GLUTARALDEHYDE
Method number: |
64 |
|
|
Matrix: |
Air |
|
Target concentration: |
200 ppb (820 µg/m3) |
ACGIH TLV-Ceiling: |
200 ppb (820 µg/m3) |
OSHA PEL: |
None |
(Additional data, 1997) |
|
Target concentrations: |
10 ppb (41µg/m3) (for short-term samples, (STS))
2 ppb (8.2 µg/m3) (for long-term samples, (LTS)) |
|
|
Procedure: |
An air sample is collected by drawing a known volume of air through an open-face air
monitoring cassette containing 2 glass fiber filters, each of which is coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
and phosphoric acid. The sample filters are extracted separately with acetonitrile and analyzed by HPLC using a UV detector. |
|
|
Recommended air volume and sampling rates: 200-ppb ACGIH Ceiling: |
15 L at 1 L/min |
(Additional data, 1997) |
|
10-ppb STS: |
30 L at 2 L/min |
2-ppb LTS: |
480 L at 2 L/min |
|
|
Reliable quantitation limits: 200-ppb ACGIH TLV-Ceiling: |
4.4 ppb (18 µg/m3) |
(Additional data, 1997) |
|
10-ppb STS: |
0.44 ppb (1.8 µg/m3) |
2-ppb LTS: |
0.027 ppb (0.11 µg/m3) |
|
|
Standard errors of estimate
at the target concentration:
200-ppb ACGIH TLV-Ceiling: |
6.2% |
(Additional data, 1997) |
|
10-ppb STS: |
6.6% |
2-ppb LTS: |
6.7% |
|
|
Special requirements:
(Additional data, 1997) |
Ship samples suspected of containing low levels of glutaraldehyde (such as 10-ppb STS samples)
in an insulated container using Blue IceTM (or equivalent) by overnight delivery service
(FedExTM, or equivalent). Use an ozone-scavenging filter for LTS, or reduce sample air volume,
if ozone in the sampled air is greater than 10 ppb (Sections 2.1.3 and 2.6.4). Store all glutaraldehyde samples in a
refrigerator until analysis. |
|
|
Status of method: |
Evaluated method. This method has been subjected to the established evaluation procedures of the Organic
Methods Evaluation Branch. Additional evaluation data were collected in 1997 because of increased interest in monitoring lower levels. |
|
|
Date: June 1987 Additional data: January 1998 |
Chemist: Warren Hendricks |
Organic Methods Evaluation Branch
OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center
Salt Lake City, Utah 84115-1802
1. General Discussion
1.1 Background
1.1.1 History
This work was performed because there was no fully evaluated OSHA method for the sampling and analysis of
glutaraldehyde. This method requires the collection of glutaraldehyde on glass-fiber filters which have been
coated with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine (DNPH) and phosphoric acid. The sampling method is similar to a
procedure found in the literature which was developed for formaldehyde (Ref. 5.1). DNPH is a widely used derivatizing reagent
for the determination of aldehydes and ketones (Ref. 5.2). The reaction between glutaraldehyde and DNPH is presented below:
HOC(CH2)3COH + 2 (O2N)2 C6H3NHNH2 + acid
glutaraldehyde DNPH
(O2N)2C6H3NHN=CH(CH2)3HC=NHNC6H3(NO2)2 + 2 H2O
glutaraldehyde-bis-DNPH derivative water
The analysis is performed by HPLC using UV detection.
Prior to the development of the coated-filter procedure, it was found that glutaraldehyde could be collected directly on
XAD-4 adsorbent. Recoveries near 100% were obtained when samples were analyzed immediately after generation but
samples were not stable following storage at ambient temperature. Similar storage instability problems were encountered when
glutaraldehyde was collected on XAD-2 adsorbent which had been coated with DNPH and phosphoric acid. Since
initial sample recoveries were near 100% and the glutaraldehyde-bis-DNPH derivative is very stable, the most
likely explanation for the observed sample instability is that the reagent on the head of the tube was consumed and the
glutaraldehyde was collected but not derivatized.
An effort was also made to extend the sampling method used by OSHA for the collection of acrolein and formaldehyde
(Ref. 5.3) to include glutaraldehyde. The basis of the method is the reaction of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine
(2-HMP) with the aldehyde. The 2-HMP derivative of glutaraldehyde was not detected by gas
chromatography using a nitrogen selective detector when a wide variety of GC packing materials and analytical conditions
were used. The derivative was also not detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Additional data, 1997
Additional evaluation data were collected in 1997 in support of research performed by OSHA's Directorate of Policy. The
research was prompted because glutaraldehyde was identified as one of a number of chemicals for which OSHA intends to
publish a proposal to update PELs (Ref. 7.1). The target levels, 10-ppb for short-term samples (STS) and
2-ppb for long-term samples (LTS), were selected to meet monitoring requirements for OSHA site
visits at selected facilities in which glutaraldehyde was believed to be present. These levels should not be taken as basis
for projecting future OSHA rulemaking concerning glutaraldehyde.
ACGIH has published a "Notice of Intended Changes (for 1996)" to change the TWA-Ceiling from 200 ppb to 50 ppb
(Ref. 7.2). Therefore, this additional data could be of interest to those wishing to monitor glutaraldehyde at very low levels.
The overall appearance of this method was revised so that it would be more consistent with OME methods written according to
1993 Method Evaluation Guidelines (Ref. 7.3). The original data are intact, and new data are identified by the phrase:
"(Additional data, 1997)" and use of "Modern" font. The different font is used to delineate the 1997 data from the
original data. New data were collected in accordance with 1993 OME Guidelines. The original backup data and literature
references sections are intact, and new backup data and literature references sections for the additional data are
included. Some OME definitions and test criteria for the limit defining parameters were revised in 1993 and it may not be
possible to directly compare original and new data because of the revisions. The 1987 detection and reliable quantitation
limits have been superseded by the new limits.
Preliminary testing showed that, with modification, Method 64 for glutaraldehyde was capable of monitoring the selected
lower target levels. Some instability was observed for STS stored at ambient temperature. The recovery was 105% of
theoretical at the beginning of a 19-day storage test, and it was 84% at the end of the test. Only minor
instability was observed for refrigerated STS. The sample storage instability seems related to the mass of derivative
present on the sampler. LTS were more stable than STS. All glutaraldehyde samples should, however, be stored under
refrigeration, and samples suspected of containing low levels of glutaraldehyde (such as 10-ppb STS) should
be shipped in an insulated container using Blue IceTM (or equivalent) by overnight delivery
service (FedExTM, or equivalent). Changes to Method 64 include use of a new LC analytical column
specially designed by the manufacturer to separate DNPH derivatives of aldehydes and ketones, and increasing the air
sampling rate from 1 to 2 L/min. The 10-ppb STS is monitored with 15-min samples, but the sampling
time can be reduced to 5 min if necessary. The 2-ppb LTS is normally assessed with 4-hour samples.
The sampling time for LTS may have to be reduced, or an ozone-scavenging filter (OSF) incorporated into the
air sampler, if ozone in the sampled air is suspected to be more than 10 ppb.
Ozone has been reported to be a significant sampling interference in some methods which use DNPH-treated
sampling media (Ref. 7.4). It was confirmed to be a sampling interference for 2-ppb LTS, but was not severe
for 10-ppb STS. The extent of the interference depends both on the amount of ozone in the sampled air and the
length of time that the sample is collected. The effects of the interference were reduced by the use of an OSF consisting
of a glass fiber filter coated with N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine. (Section 6.9.2.4)
The design of the sampler was not altered to routinely incorporate an OSF because it is anticipated that its required
inclusion will be more the exception than the rule. Most glutaraldehyde exposures are likely short term, and STS do not
require an OSF. Most LTS will be collected in hospitals, and ozone levels at such facilities should be low. The industrial
hygienist has the option of reducing the sample air volume size for LTS, or using an OSF, if ozone levels are sufficiently high.
This sampling and analytical method provides adequate sensitivity to work at very low levels. Working at these levels
is demanding for both the industrial hygienist and the analyst because of the potential for positive, as well as negative,
sampling interferences. The industrial hygienist must determine if sampling interferences are present, and then take corrective
action. This action may consist simply of reporting the presence of interferences to the analytical laboratory. The analyst can
better qualify sampling results with this knowledge, and perhaps suggest alternative sampling procedures.
1.1.2 Toxic effects (This section is for information only and should not be taken as the basis of OSHA policy.)
Glutaraldehyde is a strong respiratory irritant and a less severe skin and eye irritant. It can also cause allergic
contact dermatitis from occasional exposure (skin sensitization). The oral LD500 for rats has
been reported to be as low as 250 mg/kg. The 4-h LC50 for rats is 5000 ppm. (Ref. 5.4)
Activated glutaraldehyde, which is an aqueous solution buffered to an alkaline pH of 7.5-8.0, is an
effective cold sterilizer with potent antimicrobial properties. Activated glutaraldehyde retains the skin sensitizing
properties of non-alkaline glutaraldehyde and its irritation effects are somewhat enhanced. (Ref. 5.4)
The odor threshold for glutaraldehyde is about 0.04 ppm and the irritation response level is about 0.3 ppm. The ACGIH
TLV-Ceiling for glutaraldehyde is 0.2 ppm because of its irritation properties, whether from activated or unactivated
solutions. (Ref. 5.4)
1.1.3 Workplace exposure
Glutaraldehyde is used in water solutions of varying concentrations as a chemical intermediate in the drug and polymer
industries, a fixative for tissues, a cross linking agent for polyhydroxy materials and proteins, a tanning agent in the
leather industry, and a cold sterilizer in hospital-medical applications (Ref. 5.4). No data was found
regarding the size of the worker population potentially exposed to glutaraldehyde.
1.1.4 Physical properties (Ref. 5.4)
CAS no.: |
111-30-8 |
molecular weight: |
100.12 |
appearance: |
colorless liquid often encountered in 2% and 50% aqueous solutions which have no flash points and are not flammable |
vapor pressure |
|
2% solution: |
0.16 Pa (0.0012 mm Hg) at 20°C |
50% solution: |
2.03 Pa (0.0152 mm Hg) at 20°C |
structural formula: |
HOC(CH2)3COH |
synonym: |
1,5-pentanedial |
The analyte air concentrations listed throughout this method are based on the recommended sampling and analytical procedures.
Air concentrations listed in ppb are referenced to 25°C and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg). The analyte concentrations are listed as
glutaraldehyde even though the derivative is the actual species analyzed.
1.2 Limit defining parameters
1.2.1 Detection limit of the analytical procedure
The detection limit of the analytical procedure is 1.31 ng per injection. This is the amount of analyte which will give a peak
sufficiently large to permit its visual detection in the presence of interfering peaks in a sample chromatogram. (Section 4.1)
(Additional data, 1997). The detection limit of the analytical procedure is 19.1 pg. This is the amount of analyte that will
give a response that is significantly different from the background response of a reagent blank. This amount supersedes
the previous detection limit of the analytical procedure. (Sections 6.1 and 6.2)
1.2.2 Detection limit of the overall procedure
The detection limit of the overall procedure is 0.268 µg per sample (4.4 ppb or 18
µg/m3). This is the amount of glutaraldehyde spiked on the sampling device which allows recovery of an
amount of analyte equivalent to the detection limit of the analytical procedure. (Section 4.2)
(Additional data, 1997). The detection limit of the overall procedure is 16.5 ng per sample (STS: 0.13 ppb or 0.55
µg/m3; LTS: 0.0083 ppb or 0.034 µg/m3). This
is the amount of analyte spiked on a sampler that will give a response that is significantly different from the background
response of a sampler blank. This amount supersedes the previous detection limit of the overall procedure. (Sections 6.1 and 6.3)
1.2.3 Reliable quantitation limit
The reliable quantitation limit is 0.268 µg per sample (4.4 ppb or 18 µg/m3). This is the
smallest amount of analyte which can be quantitated within the requirements of a recovery of at least 75% and a precision
(±1.96 SD) of ±25% or better. (Section 4.2)
(Additional data, 1997). The reliable quantitation limit is
55.0 ng per sample (STS: 0.44 ppb or 1.8 µg/m3;
LTS: 0.027 ppb or 0.11 µg/m3).
