 14
Blank 3482 375 1266
59 Work at Job or Business?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
59 During the past 2 weeks, did sample FQ B-12
person work at any time at a job or
business, not counting work around
the house?
1 Yes 2210 622 613
2 No 1751 349 930
8 Blank but applicable 19 11 25
Blank 3482 375 1266
60 Have Job or Business?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
60 Even though sample person did not FQ B-13
work during those 2 weeks, did he
or she have a job or business?
1 Yes 46 13 23
2 No 1704 334 902
8 Blank but applicable 20 13 30
Blank 5692 997 1879
61 Looking for Work or on Layoff from Job?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
61 Was sample person looking for work FQ B-14
or on layoff from a job?
1 Yes 217 43 60
2 No 1533 304 865
8 Blank but applicable 20 13 30
Blank 5692 997 1879
62 Which, Looking for Work or on Layoff from Job or Both?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
62 Which, looking for work or on layoff FQ B-15
from a job or both?
1 Looking 146 34 44
2 Layoff 46 6 8
3 Both 23 2 7
8 Blank but applicable 22 14 31
Blank 7225 1301 2744
63-65 Kind of Business or Industry Work for?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
63-65 What kind of business or industry FQ B-19
does sample person work for? See Note 9
010-932 Industry code 2429 665 681
990 Blank but applicable 49 18 37
Blank 4984 674 2116
66-68 Kind of Work Doing
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
66-68 What kind of work was sample FQ B-20
person doing? See Note 9
003-889 Occupation code 2432 666 681
999 Blank but applicable 46 17 37
Blank 4984 674 2116
69 Class of Worker
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
69 Class of worker FQ B-22
1 An employee of a private company, 1912 543 551
business or individual for
wages, salary, or commission
2 A Federal government employee 74 6 21
3 A State government employee 124 19 17
4 A Local government employee 169 17 56
5 Self-employed in own incorporated 17 12 7
business or professional
practice
6 Self-employed in own unincorpora- 131 67 27
ted business, professional
practice, or farm
7 Working without pay in family 3 0 0
business or farm
8 Blank but applicable 46 18 38
0 Never worked or never worked at a 2 1 1
full-time civilian job lasting
2 weeks or more
Blank 4984 674 2116
70 Covered by Medicare?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
70 Is sample person now covered by FQ C-2
Medicare?
1 Covered 303 107 139
2 Not covered 7129 1237 2674
8 Blank but applicable 6 6 11
9 Don't know 3 1 0
Blank 21 6 10
71 Covered by Social Security Medicare Paying Hospital Bills?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
71 Is sample person now covered by the FQ C-3
part of Social Security Medicare
which pays for hospital bills?
1 Yes 270 100 124
2 No 18 4 5
8 Blank but applicable 15 6 20
9 Don't know 6 3 1
Blank 7153 1244 2684
72 Covered by Part of Medicare Paying Doctor's Bills?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
72 Is sample person now covered by that FQ C-4
part of Medicare which pays for
doctor's bills? This is the Medi-
care plan for which he or she or some
agency must pay a certain amount
each month.
1 Yes 269 100 111
2 No 17 5 17
8 Blank but applicable 15 6 20
9 Don't know 8 2 2
Blank 7153 1244 2684
73 Type of Medicare Coverage
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
73 Type of Medicare coverage FQ C-5
As shown on Medicare card
1 Hospital 0 0 0
2 Medical 2 0 0
3 Card not available 3 0 2
4 Hospital and medical 5 3 0
8 Blank but applicable 15 6 20
Blank 7437 1348 2812
74 Covered by Health Insurance Plan Paying Hosp., Doc., Surgeon?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
HEALTH INSURANCE See Note 10
74 Is sample person covered by any FQ C-11
health insurance plan which pays
any part of a hospital, doctor's,
or surgeon's bill?
1 Yes 4094 818 1011
2 No 3326 526 1796
8 Blank but applicable 13 7 16
9 Don't know 8 0 1
Blank 21 6 10
75 Covered by Plan Paying Part of Hospital Expenses?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
75 Is sample person covered by a plan FQ C-9
that pays any part of hospital
expenses?
1 Yes 4039 806 955
2 No 6 7 9
8 Blank but applicable 54 12 55
9 Don't know 8 0 8
Blank 3355 532 1807
76 Cov. by Plan Paying Doc.'s or Surgeon's Bills for Operations?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
76 Is sample person covered by a plan FQ C-10
that pays any part of a doctor's or
surgeon's bills for operations?
1 Yes 4034 804 945
2 No 22 11 28
8 Blank but applicable 36 10 35
9 Don't know 15 0 19
Blank 3355 532 1807
77-78 Main Reason Why Don't Carry Health Insurance
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
Many people do not carry health FQ C-13/15
insurance for various reasons.
Which of these statements describes
why sample person is not covered by
any health insurance (or Medicare)?
(Positions 77-80)
77-78 Main Reason
01 Care received through Medicaid 267 31 854
or Welfare
02 Unemployed, or reasons related 350 40 114
to unemployment
03 Can't obtain insurance because 24 2 15
of poor health, illness or age
04 Too expensive, can't afford 1767 280 506
health insurance
05 Dissatisfied with previous 50 3 3
isurance
06 Don't believe in insurance 31 4 8
07 Have been healthy, not much sick- 206 23 31
ness in the family, haven't
needed health insurance
08 Military dependent, (CHAMPUS), 45 1 15
Veteran's benefits
09 Some other reason - not specified 2 0 7
10 Some other reason - specified 255 35 58
88 Blank but applicable 118 34 77
Blank 4347 904 1146
79-80 Second Reason Why Don't Carry Health Insurance
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
Many people do not carry health FQ C-13/15
insurance for various reasons.
Which of these statements describes
why sample person is not covered by
any health insurance (or Medicare)?
(Positions 77-80)
79-80 Second Reason
00 No second reason reported 2573 339 1374
01 Care received through Medicaid 70 17 58
or Welfare
02 Unemployed or reasons related to 109 30 30
unemployment
03 Can't obtain insurance because of 4 2 3
poor health, illness or age
04 Too expensive, can't afford 168 20 132
health insurance
05 Dissatisfied with previous 15 1 2
insurance
06 Don't believe in insurance 18 3 3
07 Have been health, not much sick- 47 4 8
ness in the family, haven't
needed health insurance
08 Military dependent, (CHAMPUS), 0 0 2
Veteran's benefits
09 Some other reason - not specified 0 0 0
10 Some other reason - specified 25 8 7
88 Blank but applicable 86 29 69
Blank 4347 904 1146
81-87 Blank
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
81-87 Blank
88 Received Health Care which has been/will be Paid by Medicaid?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
88 During the last 12 months, has sample FQ D-6
person received health care which has
been or will be paid for by Medicaid?
1 Yes 537 101 1076
2 No 6859 1242 1708
8 Blank but applicable 45 7 40
9 Don't know 0 1 0
Blank 21 6 10
89 Have Medicaid Card
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
89 Does sample person have a Medicaid FQ D-8
card?
1 Yes 530 104 1144
2 No 6872 1232 1647
8 Blank but applicable 39 15 33
9 Don't know 0 0 0
Blank 21 6 10
90 Status of Medicaid Card
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
90 Status of sample person's Medicaid FQ D-9
card?
1 Medicaid card seen - current 382 84 832
2 Medicaid card seen - expired 7 0 12
3 No card seen 128 17 274
4 Other card seen 0 0 0
5 Other card seen (specify) 5 0 2
8 Blank but applicable 47 18 57
Blank 6893 1238 1657
91 Covered by Other Public Ass. Program Paying for Health Care?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
91 Is sample person now covered by any FQ D-11
other public assistance program that
pays for health care?
1 Yes 54 2 28
2 No 7376 1348 2780
8 Blank but applicable 11 1 15
9 Don't know 0 0 0
Blank 21 6 10
92 Rec. Armed Forces Retirement Pay or Veteran's Admin. Pension?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
92 Does sample person now receive FQ D-13
military retirement payments from
any branch of the Armed Forced or a
pension from the Veteran's Admini-
stration? Do not include VA disa-
bility compensation.
1 Yes 56 4 9
2 No 7373 1346 2806
8 Blank but applicable 12 1 9
9 Don't know 0 0 0
Blank 21 6 10
93 Armed Forces Retirement, VA Pension, or Both?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
93 Which does sample person receive: FQ D-14
the Armed Forces retirement; the
VA pension; or both?
1 Armed Forces 16 0 2
2 Veteran's Administration 30 0 5
3 Both 4 4 1
8 Blank but applicable 18 1 10
Blank 7394 1352 2816
94 Covered by CHAMP-VA?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
94 Is sample person now covered by FQ D-16
CHAMP-VA, which is medical insurance
for dependents or survivors of dis-
abled veterans?
1 Yes 45 4 10
2 No 7388 1346 2806
8 Blank but applicable 8 1 6
9 Don't know 0 0 0
Blank 21 6 10
95 Prog. Prov. Health Care for Dependents/Survivors of Military?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
95 Is sample person now covered by any FQ D-18
other program that provides health
care for military dependents or sur-
vivors of military persons?
1 Yes 41 4 8
2 No 7387 1346 2804
8 Blank but applicable 13 1 12
9 Don't know 0 0 0
Blank 21 6 10
96 Included in AFDC "Aid to Families With Dependent Children"?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
96 Is sample person included in the FQ D-2
AFDC, "Aid to Families With Dependent
Children", assistance payment?
1 Yes 394 39 650
2 No 7020 1304 2134
8 Blank but applicable 27 6 39
9 Don't know 0 2 1
Blank 21 6 10
97 Rec. "Supplemental Security Income" ("SSI") Gold-Col. Check?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
97 Does sample person now receive the FQ D-4
"Supplemental Security Income" or
"SSI" gold-colored check?
1 Yes 131 44 135
2 No 7285 1295 2659
8 Blank but applicable 25 12 30
9 Don't know 0 0 0
Blank 21 6 10
98 Have Disability Related to Service in U.S. Armed Forces?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
98 Does sample person have a disability FQ D-20
related to his or her service in the
Armed Forces of the United States?
1 Yes 48 2 14
2 No 346 20 108
8 Blank but applicable 29 8 37
Blank 7039 1327 2675
99 Receive Compensation for Disability from Veteran's Admin.?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
99 Does sample person now receive com- FQ D-21
pensation for this disability from
the Veteran's Administration?
