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Contents List of Figures xviii Abbreviations of Library and Archive Locations xix Other Abbreviations xxi PART I: INTRODUCTORY 1. Early Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Modern Age 3 1. Ancien Régime and Revolution 3 2. Historians and the Writing of 'Intellectual History' 15 3. L'Esprit philosophique 26 2. Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 43 1. Spinoza and Spinozism in the Radical Enlightenment 43 2. Locke, Hume, and the Making of Modernity 51 PART II: THE CRISIS OF RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY 3. Reason and Faith: Bayle versus the Rationaux 63 1. Europe's Religious Crisis 63 2. Consensus gentium and the Philosophes 71 3. Voltaire and the Eclipse of Bayle 85 4. Demolishing Priesthood, Ancient and Modern 94 5. Socinianism and the Social, Psychological, and Cultural Roots of Enlightenment 115 6. Locke, Bayle, and Spinoza: A Contest of Three Toleration Doctrines 135 1. Toleration from Locke to Barbeyrac 135 2. Bayle's Freedom of Conscience 145 3. Spinoza's Liberty of Thought and Expression 155 7. Germany and the Baltic: Enlightenment, Society, and the Universities 164 1. The Problem of 'Atheism' 164 2. Academic Disputations and the Making of German Radical Thought 175 3. An Alternative Route? Johann Lorenz Schmidt and 'Left' Wolffian Radicalism 188 4. Natural Theology, Natural Law, and the Radical Challenge 194 8. Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism in the Early Enlightenment: Science, Philosophy, and Religion 201 1. English Physico-theology 201 2. From 's-Gravesande to d'Alembert (1720-1750) 215 PART III: POLITICAL EMANCIPATION 9. Anti-Hobbesianism and the Making of 'Modernity' 225 10. The Origins of Modern Democratic Republicanism 240 1. Classical Republicanism versus Democratic Republicanism 240 2. Democracy in Radical Thought 249 11. Bayle, Boulainvilliers, Montesquieu: Secular Monarchy Versus the Aristocratic Republic 264 1. Bayle's Politics 264 2. Early Enlightenment French Political Thought 278 3. The Ideal of Mixed Monarchy 287 12. 'Enlightened Despotism': Autocracy, Faith, and Enlightenment in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (1689-1755) 295 1. Peter the Great's 'Revolution' (1689-1725) 295 2. Europe and the Russian Enlightenment (1725-1755) 309 3. Locke, Newton, and Leibniz in the Greek Cultural Diaspora 317 13. Popular Sovereignty, Resistance, and the 'Right to Revolution' 326 14. Anglomania, Anglicisme, and the 'British Model' 344 1. English Deism and the Recoil from Radicalism 344 2. French Anglicisme 356 3. Anglicisme and Anti-anglicisme in the Mid Eighteenth century 364 15. The Triumph of the 'Moderate Enlightenment' in the United Provinces 372 1. The Defeat of Dutch Radical Thought: The Social Context 372 2. Intellectual Realignment within the Huguenot Diaspora 386 3. The Orangist Restoration (1747-1751) 396 PART IV: INTELLECTUAL EMANCIPATION 16. The Overthrow of Humanist Criticism 409 1. Ars critica 409 2. Secularization of the Sacred 421 3. Man and Myth 427 17. The Recovery of Greek Thought 436 1. 'Rationalizing the Gods': Disputing Xenophanes 436 2. Strato, Spinoza, and the Philosophes 444 3. Spinozism: A Reworking of Greek Stoicism? 457 18. The Rise of 'History of Philosophy' 471 1. Pre-Enlightenment 'History of Philosophy' 471 2. German Eclecticism and the Rise of a New Discipline 476 3. 'Radical Renaissance' 481 19. From 'History of Philosophy' to History of l'Esprit humain 496 1. Fontenelle, Boulainvilliers, and 'l'histoire de l'esprit humain' 496 2. Diderot and the History of Human Thought 504 20. Italy, the Two Enlightenments, and Vico's 'New Science' 513 1. Italy Embraces the Mainstream Enlightenment 513 2. Vico's 'Divine Providence' 528 3. A Restored Italo-Greek Wisdom? 537 PART V: THE PARTY OF HUMANITY 21. The Problem of Equality 545 1. Enlightenment and Basic Equality 545 2. Aristocracy, Radical Thought, and Educational Reform 563 22. Sex, Marriage, and the Equality of Women 572 1. Cartesianism and Female Equality 572 2. Marriage, Chastity, and Prostitution 576 3. The Erotic Emancipation of Woman, and Man 582 23. Race, Radical Thought, and the Advent of Anti-colonialism 590 1. Enlightenment against Empire 590 2. Slavery and the Early Enlightenment 603 3. Empire and National Identity 609 24. Rethinking Islam: Philosophy and the 'Other' 615 1. Islam and Toleration 615 2. Bayle and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 620 3. Ibn Tufayl and the Hidden Wisdom of the East 628 4. The Clandestine 'Enlightenment' of the Zindikites 631 25. Spinoza, Confucius, and Classical Chinese Philosophy 640 1. China and Spinozismus ante Spinozam 640 2. Leibniz, Wolff, and Chinese prisca theologia 652 3. Voltaire, Montesquieu, and China 657 26. Is Religion Needed for a Well-Ordered Society? 663 1. Separating Morality from Theology 663 2. 'Moderate' Enlightenment Deist Morality 681 3. Radical Thought and the Construction of a Secular Morality 692 PART VI: RADICAL PHILOSOPHES 27. The French Enlightenment prior to Voltaire's Lettres philosophiques (1734) 699 1. The Post-1715 Reaction to Absolutism 699 2. The Materialist Challenge 712 3. Clandestinity 722 28. Men, Animals, Plants, and Fossils: French Hylozoic Matérialisme before Diderot 733 29. Realigning the Parti philosophique: Voltaire, Voltairianisme, Antivoltairianisme (1732-1745) 751 1. Voltaire's Enlightenment 751 2. The Defeat of Voltaire and the French 'Newtonians' 762 3. Break down of the Lockean-Newtonian Synthesis 772 30. From Voltaire to Diderot 781 31. The 'Unvirtuous Atheist' 794 1. The 'Affaire La Mettrie' (1745-1752) 794 2. Atheistic Amoralism 803 32. The Parti philosophique Embraces the Radical Enlightenment 814 1. Radicalization of the Diderot Circle 814 2. The 'Quarrel' of the Esprit des lois (1748-1752) 824 33. The 'War of the Encyclopédie': The First Stage (1745-1752) 840 34. Postscript 863 Bibliography 872 Index 00
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Enlightenment.