This is the amount of analyte spiked on a sampler that will give
a signal that is considered the lower limit for precise
quantitative measurements. This amount supersedes the previous
reliable quantitation limit. (Section 6.4)
1.2.4 Instrument response to the analyte
The instrument response over the concentration range of 0.5 to 2 times the target concentration is linear. (Section 4.4)
1.2.5 Recovery
The recovery of glutaraldehyde from samples used in a 17-day
storage test was essentially 100% when the samples were stored at
about 23°C. (Section 4.7) The recovery of the analyte from the
collection medium during storage must be 75% or greater.
(Additional data, 1997). The recoveries of glutaraldehyde from
samples used in 19-day ambient storage tests remained above 84%
for 10-ppb STS, and above 98% for 2-ppb LTS. The ambient storage
test for STS revealed a greater than 10% decrease in recovery. An
unsuccessful attempt was made to develop a convenient alternative
sampler which alleviated the storage loss. Samples suspected of
containing low levels of glutaraldehyde (such as 10-ppb STS)
should be shipped in an insulated container using Blue IceTM (or
equivalent) by overnight delivery service (FedExTM, or
equivalent). LTS exhibited adequate storage stability. (Section
6.7)
1.2.6 Precision (analytical procedure)
The pooled coefficient of variation obtained from replicate
determinations of analytical standards at 0.5, 1, and 2 times the
target concentration is 0.024. (Section 4.3)
(Additional data, 1997). The precision of the analytical
procedure, measured as the pooled relative standard deviation,
over a concentration range equivalent to 0.5 to 2 times the
target concentration is 0.69% for 10-ppb STS. The precision of
the analytical procedure, measured as the pooled relative
standard deviation, over a concentration range equivalent to 0.5
to 2 times the target concentration is 0.83% for 2-ppb LTS.
(Section 6.5)
1.2.7 Precision (overall procedure)
The precision at the 95% confidence level for the 17-day
ambient temperature storage test is ±12%. (Section 4.7) This
includes an additional ±5% for sampling error. The overall
procedure must provide results at the target concentration that
are ±25% or better at the 95% confidence level.
(Additional data, 1997). The precessions of the overall
procedure at the 95% confidence level for the 19-day refrigerated
storage tests were ±12.9% for 10-ppb STS and ±13.4% for
2-ppb LTS. These each include an additional 5% for sampling
error. (Section 6.7)
1.2.8 Reproducibility (sampling)
Six samples, collected from a controlled test atmosphere, and
a draft copy of this procedure were given to a chemist
unassociated with this evaluation. The samples were analyzed
immediately after generation. No individual sample deviated from
its theoretical value by more than the ±12% precision
reported in Section 1.2.7 (Section 4.8.)
(Additional data, 1997). Twelve samples (6-STS and 6-LTS) were
collected from test atmospheres and were submitted for analysis
by SLTC. The samples were analyzed according to instructions in a
draft copy of this procedure following 10 and 3 days (respective)
of storage at about 4°C. No individual sample result differed
from its theoretical value by more than the respective
precessions reported in Section 1.2.7. (Section 6.8)
1.3 Advantage
This sampling and analytical procedure provides a simple,
convenient, and precise means to monitor occupational exposure to
glutaraldehyde vapors and aerosols.
1.4 Disadvantage
The coated filters are currently not commercially available.
(Additional data, 1997). The coated filters are now
commercially available. The OSFs are not currently commercially
available.
2. Sampling Procedure
2.1 Apparatus
2.1.1 Samples are collected by use of a personal sampling pump
that can be calibrated to within ±5% of the recommended flow
rate with the sampling device attached.
2.1.2 A sample is collected using an open-face air monitoring
cassette containing 2 glass-fiber filters. The filters are
separated and retained using cassette rings (See Figure 2.1.2).
Each filter is coated with DNPH and phosphoric acid.
Instructions for the preparation of the coated filters and
assembly of the sampler are given in Section 4.11 of this method.
Figure 2.1.2. Glutaraldehyde air sampler.
2.1.3 (Additional data, 1997). Ozone levels greater than 10 ppb may require use of an ozone-scavenging
filter (OSF) to prevent a negative sampling interference at the 2-ppb LTS (See Figure 2.1.3). Instructions
for preparation of the OSF, and its incorporation into the air sampler are presented in Section 4.11. Detection of low
levels of ozone requires the use of an ozone meter, or an ozone detector tube.
Figure 2.1.3. Glutaraldehyde air sampler with OSF incorporated into the sampler.
2.2 Reagents
No sampling reagents are required.
2.3 Sampling technique
2.3.1 Remove the inlet section (top) and the end plug on the
exit section of the air monitoring cassette so that sampling is
performed open face.
2.3.2 Attach the sampling device to the sampling pump with
flexible, plastic tubing such that the front filter of the
sampler is exposed directly to the atmosphere.
2.3.3 Attach the open-face air monitoring cassette vertically
(face down) in the worker's breathing zone in such a manner that
it does not impede work performance or safety.
2.3.4 Remove the sampling device after sampling for the
appropriate time. Replace the inlet section (top) and the end
plug on the exit section of the air monitoring cassette. Wrap the
sample end-to-end with an official OSHA seal (Form 21).
2.3.5 Keep the collected samples in the dark whenever possible
as a precaution against photo-decomposition.
2.3.6 (Additional data, 1997). Ship samples suspected of
containing low levels of glutaraldehyde (such as 10-ppb STS) in
an insulated container using Blue IceTM (or equivalent) by
overnight delivery service (FedExTM, or equivalent).
2.3.7 Submit at least one blank with each set of samples. The
blank should be handled the same as the other samples except that
no air is drawn through it.
2.3.8 List any potential interferences on the sample data
sheet.
2.4 Sampler capacity
2.4.1 Sampler capacity studies were performed by sampling
controlled test atmospheres with the recommended sampling device.
The average glutaraldehyde concentration of these controlled test
atmospheres was 0.4 ppm and the average relative humidity was 66%
at 30°C. Five-percent breakthrough occurred after sampling for
171 min at 1 L/min. At the end of the sampling time, 171 L of air
had been sampled and 256 µg of glutaraldehyde had been
collected. (Section 4.5)
2.4.2 An additional sampler capacity experiment was performed
at reduced relative humidity to determine if low humidity had an
effect on capacity. No breakthrough was observed when a
controlled test atmosphere containing 0.2 ppm glutaraldehyde at
33% relative humidity and 30°C was sampled for 18 min at 1
L/min. The average amount of glutaraldehyde recovered from the
samples was 92% of theoretical.
2.4.3 (Additional data, 1997). Sampler capacity studies were
performed at 10-ppb glutaraldehyde, 81% relative humidity at
22°C, and a sampling rate of 2 L/min. Five-percent breakthrough
was never attained, even after more than 700 L of air had been
sampled. (Section 6.9)
2.4.4 (Additional data, 1997). Other experiments were
conducted to test the sampling method. Samples were collected at
both high and low humidity, at both 1 and 2 L/min, and for both 5
min and 15 min. The results of these tests were expressed as
percent ratios which were calculated by dividing low humidity
results by high humidity results, by dividing 1 L/min results by
2 L/min results, and by dividing 5 min results by 15 min results.
The respective ratios were 102.1, 97.6, and 105.5%. (Section 6.9)
2.5 Extraction efficiency
2.5.1 The average extraction efficiency for glutaraldehyde
from DNPH coated glass-fiber filters at the target concentration
was essentially 100%. (Section 4.6)
2.5.2 Extracted samples remain stable for at least 16 h.
(Section 4.6)
2.5.3 (Additional data, 1997). The average extraction
efficiency over the range of 0.5 to 2 times the 10-ppb STS target
concentration was 98.9%. The average extraction efficiency over
the range of 0.5 to 2 times the 2-ppb LTS target concentration
was 99.7%. (Section 6.10)
2.5.4 (Additional data, 1997). Average extraction efficiencies
for 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 times the 10-ppb STS were 100.5, 92.2, and
95.8% respectively. Average extraction efficiencies for 0.05, 0.1
and 0.2 times the 2-ppb LTS were 95.9, 100.3, and 99.1%
respectively. (Section 6.10)
2.5.5 (Additional data, 1997). Extracted samples remain stable
for at least 16 hours. (Section 6.10)
2.6 Recommended air volume and sampling rate
2.6.1 The recommended air volume is 15 L and the recommended
sampling rate is 1 L/min.
2.6.2 When longer term sampling is necessary, the recommended
air volume is 120 L and the recommended sampling rate is 1 L/min.
The reliable quantitation limit for a 120-L sample is 0.54 ppb
(2.2 µg/m3).
2.6.3 (Additional data, 1997). Collect 10-ppb STS at 2 L/min
for 15 min.
2.6.4 (Additional data, 1997). Collect 2-ppb LTS at 2 L/min
for 4 hours if ozone is less than 10 ppb. Ozone present in the
sampled air at levels greater than 10 ppb is a negative sampling
interference that can cause low results. The severity of the
interference depends on the amount of ozone present and on the
length of time that the glutaraldehyde derivative is exposed to
ozone. Use either an ozone-scavenging filter (Section 4.11.3)
when ozone levels are greater than 10 ppb, or a "safe air
volume" calculated by dividing 4.6 by the ozone level in
ppm. For example: if the ozone level is 0.04 ppm (40 ppb) the
"safe air volume" would be 115 L collected at 2 L/min
(4.6/0.04=115). (Section 6.9.2.4, Table 6.9.2.4.1, and Figure
6.9.2.4.1)
2.6.5 (Additional data, 1997). The air concentration
equivalent to the reliable quantitation limit depends on the air
volume sampled.
2.7 Interferences (sampling)
2.7.1 Any substance present in the sampled air and capable of
reacting with DNPH or the DNPH derivative of glutaraldehyde is a
potential interference. Many aldehydes and ketones are capable of
reacting with DNPH.
2.7.2 Suspected interferences should be reported to the
laboratory with submitted samples.
2.7.3 (Additional data, 1997). Ozone is a negative sampling
interference that can cause sampling results to be low. The
severity of the interference depends on the amount of ozone
present and on the length of time that the glutaraldehyde
derivative is exposed to ozone. Results from STS were about 10%
low after sampling a 240-ppb ozone test atmosphere for 15 min,
and results from LTS were about 45% low after sampling a 100-ppb
ozone test atmosphere for 4 hours. (Section 6.9.2.4).
The effects of ozone can be reduced by use of an
ozone-scavenging filter (OSF) consisting of a glass fiber filter
coated with N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(Section 6.9.2.4).