1 Yes 31 1 9
2 No 17 1 4
8 Blank but applicable 29 8 38
Blank 7385 1347 2783
Sociodemographic Data - Head of Family (Pos. 100-131)
Source
Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ)
Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ)
100 Interview and Examination Status
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
100 Interview and examination status of See Note 4
head of family
1 Selected as sample person, 5523 1076 2098
interviewed on Adult Sample
Person Questionnaire, and
examined
2 Selected as sample person, 338 62 79
interviewed on Adult Sample
Person Questionnaire, but
not examined
3 Selected as sample person, not 218 34 23
interviewed, and not examined
4 Not selected as sample person 1362 179 624
Blank 21 6 10
101 Blank
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
101 Blank
102-103 Date of Birth
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
Date of birth HSQ 2e
102-103 01-12 Month 7413 1348 2830
88 Blank but applicable 49 9 4
104-105 08-86, 89-88 Year 7440 1353 2832
88 Blank but applicable 22 4 2
106-107 Age at Interview
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
106-107 Age at interview
17-95 Years 7462 1357 2834
108 Blank
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
108 Blank
109 Sex
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
109 Sex FQ B-4
1 Male 5982 1069 1331
2 Female 1460 282 1493
Blank 20 6 10
110 Observed Race
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
110 Observed race FQ B-5
1 White 7138 1282 2511 See Note 5
2 Black 75 27 165
3 Other 6 3 58
8 Blank but applicable 106 31 59
9 Not observed 117 8 31
Blank 20 6 10
111-112 National Origin
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
111-112 Head of family's national origin HSQ 2c
or ancestry. See Note 6
01 Mexican/Mexicano 2068 0 3
02 Mexican-American 4523 0 0
03 Chicano 97 0 0
04 Puerto Rican 19 7 2503
05 Boricuan 0 0 29
06 Cuban 6 1197 46
07 Cuban-American 0 85 2
08 Hispano - specify 147 20 37
09 Other Latin-American or other 54 17 39
Spanish - specify
00 Other - specify 513 31 175
10 Spanish-American 17 0 0
11 Spanish (Spain) 18 0 0
113-115 State or Foreign Country Born
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
113-115 In what state or foreign country FQ B-6
was head of family born? See Note 7
001-118 State/country code 7362 1331 2762
888 Blank but applicable 80 20 62
Blank 20 6 10
116-117 Highest Grade or Year of Regular School Attended
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
116-117 What is the highest grade or year FQ B-7
of regular school head of family
has ever attended?
00 Never attended or kinder- 250 7 35
garten only
01-08 Elementary grade 2959 511 889
09-12 High school grade 2896 411 1445
13-16 College 1002 336 363
17 Graduate school 170 57 41
88 Blank but applicable 165 29 51
Blank 20 6 10
118 Finish that Grade or Year?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
118 Did head of family finish that FQ B-8
grade/year?
1 Yes 5710 1171 2210
2 No 1316 137 492
8 Blank but applicable 166 36 87
Blank 270 13 45
119 Married, Widowed, Divorced, Separated, or Never Married?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
119 Is head of family now married, FQ B-9
widowed, divorced, separated, or
has he or she never been married?
0 Under 14 0 0 0
1 Married - spouse in household 5706 1059 1295
2 Married - spouse not in household 129 9 129
3 Widowed 333 48 133
4 Divorced 492 136 376
5 Separated 388 28 452
6 Never married 320 56 418
8 Blank but applicable 74 15 21
Blank 20 6 10
120 Serve in U.S. Armed Forces?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
120 Did head of family ever serve in FQ B-11
the Armed Forces of the United
States?
1 Yes 1478 64 383
2 No 5883 1265 2400
8 Blank but applicable 81 22 41
Blank 20 6 10
121 Work at Job or Business?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
121 During the past 2 weeks, did head FQ B-12
of family work at any time at a job
or business, not counting work
around the house?
1 Yes 5443 1019 1283
2 No 1923 305 1504
8 Blank but applicable 76 27 37
Blank 20 6 10
122 Have Job or Business?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
122 Even though head of family did not FQ B-13
work during those 2 weeks, did he
or she have a job or business?
1 Yes 101 19 28
2 No 1822 286 1476
8 Blank but applicable 76 27 37
Blank 5463 1025 1293
123 Looking for Work or on Layoff from a Job?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
123 Was head of family looking for work FQ B-14
or on layoff from a job?
1 Yes 510 61 118
2 No 1413 244 1384
8 Blank but applicable 76 27 39
Blank 5463 1025 1293
124 Which, Looking for Work or on Layoff from a Job?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
124 Which, looking for work or on FQ B-15
layoff from a job or both?
1 Looking 270 43 69
2 Layoff 151 12 26
3 Both 85 3 17
8 Blank but applicable 80 30 45
Blank 6876 1269 2677
125-127 Kind of Business or Industry Work for?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
125-127 What kind of business or industry FQ B-19
does head of family work for? See Note 9
010-932 Industry code 5980 1080 1395
990 Blank but applicable 118 28 62
Blank 1364 249 1377
128-130 Kind of Work Doing
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
128-130 What kind of work was head of FQ B-20
family doing? See Note 9
003-889 Occupation code 5988 1080 1391
999 Blank but applicable 110 28 66
Blank 1364 249 1377
131 Class of Worker
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
131 Class of worker FQ B-22
1 Employee of a private company, 4702 842 1058
business or individual for
wages, salary, or commission
2 A Federal government employee 219 4 45
3 A State government employee 246 12 54
4 A Local government employee 359 22 169
5 Self-employed in own incorpora- 49 25 14
ted business or professional
practice
6 Self-employed in own unincor- 420 171 56
porated business, profes-
sional practice, or farm
7 Working without pay in family 0 0 0
business or farm
8 Blank but applicable 99 32 60
0 Never worked or never worked at 4 0 1
a full-ime civilian job
lasting 2 weeks or more
Blank 1364 249 1377
Family Composition and Income Data (Pos. 132-162)
Source
G. FAMILY COMPOSITION AND INCOME DATA (POS 132-162)
Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ)
132-133 Number of Persons in Family (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
132-133 Number of persons in family
(computed)
01-18 Persons 7462 1357 2834
134-135 Number of Sample Persons in Family (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
134-135 Number of sample persons in family
(computed)
01-13 Persons 7462 1357 2834
136 Total Combined Family Income
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
136 Was the total combined family FQ E-10
income during the past 12 months
more or less than $20,000? Include
money from jobs, Social Security,
retirement income, unemployment pay-
ments, public assistance, and so
forth. Also include income net
from interest, dividends, income
from business, farm or rent, and
any other money income received.
1 $20,000 or more 2353 536 578
2 Less than $20,000 4856 795 2193
7 Refused information 31 1 7
8 Blank but applicable 202 19 46
Blank 20 6 10
137-138 Group Representing Total Combined Family Income
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
137-138 Of those income groups, which best FQ E-11
represents the total combined
family income during the past 12
months? Include wages, salaries,
and other items we just talked
about. (in dollars)
01 Less than 1,000 40 8 7
02 1,000 - 1,999 107 10 33
03 2,000 - 2,999 143 25 68
04 3,000 - 3,999 182 28 132
05 4,000 - 4,999 184 34 250
06 5,000 - 5,999 234 45 202
07 6,000 - 6,999 312 35 213
08 7,000 - 7,999 314 46 169
09 8,000 - 8,999 284 42 106
10 9,000 - 9,999 263 52 125
11 10,000 - 10,999 282 72 139
12 11,000 - 11,999 250 47 75
13 12,000 - 12,999 296 54 100
14 13,000 - 13,999 186 32 64
15 14,000 - 14,999 254 25 66
16 15,000 - 15,999 208 36 77
17 16,000 - 16,999 209 34 51
18 17,000 - 17,999 231 37 66
19 18,000 - 18,999 333 28 82
20 19,000 - 19,999 240 55 79
21 20,000 - 24,999 694 148 152
22 25,000 - 29,999 585 83 124
23 30,000 - 34,999 358 78 92
24 35,000 - 39,999 257 64 43
25 40,000 - 44,999 192 48 36
26 45,000 - 49,999 84 43 30
27 50,000 and over 107 55 54
77 Refused information 76 10 43
88 Blank but applicable 537 77 146
Blank 20 6 10
139-143 Per Capita Income (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
139-143 Per capita income (computed) See Note 11
00083-50000 Dollars 6829 1264 2636
88888 Blank but applicable 613 87 189
Blank 20 6 9
144-146 Poverty Index (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
144-146 Poverty index (computed) See Note 12
Decimal not shown on tape
0.04-9.78 6829 1264 2636
999 Blank but applicable 613 87 189
Blank 20 6 9
147 Member of Family Receive Government Food Stamps?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
147 Did any member of this family FQ E-12
receive any Government food
stamps in any of the past 12
months?
1 Yes 1651 234 1344
2 No 5783 1115 1474
8 Blank but applicable 8 2 6
Blank 20 6 10
148-149 Number of Months Member of Family Received Food Stamps
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
148-149 In how many months of the past 12 FQ E-13
months did any member of this
family receive food stamps?
01-12 Months 1631 234 1335
88 Blank but applicable 28 2 15
Blank 5803 1121 1484
150 Did Family Receive Government Food Stamps Last Month?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
150 Did this family receive any FQ E-14
government food stamps last
month?
1 Yes 1345 187 1290
2 No 303 47 50
8 Blank but applicable 11 2 10
Blank 5803 1121 1484
151-152 In which Month did Member Last Receive Food Stamps?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
151-152 In which month did any member of FQ E-15
this family last receive food
stamps?
01-12 Months 298 47 50
88 Blank but applicable 16 2 10
Blank 7148 1308 2774
153-154 Number of Persons for which Food Stamps were Authorized
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
153-154 For how many persons were those FQ E-16
food stamps authorized?
01-13 Persons 1641 234 1337
88 Blank but applicable 18 2 13
Blank 5803 1121 1484
155-157 Total Face Value of Food Stamps Received by Family
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
155-157 What was the total face value of FQ E-17
those food stamps received by this
family in that month?
010-520 Dollars 1567 230 1325
888 Blank but applicable 92 6 25
Blank 5803 1121 1484
158 Did Family Spend More for Food than Value of Food Stamps?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
158 Did this family spend more for food FQ E-18
in that month than the value of
your food stamps?
1 Yes 1405 194 1279
2 No 231 40 64
8 Blank but applicable 23 2 7
Blank 5803 1121 1484
159-161 How Much More Spent for Food than Value of Food Stamps?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
159-161 How much more? FQ E-19
003-880 Dollars 1314 182 1258
888 Blank but applicable 114 14 28
Blank 6034 1161 1548
162 Family Receiving Food Stamps at Present Time?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
162 Is your family receiving food FQ E-20
stamps at the present time?