2.8 Safety precautions (sampling)
2.8.1 Attach the sampling equipment to the worker in such a
manner that it will not interfere with work performance or
safety.
2.8.2 Follow all safety practices that apply to the work area
being sampled.
3. Analytical Procedure
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.1 A high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped
with a UV detector and a manual or automatic sample injector. A
Waters Associates Model 6000A HPLC pump, a Waters Associates
Model 440 UV detector and a Waters Associates Model U6K manual
sample injector were used in this evaluation.
(Additional data, 1997). A Hewlett Packard 1050 Series HPLC
consisting of a pumping system, programmable variable wavelength
detector, and an autosampler was used to analyze samples for the
additional evaluation data.
3.1.2 An HPLC column capable of resolving the glutaraldehyde
DNPH derivative from interferences. A 25-cm × 4.6-mm i.d. DuPont
Zorbax CN (PN 850952-705) HPLC column was used in this
evaluation.
(Additional data, 1997). A Restek Pinnacle TO-11 (5-µm), 25-cm
× 4.6-mm i.d., (Catalog no. 9172575) HPLC column was used to
analyze samples for the additional evaluation data.
3.1.3 Vials, 4-mL glass with Teflon-lined septum caps.
3.1.4 Volumetric flasks, pipets and syringes for preparing
standards, making dilutions and performing injections.
3.1.5 A tube rotator or other suitable means to extract the
samples. A Fisher Roto-Rack tube rotator was used for this
evaluation.
3.1.6 An electronic integrator or some other suitable means to
measure detector response. A Hewlett-Packard Model 3357 Data
System was used in this evaluation.
(Additional data, 1997). A Waters Millennium Chromatography
Manager system was used to analyze samples for the additional
evaluation data.
3.2 Reagents
3.2.1 Acetonitrile, HPLC grade. American Burdick and Jackson
acetonitrile UV was used in this evaluation.
3.2.2 Water, HPLC grade. Water from a Millipore Milli-Q water
filtration system was used in this evaluation.
3.2.3 Phosphoric acid, reagent grade. "Baker
Analyzed" Reagent grade 85% phosphoric acid was used in this
evaluation.
3.2.4 Glutaraldehyde. Aldrich Chemical Company, 25% by weight
solution in water, glutaraldehyde was used in this evaluation.
This solution contained 229.5 mg/mL glutaraldehyde as determined
by the procedure which is presented in Section 4.10.
3.2.5 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). DNPH (70%), Lot No.
1707 LJ, obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company was
recrystallized from hot acetonitrile for use in this evaluation.
3.2.6 Analytical standard preparation solution. This solution
is prepared by diluting 1 g of recrystallized DNPH and 5 mL of
phosphoric acid to 1 L with acetonitrile.
3.3 Standard preparation
3.3.1 It is recommended that standards be prepared about 1 h
before the air samples are to be analyzed in order to insure the
complete reaction between glutaraldehyde and DNPH. Standards
should be prepared fresh daily. The actual concentration of the
glutaraldehyde solution (Section 3.2.4) should be determined by
titration as described in Section 4.10. As a precaution against
photo-decomposition, standards and samples should be kept in the
dark whenever possible.
3.3.2 Prepare glutaraldehyde standard solutions by diluting
known volumes of the nominal 25% glutaraldehyde solution with
acetonitrile. A solution containing 0.23 mg/mL glutaraldehyde was
prepared by diluting 1.0 mL of the reagent to 1000 mL with
acetonitrile.
3.3.3 Place 2.0-mL aliquots of analytical standard preparation
solution (Section 3.2.6) into each of several 4-mL glass vials.
Seal each vial with a Teflon-lined septum cap.
3.3.4 Prepare standards by injecting appropriate volumes of
glutaraldehyde standard solution (Section 3.3.2) into the sealed
4-mL vials. A standard containing 11.5 µg per sample
glutaraldehyde was prepared by injecting 50 µL of 0.23 mg/mL
glutaraldehyde into a vial containing 2.0 mL of analytical
standard preparation solution.
(Additional data, 1997). A standard containing 1.15 µg per
sample (approximating the 10-ppb STS) was prepared by injecting
5.0 µL of 0.23 mg/mL glutaraldehyde into a vial containing 2.0 mL
of analytical standard preparation solution. A standard
containing 3.91 µg per sample (approximating the 2-ppb LTS) was
prepared by injecting 17.0 µL of 0.23 mg/mL glutaraldehyde into a
vial containing 2.0 mL of analytical standard preparation
solution.
3.3.5 Prepare a sufficient number of standards to generate a
calibration curve. Analytical standard concentrations should
bracket sample concentrations.
3.4 Sample preparation
3.4.1 Open the air monitoring cassette and remove the front
coated filter. Fold this filter in half, twice (resulting in a
quarter circle) and place it in a 4-mL glass vial. Remove the
backup fitter, fold it in a similar manner as the front filter
and place it in a separate 4-mL glass vial. Do not wad or crumple
the filters.
(Additional data, 1997). Discard the OSF (if present) in a
container designated for contaminated waste.
3.4.2 Add 2.0 mL of acetonitrile to each vial.
3.4.3 Seal the vials with Teflon-lined septum caps and place
them on the tube rotator. Set the rotation speed to 60 rpm and
allow them to extract for 1 h.
3.5 Analysis
3.5.1 HPLC conditions
column: |
DuPont Zorbax CN, 25-cm × 4.6-mm i.d. (PN 850952-705) |
mobile phase: |
55% acetonitrile in water
containing 0.1% phosphoric acid (v/v/v) |
flow rate: |
1 mL/min |
injection volume: |
10 µL |
UV detector: |
365 nm |
retention time: |
5.9 min |
(Additional data, 1997). The following alternative conditions
were developed. The Restek column provides somewhat better
resolution of the glutaraldehyde derivative from the sampler
matrix than does either the Zorbax, or a Bakerbond CN column.
column: |
Restek Pinnacle TO-11 (5-µm), 25-cm × 4.6-mm i.d., (Catalog no. 9172575) |
mobile phase: |
62% acetonitrile in water
containing 0.1% phosphoric acid (v/v/v) |
flow rate: |
1 mL/min |
injection volume: |
20 µL |
UV detector: |
355 nm |
retention time: |
9.0 min |
Figure 3.5.1. Glutaraldehyde chromatogram using the alternative conditions.
3.5.2 Use a suitable method such as electronic integration to
measure detector response.
3.5.3 Use an external standard procedure to prepare a calibration curve with several standard solutions of different
concentrations. Prepare the calibration curve daily. Program the integrator to report results in µg per sample
3.5.4 Make sure that sample concentrations are bracketed with standards as stated in Section 3.3.5.
3.6 Interferences (analytical)
3.6.1 Any compound having a similar retention time as the glutaraldehyde-bis-DNPH derivative is a
potential analytical interference.
3.6.2 HPLC parameters (mobile phase composition, column, etc.) may be changed to circumvent interferences.
3.6.3 Retention time on a single column is not proof of chemical identity. Analysis using an alternate HPLC column,
detection at another wavelength, comparison of absorbance response ratios and structure determination by mass spectrometry
are additional means of identification. (See Figure 6.11 for a UV spectrum of the derivative)
3.7 Calculations
3.7.1 Results are obtained by use of calibration curves. Calibration curves are prepared by plotting detector response
against concentration in µg per sample for each standard. The best line through the data points is determined
by curve fitting.
3.7.2 The concentration in µg per sample for a particular sample is determined by comparing its detector
response to the calibration curve. If glutaraldehyde is found on the backup filter, it is added to the amount found on
the front filter. This total amount is then corrected by subtracting the total amount (if any) found on the blank.
3.7.3 The glutaraldehyde air concentration can be expressed using the following equation:
mg/m3 = A/B
where |
A |
= |
µg per sample from Section 3.7.2 |
|
B |
= |
liters of air sampled |
3.7.4 The following equation can be used to convert glutaraldehyde results in mg/m3
to ppm at 25°C and 760 mm Hg:
ppm = (mg/m3)(24.46)/(100.12)
where |
mg/m3 |
= |
result from Section 3.7.3 |
|
24.46 |
= |
molar volume at 760 mm Hg and 25°C |
|
100.12 |
= |
molecular weight of glutaraldehyde |
3.8 Safety precautions (analytical)
3.8.1 Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all chemicals.
3.8.2 Restrict the use of all chemicals to a fume hood.
3.8.3 Wear safety glasses and a lab coat in all lab areas.
4. Backup Data
4.1 Detection limit of the analytical procedure
The injection size recommended in the analytical procedure (10 µL) was used to determine the detection limit
of the analytical procedure. The detection limit of the analytical procedure was 1.31 ng per injection. This was the amount
of glutaraldehyde which gave a peak sufficiently large to permit its visual detection in the presence of potentially
interfering peaks in a sample chromatogram. This detection limit was determined by the analysis of a standard containing
0.131 µg/mL glutaraldehyde. Figure 4.1 is a chromatogram of the detection limit of the analytical procedure
produced using the Restek TO-11 LC column and the 62% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% phosphoric acid
mobile phase described in Section 3.5.1.
Figure 4.1. The detection limit of the analytical procedure.
4.2 Detection limit of the overall procedure and reliable quantitation limit data
The injection size recommended in the analytical procedure (10
µL) was used in the determination of the detection limit of the
overall procedure and in the determination of the reliable
quantitation limit. Samples were prepared by injecting 50 µL of a
solution containing 5.36 µg/mL glutaraldehyde (50 µL × 5.36
µg/mL = 0.268 µg) onto each of 6 coated glass-fiber filters.
This is the amount of analyte that when extracted with 2.0 mL
acetonitrile resulted in a solution with a concentration similar
to the solution that was used to determine the detection limit of
the analytical procedure (0.131 µg/mL). The amount of
glutaraldehyde spiked on the coated filters included any amount
that was expected to be lost because of incomplete extraction.
The spiked filters were placed in separate 4-mL glass vials,
stored at room temperature in the dark and then analyzed the next
day. Since the glutaraldehyde recoveries were near 100% and the
precision was better than ±25%, the detection limit of the
overall procedure and the reliable quantitation limit were 0.268
µg per sample (4.4 ppb or 18 µg/m3).
Table 4.2
Data for Detection Limit of the
Overall Procedure and the Reliable Quantitation Limit
|
sample number |
theo amt (µg) |
amt recovered (µg) |
recovery (%) |
|
1 |
0.268 |
0.269 |
100.4 |
2 |
0.268 |
0.257 |
95.9 |
3 |
0.268 |
0.228 |
85.1 |
4 |
0.268 |
0.284 |
106.0 |
5 |
0.268 |
0.260 |
97.0 |
6 |
0.268 |
0.266 |
99.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.261 |
97.3 |
SD |
|
|
6.9 |
1.96 × SD |
|
|
13.5 |
|
4.3 Precision (analytical method only)
The precision of the analytical method was evaluated by
performing multiple injections of analytical standards at 0.5, 1,
and 2 times the TLV target concentration.