1 Yes 1273 175 1269
2 No 6153 1171 1542
8 Blank but applicable 16 5 13
Blank 20 6 10
Residence and Household Data (Pos. 163-183)
Source
Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ)
Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ)
163 Size of Place
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
163 Size of place See Note 13
1 1 million or more 1049 0 2070
2 500,000 - 999,999 844 0 0
3 250,000 - 499,999 884 467 0
4 100,000 - 249,999 203 364 368
5 50,000 - 99,999 1277 70 76
6 25,000 - 49,999 785 205 216
7 10,000 - 24,999 746 120 79
8 200 - 9,999 1003 88 24
9 Not in a place 671 43 1
164 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
164 Standard Metropolitan Statistical See Note 13
Area
1 In SMSA, in central city 3707 467 2465
2 In SMSA, not in central city 2854 890 369
4 Not in SMSA 901 0 0
165-166 Number of Persons in Household
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
165-166 Number of persons in household HSQ 1a
01-18 Persons 7462 1357 2834
167-168 Number of Sample Persons in Household (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
167-168 Number of sample persons in
household (computed)
01-13 Persons 7462 1357 2834
169-170 Number of Rooms in Home
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
169-170 How many rooms are in this home? FQ E-1
Count the kitchen, but not the
bathroom.
01-14 Rooms 7433 1350 2816
88 Blank but applicable 9 1 8
Blank 20 6 10
171 Access to Complete Kitchen Facilities in Home?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
171 Do you have access to complete FQ E-2
kitchen facilities in this home;
that is, a kitchen sink with
piped water, a refrigerator and
a range or cookstove?
1 Yes 7136 1315 2548
2 No 83 10 18
8 Blank but applicable 223 26 258
Blank 20 6 10
172-173 Main Fuel Used for Heating in Home
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
172-173 What is the main fuel used for FQ E-3
heating this home? See Note 14
00 No fuel used 538 231 16
01 Oil 4 0 1988
02 Natural gas 5955 78 718
03 Electricity 604 1027 37
04 Bottled gas (propane) 174 2 0
05 Kerosene 13 3 0
06 Wood 98 3 0
07 Coal 0 0 14
08 Other, not specified 0 0 2
09 Other, specified 11 0 8
88 Blank but applicable 45 7 41
Blank 20 6 10
174-175 Main Heating Equipment for Home
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
174-175 What is the main heating equipment FQ E-4
for this home? See Note 14
00 No heating equipment used 538 231 20
01 Steam or hot water with 44 5 1450
radiators or convectors
02 Central warm air furnace with 2677 542 180
ducts to individual rooms,
or central heat pump
03 Built-in electric units (per- 474 323 63
manently installed in wall,
ceiling or baseboard)
04 Floor, wall or pipeless furnace 1598 46 21
05 Room heaters with flue or vent, 805 17 596
burning oil, gas, or kerosene
06 Room heaters without flue or 847 6 425
vent, burning oil, gas, or
kerosene
07 Heating stove burning wood, 88 0 9
coal or coke
08 Fireplace(s) 91 4 0
09 Portable electric heater(s) 139 137 4
10 Other, not specified 0 0 0
11 Other, specified 114 35 16
88 Blank but applicable 1 5 23
99 Don't know 26 0 17
Blank 20 6 10
176-177 Other Types of Equipment Used for Heating Home?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
176-177 Are any other types of equipment FQ E-5
used for heating this home? See Note 14
00 No other heating equipment used 6057 1073 2350
01 Steam or hot water with 0 0 13
radiators or convectors
02 Central warm air furnace with 11 15 7
ducts to individual rooms,
or central heat pump
03 Built-in electric units (per- 24 0 2
manently installed in wall,
ceiling or baseboard)
04 Floor, wall or pipeless furnace 11 0 0
05 Room heaters with flue or vent, 22 0 3
burning oil, gas, or kerosene
06 Room heaters without flue or 22 1 29
vent, burning oil, gas, or
kerosene
07 Heating stove burning wood, 70 0 8
coal or coke
08 Fireplace(s) 449 8 9
09 Portable electric heater(s) 186 18 351
10 Other, not specified 4 2 3
11 Other, specified 18 2 4
88 Blank but applicable 30 1 25
Blank 558 237 30
178-179 Main Fuel Used by Additional Equipment
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
178-179 What is the main fuel used by this FQ E-6
additional equipment? See Note 14
00 No fuel used 2 0 2
01 Oil 0 0 20
02 Natural gas 96 2 27
03 Electricity 214 35 345
04 Bottled gas (propane) 9 0 1
05 Kerosene 2 0 25
06 Wood 471 8 11
07 Coal 2 0 0
08 Other, not specified 0 0 0
09 Other, specified 7 0 0
88 Blank but applicable 44 2 3
Blank 6615 1310 2380
180-181 Main Fuel Used for Cooking in Home
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
180-181 What is the main fuel used for FQ E-7
cooking in this home?
00 No fuel used 21 4 4
01 Oil 14 0 31
02 Natural gas 5899 253 2603
03 Electricity 1295 1083 148
04 Bottled gas (propane) 182 8 12
05 Kerosene 0 0 3
06 Wood 0 0 0
07 Coal 0 0 0
08 Other, not specified 0 0 0
09 Other, specified 14 1 0
88 Blank but applicable 17 2 23
Blank 20 6 10
182 Air-Conditioning in Home?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
182 Do you have air-conditioning - FQ E-8
either individual room units, a
central system or evaporative
cooling?
1 Yes 3583 1254 653
2 No 3845 96 2153
8 Blank but applicable 14 1 18
Blank 20 6 10
183 Kind of Air-Conditioning
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
183 Which do you have? FQ E-9
1 Individual room unit 1625 583 613
2 Central air-conditioning 1233 660 22
3 Evaporative cooling 719 6 10
8 Blank but applicable 20 6 26
Blank 3865 102 2163
Sample Weights (Pos. 184-217)
184-189 Examined Final Weight
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
184-189 Examined final weight
000439-002711 7462 - -
000223-000891 - 1357 -
000177-002000 - - 2834
190-195 Interview Final Weight
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
190-195 Interview final weight
000447-002096 7462 - -
000176-000604 - 1357 -
000175-001220 - - 2834
196-213 GTT/Ultrasound, Audiometry/Vision, Pesticide Weights
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
GTT/ULTRASOUND, AUDIOMETRY/VISION, PESTICIDE WEIGHTS
By design, only some of the persons in the sample were included in
the GTT/ultrasound, audiometry/vision, and pesticide components of
the survey. Tape positions for those persons not part of these
subsamples are BLANK.
196-201 GTT/ultrasound weight
000843-005302 1777 - -
000469-001685 - 449 -
000349-003110 5685 908 2167
Blank - - 667
202-207 Audiometry/vision weight
000507-006283 4431 - -
000223-001600 - 804 -
000264-003123 - - 1759
Blank 3031 553 1075
208-213 Pesticide weight
000872-005584 2465 - -
000441-001600 - 568 -
000343-003117 - - 1012
Blank 4997 789 1822
214-215 Strata Code
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
214-215 Strata code
01-08 7462 1357 2834
216-217 Pseudo PSU Code
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
216-217 Pseudo PSU code
01-02 7462 1357 2834
Family Relationships (Pos. 218-400)
Source
Source: Adult Sample Person Questionnaire
Family Questionnaire
218-400 Blank
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
218-400 Blank
Data not yet available
Body Measurement Data (Pos. 401-500)
Source
Source: Body Measurement Examination
401-404 Tape Number
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
401-404 Tape number 6501
7462 1357 2834
405 Body Measurement Exam Blank
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
405 Body measurement exam blank See Note
15
1 Yes 14 3 24
2 No 7448 1354 2810
406-408 Examiner Number
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
406-408 Examiner number
100-128 7448 1354 2810
Blank 14 3 24
409-411 Recorder Number
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
409-411 Recorder number
091-906 7448 1354 2810
Blank 14 3 24
Attention Notice for Positions 412-499
ATTENTION: For tape positions 412-499
decimal points are not shown on the
tape. Ages are 6 months-74 years unless
otherwise indicated.
Skeletal Breadths
412-414 Biacromial Breadth
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
412-414 Biacromial breadth
14.1-54.7 Centimeters 7415 1350 2798
888 Blank but applicable 33 4 12
Blank 14 3 24
415-417 Biiliac Crest Breadth
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
415-417 Biiliac crest breadth
10.6-47.3 Centimeters 7413 1351 2796
888 Blank but applicable 35 3 14
Blank 14 3 24
418-420 Bitrochanteric Breadth
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
418-420 Bitrochanteric breadth
11.7-47.7 Centimeters 7412 1350 2793
888 Blank but applicable 36 4 17
Blank 14 3 24
Elbow Breadth (Left and Right Side)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
ATTENTION: See Section B for discussion
of systematic examiner differences
observed in this survey for elbow breadth.
421-423 Elbow breadth-right side
02.5-08.9 Centimeters 7402 1347 2795
888 Blank but applicable 46 7 15
Blank 14 3 24
424-426 Elbow breadth-left side
03.1-08.5 Centimeters 1475 270 534 See Note
16
888 Blank but applicable 22 1 13
Blank 5965 1086 2287
Skinfolds
Attention Notice
ATTENTION: See Section B for discussion
of systematic examiner differences observed
in this survey for the four skinfold
measures.
427-429 Triceps Skinfold-Right Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
427-429 Triceps skinfold-right side
02.0-60.0 Millimeters 7415 1350 2794
888 Blank but applicable 33 4 16
Blank 14 3 24
430-432 Triceps Skinfold-Left Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
430-432 Triceps skinfold-left side See Note
16
03.0-58.0 Millimeters 1475 269 535
888 Blank but applicable 22 2 12
Blank 5965 1086 2287
433-435 Subscapular Skinfold-Right Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
433-435 Subscapular skinfold-right side
02.0-60.0 Millimeters 7413 1347 2794
888 Blank but applicable 35 7 16
Blank 14 3 24
436-438 Subscapular Skinfold-Left Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
436-438 Subscapular skinfold-left side See Note
16
02.5-60.0 Millimeters 1474 269 535
888 Blank but applicable 23 2 12
Blank 5965 1086 2287
439-441 Iliac Crest Skinfold-Right Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
439-441 Iliac crest skinfold-right side
01.5-60.0 Millimeters 7415 1350 2792
888 Blank but applicable 33 4 18
Blank 14 3 24
442-444 Iliac Crest Skinfold-Left Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
442-444 Iliac crest skinfold-left side See Note
16
02.0-60.0 Millimeters 1476 269 535
888 Blank but applicable 21 2 12
Blank 5965 1086 2287
445-447 Medial Calf Skinfold-Right Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
445-447 Medial calf skinfold-right side
01.5-60.0 Millimeters 7399 1347 2787
888 Blank but applicable 49 7 23
Blank 14 3 24
448-450 Medial Calf Skinfold-Left Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
448-450 Medial calf skinfold-left side See Note
16
02.0-60.0 Millimeters 1470 269 533
888 Blank but applicable 27 2 14
Blank 5965 1086 2287
Circumferences
Medial Calf Circumference-Right Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
451-453 Medial calf circumference-right side
10.0-59.8 Centimeters 7410 1348 2794
888 Blank but applicable 38 6 16
Blank 14 3 24
454-456 Medial Calf Circumference-Left Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
454-456 Medial calf circumference-left side See Note 16
12.5-53.1 Centimeters 1473 270 534
888 Blank but applicable 24 1 13
Blank 5965 1086 2287
457-459 Chest Circumference-Erect
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
457-459 Chest circumference-erect
(Ages 2-7 years)
32.5-88.7, 88.9-94.7
Centimeters 1253 106 417
888 Blank but applicable 79 6 24
Blank 6130 1245 2393
460-462 Chest Circumference-Supine
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
460-462 Chest circumference-supine
(Ages 6 months-3 years)
39.4-70.53 Centimeters 784 70 238
888 Blank but applicable 28 3 15
Blank 6650 1284 2581
463-465 Head Circumference
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
463-465 Head circumference
(Ages 6 months-7 years)
21.4-59.5 Centimeters 1592 142 517
888 Blank but applicable 87 6 28
Blank 5783 1209 2289
466-468 Mid-Upper Arm Circumference-Right Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
466-468 Mid-upper arm circumference-right side
(Upper arm girth)
08.5-52.1 Centimeters 7414 1349 2795
888 Blank but applicable 34 5 15
Blank 14 3 24
469-471 Mid-Upper Arm Circumference-Left Side
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
469-471 Mid-upper arm circumference-left side See Note
(Upper arm girth) 16
10.2-52.4 Centimeters 1474 270 534
888 Blank but applicable 23 1 13
Blank 5965 1086 2287
Heights, Lengths, and Weight
472-475 Sitting Height
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
472-475 Sitting height
(Ages 2-74 years)
046.3-102.8 Centimeters 7048 1304 2691
8888 Blank but applicable 52 14 15
Blank 362 39 128
476-479 Standing Height-Centimeters
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
476-479 Standing height-centimeters
(Ages 2-74 years)
078.9-192.6 Centimeters 7085 1315 2697
8888 Blank but applicable 16 3 9
Blank 361 39 128
480-482 Standing Height-Inches (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
480-482 Standing height-inches (computed)
(Ages 2-74 years)
31.1-75.8 Inches 7085 1315 2697
888 Blank but applicable 16 3 9
Blank 361 39 128
483-486 Recumbent Length
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
483-486 Recumbent length
(Ages 6 months-3 years)
047.1-110.2 Centimeters 786 71 236
8888 Blank but applicable 26 2 17
Blank 6650 1284 2581
487-489 Crown Rump Length
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
487-489 Crown rump length
(Ages 6 months-3 years)
33.6-79.9 Centimeters 784 71 235
888 Blank but applicable 28 2 18
Blank 6650 1284 2581
490-494 Weight-Kilograms
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
490-494 Weight-kilograms
006.55-174.40 Kilograms 7440 1353 2802
88888 Blank but applicable 8 1 8
Blank 14 3 24
495-499 Weight-Pounds (Computed)
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
495-499 Weight-pounds (computed)
014.44-384.48 Pounds 7440 1353 2802
88888 Blank but applicable 8 1 8
Blank 14 3 24
Handedness
500 Is Examinee Right or Left Handed?
Tape Counts Source
Location Item Description and Code M C P and Notes
500 Is examinee right or left handed?
1 Right 6509 1223 2362
2 Left 493 80 289
3 Both 71 19 57
4 Not sure 277 22 89
8 Blank but applicable 98 10 13
Blank 14 3 24
GENERAL NOTES, SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND BODY MEASUREMENT DATA
Family Questionnaire Missing
A Family Questionnaire was to be completed for each eligible family in a
household with sample persons. However, a few Family Questionnaires are
missing. Data records for sample persons in families with missing
questionnaires are flagged with a code = 1, and all family data are blank.
Data records for sample persons in families with a Family Questionnaire are
flagged with a code = 2.
During the Mexican-American portion of the HHANES survey, a Family
Questionnaire continuation booklet containing sample person information was
lost for one sample person. Therefore, the sociodemographic data for this
sample person are missing. The reference person, family composition,
income, residence, and household data for this person were obtained from
another person in the household.
Examination Status
Not all sample persons consented to come to a Mobile Examination Center to
participate in the examination phase of the survey. In certain rare
instances (less than 0.1%), sample persons who came to the Mobile
Examination Centers did not participate in sufficient components of the
examination to be considered as "examined." This data field contains code =
1 for those persons who participated fully in the examination phase, and
code = 2 for those who did not come to the examination center or who did not
satisfactorily complete the examination.
Family Number
In HHANES, all household members who were related by blood, marriage, or
adoption were considered to be one "family." All sample persons in the same
family unit have the same computer-generated family unit code.
Head of Family
Relationship of Sample Person to Head of Family (Pos. 44-45)
Each family containing sample persons has a designated "head of
family," and the relationship of each sample person to the head of
his or her family is coded in tape positions 44-45. The first
three categories of this variable describe the "head" of three
different kinds of families.
o Code '01' identifies sample persons who lived alone (i.e.,
"head" of one-person families, no unrelated individuals living
in the household).
o Code '02' identifies sample persons who lived only with
unrelated persons.
o Code '03' identifies sample persons who were "heads" of families
containing at least one other person (whether or not the
household included additional families unrelated to the sample
person).
Sociodemographic Data (Pos. 100-131)
This data tape includes some sociodemographic data about the head
of each sample person's family (Section F). Because there can only
be one "head" per family, the data in this section (positions
100-131) are the same for all sample persons in the same family
(i.e., with the same family number codes in positions 39-43). If
the sample person is the head of his or her family, the data in
positions 100-131 are the same as in the corresponding positions in
Section E.
Observed Race
"Race" was observed by the interviewer for all sample persons actually
seen. Rules for classification of observed race were consistent with those
used in the NHANES II and the National Health Interview Survey at that
time. The categories were coded as follows:
White Includes Spanish origin persons unless they are definitely
Black, Indian or other nonwhite.
Black Black or Negro.
Other Race other than White or Black, including Japanese, Chinese,
American Indian, Korean, Eskimo.
National Origin or Ancestry
The value for national origin or ancestry is based on Item 2c in the
Household Screener Questionnaire and was reported by the household
respondent for all household members. In the Mexican-American portion of
the survey, if "other Latin-American or other Spanish" (code 9) or "Other"
(code 0) was recorded and the specified origin was "Spanish-American" or
"Spanish (Spain)", a code of 10 or 11, respectively, was assigned. In all
three portions of the survey, if more than one category was reported, the
first appropriate "Hispanic" code, if any, was assigned (codes 1, 2, 3, 8,
10, or 11 in the Mexican-American portion; codes 6 or 7 in the
Cuban-American portion; codes 4 or 5 in the Puerto Rican portion). If none
of these codes was recorded, the first category entered was coded.
Codes for States and Foreign Countries
Code State or Foreign Country
001 Alabama
002 Alaska
004 Arizona
005 Arkansas
006 California
008 Colorado
009 Connecticut
010 Delaware
011 District of Columbia
012 Florida
013 Georgia
015 Hawaii
016 Idaho
017 Illinois
018 Indiana
019 Iowa
020 Kansas
021 Kentucky
022 Louisiana
023 Maine
024 Maryland
025 Massachusetts
026 Michigan
027 Minnesota
028 Mississippi
029 Missouri
030 Montana
031 Nebraska
032 Nevada
033 New Hampshire
034 New Jersey
035 New Mexico
036 New York
037 North Carolina
038 North Dakota
039 Ohio
040 Oklahoma
041 Oregon
042 Pennsylvania
044 Rhode Island
045 South Carolina
046 South Dakota
047 Tennessee
048 Texas
049 Utah
050 Vermont
051 Virginia
053 Washington
054 West Virginia
055 Wisconsin
056 Wyoming
060 American Samoa
093 Canada
061 Canal Zone
062 Canton and Enderbury Islands
091 Central America
095 Costa Rica
063 Cuba
064 Dominican Republic
065 El Salvador
062 Enderbury Islands
087 Germany
066 Guam
068 Guatemala
069 Haiti
088 Honduras
070 Jamaica
090 Japan
067 Johnston Atoll
080 Mexico
071 Midway Islands
081 Nicaragua
096 Palestine
097 Austria
098 Lebanon
099 Chile
100 Philippines
101 Brazil
102 Holland
103 Colombia
082 Panama
072 Puerto Rico
092 Saudi Arabia
083 Spain
094 Taiwan
089 Turkey
084 Uruguay
085 Venezuela
073 Ryukyu Islands, Southern
074 Swan Islands
075 Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands (includes Caroline,
Mariana and Marshall Island groups)
076 U.S. miscellaneous Caribbean Islands (includes Navassa
Islands, Quito Sueno Bank, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank and
Serranilla Bank)
077 U.S. miscellaneous Pacific Islands (includes Kingman Reef,
Howland, Baker & Jarvis Islands, and Palmyra Atoll)
086 United States
078 Virgin Islands
079 Wake Island
104 Azores
105 Peru
106 England
107 Vietnam
108 Italy
109 Ecuador
110 North America
111 Surinam
112 Argentina
113 Portugal
114 Trinidad
115 Egypt
116 Sudan
117 British Honduras
118 China
888 Blank but applicable
National Origin Recode
General Information
In the HHANES, if any household member was identified as "Hispanic" (as
defined below), all household members, regardless of origin, were eligible
to be selected as sample persons. The national origin recode specifies
whether a sample person is considered to be "Hispanic" or "not Hispanic" for
purposes of analysis. "Hispanic" is defined as:
Mexican-American, residing in selected counties of Texas, Colorado,
New Mexico, Arizona, and California;
Cuban-American, residing in Dade County (Miami), Florida; or
Puerto Rican, residing in the New York City area, including parts of
New Jersey and Connecticut
Recode Assignments
Southwest Portion
1) If the original national origin or ancestry code on the Household
Screener Questionnaire was 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, or 11, then National
origin recode = 1;
2) If national origin or ancestry was 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, or 0 but the
person specified Mexican/Mexicano, Chicano, or Mexican-American
self-identification on the Adult Sample Person Questionnaire
(question M10), or the person was the biological child of a
household member with Recode equal to 1 (as determined by questions
A-1/A-11 on the Family Questionnaire), then National origin recode =
1;
3) In all other cases, National origin recode = 2.
Dade County, Florida Portion
1) If the original national origin or ancestry code was 6 or 7, then
National origin recode = 1;
2) In all other cases, National origin recode = 2.
New York City Area Portion
1) If the original national origin or ancestry code was 4 or 5, then
National origin recode = 1.
2) If national origin or ancestry was 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 0 but the
person specified Boricuan or Puerto Rican self-identification on the
Adult Sample Person Questionnaire (question M10), or the person was
the biological child of a household member with Recode equal to 1
(as determined by questions A-1/A-11 on the Family Questionnaire),
then National origin recode = 1.
3) In all other cases, National origin recode = 2.
National Origin Recode in Analysis
National origin recode may be used in analysis in one of two ways:
a. Selecting on Recode = 1 will restrict analysis to "Hispanics" only.