Table 4.3
Glutaraldehyde Precision Data
|
× target
concn |
0.5× |
1× |
2× |
(µg per
sample) |
6.0 |
12.0 |
24.0 |
|
|
676428 |
1249968 |
2510938 |
|
633559 |
1241804 |
2496676 |
|
635204 |
1268634 |
2468907 |
|
644284 |
1213801 |
2550920 |
|
682320 |
1250483 |
2512370 |
|
657713 |
1301514 |
2534457 |
|
|
|
|
|
654918 |
1254367 |
2512378 |
SD |
20877 |
29204 |
28675 |
CV |
0.0319 |
0.0233 |
0.0114 |
pooled CV |
0.024 |
|
|
|
4.4 Instrument response to the analyte
The experimental data in Table 4.3 are presented graphically in Figure 4.4. This figure is a calibration curve over the
concentration range of 0.5 to 2 times the TLV target concentration. The instrument response was linear over this range.
Figure 4.4. Glutaraldehyde calibration curve.
4.5 Breakthrough data
Breakthrough studies were performed with the recommended collection device by sampling controlled test atmospheres
containing glutaraldehyde in air. The average glutaraldehyde inlet concentration was 0.4 ppm and the average relative
humidity was 66% at 30°C. The sampling rate was 1 L/min. Five-percent breakthrough occurred after
sampling for 171 min. At the end of this time, 171 L of air had been sampled and 256 µg of glutaraldehyde had
been collected. The breakthrough concentration for each sample was calculated by dividing the amount of glutaraldehyde
found on the backup filter by the volume of air sampled. Percent breakthrough was calculated by dividing the breakthrough
concentration by the inlet concentration and multiplying by 100. Five-percent breakthrough was defined as the
point at which the amount of glutaraldehyde that was collected on the coated-backup filter was equivalent to
5% of the inlet concentration.
Table 4.5
Glutaraldehyde Breakthrough Data
|
air volume (L) |
breakthrough (%) |
air volume (L) |
breakthrough (%) |
|
18.1 |
0.0 |
105.7 |
0.0 |
30.6 |
0.0 |
120.0 |
0.0 |
51.6 |
0.0 |
148.9 |
1.6 |
59.6 |
0.0 |
155.1 |
1.2 |
76.5 |
0.0 |
194.0 |
9.3 |
98.9 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
4.6 Extraction efficiency and stability of extracted samples
The extraction efficiency of glutaraldehyde from DNPH-coated filters was determined by injecting 55 µL
of a solution containing 0.22 mg/mL glutaraldehyde onto each of 6 coated filters. This amount is equivalent to 0.2 ppm
for a 15 min air sample. The filters were placed in sealed 4-mL glass vials, stored at room temperature in the dark and
then analyzed the next day. Following the initial analysis, the samples were immediately resealed and then reanalyzed
about 16 h later using fresh standards. The results of these studies are presented in Table 4.6. The average reanalysis
of the extracted samples was 101.6% of the original analysis.
Table 4.6
Extraction Efficiency and Stability Data
|
|
extraction efficiency (%) |
reanalysis 16-h later (%) |
|
|
98.3 |
102.0 |
|
103.0 |
104.0 |
|
101.0 |
103.0 |
|
105.0 |
105.0 |
|
96.0 |
99.3 |
|
97.1 |
96.0 |
|
|
|
|
100.1 |
101.6 |
|
4.7 Storage data
Storage samples were generated by sampling a controlled test
atmosphere containing 0.2 ppm glutaraldehyde for 15 min at 1
L/min. The relative humidity of the sampled air was 72% at 31°C.
The samples were stored in the dark either at ambient temperature
or at -20°C. The results of the storage test are presented in
Table 4.7 and are shown graphically in Figures 4.7.1 and 4.7.2.
Table 4.7
Storage Data
|
time (days) |
|
ambient recovery(%) |
|
time (days) |
|
refrigerated recovery (%) |
|
0 | 103.0 | 102.0 | 105.0 | 0 | 99.0 | 95.0 | 99.6 |
3 | 107.0 | 98.8 | 103.0 | 2 | 99.2 | 95.2 | 96.9 |
6 | 106.0 | 98.8 | 98.3 | 6 | 97.3 | 111.0 | 98.3 |
10 | 105.0 | 97.9 | 108.0 | 9 | 97.7 | 99.5 | 97.3 |
13 | 100.0 | 102.0 | 102.0 | 13 | 102.0 | 93.1 | 97.2 |
17 | 102.0 | 105.0 | 109.0 | 16 | 97.3 | 93.0 | 98.8 |
|
Figure 4.7.1. Ambient temperature storage test.
Figure 4.7.2. Refrigerated temperature storage test.
4.8 Reproducibility data
Reproducibility samples were generated by sampling a controlled test atmosphere containing 0.2 ppm glutaraldehyde in
air for 15 min at 1 L/min. The relative humidity of the sampled air was 76% at 29°C. The samples and a draft copy of
this evaluation were given to a chemist unassociated with this evaluation. The samples were analyzed immediately after
generation. No individual sample deviated from its theoretical value by more than the precision (±12%) at the 95%
confidence level for the 17-day storage test. (Section 4.7)
Table 4.8 Reproducibility Results
|
sample no. |
theoretical amount (µg) |
analytical result (µg) |
recovery (%) |
|
1 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 108.0 |
2 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 105.5 |
3 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 101.7 |
4 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 100.8 |
5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 100.0 |
6 | 11.6 | 11.4 | 98.3 |
|
4.9 Generation of controlled test atmospheres
The controlled test atmospheres which were used in this evaluation were generated by pumping a glutaraldehyde/water
solution into a heated glass manifold with a Sage Instruments Model 355 Syringe Pump. The glutaraldehyde/water solution was
volatilized and then diluted with heated air. The dilution air was metered into the heated glass manifold using a precision,
calibrated rotameter. The dilution air was humidified, if desired, by passing it through a water bubbler prior to its
entering the heated glass manifold. The water bubbler was contained in a temperature-controlled water bath. The relative
humidity of the dilution air could be varied by changing the temperature of the water bath. If dry dilution air was required,
the water bubbler was not used. The relative humidity of the test atmosphere was monitored, after mixing, with a YSI Model 91 Dew
Point Hygrometer. The test atmosphere passed through a manifold from which samples could be collected.
The glutaraldehyde concentration of the test atmosphere was adjusted to the desired level by varying the aldehyde
concentration of the glutaraldehyde/water solution.
The theoretical glutaraldehyde concentrations of the test atmospheres were calculated using the concentration of the
glutaraldehyde/water solution, the flow rate of the syringe pump, and the volume of the dilution air. The actual
concentration of a controlled test atmosphere, theoretically containing 0.78 mg/m3
glutaraldehyde, was determined by sampling the atmosphere using the following sampling and analytical techniques:
I. Direct collection on XAD-4 adsorbent. Immediate desorption and GC analysis using a photoionization detector.
II. Collection using two DNPH impingers connected in series. Analysis by HPLC using a UV detector.
III. Collection on DNPH coated XAD-2 adsorbent. Immediate desorption and analysis by HPLC using a UV detector.
IV. Collection and analysis using the recommended method.
Two samples were collected using each technique and the results of this study are presented in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9
Determination of the Concentration of a Controlled
Test Atmosphere by Comparative Sampling and Analysis
|
technique |
analytical results (mg/m3) |
percent of |
|
1 |
2 |
ave |
theoretical |
|
I |
0.650 |
0.642 |
0.646 |
82.8 |
II |
0.633 |
0.656 |
0.645 |
82.6 |
III |
0.641 |
0.632 |
0.637 |
81.6 |
IV |
0.704 |
0.654 |
0.679 |
87.1 |
|
The average of all of the samples was 83.5% of the calculated theoretical amount. There was no breakthrough observed
in any of the samples.
The difference between theoretical and actual concentrations of the test atmospheres may be the result of partial
decomposition of glutaraldehyde in the heated volatilization manifold of the generation apparatus.
Actual concentrations of controlled test atmospheres, which were used in this evaluation, were determined by multiplying
the theoretical volumetric concentrations by 83.5%.
(Additional data, 1997). Test atmospheres were prepared to collect samples for the additional evaluation data using an
all glass vapor generation system. The atmospheres were generated by pumping a solution of glutaraldehyde/methanol with an
ISCO Model 100DM syringe pump into a heated glass manifold where it evaporated into a heated dilution air stream. The
dilution air was generated using a Miller-Nelson Research, INC Model 401 Flow Temperature Humidity Control
System. The relative humidity and temperature of the test atmospheres was monitored using an EG&G Model 911
DEW-ALL Digital Humidity Analyzer.
It was necessary to dilute glutaraldehyde with methanol in order to quantitatively generate atmospheres at the 2-ppb
LTS and 10-ppb STS. Use of aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde to generate test atmospheres gave unacceptably low results.
4.10 Procedure to determine glutaraldehyde by acid titration (Ref. 5.6)
4.10.1 Apparatus
Miscellaneous glassware. Fifty-mL burette, 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks, 1-L volumetric flasks, pipets, etc.
4.10.2 Reagents
4.10.2.1 Sodium sulfite, anhydrous. Prepare a 0.1 M solution by dissolving 12.6 g of the salt in 1 L of deionized water.
4.10.2.2 Hydrochloric acid, reagent grade. Prepare a 0.1 N solution by diluting 7.9 mL of 38% HCl to 1 L with deionized
water.
4.10.2.3 Thymolphthalein indicator. Prepare a 0.1% solution in ethanol.
4.10.2.4 Methyl orange indicator. Prepare a 0.1% solution in ethanol.
4.10.2.5 Sodium carbonate, ACS primary standard grade.
4.10.3 Procedure
Standardize the 0.1 N HCI solution using sodium carbonate and methyl orange indicator. A complete procedure for the
standardization is presented in Ref. 5.5.
Place 50 mL of 0.1 M sodium sulfite and three drops of thymolphthalein indicator into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Titrate
the contents of the flask to a colorless end-point with 0.1 N HCI (usually one or two drops is sufficient). Transfer 0.50
mL of the nominal 25% glutaraldehyde/water solution (Section 3.2.4) into the same flask and titrate the mixture with 0.1 N
HCI, again, to a colorless endpoint. The glutaraldehyde concentration of the solution may be calculated by the following equation:
Glutaraldehyde, mg/mL = (acid titer × acid normality × 50.06)/mL of sample
This method is based on the quantitative liberation of sodium hydroxide when glutaraldehyde reacts with sodium sulfite to
form the glutaraldehyde-bisulfite addition product. The volume of sample may be varied depending on the
glutaraldehyde content but the solution to be titrated must contain excess sodium sulfite. Glutaraldehyde solutions
containing substantial amounts of acid or base must be neutralized before analysis.
4.11 Procedure to coat glass-fiber filters with DNPH/phosphoric acid and assembly of the sampling device
4.11.1 Apparatus
4.11.1.1 Hotplate
4.11.1.2 Miscellaneous glassware: 250-mL volumetric flask, 30-, 50-, and 150-mL beakers, pipets, etc.
4.11.1.3 Plastic air monitoring cassettes, for 37-mm diameter filters. Unassembled 3-piece cassettes and
extra center support sections were obtained from Gelman Sciences for use in this evaluation.
4.11.2 Reagents
4.11.2.1 Acetonitrile and toluene. American Burdick and Jackson HPLC grade acetonitrile and Fisher Scientific Optima
grade toluene were used in this evaluation.
4.11.2.2 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). DNPH (70%) Lot No. 1707 LJ, obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company, was
recrystallized from hot acetonitrile for use in this evaluation.