In this case, in the Southwest portion of the survey, the weighted
estimates by age and sex will approximately equal U.S. Bureau of
Census population estimates of the number of Mexican Americans and a
small proportion of other Hispanics assumed to be Hispano in the
five Southwest States (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico,
and Texas) at the midpoint of the Mexican-American portion of HHANES
- March 1983. The weighted estimates of Cuban Americans represents
an independent estimate of the number of Cuban Americans in Dade
County at the midpoint, February 1984. The weighted estimates of
Puerto Ricans represents an independent estimate of the number of
Puerto Ricans in the sample counties in New York, New Jersey, and
Connecticut at the midpoint of the Puerto Rican portion - September
1984.
b. Using Recode greater than 0, that is, all sample persons, will
include "Hispanic" and "not Hispanic" persons and the Southwest
weighted estimates by age and sex will overestimate the U.S. Bureau
of the Census population estimates of Mexican Americans and other
Hispanics by about 4.5 percent. In Dade County, using recode
greater than 0 will increase the weighted estimates by about 5.3
percent over that for Cuban Americans only, using recode greater
than 0 for the New York area will increase the weighted estimates by
about 9.2 percent over that for Puerto Ricans only.
Industry and Occupation Code
Family Questionnaire questions B-12 through B-15 (see page 117 or 139 of
Ref. No 1 in Section C) identified sample persons 17 years old or older who
were in the labor force working for pay at a job or business or who worked
without pay in a family business or farm operated by a related member of the
household without receiving wages or salary for work performed.
Questions B-17 through B-22 provided a full description of sample persons'
current or most recent job or business. The detail asked for in these
questions was necessary to properly and accurately code each occupation and
industry. Interviewers were trained to define a job as a definite
arrangement for regular work for pay every week or every month. This
included arrangements for either regular or part-time or regular full-time
work. If a sample person was absent from his or her regular job, worked at
more than one job, was on layoff from a job or was looking for work during
the two week reference period, interviewers were trained to use the
following criteria to determine the job described:
a. If a sample person worked at more than one job during the two week
reference period or operated a farm or business and also worked for
someone else, the job at which he or she worked the most hours was
described. If the sample person worked the same number of hours at
all jobs, the job at which he or she had been employed the longest
was entered. If the sample person was employed at all jobs the same
length of time, the job the sample person considered the main job
was entered.
b. If a sample person was absent from his or her regular job all of the
two week reference period, but worked temporarily at another job,
the job at which the sample person actually worked was described,
not the job from which he or she was absent.
c. If a sample person had a job but did not work at all during the two
week reference period, the job he or she held was described.
d. If a sample person was on layoff during the two week reference
period, the job from which he or she was laid off, regardless of
whether a full-time or part-time job, was described.
e. If a sample person was looking for work or waiting to begin a new
job within 30 days of the interview, the last full-time civilian job
which lasted two consecutive weeks or more was described.
The 1980 census of population Alphabetical Index of Industries and
Occupations was used in the coding of both industry and occupation. This
book has Library of Congress Number 80-18360, and is for sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402 for $3.00. Its Stock Number is 003024049-2.
Health Insurance
a. In the Health Insurance section of the Family Questionnaire, up to
three separate health insurance plans could be reported for a
family. Each sample person could have been covered by any
combination of the three, or by none at all. In order to simplify
the health insurance coverage data, the information on all reported
plans was combined to a single variable for each sample person,
i.e., whether or not the person is covered by any plan (position
74). For all persons covered by at least one plan, information on
the type of coverage is then indicated: position 75 specifies
whether any of the sample person's plans pays hospital expenses and
position 76 specifies whether any of the sample person's plans pays
doctor's or surgeon's bills.
b. For all sample persons who were not covered by Medicare or any
health insurance plan, the reasons for not being covered were
ascertained. Positions 77-78 contain the main or only reason
reported. For persons with one or more additional reasons, the
first (lowest) code entered on the questionnaire was coded in
positions 79-80.
Per Capita Income
Per capita income was computed by dividing the total combined family income
by the number of people in the family.
Poverty Index
Description
The poverty index is a ratio of two components. The numerator is the
midpoint of the income bracket reported for each family in the Family
Questionnaire (E-11). Respondents were asked to report total combined
family income during the 12 months preceding the interview. The denominator
is a poverty threshold which varied with the number of persons in the
family, the adult/child composition of the family, the age of the reference
person, and the month and the year in which the family was interviewed.
Poverty thresholds published in Bureau of the Census reports* are based on
calendar years and were adjusted to reflect differences caused by inflation
between calendar years and 12 month income reference periods to which
question E-11 referred. Average Consumer Price Indexes for all Urban
consumers (CPI-U) for the calendar year for which the poverty thresholds
were published (see table below) and for the 12 months representing the
income reference period for the respondent were calculated. The percentage
difference between these two numbers represents the inflation between these
two periods and was applied to the poverty threshold appropriate for the
family (based on the characteristics listed above). For example, for a
family interviewed in November, 1983, the 1982 poverty threshold was updated
to reflect inflation by multiplying by the percent change in the average
CPI-U for the 12 month reference period, which would have been November,
1982 through October, 1983, over the calendar year January through December,
1982, in this example. To compute poverty indexes, the midpoint of the
total combined family income bracket was divided by the updated poverty
threshold.
Members of families with incomes equal to or greater than poverty thresholds
have poverty indexes equal to or greater than 1.0 and can be described as
"at or above poverty"; those with incomes less than the poverty threshold
have indexes less than 1.0 and can be described as "below poverty".
Poverty thresholds used were computed on a national basis only. No attempt
was made to adjust these thresholds for regional, State, or other variations
in the cost of living. None of the noncash public welfare benefits such as
food stamp bonuses were included in the income of the low income families
receiving these benefits.
Avg. Consumer Price Index, Urban Consumers, U.S., 81-84
Average Consumer Price Index, all Urban consumers (CPI-U), U. S.,
city average, 1981-84
Month Year
1981 1982 1983 1984
January 260.5 282.5 293.1 305.2
February 263.2 283.4 293.2 306.6
March 265.1 283.1 293.4 307.3
April 266.8 284.3 295.5 308.8
May 269.0 287.1 297.1 309.7
June 271.3 290.6 298.1 310.7
July 274.4 292.2 299.3 311.7
August 276.5 292.8 300.3 313.0
September 279.3 293.3 301.8
October 279.9 294.1 302.6
November 280.7 293.6 303.1
December 281.5 292.4 303.5
Average 272.4 289.1 298.4
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
References
*U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No.
138, "Characteristics of the Population Below the Poverty Level: 1981",
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., March 1983.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No.
144, "Characteristics of the Population Below the Poverty Level: 1982",
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., March 1984.
Size of Place and SMSA
Codes for size of place and SMSA were obtained from Bureau of Census summary
tape files (STF1B).
A place is a concentration of population. Most places are incorporated as
cities, towns, villages or boroughs, but others are defined by the Bureau of
the Census around definite residential nuclei with dense, city-type street
patterns, with, ideally, at least 1,000 persons per square mile. The
boundaries of Census defined places may not coincide with civil divisions.
A Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) is a large population
nucleus and nearby communities which have a high degree of economic and
social integration with that nucleus. Generally, an SMSA includes one or
more central cities, all urbanized areas around the city or cities, and the
remainder of the county or counties in which the urbanized areas are
located. SMSAs are designated by the Office of Management and Budget.
The same place size and SMSA codes were assigned to all persons in the same
segment (for the definition of segments see Ref. No. 1 in Section C). In a
few cases segments were divided by place boundaries. In these cases codes
were assigned after inspecting segment maps. If the segment was
predominantly in one place, then the place code for that place was used. If
the segment was approximately evenly divided, the code for the larger place
was used.
Home Heating
Questions E-3 through E-6, pertaining to the main fuel and equipment used
for heating the home, appear to have codes which are inconsistent. It has
been verified that these are the codes that were recorded on the original
document; that is, codes that appear inconsistent were not incorrectly keyed.
Body Measurement Exam
Not all sample persons who came to the mobile examination center to
participate in the examination phase of the survey were given a body
measurement examination. Reasons for noninclusion in the examination
included insufficient time for the examination, sample person in a
wheelchair, and sample person having to leave. This data field contains
code= '1' for those persons who did not have a body measurement examination,
andcode='2' for those who were given a body measurement examination.
Left Side Measurements
Left side measurements of the elbow breadth, mid-upper arm circumference,
triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, iliac crest skinfold, medial calf
circumference and medial calf skinfold were systematically done on
approximately 20 percent of the examined sample persons. These measures
were collected for quality control purposes and are not a representative
sample of the U.S. population. Therefore, none of the sample weights are
applicable for analyses using these measurements.
BODY MEASUREMENT DATA
Avg. Design Effects, by Sex, Mexican-American
Average Design Effects, by Sex, for Selected Variables
Mexican-American Portion
Body Measurement Mean or Tape Both
(Means) Proportion Positions Sexes Male Female
Biacromial Breadth x 412-414 1.8 1.6 1.4
Elbow Breadth x 421-423 2.1 1.9 2.1
Triceps Skinfold x 427-429 1.1 1.5 1.3
Subscapular Skinfold x 433-435 2.1 1.8 1.8
Medial Calf Circumference x 451-453 1.3 1.2 1.0
Mid-upper Arm Circumference x 466-468 1.1 1.3 1.0
Weight x 495-499 1.4 1.3 1.0
Source: NCHS, HHANES, 1982-84, Tape Number 6501, Version 2.
Avg. Design Effects, by Sex, Cuban-American Portion
Average Design Effects, by Sex, for Selected Variables
Cuban-American Portion
Body Measurement Mean or Tape Both
(Means) Proportion Positions Sexes Male Female
Biacromial Breadth x 412-414 1.0 1.0 1.0
Elbow Breadth x 421-423 1.0 1.2 1.0
Triceps Skinfold x 427-429 1.1 1.0 1.0
Subscapular Skinfold x 433-435 1.0 1.0 1.0
Medial Calf Circumference x 451-453 1.1 1.1 1.0
Mid-upper Arm Circumference x 466-468 1.0 1.1 1.0
Weight x 495-499 1.3 1.1 1.1
Source: NCHS, HHANES, 1982-84, Tape Number 6501, Version 2.
Avg. Design Effects, by Sex, Puerto Rican Portion
Average Design Effects, by Sex, for Selected Variables
Puerto Rican Portion
Body Measurement Mean or Tape Both
(Means) Proportion Positions Sexes Male Female
Biacromial Breadth x 412-414 1.4 1.5 1.4
Elbow Breadth x 421-423 1.9 1.8 1.8
Triceps Skinfold x 427-429 1.6 1.5 1.7
Subscapular Skinfold x 433-435 1.0 1.0 1.4
Medial Calf Circumference x 451-453 1.5 1.6 1.2
Mid-upper Arm Circumference x 466-468 1.6 1.6 1.3
Weight x 495-499 1.2 1.4 1.2
Source: NCHS, HHANES, 1982-84, Tape Number 6501, Version 2.
Example for Determining Complex Sample Variance
Suppose, for example, that the average (mean) weight for 195
Mexican-American males 55-64 years was 168 pounds. Suppose, also, that the
simple random sample variance was 5.35.
The complex sample variance is determined by multiplying the simple random
sample variance by the design effect (DEFF). In the example above,
the complex sample variance = simple random sample variance x DEFF
= (5.35 x (1.3)
= (6.95)
In a similar way, the complex sample variance of a percent can be
determined. Assuming simple random sampling, the variance for the percent
is calculated by converting the percent to a proportion and using the
standard formula for the variance of a proportion.
V = pq
n
This variance (V) multiplied by the design effect (DEFF) provids an
estimate of the variance from a complex sample of the same sample size (n).
The user can then proceed with estimating confidence intervals and testing
hypotheses in the usual manner.
The user should recognize that this approach does not incorporate the
variance-covariance matrix. In most cases, this leads to a slight
overestimate of the variance because the covariance terms, which are
subtracted in the variance of a ratio, in general, are positive. Thus, in a
borderline case, the null hypothesis would be less likely to be rejected
(Ref. No. 11).
Alternative or better approaches may exist or be developed. Users who want
to suggest such approaches, or who want the latest information should
contact the Scientific and Technical Information Branch (address given in
the beginning of this documentation).
BODY MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
General Information
Excerpted from Instruction Manual Part 15a, Examination Staff
Procedures Manual for the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
1982-84. Hyattsville, Maryland, 1985.
Body Measurement Equipment
Equipment
Anthropometer parts: 2 sets of four section each, 4 sliding arms,
1 metal base
Body measurement table
Footstool
Bitrochanteric calipers
Elbow calipers
Skinfold calipers
Steel tape
Insertion tape
Special height scale
Polaroid Land camera with close-up photographic lens
Special light attachment for camera
Self-zeroing weight scale
Toledo 8805 ticket printer
Toledo keyboard
Set of weights for calibration of weight scale (one 25-lb. weight and
five 50-lb. weights)
Infant measuring board
Introduction to Body Measurements
Most of the body measurements are taken on all examinees. Some of the
measurements are only taken on various subsets of examinees. Two
anthropometers are provided; one is to be used for measuring and one is to
be calibrated and reserved as a spare. Each anthropometer consists of four
sections of rod and two caliper arms. The rod section used for
bitrochanteric breadth measurements has one arm fixed to the top end of the
instrument and the other arm free to slide. Two other rod sections are used
for sitting heights and will be mounted in the metal base. The remaining
section can be used as a spare when required.
Measuring and Recording
The anthropometric measurements consist of various heights, breadths,
girths, and skinfolds. Certain measurements are routinely taken on the
right side. If, because of casts, amputations, or other reasons, any of
these particular measurements are taken on the left side, note the reason on
the body measurement page and the unusual occurrence form.
All measurements, except skinfolds, should be taken to the nearest tenth of
a centimeter. Skinfold measurements are taken to the nearest half of a
millimeter. If the digit to the right of the last digit to be recorded
appears to be exactly "five", raise the last digit to be recorded one unit
if that digit is an odd number or leave it unchanged if it is an even
number. This is sometimes known as the "odd up-even down rule."
When the examinee's sample number ends in a "3" or a "6", all skinfold
measurements and the elbow breadth, upper arm girth, and medial calf
circumference are to be done on the left side as well as on the right side
of the body. If any measurement cannot be taken on the left side, write the
reason not done on the body measurement and unusual occurrence forms.
If a skinfold is too tight to be measured, "tight skin" should be written in
the recording space for that skinfold.
If a skinfold is above the measurable limits of the calipers, "60+" should
be written in the recording space for that skinfold.
The original examiner and recorder should complete an examination once it is
started.
The examiner takes each measurement and says it to the recorder. The
recorder repeats the number, records it in the proper space, and says the
name of the next measurement. The examiner should keep the measuring
instrument set until the recorder repeats the number. If the anthropometer
becomes unset in any way before the measurement is read back, the
measurement should be made again. On standing measurements the recorder
should see that the examinee stands erect. For the standing height
measurement the recorder should check the height photo to be sure of the
accuracy of the technician's reading.
The recorder is important because he helps insure the accurate recording of
the measurement while also helping the examiner position the examinee
correctly. The recorder also assists the examiner by seeing that the steel
tape is horizontal with proper tension when girths are measured. The
recorder, having had the same training as the examiner, should recognize an
error in measurement or in reading from the wrong scale. (The anthropometer
has two scales, ascending and descending.) When he does see an error he
should call it to the examiner's attention and have the mistake corrected.
Procedure for Measuring Examinees Eight Years Old and Over
Before and After Measuring
a. Before starting the measurements, record on the control record the
examiner number and the time the procedure begins. Record on the
body measurement form the examiner and recorder numbers, and the age
and sex of the examinee.
b. After finishing the measurements, record the time on the control
record; and complete the date, age, sex, height, and weight sections
on the Report of Findings to Physician page of the chart.
Height
a. Have the examinee stand erect with his back and heels against the
upright bar of the height scale ("Stand up tall" or "Stand up
straight") with feet together and head in the Frankfort horizontal
plane ("Look straight ahead"). Grasp the examinee under the mastoid
processes and stretch him gently upward.
b. While maintaining the examinee's head position with one hand, bring
the horizontal bar down snugly to the examinee's head. Lock the bar
in place.
c. Place one of the sample number labels next to the tape on the
upright bar so the label can be read on the height measurement
photograph.
d. Photograph the height measurement being sure that the examinee's
hair does not obscure the scale when you take the photograph. Ask
the examinee to step aside.
e. Process the film and stick the sample number label from the height
scale on the photo. Do not cover up the scale or the photographed
sample number.
f. Read the standing height measurement from the photograph and record
it on the body measurement form in four digits to the nearest
millimeter (0.1 of cm) from the metric scale. If there are less
than four digits, fill in the blank spaces with zeroes as
appropriate. For example, 99.0 should be 099.0. When the
measurement is exactly at the half-way point between two millimeter
marks, round up if the preceding whole number is odd; and round down
if even.
Weight
a. Make sure that the electronic digital scale is in the kilogram
mode. If it is not, press the LB/KG key on the keyboard face.
b. Make sure that the digital LED readout shows 000.00. If it does
not, press the ZERO key on the keyboard scale to zero the scale.
c. Have the examinee stand on the center of the weight scale platform.
d. Insert the body measurement page in the slot of the scale's printer.
e. Press the PRINT key on the front of the printer to record on the
body measurement page the time of day, the date, and the examinee's
weight to the nearest twentieth of a kilogram.
f. Check to be sure that the printed weight is legible and is the same
as the weight displayed on the LED.
g. Record the weight in kilograms on the body measurement form in the
space provided. Always record the weight in five digits, filling in
the blank spaces with zeroes as needed. For example, 44.5 should be
entered as 044.50. The last digit should always be a zero or a five.
Biacromial Breadth
a. Have the examinee stand facing away from you in the standard erect
position with his feet together and his arms hanging freely at his
sides.
b. Place an anthropometer arm on each of the acromial processes.
c. Compress the soft tissue over the acromial processes as much as
possible by applying pressure on the anthropometer arms near where
they touch the body (not where they are attached to the
anthropometer).
d. Measure the maximum breadth of the body between the acromial
processes to the nearest 0.1 cm. Be sure that the anthropometer
arms do not slip off the acromial processes. This is a bone-to-bone
measurement taken over the examinee's gown.
Biiliac Crest Breadth
a. Have the examinee stand facing away from you in the standard erect
position with his feet together.
b. Locate the maximum lateral width of the body between the crests of
the ilia. This maximum width is in the anterior superior aspect of
the body.
c. Place an anthropometer arm on each iliac crest. You may need to
hold the ends of the anthropometer arms in a slightly declining
position.
d. Compress the soft tissue over the ilia as much as possible by
applying pressure on the anthropometer arms near where they touch
the body (not where they are attached to the anthropometer).
e. Measure the maximum breadth of the body between the iliac crests to
the nearest 0.1 cm. Be sure that the anthropometer arms do not slip
off the bony landmarks. This is a bone-to-bone measurement taken
over the examinee's gown.
Bitrochanteric Breadth
a. Have the examinee stand with his feet together in the standard erect
position.
b. Place the caliper arms on the protuberances of the greater femoral
trochanters.
c. Compress the soft tissue over the trochanters as much as possible by
applying pressure on the caliper arms near where they touch the body
(not where the arms are attached to the anthropometer).
d. With the top section of the anthropometer measure to the nearest 0.1
cm the maximum breadth of the body at the level of the greater
femoral trochanters. This is a bone-to-bone measurement taken over
the examinee's gown.
Elbow Breadth
a. Have the examinee stand with his feet together in the standard erect
position and extend his right arm forward until it is perpendicular
to his body.
b. Have him bend his arm so the angle at the elbow forms 90 with his
fingers pointing up and the dorsal part of his wrist toward you.
c. With the sliding calipers in the same plane as the axis of the upper
arm, measure to the nearest 0.1 cm the greatest breadth across the
elbow joint. This is a bone-to-bone measurement across the
epicondyles of the humerus and is usually taken at an oblique angle
because the inner condyle is lower than the outer condyle. Be
careful that the calipers do not slide off the epicondyles.
Upper Arm Girth
a. Have the examinee stand with his feet together in the standard erect
position and with his right arm flexed 90 at the elbow.
b. Mark the lateral edge of the acromial process. Place the insertion
tape along the posterior upper arm so that the same number appears
on the tape at the acromial process of the scapula as at the
olecranon process of the ulna. Mark the midpoint of the upper arm
which is indicated by the zero point (black triangle) on the tape.
c. Have the recorder mark the examinee's arm at the level of the zero
point on the tape. It is of paramount importance to take this
measurement accurately since the midpoint of the arm is the level at
which both the arm girth and triceps skinfold measurements are taken.
d. Have the examinee relax his elbow so his arm hangs freely at his
side.
e. Place the steel tape so it encircles the arm at the marked point
and measure the circumference to the nearest 0.1 cm. The tape
should rest firmly on the skin surface but should not compress the
skin.
Triceps Skinfold
a. Have the examinee stand with his feet together in the standard
erect position, relax his shoulder, and let his arm hang freely at
his side.
b. Mark a point on the right midtriceps in the same place as the
midhumeral point used for the upper arm girth and perpendicular to
the olecranon process of the ulna.
c. Grasp a fold of skin and subcutaneous tissue firmly with thumb and
forefinger approximately 1 cm above this level, and draw it
directly back from the body making sure that no muscle tissue is
included in the fold. The crest of the fold should be parallel to
the long axis of the arm.
d. Apply the calipers at the level of the point marked earlier and
indented directly below the thumb and forefinger, and measure the
fold to the nearest 0.5 mm without releasing the fingers.
e. Take a second measurement; if the two disagree, continue taking
measurements until you get two that agree to within 0.5 mm.