4.11.2.3 Glass-fiber filters, 37-mm diameter Gelman Sciences Type A glass-fiber filters, Lot No. 8318, were used in this evaluation.
4.11.2.4 Phosphoric acid, reagent grade. "Baker analyzed" Reagent grade 85% phosphoric acid was used in this evaluation.
4.11.2.5 DNPH/phosphoric acid solution. Prepare this solution by diluting 1 g of recrystallized DNPH and 5 mL of 85%
phosphoric acid to 250 mL with acetonitrile. Allow this solution to stand 2-3 days before use or be certain
all the DNPH is in solution. This will help prevent filters with a mottled appearance.
4.11.2.6 (Additional data, 1997). N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine. This reagent
was obtained from Flexsys America L.P. (260 Springside Drive, Akron, OH 44333, and should be purified by vacuum distillation
before use. Prepare a solution containing 15 mg/mL of vacuum-distilled reagent in toluene.
The following is quoted (with permission) from information provided by Flexsys (Ref. 7.9):
Guidelines for Recrystallizing SantoflexTM 6PPD (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine)
The general process for purifying and recrystallizing Santoflex 6PPD is by vacuum distillation. Handling of the
recrystallized material should be done under an inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation through contact with oxygen in the atmosphere.
Equipment
- Clean glass distillation equipment is preferred.
- Use Teflon fittings or other air tight fittings.
- DO NOT USE ground glass joints.
- DO NOT USE joint greases, especially silicone greases.
- The distillation column needs only 2 or 3 theoretical plates.
- Need the capability to change out receiving vessels quickly to separate the forecut from the mid cut.
General Procedure
- Pour the sample of Santoflex 6PPD into the distillation flask.
- Connect and secure the distillation column and receiving flasks.
- Flush the system with dry nitrogen to purge any oxygen in the system.
- Close the system, begin heating the sample using a heating mantle. Do not use a flame, as this can create hot spots and degrade the sample.
- Apply a vacuum. Santoflex 6PPD has the following vapor pressures at the temperatures given:
Table 4.11.2 Vapor Pressure of Santoflex 6PPD
|
temp (°C) |
vapor pressure |
|
(Torr) |
|
162 |
0.064 |
180 |
0.25 |
200 |
1.0 |
227 |
4.0 |
|
- Once Santoflex 6PPD begins to boil, allow a small portion of material to collect in the receiving flask as a
forecut. This will contain some Santoflex 6PPD as well unreacted 4ADPA and ketones among other light materials.
- You should collect no more than 5-l0% of the starting material in the forecut.
- Change out the receiving flask after the forecut. If the vacuum seal must be broken continue heating, but purge
the system with nitrogen while the flask is being replaced. Be sure the new flask is purged with nitrogen
before resealing and reapply the vacuum.
- Continue to collect distilled material in the new flask. Collect about 50-75% of the starting material volume in
the receiving flask.
- Discontinue heating. Allow nitrogen to fill the distillation equipment.
- While still warm, Santoflex 6PPD can be transferred to a sample bottle. Keep under nitrogen at all times.
- Distilled Santoflex 6PPD may appear water white or may have a slight pink-purple cast to it. It should be
lighter in color than the starting material. Once oxygen comes in contact with distilled material, Santoflex 6PPD
quickly discolors to a dark purple to brown/purple. Oxidized 6PPD has an intense color. Even small
concentrations (ppb) greatly affect the visual appearance, but does not affect the performance.
Oxidization by-products of 6PPD are also antioxidants to some degree.
4.11.3 Procedure
(CAUTION! Evaporation of solvents must be performed in an exhaust hood.)
Place a glass-fiber filter on a 30-mL beaker, or some other
suitable support, so that only the outside edge of the filter is
supported. Pipet 0.5 mL of the DNPH solution (Section 4.11.2.5)
onto the surface of the filter. Make sure that the filter is
completely saturated with the solution. Allow the acetonitrile to
evaporate for about 20 min. Place the coated filters in a
suitable container and allow them to dry overnight. Analyze a
blank filter to determine if there are any severe analytical
interferences present. If a batch of filters is not suitable,
discard the reagents and the filters.
Prepared filters were tested for shelf-life by storing them in
a tightly sealed container either at ambient temperature or at
-20°C. Stored filters were used to periodically sample
controlled test atmospheres over a month. Sample results did not
appear to be dependent on filter storage temperature but prepared
filters should be stored at reduced temperature as a precaution
against reagent decomposition. Filters prepared and stored as
described remain usable for at least a month.
Assemble the sampling device by placing a coated filter in the
outlet section of the air monitoring cassette. DO NOT USE
BACK-UP PADS. Next, place a ring on the first filter.
Now, put another coated filter on the ring and another ring on
top of that filter. Complete the assembly by placing the inlet
section on the ring. Plug the outlet and inlet openings with
plastic end plugs. An exploded view of the air sampler is shown
in Figure 2.1.2. Put the air sampler on a table top with the
outlet section down. Press on the top of the air sampler with
sufficient force to seal the cassette. Use tape or shrink bands
to further seal the two rings and the outlet sections of the
cassette. Store the assembled air sampler at reduced temperature
(if possible) when there is an appreciable time before it is to
be used for sampling.
(Additional data, 1997). Preparation of ozone-scavenging
filter (OSF). Place a glass-fiber filter on a 30-mL beaker, or
some other suitable support, so that only the outside edge of the
filter is supported. Pipet 0.5 mL of the 15 mg/mL
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine solution
(Section 4.11.2.6) onto the surface of the filter. Make sure that
the fitter is completely saturated with the solution. Allow the
toluene to evaporate. Place the coated filters in a suitable
container and allow them to dry overnight. These filters remain
useable for at least a month when stored in a freezer.
(Additional data, 1997). Incorporation of OSF into air
sampler. Refer to Figure 2.1.3. The OSF is positioned before the
DNPH filters, and separated from them with a cassette ring, so
that sampled air passes through the OSF before passing through
the DNPH filters. Remove the cassette top section and place an
OSF on the ring. Place another ring on top of the OSF, replace
the top section, and seal the sampler. Use tape or shrink bands
to further seal the three rings and bottom section. Store the
assembled sampler in a freezer.
5. References
5.1 Levin, J.-O.; Andersson, K.; Lindahl, R.; Nilsson, C.-A. J. Anal. Chem. 1985 57 1032-1035.
5.2 Fung, K.; Grosjean, D. J. Anal. Chem. 1981 53 168-171.
5.3 "OSHA Analytical Methods Manual"; U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration; OSHA Analytical Laboratory: Salt Lake City, UT, 1985; Method 52; American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH): Cincinnati, ISBN: 0-936712-66-X.
5.4 "Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Indices", 5th ed.; American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Cincinnati, ISBN: 0-036712-68-6, 986; p 285.
5.5 Treadwell, F.P.; Hall, W.T. "Analytical Chemistry"; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1948; Vol. II, pp
481-483.
5.6 Walker, J.F. "Formaldehyde"; Reinhold: New York, 1953; p 382.
6. Backup Data (Additional data, 1997)
6.1 Determination of detection limits
Detection limits, in general, are defined as the amount (or
concentration) of analyte that gives a response (YDL)
that is significantly different (three standard deviations (SDBR))
from the background response (YBR).
YDL - YBR = 3(SDBR)
The measurement of YBR and SDBR in
chromatographic methods is typically inconvenient and difficult
because YBR is usually extremely low. Estimates of
these parameters can be made with data obtained from the analysis
of a series of analytical standards or samples whose responses
are in the vicinity of the background response. The regression
curve obtained for a plot of instrument response versus
concentration of analyte will usually be linear. Assuming SDBR
and the precision of the data about the curve are similar, the
standard error of estimate (SEE) for the regression curve can be
substituted for SDBR in the above equation. The following
calculations derive a formula for DL:
Yobs |
= |
observed response |
Yest |
= |
estimated response from regression curve |
n |
= |
total number of data points |
k |
= |
2 for linear regression curve |
At point YDL on the regression curve
YDL = A(DL) + YBR |
A = analytical sensitivity (slope) |
therefore
Substituting 3(SEE) + YBR for YDL gives
6.2 Detection limit of the analytical procedure (DLAP)
The DLAP is measured as the mass of analyte actually introduced into the chromatographic column. Ten analytical
standards were prepared in equal descending increments with the highest standard containing 27.15 ng/mL of glutaraldehyde.
This is the concentration that would produce a peak approximately 10 times the background noise of a reagent blank near
the elution time of the analyte. These standards, and the reagent blank, were analyzed with the recommended analytical
parameters (20-µL injection), and the data obtained were used to determine the required parameters (A and SEE)
for the calculation of the DLAP. Values of 9.83 and 62.54 were obtained for A and SEE respectively. DLAP was calculated to be 19.1 pg.
Table 6.2 Detection Limit of the Analytical Procedure
|
concn |
mass on |
area counts |
(ng/mL) |
column (pg) |
(µV-s) |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
2.715 |
54.3 |
558 |
5.430 |
108.6 |
1078 |
8.145 |
162.9 |
1638 |
10.860 |
217.2 |
2187 |
13.575 |
271.5 |
2222 |
16.280 |
325.6 |
3365 |
19.005 |
380.1 |
3788 |
21.720 |
434.4 |
4294 |
24.435 |
488.7 |
4688 |
27.150 |
543.0 |
4672 |
|
Figure 6.2. Plot of the data in Table 6.2. to determine the DLAP for glutaraldehyde.
6.3 Detection limit of the overall procedure (DLOP)
The DLOP is measured as mass per sample and expressed as equivalent air concentration, based on the recommended sampling
parameters. Ten samplers were spiked with equal descending increments of analyte, such that the highest sampler loading was
325.8 ng per sample. This is the amount spiked on a sampler that would produce a peak approximately 10 times the background
response for a sample blank. These spiked samplers, and a sample blank, were analyzed with the recommended analytical
parameters, and the data obtained used to calculate the required parameters (A and SEE) for the calculation of the DLOP.
Values of 90.7 and 499.24 were obtained for A and SEE, respectively. The DLOP was calculated to be 16.5 ng per sample (STS:
0.13 ppb or 0.55 µg/m3; LTS: 0.0083 ppb or 0.034 µg/m3).
Table 6.3 Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure
|
mass per sample |
area counts |
(ng) |
(µV-s) |
|
0 |
1411 |
32.58 |
4649 |
65.16 |
7727 |
97.74 |
10163 |
130.32 |
12788 |
162.9 |
15272 |
195.48 |
18258 |
228.06 |
22262 |
260.64 |
24987 |
293.22 |
27984 |
325.8 |
31460 |
|
Figure 6.3. Plot of the data in Table 6.3. to determine the DLOP for glutaraldehyde.
6.4 Reliable quantitation limit (RQL)
The RQL is considered the lower limit for precise quantitative
measurements. It is determined from the regression line
parameters obtained for the calculations of the DLOP (Section
4.3) providing at least 75% of the analyte is recovered. The RQL
is defined as the amount of analyte that gives a response (YRQL)
such that
YRQL - YBR = 10(SDBR)
therefore
The RQL for glutaraldehyde was calculated to be 55.0 ng per
sample (STS: 0.44 ppb or 1.8 µg/m3);
LTS: 0.02 ppb or 0.11 µg/m3).
The recovery at this concentration is essentially 100%.
Figure 6.4. Chromatogram of the RQL.