Subscapular Skinfold
a. Have the examinee stand with his feet together in the standard
erect position and relax his shoulders and arms.
b. Palpate the inferior angle of the scapula. Grasp a fold of skin
and subcutaneous tissue directly above the angle firmly with the
thumb and forefinger, and draw it straight back from the body
making sure that no muscle tissue is included in the fold. The
fold should parallel natural cleavage lines of the skin which are
often lines about 45 from the horizontal extending medially upward.
c. Apply the calipers about 1 cm directly below the thumb and
forefinger and measure the fold to the nearest 0.5 mm without
releasing the fingers.
d. Take a second measurement; if the two disagree, continue taking
measurements until two agree to within 0.5 mm.
Iliac Crest Skinfold
a. Have the examinee stand with his feet together in the standard
erect position.
b. Palpate the right suprailiac crest and pull a fold of skin and
subcutaneous tissue directly above the crest. The fold should
follow natural cleavage lines of the skin which are usually at 45
from the horizontal extending medially downward.
c. Apply the calipers about 1 cm directly below the thumb and
forefinger, and measure to the nearest 0.5 mm the thickness of the
fold taken over the right crest at the midaxillary line but
perpendicular to it.
d. Take a second measurement; if the two disagree, continue taking
measurements until two agree to within 0.5 mm.
Medial Calf Circumference
a. Have the examinee sit on the measuring table facing the doorway
with his leg hanging loosely.
b. Place the steel tape on a line between the distal process of the
femur and the distal process of the tibia, and have the recorder
make a vertical line along the edge of the tape at about the middle
of the leg.
c. Encircle the calf of the leg with the steel tape at what appears to
be its maximum circumference. Move the tape up and down the leg
slightly to confirm that you have the maximum circumference. Have
the recorder mark along the top edge of the tape a horizontal line
that intersects the vertical line drawn previously.
d. Keeping the tape taut without compressing the skin, measure the
circumference to the nearest 0.1 cm.
Medial Calf Skinfold
a. Have the examinee sit on the measuring table with his leg hanging
loosely.
b. Grasp a fold of skin and subcutaneous tissue about 1 cm above the
intersection of the markings on the leg.
c. Place the skinfold calipers at the level of the horizontal line and
indented directly below the thumb and forefinger, and measure to
the nearest 0.5 mm the thickness of the skinfold.
d. Take a second measurement; if the two disagree, continue taking
measurements until two agree to within 0.5 mm.
Handedness
Ask the examinee whether he is right-handed or left-handed and record
his answer by checking the correct box.
Sitting Height
a. Have the examinee sit as far back on the measuring table as he can
so that the backs of his knee joints (popliteal fossae) are at the
front edge of the table. Have him sit erectly with his eyes
straight ahead and the infraorbital meatal line parallel to the
table top (that is, eyes in the horizontal plane looking straight
ahead). Check with the recorder on the examinee's position before
making the measurement.
b. Grasp the examinee laterally under the mastoid processes and under
the mandible. Lift the examinee gently to a maximal sitting height.
c. While maintaining the examinee's head position with one hand, bring
the caliper arm down firmly against the midline of the examinee's
head. You might have to compress some hairstyles.
d. Take the measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm with your eyes at the
same level as the caliper arm. Do not make the reading at an
angle. Short technicians should stand on the stool available in
the measuring room.
Procedure for Measuring Children Under Eight Years Old
Before and After Measuring
a. Before starting the measurements, record on the control record the
examiner number and the time the procedure begins. Record on the
body measurement form the examiner and recorder numbers, and the
age and sex of the examinee.
b. After finishing the measurements, record the time on the control
record; and complete the date, age, sex, height, and weight
sections on the Report of Findings to Physician page of the chart.
Standing Height (Two Through Seven Years Old)
Use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Weight
Use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Biacromial Breadth
a. Stand the child on the foot stool (placed in the center of the
room) so that you can take the measurements with your eyes at about
the same level as the caliper arms.
b. Otherwise, use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Biiliac Crest Breadth
a. Stand the child on the foot stool (placed in the center of the
room) so that you can take the measurements with your eyes at about
the same level as the caliper arms.
b. Otherwise, use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Bitrochanteric Breadth
a. Stand the child on the foot stool (placed in the center of the
room) so that you can take the measurements with your eyes at about
the same level as the caliper arms.
b. Otherwise, use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Elbow Breadth
Use the same procedure as that for older examinees except that the
child may be either standing on the footstool or sitting.
Upper Arm Girth
a. Stand the child on the foot stool (placed in the center of the
room) so that you can take the measurements with your eyes at about
the same level as the caliper arms.
b. Otherwise, use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Triceps Skinfold
a. Stand the child on the foot stool (placed in the center of the
room) so that you can take the measurements with your eyes at about
the same level as the caliper arms.
b. Otherwise, use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Subscapular Skinfold
a. Stand the child on the foot stool (placed in the center of the
room) so that you can take the measurements with your eyes at about
the same level as the caliper arms.
b. Otherwise, use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Iliac Crest Skinfold
a. Stand the child on the foot stool (placed in the center of the
room) so that you can take the measurements with your eyes at about
the same level as the caliper arms.
b. Otherwise, use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Medial Calf Circumference
Use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Medial Calf Skinfold
Use the same procedure as that for older examinees.
Handedness
If the child is old enough, ask him whether he is right-handed or
left-handed and record his answer by checking the correct box.
Otherwise, question the child's parent or guardian to obtain the
information.
Sitting Height (Two Through Seven Years Old)
a. Have the child sit erectly on the measuring table with his eyes
directed straight ahead (the eyes should be in a horizontal plane
looking straight ahead). The child should sit as far back on the
table as he can so that the backs of his knee joints (popliteal
fossae) are in contact with the front edge of the table. Check
with the recorder on the child's position before making the
measurement. Younger children need to be encouraged to sit up
straight, and you might have to give support to a younger child.
First, straighten out his back by placing your right hand over the
upper part of the chest and your left hand over the lumbar area nd
pushing gently. Then, grasp the child laterally under the mastoid
processes and under the mandible. Lift the child to a maximal
sitting height. Be sure that the child's hands are placed in his
lap to avoid his rendering you any assistance in elevating himself
by using them.
b. After checking the child's position with the recorder and while
maintaining head position with one hand, bring the caliper arm
firmly against the midline of the examinee's head. You might have
to compress some hairstyles.
c. Take the measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm with your eyes at the
same level as the caliper arm.
Chest Circumference
Two Through Seven Years Old, Standing
(1) Have the child stand on the footstool in the standard erect
position with his feet together.
(2) Pass the steel tape around the chest at the level of the
nipple line so that it is at a right angle to the longitudinal
axis of the body.
(3) Have the recorder see that the tape is against the child's
body just below the angles of the scapula.
(4) Measure to the nearest 0.1 cm the chest circumference at
midrespiration, with the examinee breathing normally and with
his arms relaxed at his sides.
Three Years Old and Under, Supine
(1) Have the child lie supine on the infant measuring board.
(2) Put the tape around the chest at nipple level at a right angle
to the longitudinal axis of the body.
(3) Take the measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm at normal
midrespiration.
Head Circumference
a. Have the child either sit on the footstool or stand for this
measurement.
b. Steady the child's head and place the steel tape firmly around the
frontal bones (forehead) just above but not including the
supra-orbital ridges, passing the tape around the head just above
the ears on each side, and laying it over the maximum occipital
prominence at the back of the head.
c. Have the recorder hold the tape on the maximal occipital prominence
once the tape has been positioned correctly.
d. Pull the tape firmly to compress the hair and underlying soft
tissues.
e. Measure the head circumference to the nearest 0.1 cm.
Recumbent Length (Three Years Old and Under)
a. Have the child lie on his back on the infant measuring board.
b. Find another technician to help take this measurement. One
technician holds the child's head in the Frankfort plane (that is,
eyes straight ahead, in this case straight upward so that the plane
they form is parallel to the movable footboard) and applies gentle
traction to bring the head into contact with the fixed headboard.
The second technician holds the child's legs by placing one hand
firmly over the knees. the child's toes should point directly
upward. Then, while applying downward pressure to the legs (to
prevent the knees from flexing), the second technician brings the
movable footboard to rest firmly against the child's heels. You
may need a third person to help with restless infants so you can
take measurements as quickly as possible and maintain accuracy.
c. Read the measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm from the digital counter
on the measuring footboard.
Crown-Rump Length (Three Years Old and Under)
a. Have the child lie on his back on the infant measuring board with
his hips bent at a right angle.
b. Find another technician to help take this measurement. One
technician holds the child's head in the Frankfort plane and
applies gentle traction to bring the head into contact with the
fixed headboard. The second technician supports the child's legs
under the flexed knees and brings the movable footboard to rest
against the child's buttocks with firm pressure.
c. Read the measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm from the digital counter
on the measuring footboard.
Unusual Occurrence Form
The unusual occurrence form is used to describe the reasons why parts of the
examination were not obtained or why they may have been done in a
nonstandard way. For instance, it should identify infants on whom data
could not be obtained because of uncontrollable behavior, examinees on whom
right-side measurements could not be taken, and all refusals. This form
should include the sample numbers of all infants (under two years old) on
whom height photos were not taken. Conditions affecting the exam should
also be listed here, for example: "SP pregnant" or "right side atrophy due
to paralysis."
Field Checks and Calibrations
Calipers
Bitrochanteric Calipers
Calibrate the bitrochanteric calipers at the beginning of the stand
and once a week during the stand as follows:
(1) Separate the arms of the calipers to a randomly chosen whole
number measurement. Place the steel measuring tape between the
inner edges of the caliper arms to measure the distance between
them. This measurement should be the same as the numerical
measurement indicated on the anthropometer. If it is not, make
sure that the two sections of anthropometer rod fit tightly
together at the joint. Also, make sure that the fixed caliper
arm fits snugly against the top end of the anthropometer. An
adjustment can be made by unscrewing the Allen screw in the top
of the fixed caliper arm holder and pressing the holder and rod
firmly together.
(2) Check the linearity of the anthropometer's arms by placing the
skinfold step wedge tightly between the inner edges at the base
of the arms. Holding the arms immobile, move the step wedge
toward the arm tips. If the arms are bent, a widening or
narrowing of the space will be noticed as the step wedge is
moved. The separation of the caliper arms should not exceed
1.0 mm. If it does, replace the bent caliper arms with a spare
set.
Skinfold Calipers
Calibrate the skinfold calipers before each examining session as
follows:
(1) Make sure the reading on the scale is 0.0 when the caliper arms
are in a closed position.
(2) Place the step wedge standard between the caliper arms at each
of the five steps, and check that the reading on the scale
corresponds to the standard measurement.