6.5 Precision (analytical method)
The precision of the analytical procedure is measured as the
pooled relative standard deviation (RSDP). Relative standard
deviations are determined from six replicate injections of
glutaraldehyde standards at 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 times the
target concentrations. After assuring that the RSDs satisfy the
Cochran test for homogeneity at the 95% confidence level, RSDP
was calculated to be 0.68% and 0.83% for the lower and higher
target concentration, respectively.
Table 6.5.1
Instrument response to Glutaraldehyde at the 10-ppb STS
Concentration
|
× STS concn |
0.5× |
0.75× |
1× |
1.5× |
2× |
ng per sample |
669.06 |
892.08 |
1338.12 |
1784.16 |
2453.22 |
|
area counts |
72164 |
97542 |
140820 |
198141 |
256688 |
(µV-s) |
72959 |
98516 |
142396 |
197413 |
260312 |
|
72957 |
98393 |
142264 |
198674 |
261092 |
|
72557 |
97352 |
142768 |
198553 |
262649 |
|
73213 |
97366 |
142666 |
199091 |
263156 |
|
72470 |
96927 |
140382 |
199682 |
257912 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72720.00 |
97682.67 |
141882.67 |
198592.33 |
260301.50 |
SD |
388.47 |
632.37 |
1018.59 |
779.59 |
2571.03 |
RSD |
0.53 |
0.65 |
0.72 |
0.39 |
0.99 |
|
Table 6.5.2
Instrument response to Glutaraldehyde at the 2-ppb LTS
Concentration
|
× LTS concn |
0.5× |
0.75× |
1× |
1.5× |
2× |
ng per sample |
2007.18 |
2899.26 |
4014.36 |
5798.52 |
7805.7 |
|
area counts |
215608 |
320355 |
432076 |
650472 |
885485 |
(µV-s) |
218628 |
328115 |
432589 |
662534 |
887672 |
|
218966 |
326240 |
433613 |
664159 |
885390 |
|
218803 |
327149 |
438510 |
656494 |
879843 |
|
220680 |
327886 |
440416 |
657363 |
895223 |
|
217201 |
327600 |
434058 |
650118 |
875522 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
218319.33 |
326224.17 |
435210.33 |
656856.67 |
884855.83 |
SD |
1729.85 |
2950.68 |
3422.33 |
5867.16 |
6757.8 |
RSD |
0.79 |
0.90 |
0.79 |
0.89 |
0.76 |
|
The Cochran test for homogeneity:
The critical value of the g-statistic, at the 95% confidence
level, for five variances, each associated with six observations
is 0.5065. The g-statistics are 0.4164 and 0.2363 for the 10-ppb
STS and 2-ppb LTS concentrations respectively. Because the
g-statistics do not exceed the critical value, the RSDs can be
considered homogenous and they can be pooled (RSDP) to give an
estimated
The (RSDP)s are 0.69% and 0.83% for the 10-ppb STS and 2-ppb
LTS concentrations respectively.
6.6 Precision (overall procedure)
The precision of the overall procedure is determined from the
storage data in Section 6.7. The determination of the standard
error of estimate (SEER) for a regression line plotted through
the graphed storage data allows the inclusion of storage time as
one of the factors affecting overall precision. The SEER is
similar to the standard deviation, except it is a measure of the
dispersion of data about a regression line instead of about a
mean. It is determined with the following equation:
Yobs |
= |
observed % recovery at a given time |
Yest |
= |
estimated % recovery from the regression
line at the same given time |
n |
= |
total number of data points |
k |
= |
2 for linear regression |
k |
= |
3 for quadratic regression |
An additional 5% for pump error (SP) is added to the SEER by
the addition of variances to obtain the total standard error of the estimate.
The precision at the 95% confidence level is obtained by multiplying the standard error of estimate (with pump error
included) by 1.96 (the z-statistic from the standard normal distribution at the 95% confidence level). The 95%
confidence intervals are drawn about their respective regression lines in the storage graphs, as shown in Figures
6.7.1.1 through 6.7.2.2. The precisions of the overall procedure are 12.9% and 13.4% for 10-ppb STS
refrigerated samples and for 2-ppb LTS refrigerated samples respectively.
6.7 Storage tests
6.7.1 Storage test for 10-ppb STS
Storage samples were generated by collecting samples for 15 min at 2 L/min from a 10-ppb glutaraldehyde
test atmosphere. The test atmosphere was generated by pumping a solution of glutaraldehyde in methanol into a heated
manifold where it evaporated into a heated air stream. The relative humidity was 70% at 23°C. Thirty-eight
storage samples were prepared. Eight samples were analyzed immediately after generation, fifteen samples were stored at
reduced temperature (4°C), and the other fifteen were stored in the dark at ambient temperature (about 22°C). At
three to five day intervals, three samples were selected from each of the two sets and analyzed.
Table 6.7.1 Storage Test for 10-ppb STS
|
time |
ambient storage |
refrigerated storage |
(days) |
recovery (%) |
recovery (%) |
|
0 |
100.0 |
109.0 |
108.5 |
100.0 |
109.0 |
108.5 |
|
108.2 |
106.9 |
105.0 |
108.2 |
106.9 |
105.0 |
|
104.9 |
104.2 |
|
104.9 |
104.2 |
|
5 |
99.3 |
97.3 |
95.3 |
92.0 |
100.6 |
103.8 |
8 |
91.6 |
98.4 |
94.2 |
90.3 |
100.1 |
97.4 |
12 |
88.4 |
94.6 |
88.4 |
100.3 |
99.2 |
98.2 |
15 |
90.6 |
88.0 |
86.3 |
99.6 |
100.2 |
97.9 |
19 |
85.8 |
84.9 |
86.9 |
101.9 |
100.3 |
101.2 |
|
Figure 6.7.1.1. Ambient storage test for 10-ppb STS.
Figure 6.7.1.2. Refrigerated storage test for 10-ppb STS.
Inspection of the ambient storage graph shows that the storage loss was 21% during the 19-day test period. OME Method
Evaluation Guidelines require that efforts be made to improve the sampling method if storage loss is greater than 10% so
that restrictions do not have to be placed on sample storage time before analysis, or on sample storage temperature. Such
attempts were made: sampler treatments (in addition to DNPH and phosphoric acid) with ascorbic acid or with
alpha-tocopherol (Vitamins C and E); and with diethyl phthalate alone, and in combination with
4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC). Vitamins C and E were selected because it was thought that the observed instability
could be caused by oxidation, TBC was tested because it has been shown to improve storage stability of other analytes, and
diethyl phthalate was used to retain TBC on the sampling medium. None of these additional treatments improved storage
stability, in fact the presence of Vitamins C and E resulted in even more instability. It was decided, considering that the
loss was less than 25%, to continue to utilize the established sampling medium in the interests of method consistency. The
storage loss is only 6% when samples are stored at 4°C therefore, samples suspected of containing low levels of
glutaraldehyde (such as 10-ppb STS) should be shipped in an insulated container using Blue
IceTM (or equivalent) by overnight delivery service (FedExTM, or
equivalent).
6.7.2. Storage test for 2-ppb LTS
The recommended sampling time for LTS is 4 hours. This sampling time is excessive for laboratory use because only five
samples can be collected simultaneously with the equipment available. Therefore, samples were collected from a more
concentrated test atmosphere for a reduced time in order to provide approximately the same mass that would have been
collected had a 2-ppb atmosphere been sampled for 4 hours at 2 L/min. Forty samples were collected by sampling a
test atmosphere containing 10.4 ppb glutaraldehyde for 45 min at 2 L/min. The relative humidity was 73% at 22°C. Ten
samples were analyzed immediately after generation, fifteen tubes were stored at reduced temperature (4°C) and the
other fifteen were stored in the dark at ambient temperature (about 22°C). At 2-5 day intervals, three
samples were selected from each of the two sets and analyzed.
Table 6.7.2 Storage Test for 2-ppb LTS
|
time |
ambient storage |
refrigerated storage |
(days) |
recovery (%) |
recovery (%) |
|
0 |
103.3 |
99.1 |
100.6 |
103.3 |
99.1 |
100.6 |
| 100.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.8 |
100.0 | 100.0 |
| 100.0 | 98.4 | 99.3 | 100.0 | 98.4 | 99.3 |
| 96.2 | | | 96.2 | | |
4 | 106.9 | 101.8 | 102.3 | 105.9 | 117.9 | 101.9 |
7 | 105.7 | 105.2 | 94.3 | 100.7 | 104.7 | 95.0 |
11 | 106.5 | 101.7 | 98.5 | 103.1 | 105.5 | 104.0 |
14 | 97.9 | 99.5 | 88.3 | 111.2 | 103.9 | 98.2 |
19 | 105.9 | 94.6 | 92.8 | 109.1 | 102.4 | 103.8 |
|
Figure 6.7.2.1. Ambient storage test for 2-ppb LTS.
Figure 6.7.2.2. Refrigerated storage test for 2-ppb LTS.
6.7.3 Abbreviated storage test for 2-ppb LTS
An abbreviated storage test was conducted at the 2-ppb LTS by collecting a limited number of samples at 2 L/min from a
1.9-ppb test atmosphere for the full four-hour recommended sampling time. This test was performed to determine
if there was a difference in storage stability between LTS collected for a reduced time and samples collected for the full
time. Twenty samples were collected over four consecutive days. The average relative humidity of the test atmospheres was
76% at 24°C. Eight samples were analyzed on the day they were collected, six were stored at approximately 22°C
and six were stored at 4°C. Six of the stored samples, three ambient and three refrigerated, were analyzed either
eight or ten days following collection and the final six were analyzed either eighteen or twenty days after collection.
Table 6.7.3 Abbreviated Storage Test for 2-ppb LTS
|
time |
ambient storage |
time |
refrigerated storage |
(days) |
recovery (%) |
(days) |
recovery (%) |
|
0 |
96.6 |
95.7 |
95.8 |
0 |
96.6 |
95.7 |
95.8 |
|
94.2 |
87.0 |
94.5 |
|
94.2 |
87.0 |
94.5 |
|
91.7 |
89.5 |
|
|
91.7 |
89.5 |
|
8 |
86.2 |
86.2 |
83.2 |
10 |
93.4 |
90.8 |
91.3 |
18 |
90.9 |
87.9 |
82.9 |
20 |
96.3 |
96.6 |
95.0 |
|
Figure 6.7.3.1. Ambient storage test (abbreviated) for 2-ppb LTS.
Figure 6.7.3.2. Refrigerated storage test (abbreviated) for 2-ppb LTS.
6.8 Reproducibility
6.8.1 Reproducibility for 10-ppb STS
Six samples were prepared by sampling from a test atmosphere containing 10.4 ppb glutaraldehyde for 15 min at 2 L/min.
The relative humidity was 82% at 22°C. The samples were submitted to SLTC for analysis. The samples were analyzed
after being stored for 10 days at 4°C. Sample results were corrected for extraction efficiency. No sample result had
a deviation greater than the precision of the overall procedure determined in Section 6.6, which was ±12.9%.
Table 6.8.1 Reproducibility Data for 10-ppb STS
|
sample |
expected |
reported |
recovery |
deviation |
|
(ppb) |
(ppb) |
(%) |
(%) |
|
1 |
10.4 |
10.3 |
99.0 |
-1.0 |
2 |
10.4 |
10.5 |
101.0 |
+1.0 |
3 |
10.4 |
10.2 |
98.1 |
-1.9 |
4 |
10.4 |
10.1 |
97.1 |
-2.9 |
5 |
10.4 |
10.4 |
100.0 |
0.0 |
6 |
10.4 |
9.7 |
93.3 |
-6.7 |
|
6.8.2 Reproducibility for 2-ppb LTS
The recommended sampling time for LTS is 4 hours. This sampling time is excessive for laboratory use because only five
samples can be collected simultaneously with the equipment available. Therefore, reproducibility samples were collected from
a more concentrated test atmosphere for a reduced time in order to provide approximately the same mass that would have been
collected had a 2-ppb atmosphere been sampled for 4 hours at 2 L/min. Six samples were collected by sampling a test
atmosphere containing 9.6 ppb glutaraldehyde for 45 min at 2 L/min. The relative humidity was 71% at 23°C. The samples
were submitted to SLTC for analysis. The samples were analyzed after being stored for 3 days at 4°C. Sample results
were corrected for extraction efficiency. No sample result had a deviation greater than the precision of the overall
procedure determined in Section 6.6, which was ±13.4%.
Table 6.8.2
Reproducibility Data at Mass Equivalent for 2-ppb LTS
|
sample |
expected |
reported |
recovery |
deviation |
| mass (ng) | mass (ng) | (%) | (%) |
|
1 | 3916 | 3718 | 94.9 | -5.1 |
2 | 3728 | 3526 | 94.6 | -5.4 |
3 | 3547 | 3280 | 92.5 | -7.5 |
4 | 3486 | 3250 | 93.2 | -6.8 |
5 | 3905 | 3890 | 99.6 | -0.4 |
6 | 3517 | 3350 | 95.2 | -4.8 |
|
6.9 Sampler capacity and additional tests
6.9.1 Sampler capacity
The capacity of the sampler for glutaraldehyde was determined at 400 ppb in the original evaluation of Method 64. The
breakthrough concentration was calculated by dividing the amount of glutaraldehyde found on the backup filter by the air
volume sampled. Percent breakthrough was calculated by dividing the breakthrough concentration by the inlet concentration,
and multiplying by 100. These tests were performed at 66% relative humidity at 30°C. Five-percent breakthrough
occurred after sampling for 171 min at 1 L/min, and the capacity of the sampler was 256 µg of glutaraldehyde.
Additional sampler capacity tests were performed for this
work. Breakthrough (BT) terms were defined as above. These tests
were performed at approximately 10-ppb glutaraldehyde, and 81%
relative humidity at 22°C. The test atmosphere was sampled at 2
L/min using the recommended two-section samplers. Five-percent
breakthrough was never attained. The sample with the largest air
volume, 728 L, had about 31 g of glutaraldehyde which is well
below the 256-µg capacity determined in the original evaluation.
The recommended sampler has more than sufficient capacity to
monitor the 2-ppb LTS.
Table 6.9.1
Breakthrough of Glutaraldehyde Collected on Glass Fiber Filters
Coated With DNPH and Phosphoric Acid
|
test |
air vol |
BT concn |
inlet concn |
BT |
no. | (L) | (ng/L) | (ng/L) | (%) |
|
1 | 137.0 | 0.095 | 42.82 | 0.22 |
| 247.5 | 0.055 | | 0.13 |
| 399.2 | 0.095 | | 0.22 |
| 489.1 | 0.26 | | 0.11 |
| 622.8 | 0.78 | | 1.82 |
| | | | |
2 | 395.0 | 0.0025 | 42.82 | 0.01 |
| 484.5 | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| 507.4 | 0.085 | | 0.20 |
| 682.0 | 0.11 | | 0.26 |
| 675.6 | 0.068 | | 0.16 |
| | | | |
3 | 530.0 | 0.093 | 42.75 | 0.22 |
| 620.5 | 0.080 | | 0.19 |
| 643.8 | 0.074 | | 0.17 |
| 722.3 | 0.082 | | 0.19 |
| 728.1 | 0.076 | | 0.18 |
|
6.9.2 Additional tests
Additional testing of the sampling method was conducted at low relative humidity (Section 6.9.2.1), at 1-L/min
sampling rate (Section 6.9.2.2), and at 5-min sampling times (Section 6.9.2.3).
The results for the additional testing are presented as the
percent ratio of average results for each tested condition. For
example, the percent ratio of the average of the samples
collected at low humidity to the average of samples collected at
high humidity was 102.1. The effects of ozone, a reported
negative interference for formaldehyde collected on DNPH-treated
silica gel, were tested (Section 6.9.2.4). Sample results
obtained using open-face samplers were compared to results from
simultaneously collected closed-face samples (Section 6.9.2.5).
6.9.2.1 Humidity effect
The humidity study was performed by collecting samples at a
set humidity, changing the humidity, and then collecting
additional samples as soon as the humidity stabilized. Two
studies were performed: one study at high humidity of 77% and
23°C and at low humidity of 27% at 23°C (run 1); the other
study at high humidity of 93% at 22°C and at low humidity of 29%
and 22°C (run 2). Both tests were performed at about 10-ppb
glutaraldehyde, 2 L/min sampling rate, and 15-min sampling time.
Table 6.9.2.1
Humidity Effect
|
run no. |
results at low |
results at high |
percent ratio |
|
humidity (ng/L) |
humidity (ng/L) |
(low RH/high RH) |
|
1 | 44.93 | 44.77 | 100.4 |
2 | 38.59 | 37.17 | 103.8 |
| | | |
|
| | 102.1 |
|
6.9.2.2 Sampling rate effect
The sampling rate study was performed by simultaneously collecting samples at either 2 or at 1 L/min. Five individual
tests were performed: 2 tests at about 5-ppb, and 3 at about 9-ppb glutaraldehyde. The average relative humidity was 70% at
24°C
Table 6.9.2.2 Sampling Rate Effect
|
run no. |
results at 1-L/min |
results at 2-L/min |
percent ratio |
|
(ng/L) |
(ng/L) |
(1-L/min/2-L/min) |
|
1 2 3 4 5
|
21.84 20.86 37.64 36.40 42.32
|
21.30 21.58 38.04 37.15 45.93
|
102.5 96.7 98.9 98.0 92.1
97.6 |
|
One experiment was performed in which results from samples
collected at either 0.5 or at 2-L/min were compared. The percent
ratio (0.5/2-L/min) was 37.90 ng/L/39.23 ng/L = 96.6%.
6.9.2.3 Sampling time effect
The sampling time study was performed by collecting a set of
samples for 15 min, and another set for 5 min. The sampling rate
was 2 L/min, the glutaraldehyde concentration was about 11 ppb,
and the relative humidity was 81% at 22°C.
Table 6.9.2.3 Sampling Time Effect
|
5-min results (ng/L) |
15-min results (ng/L) |
percent ratio (5-min/15-min) |
|
48.00 |
45.50 |
105.5 |
|
6.9.2.4 Ozone interference
Ozone has been reported to be a significant negative
interference in formaldehyde methods which utilize DNPH-coated
silica gel tubes (Ref 7.4). The interference was caused by the
reaction of ozone with the formaldehyde-DNPH derivative. The
formaldehyde levels studied were 20, 40, and 140 ppb; and the
ozone levels were 0, 120, 300, 500, and 770 ppb. Formaldehyde
derivative loss was greater at higher ozone levels, with sampling
losses of approximately 60% at 300 ppb ozone. The amount of
formaldehyde derivative lost depended more on the ozone level
than on the formaldehyde level.
The data in Table 6.9.2.4.1 (and in Figure 6.9.2.4.1) shows
that ozone can also be a significant negative sampling
interference for this method. The interference was not severe for
15-min STS as shown by the data in Table 6.9.4.2.2.
LTS experiments were conducted by sampling a 10-ppb
glutaraldehyde test atmosphere to collect the mass expected in
2-ppb LTS, and then using the same samplers to sample a
separately generated ozone test atmosphere for 4 hours. The
relative humidity of the glutaraldehyde atmospheres was about 80%
at 23°C, and about 50% at 23°C for the ozone atmospheres. These
experiments represented the worst case because the full amount of
glutaraldehyde derivative was available to react with ozone. Four
samples were collected from the glutaraldehyde test atmosphere
for each experiment, two samples were used as controls (no
ozone), and two were used to sample the ozone test atmosphere
(ozone). Glutaraldehyde (glut) results from each set of two
samples were averaged, and the percent ratio of glutaraldehyde
results from samples which had been exposed to ozone to results
from corresponding samples which had not been exposed to ozone
was calculated. The ozone dose is a measure of total ozone
exposure, and it was calculated by multiplying ppm ozone by L of
air sampled. Figure 6.9.2.4.1 shows that 95% glutaraldehyde
recovery occurs at about 4.6 ppm×L ozone dose. Solution of the
equation (4.6=ppm×L) for 0.04 ppm (40 ppb) ozone gives 115 L.
This is the air volume that could be sampled if 40 ppb ozone were
present and still give 95% glutaraldehyde recovery.
Table 6.9.2.4.1 Ozone Interference
|
ozone (ppm) |
ozone dose (ppm×L) |
glut (ng/L) ozone |
glut (ng/L) no ozone |
ratio (%) |
|
0.0 0.016 0.02 0.06 0.10 |
0 7.57 9.46 28.89 47.43 |
40.77 34.81 35.02 31.28 26.91 |
40.00 39.08 39.59 39.42 42.32 |
101.9 89.1 88.5 79.4 63.6 |
|
Figure 6.9.2.4.1. Ozone interference.
The experimental results in Table 6.9.2.4.2 were obtained by
collecting sets of four samples from glutaraldehyde test
atmospheres (either 2 or 10 ppb, and about 80% relative humidity
and 23°C) for 15 min and then using two of the samples to sample
ozone test atmospheres for 15 min.
Table 6.9.2.4.2 Ozone Interference for STS
|
glut concn (ppb) |
ozone dose (ppm×L) |
ozone/no ozone (%) |
|
10 10 2 2 2 |
7.23 5.46 7.78 1.12 4.43 |
89.8 93.1 91.7 95.1 95.6 |
|
Two similar experiments were performed in which the ozone test
atmosphere was sampled before sampling the glutaraldehyde
atmosphere to determine if ozone deactivated the reagent-coated
sampling medium. The percent ratios were 99.6 and 102.0. These
results show that the quantity of DNPH reagent coated on the
filter is sufficient, and that the interference is primarily
caused by ozone reacting with the glutaraldehyde derivative.
Two additional similar experiments were performed by first
sampling a 10-ppb glutaraldehyde test atmosphere for either 67 or
46 min, and then sampling ambient indoor SLTC air (during the
month of December) for 4 hours with the same samplers. The
ambient ozone levels were 8 and 4 ppb, respectively. The percent
ratios were 98.2 for 8-ppb ozone, and 91.6 for the 4-ppb ozone
tests. These results show that sampling ambient (December) SLTC
air had no extreme effect on glutaraldehyde recovery.