(3) If the calipers are not accurate, adjust them by pressing
firmly on the arms while the caliper arms are in place on the
step level that is out of calibration.
(4) Record the measurement taken at each step on the body
measurement calibration log sheet under the appropriate heading.
An identical calibration should be done on the spare set of
skinfold calipers and the corresponding measurements also
recorded on the calibration log sheet. Be careful to record
the calipers' values on the correct device identification
line. (The spare is not always the B instrument.)
(5) If the calipers are 1 mm or more out of calibration at any
level, use the other set of calipers and return the faulty set
to headquarters.
(6) If the calipers become too loose, use the spare set of calipers
and return the faulty set to headquarters.
Elbow Breadth Calipers
(1) Calibrate the elbow breadth calipers at the beginning of the
stand and once a week during the stand, using the same
procedure used for bitrochanteric anthropometer calibration.
Be sure to calibrate the "flat" end portion of the calipers (as
opposed to the "sharp end" portion).
(2) If any abnormality is noticed, use the spare set of elbow
breadth calipers and notify the chief technician about the
condition.
Sitting Height Anthropometer
Beginning of Stand and Weekly During the Stand
(1) Check that the sliding arm is perpendicular to the upright bar
and is not bent. If the arm is bent, use the spare caliper arm
and notify the chief tech.
(2) Adjust the caliper arm to a randomly selected whole number
measurement. Place the edge of the metal base even with the
edge of the sitting height table.
(3) Using the metal tape, measure from the lower edge of the
caliper arm to the top edge of the sitting height table. This
measurement should correspond to the anthropometer reading.
(4) Move the metal base backward on the sitting height table so
that the tip end of the caliper arm is at the edge of the
table. Again use the metal tape to measure from the lower edge
of the caliper arm to the top edge of the sitting height
table. This measurement should correspond to the anthropometer
reading.
(5) If either of the tape measurements differs from the
anthropometer reading, check that the correct side of the
caliper arm holder is being used. If so, exchange the caliper
arm for the spare arm; inform the chief tech; and repeat the
entire calibration process with the spare caliper arm in place.
Daily
(1) See that the bottom of the anthropometer is perfectly flush
with the undersurface of the metal stand. (Do not handle the
anthropometer by the rod sections alone; they are apt to be
wrenched from the base or become separated at the joint between
the two rods.)
(2) See that the instrument, when properly mounted in the base,
stands vertically without support. If it doesn't, check that
the metal base screw responsible for holding the metal rod
sections upright is screwed tightly against the rod. Check
that the rod is sitting flush against the supporting side of
the metal base. If these conditions are both met and the
anthropometer still does not stand vertically, use the spare
anthropometer set and notify the chief tech about this
condition.
(3) See that the anthropometer numbers read in the correct sequence
and the movable arms slide freely without slipping.
Infant Measuring Board
a. Check the infant measuring board at the beginning of each stand by
placing a steel tape beside the steel tape mounted on the board to
check that the steel tape on the board has not been stretched or
bent during transit. If it has, inform the chief tech and the
biomedical engineer. The tape will need to be repositioned.
b. At the beginning of the stand and before each examining session,
move the footboard of the baby board to some point along its length
chosen at random. This point should alternate between high and low
numbers from session to session to assure total calibration. Check
the digital counter reading against the steel tape reading to make
sure they agree. Record the counter reading on the daily
calibration log sheet under the appropriate heading. If the two
readings do not agree, inform the chief tech who will be responsible
for the following correction process.
(1) Place the footboard at some randomly chosen whole number.
(2) Unscrew and remove the digital counter cover plate from the
side of the infant measuring board. Remove the digital counter
from its position on the footboard.
(3) Using the small gear located on the right side of the counter,
rotate the digits until they agree with the location of the
footboard.
(4) Without allowing the digits on the counter or the footboard to
move, gently position the counter back into place on the
footboard making sure to mesh the small gear on the counter
with the larger gear located on the footboard.
(5) Replace the digital counter cover plate.
(6) Move the footboard from one end of the infant measuring board
to the other, to make sure that the digital counter and the
tape measurements agree for the entire length of the board.
c. Record beginning of stand and all postrepair calibrations in the log
book under the correct headings.
Height Scale
Beginning of Stand Checks
(1) Check that the upright bar and attached tape measure have not
been damaged.
(2) Check that the horizontal bar is firmly attached to the upright
sliding section and that the section operates smoothly. If it
doesn't, clean the upright bar with white vinegar.
(3) Check the Polaroid camera and light to see that they produce
optimum photos.
Calibration
Calibrate the height scale at the beginning of each stand before
examinations begin and at the end of each stand after all
examinations are done as follows:
(1) Place the sitting height anthropometer at the middle of the
height scale base.
(2) Place the horizontal bar of the height scale firmly against the
anthropometer top.
(3) Take a Polaroid photograph of the height scale tape. The
measurement recorded should be 104 cm. If it's not, adjust the
sighting window on the height scale until the measurement does
agree and rephotograph the scale.
(4) Record on the back of the photo the stand number, location,
technician number, date, and the level set on the sitting
height anthropometer for the calibration.
(5) Give the photo to the chief tech for shipment to the Quality
Control Section at headquarters.
Weight Scale
Digital Weight Scale
Calibrate the weight scale at the beginning of each stand before
examinations begin and at the end of each stand after all
examinations are done as follows:
(1) Place the electronic digital system in the pound mode by
pressing the LB/KG button on the keyboard until the readout is
in tenths. If the digital readout does not register "000.0,"
press the zero key to automatically balance the scale at zero.
(2) After zeroing the scale properly, print the zero weight on a
sheet of 8 1/2" x 11" paper.
(3) Place calibration weights on the scale in increments of 25
pounds, starting with 25 and continuing to 250.
(4) Print the weight in pounds at each increment on the calibration
paper by pressing the PRINT key on the time/date unit. At 100
pounds, print the weight in pounds and in kilograms to attest
to the accuracy of the pound/kilogram conversion.
(5) If the scale is out of calibration by at least one half-pound
at more than three levels, inform the chief tech. Professional
servicing will be necessary.
(6) When a satisfactory calibration is obtained, record the stand
number, stand location, date, and tech number on the sheet and
give it to the chief tech to send to headquarters.
Printer
The printer comprises a bank of numbers and letters that indicate,
from left to right, time (AM or PM), date, and weight. To set the
time/date function displayed in the LED on the front panel, do the
following:
(1) Plug the power cord into the power outlet.
(2) Find the two pushbuttons on the rear panel of the panel of the
printer above the attached power cable. The top one is the
"set" button; the bottom one is the "advance" button.
(3) Press the "set" button to cause the rightmost LED digit to
begin blinking. Press the "advance" button to advance the
numerals until the correct year designation appears. Press
"set" once again to fix that numeral in the LED and cause the
second digit from the right to begin blinking.
(4) Follow the above process through the six-digit field that
represents the date and the four-digit field that represents
the time. Although the time must be set according to a 24-hour
clock, time will appear on the LED and the printout according
to a twelve-hour clock, AM and PM.
(5) When all the digits have been correctly set, press the "set"
button twice to start the timing operation.
Spare Scale
If it is necessary to use the spare scale because the electronic
digital scale is out of order, calibrate it before using according
to the following instructions:
(1) Turn the scale lock at the back of the unit to a horizontal
position to unlock the spring mechanism.
(2) Zero the scale if the trailer is not level. Turn the knob on
the left side of the scale gentle until the scale reads
"0.00." A reading of "E.EE" indicates you have adjusted the
scale to below zero.
(3) After zeroing the scale properly, print the zero weight on a
sheet of 8 1/2" x 11" paper.
(4) Place calibration weights on the scale in increments of 25
pounds, starting with 25 and continuing to 250.
(5) Print the weight in pounds at each increment on the calibration
paper.
(6) If the scale is out of calibration by a constant amount at all
increments, correct the error with the adjustment knob on the
left side of the scale.
(7) If the scale is out of calibration by at least a half-pound at
more than three weight increments but not out consistently at
all stations, call the company for servicing.
(8) When a satisfactory calibration is obtained, record the stand
number, stand location, date, and tech number on the sheet; and
give it to the chief tech to send to headquarters.
(9) When the electronic igital scale has been repaired and the
spare scale is no longer needed for data collection, turn the
scale lock at the back of the unit to a vertical position.
Daily Check
(1) Have the tech responsible for the body measurement station
weigh himself daily to roughly check the accuracy of the weight
scales.
(2) If there is any reason to believe the scales are not accurate,
do a complete recalibration. The recording of the calibration
should be sent to the Quality Control Section at headquarters.
Cleaning of equipment
a. At the beginning of each stand and during the stand as necessary,
wipe the anthropometer, calipers, and tape measures with white
vinegar to allow their sliding parts to move more freely.
b. Clean the equipment with alcohol at the end of each examining day.
c. Clean the camera roller bars periodically according to the following
instructions to assure uniform spreading of the photo developing
agent.
(1) Open the back of the camera by releasing the lever on the
bottom panel of the camera.
(2) Grasp the roller springs on the top and bottom of the roller
assembly and pull them straight outward, thus allowing the
roller bars to swing free of the inside camera body.
(3) Clean the roller bars thoroughly using alcohol on gauze to
remove the chemical residue.
(4) Put the roller assembly against the back panel of the camera
body, and press firmly at the center of the roller bars to
reseat the rollers.
(5) Place the back of the camera against the main body of the
camera, and press on it firmly to close the camera.
End of Stand Procedures
Pack-Up Calibration
a. Calibrate completely the weight and standing height scales as
described earlier in this chapter under Field Checks and
Calibrations.
b. Give the calibration sheet to the chief tech to send to
headquarters. Also send the skinfold daily calibration sheet to
headquarters at the end of the stand.
Pack-Up Procedures
Calipers
(1) Dismantle the bitrochanteric and sitting height anthropometer
calipers and place each of these and the elbow breadth calipers
in the traveling case. Store the case and the sitting height
anthropometer base in the body measurement table.
(2) Place the skinfold calipers in their protective case, and store
it in the body measurement table drawer.
Weight Scale
(1) Unplug the power cord, and check that the weight scale is in a
vertical position.
(2) Move the weight blocks on the front of the scale to the far
right side, and tape them in position.
(3) Immobilize the scale platform by inserting table paper snugly
between the platform and the scale base.
Printer
(1) Unplug the power cord from the wall outlet.
(2) Disconnect the input cable to the scale, and tape the cable
onto the printer shelf.
(3) Put the printer on the floor.
Height Scale
(1) Unplug the light from the power outlet.
(2) Place the light against the camera-holding bar and tape it into
position.
(3) Raise the horizontal bar to the top of the upright bar and tape
it into position.
(4) Be sure that the camera is securely fastened down for transit.
Body Measurement Table
(1) Close and lock the drawers and cabinet doors.
(2) Place the webbing strap around the table and secure the ends to
the wall brackets. Be sure the strap is pulled tightly around
the table for transit.
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