The ozone interference manifests itself by reacting with the
glutaraldehyde derivative. The product of the interference has
not been detected in chromatographic analysis. The severity of
the interference depends both on the ozone level and on the
length of exposure time. The most expedient approach to solve the
problem was to attempt to modify the sampling method in order to
reduce or eliminate the interference. One way to accomplish this
would be to develop an ozone-scavenging filter which could be
placed in front of the sampling filters, and which would remove
ozone before it could react with the DNPH derivative. A
literature review revealed several reagents which have been used
in air sampling to remove ozone. Some of the reagents are
mixtures of potassium iodide and glycerol (Ref. 7.5); sodium
thiosulfate, potassium carbonate, and glycerol (Ref. 7.6); and
sodium nitrite, potassium carbonate, and glycerol (Ref. 7.7)
(OSHA's ozone-sampling reagent). Glycerol is used as a
non-volatile substrate, and potassium carbonate provides a
chemically basic environment to enhance the reaction with ozone.
Several different combinations of these mixtures were tested
by coating them on glass fiber filters and incorporating them
into standard glutaraldehyde samplers. The modified samplers
consisted of an ozone-scavenging filter placed in the same
cassette as the DNPH filters, in front of the glutaraldehyde
sampling filters, and separated from the DNPH filters by a
cassette ring in the same manner as the two DNPH filters are
separated. Modified and standard samplers, used as controls, were
used to sample glutaraldehyde test atmospheres. In each case
glutaraldehyde results were significantly lower in samples using
reagent treated pre-filters than in control samplers without
pre-filters. The reducing chemicals coated on the pre-filters
apparently reacted with glutaraldehyde before it could reach the
DNPH-treated sampling filters.
Goodyear Rubber formulates antiozonants into some of their
products to prevent damage from atmospheric ozone. A colleague at
Goodyear was contacted and asked to suggest chemicals which might
eliminate or reduce the ozone interference in this method. Nickel
dibutyl dithiocarbamate and Goodyear's product, Wingstay 300
(N-(l,3-dimethyl-butyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) were
identified as possible candidates. A Goodyear employee said that
nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate was the most effective antiozonant
they had ever tested, but that it was toxic. Goodyear also
supplied a small sample of recrystallized
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine for testing
purposes. Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged and
appreciated. (Ref. 7.8)
Nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate (NIDBTC) and
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMBPPDA) were
both tested in the same manner as the inorganic reducing
chemicals. Preliminary studies were made in which the reagent
levels were varied, and 7.5 mg of reagent per pre-filter was
selected as optimal. Experiments were performed in which sets of
six samples were collected from a 10-ppb glutaraldehyde test
atmosphere (about 80% relative humidity and 23°C) for a
sufficient time to collect a similar mass as would be collected
in a 4-hour sample at 2-ppb glutaraldehyde. Four samplers were
modified by placing a glass fiber filter which had been coated
with 7.5 mg of antiozonant in front of the DNPH filters so that
sampled air first passed through the ozone-scavenging filter
(OSF) and then through the DNPH filters. The OSF was separated
from the DNPH filters with a cassette ring in the same manner
that the DNPH filters are separated. Two of the four samplers
with the OSF were used to sample an 100-ppb ozone test atmosphere
(about 50% relative humidity and 23°C) (ozone) at 2 L/min, and
the other two samplers were used as controls (no ozone). The
remaining two samplers were standard samplers (no OSF), were used
to sample only the glutaraldehyde test atmosphere, and were used
as the benchmark (BM). Results are expressed as the percent ratio
of either ozone or no ozone to BM concentration analytical
results. The percent ratios of ozone to no ozone were also
calculated to determine the effectiveness of the OSF.
Table 6.9.2.4.3 Reduction of the Ozone Interference
|
reagent
|
ozone dose (ppm×L) |
ozone (%) |
no ozone (%) |
ozone/no ozone (%) |
|
NiDBTC NiDBTC DMBPPDA DMBPPDA DMBPPDA |
43.17 36.85 35.62 48.08 48.25 |
91.9 85.7 91.8 94.6 91.1 |
95.2 91.8 95.2 97.3 95.3 |
96.5 93.4 96.4 97.2 95.6 |
|
These results show that both reagents used to prepare OSFs
were generally effective. DMBPPDA was selected for use in this
method because NiDBTC was identified as a suspect carcinogen on
the MSDS that was included with the reagent. The OSF should be
used only when ozone levels in sampled air are above 10 ppb, and
make its inclusion necessary (Table 6.9.2.4.1). Ozone levels less
than 10 ppb do not require OSF. As an alternative to using OSF,
the air sample volume could be reduced. Figure 6.9.2.4.1 shows
that 95% recovery is attained at an ozone dose of 4.6 ppm×L. A
"safe air volume" that would result in 95% recovery
could be calculated by dividing 4.6 by the ppm ozone level at the
sampling site. For example: if the ozone level were 0.020 ppm (20
ppb), the "safe air volume" would be 230 L. It is
unnecessary to use OSF when collecting 15-min STS as shown by the
data in Table 6.9.2.4.2.
6.9.2.5 This method uses open-face sampling so that the full
surface of the DNPH-coated filter is available for reaction with
incoming glutaraldehyde and that sampler capacity is maximized.
Glutaraldehyde samples were collected within a 5 gal glass carboy
connected in-line with the OME vapor generation apparatus. Sample
results from open-face collection were compared to results from
closed-face collection. The DNPH-glutaraldehyde derivative is
highly colored, and a colored spot about 1.5 cm diameter was
observed on closed-face samples while no such spot was seen on
open-face samples. This fact indicates that open-face sampling
was having its desired effect. There was no significant
difference between open and closed-face sampling.
Table 6.9.2.5 Sample Results
|
sampling rate (L/min) |
sampling time (min) |
open face results (ng/L) |
closed face results (ng/L) |
open face/closed face (%) |
|
2 2 2 |
240 48 64 |
7.43 33.43 35.28 |
7.49 33.66 36.14 |
99.2 99.3 97.6 |
|
6.10 Extraction efficiency and stability of extracted samples
6.10.1 Extraction efficiency at the l0-ppb STS concentration
The extraction efficiencies (EE) of glutaraldehyde were
determined by liquid-spiking coated filters with amounts of
glutaraldehyde-DNPH approximately equivalent to 0.05 to 2 times
the 10-ppb STS concentration. These samples were stored overnight
at ambient temperature and then extracted and analyzed. The
average extraction efficiency over the working range of 0.5 to 2
times the target concentration was 98.9%.
Table 6.10.1.1 Extraction Efficiency of Glutaraldehyde from
Coated Filters at the 10-ppb STS Target Concentration
|
× STS concn (ng/sample) |
0.05× 54 |
0.1× 108 |
0.2× 244 |
0.5× 597 |
1× 1356 |
2× 2442 |
|
EE (%)
|
100.8 99.8 104.1 92.5 106.0 99.7 |
92.6 90.1 95.7 83.9 94.6 96.2 |
94.0 99.6 96.1 95.5 94.5 95.1 |
100.4 99.0 96.7 94.1 95.7 96.8 |
101.0 99.0 97.8 99.0 101.2 98.7 |
99.5 100.2 104.8 98.7 96.3 101.6 |
|
|
100.5 |
92.2 |
95.8 |
97.1 |
99.4 |
100.2 |
|
The stability of extracted samples was investigated by
reanalyzing the 1×STS about 16 h after the initial analysis.
After the original analysis was performed, three vials were
recapped with new septa while the remaining three retained their
punctured septa. The samples were reanalyzed with fresh
standards. The average percent change was +1.7% for samples that
were resealed with new septa and +1.7% for those that retained
their punctured septa.
Table 6.10.1.2 Stability of Extracted Samples at the 10-ppb
STS Target Concentration
|
punctured septa replaced |
punctured septa retained |
initial EE (%) |
EE after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
initial EE (%) |
EE after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
|
101.0 99.0 97.8
99.3 |
101.6 102.0 99.4 averages 101.0 |
+0.6 +3.0 +1.6
+1.7 |
99.0 101.2 98.7
99.6 |
103.3 101.8 98.8 averages 101.3 |
+4.3 +0.6 +0.1
+1.7 |
|
6.10.2 Extraction efficiency at the 2-ppb LTS concentration
The extraction efficiencies (EE) of glutaraldehyde were
determined by liquid-spiking coated filters with amounts of
glutaraldehyde-DNPH approximately equivalent to 0.05 to 2 times
the 2-ppb LTS concentration. These samples were stored overnight
at ambient temperature and then extracted and analyzed. The
average extraction efficiency over the working range of 0.5 to 2
times the target concentration was 99.7%.
Table 6.10.2.1 Extraction Efficiency of Glutaraldehyde from
Coated Filters at the 2-ppb LTS Target Concentration
|
× LTS concn (ng/sample) |
0.05× 217 |
0.1× 434 |
0.2× 841 |
0.5× 2170 |
1× 4340 |
2× 8410 |
|
EE (%)
|
93.3 93.4 94.3 101.4 95.9 97.3 |
99.4 99.8 98.6 105.7 100.2 98.2 |
99.1 96.3 108.9 96.6 99.3 94.4 |
100.0 101.3 101.3 96.0 99.4 99.8 |
100.9 111.4 95.4 95.7 95.1 101.1 |
98.8 100.2 98.0 101.0 101.5 98.9 |
|
|
95.9 |
100.3 |
99.1 |
99.6 |
99.9 |
99.7 |
|
The stability of extracted samples was investigated by
reanalyzing the 1×LTS about 16 h after the initial analysis.
After the original analysis was performed, three vials were
recapped with new septa while the remaining three retained their
punctured septa. The samples were reanalyzed with fresh
standards. The average percent change was -0.7% for samples that
were resealed with new septa, and +2.0% for those that retained
their punctured septa.
Table 6.10.2.2 Stability of Extracted Samples at the 10-ppb
STS Target Concentration
|
punctured septa replaced |
punctured septa retained |
initial EE (%) |
EE after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
initial EE (%) |
EE after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
|
100.9 111.4 95.4
102.6 |
101.6 108.2 95.9 averages 101.9 |
+0.7 -3.2 +0.5
-0.7 |
95.7 95.1 101.1
97.3 |
98.1 98.3 101.4 averages 99.3 |
+2.4 +3.2 +0.3
+2.0 |
|
6.11 Qualitative analysis
The UV spectrum for the DNPH derivative of glutaraldehyde was
obtained with a Hewlett Packard Model 1HP-1090 Liquid
Chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector and using a
Restek TO-11 LC column.
Figure 6.11. UV spectrum of glutaraldehyde derivative.
7. References
7.1 Fed. Regist. 1996, 61, Jan. 24, 1996, 1947-1950.
7.2 1996 TLVs and BEIs, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure
Indices, ISBN: 1-882417-13-5, American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH): Cincinnati, OH, 1996.
7.3 OSHA Analytical Methods Manual, 2nd ed., U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, Salt Lake Technical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 1993, "Method Evaluation Guidelines" (1993) American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Cincinnati, OH, Publ. No. 4542.
7.4 Sirju, A.-P.; Shepson, P.B. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995 29 384-392.
7.5 Helmig, D.; Greenberg, J. J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995 18 15-18.
7.6 Lehmpuhl, D.W.; Birks, J.W. J. of Chromatogr. 1996, 71-81.
7.7 OSHA Analytical Methods Manual, 2nd ed., U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, Salt Lake Technical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 1993, "Method ID-214, Ozone in Workplace
Atmospheres (Impregnated Glass Fiber Filter) (1993)", American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Cincinnati, OH, Publ. No. 4542.
7.8 Posey, F., The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, OH, personal communication, 1997.
7.9 Butkus, D., Flexsys America L.P., Akron, OH, personal communication, 1997.
|