Holocene Thermal Maximum Project Summary:
D. S. Kaufman , T. A. Ager , N. J. Anderson ,
P. M. Anderson , J. T. Andrews , P. J. Bartlein , L. B. Brubaker ,
L. L. Coats , L. C. Cwynar , M. L. Duvall, A. S. Dyke, M. E. Edwards,
W. R. Eisner, K. Gajewski, A. Geirsdóttir, F. S. Hu, A. E. Jennings,
M. R. Kaplan, M. W. Kerwin, A. V. Lozhkin, G. M. MacDonald, G. H. Miller,
C. J. Mock, W. W. Oswald, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, D. F. Porinchu,
K. Rühland, J. P. Smol, E. J. Steig and B. B. Wolfe. Holocene thermal maximum
in the western Arctic (0-180°W), Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 23,
Issues 5-6, March 2004, Pages 529-560.
Abbott, M.B., Finney, B.P., Edwards, M.E., Kelts, K.R., 2000. Lake-level reconstruction and paleohydrology of Birch Lake, central Alaska, based on seismic reflection profiles and core transects. Quaternary Research 53, 154-166.
Ager, T.A., 1982. Vegetational history of western Alaska during the Wisconsin glacial interval and the Holocene. In: Hopkins, D.M., Matthews, J.V., Jr., Schweger, C.E., Young, S.B. (Eds.), Paleoecology of Beringia. Academic Press, New York, pp. 75-93.
Ager, T.A., 1983. Holocene vegetational history of Alaska. In: Wright, H.E.. Jr. (Ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 2, The Holocene. Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press pp. 128-141.
Ager, T.A., 1989. History of late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation in the Copper River basin, south-central Alaska. In: Carter, L.D., Hamilton, T.D., Galloway, J.P. (Eds.), Late Cenozoic History of the Interior Basins of Alaska and the Yukon. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1026, pp. 89-92.
Ager, T.A., 2003. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of the central Bering land bridge from St. Michael Island, western Alaska. Quaternary Research 60, 19-32.
Alley, R.B., Mayewski, P.A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K.C., Clark, P.U., 1997. Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 years ago. Geology 25, 483-486.
Anderson, P.M., 1988. Late Quaternary pollen records from the Noatak and Kobuk River drainages, northwestern Alaska. Quaternary Research 29, 263-267.
Anderson, P.M., Lozhkin, A.V., Brubaker, L.B., 2002a. Implications of a 24,000-yr palynological record for a Younger Dryas cooling and for boreal forest development in northeastern Siberia. Quaternary Research 57, 325-333.
Anderson, P.M., Kotov, A.N., Lozhkin, A.V., Trumpe, M.A., 2002b. Palynological and radiocarbon data from late Quaternary deposits of Chukotka. In: Simakov, K.V. (Ed.), Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of Siberia and the Russian Far East (Palynological and Radiocarbon Database. North East Science Center Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, pp. 35-79.
Anderson, N.J., Grauert, M., McGowan, S., in press. Holocene paleolimnology of Greenland and the North Atlantic Islands. In: Pienitz, R., Douglas, M.S.V., Smol, J.P. (Eds.), Long-Term Environmental Change in Arctic and Antarctic Lakes. Kluwer.
Andrews, J.T., 1972. Recent and fossil growth rates of marine bivalves, Canadian Arctic, and 1ate-Quaternary Arctic marine environments. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 11, 157-176.
Andrews, J.T., 1973. The Wisconsin Laurentide Ice Sheet: Dispersal centers, problems of retreat, and climatic implications. Arctic and Alpine Research 5, 185-199.
Andrews, J.T., 1987. The late Wisconsin glaciation and deglaciation of the Laurentide ice sheet. In: Ruddiman, W.F., Wright, H.E. Jr. (Eds.), North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation. The Geology of North America, Volume K-3. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 13-37.
Andrews, J.T., 1989. Quaternary geology of the northeastern Canadian Shield. In: Fulton, R.J. (Ed.), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 276-301.
Andrews, J.T., Erlenkeuser, H., Evans, L., Briggs, W., Jull, A.J.T., 1991. Meltwater and deglaciation SE Baffin Shelf (NE margin Laurentide Ice Sheet) between 13.5 and 8 ka: From stable O and C data. Paleoceanography 6, 621-637.
Andrews, J.T., Giraudeau, J., 2003. Multi-proxy records showing significant Holocene environmental variability: the inner N. Iceland Shelf (Húnaflói). Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 175-193.
Andrews, J.T., Smith, L.M., Preston, R., Cooper, T., Jennings, A.E., 1997. Spatial and temporal patterns of iceberg rafting (IRD) along the East Greenland margin, ca. 68 N, over the last 14 cal ka. Journal of Quaternary Science 12, 1-13.
Andrews, J.T., Keigwin, L., Hall, F., Jennings, A.E., 1999. Abrupt deglaciation events and Holocene paleoceanography from high resolution cores, Cartwright Saddle, Labrador Shelf, Canada. Journal of Quaternary Science 14, 383-397.
Andrews, J.T., Helgadottir, G., Geirsdottir, A., Jennings, A. E., 2001. Multicentury-scale records of carbonate (hydrographic?) variability on the North Iceland margin over the last 5000 yrs. Quaternary Research 56, 199-206.
Andrews, J, Geirsdóttir, A., Hardadóttir, J, Principato, S., Grönvold, K., Kristjansdóttir, G., Helgadóttir, G., Drexler, J., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, A., 2002. Distribution, sediment magnetism and geochemistry of the Saksunarvatn (10180 ± 60 cal yr BP) tephra in marine, lake, and terrestrial sediments, northwest Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science 17, 731-745.
Andrews, J.T., Hardadottir, J., Stoner, J.S., Mann, M.E., Kristjansdottir, G.B., Koc, N., 2003. Decadal to millennial-scale periodicities in North Iceland shelf sediments over the last 12,000 cal yrs: Long-term North Atlantic oceanographic variability and solar forcing. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 210, 453-465.
Barber, V.A., Finney, B.P., 2000. Late Quaternary paleoclimatic reconstructions for interior Alaska based on paleolake-level data and hydrologic models. Journal of Paleolimnology 24, 29-41.
Barber, D.C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A.E., Andrews, J.T., Kerwin, M.W., Bilodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southon, J., Moorehead, M.D., Gagnon, J.-M., 1999. Forcing of the cold event of 8200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature 400, 344-348.
Bartlein, P.J., Anderson, K.H., Anderson, P.M., Edwards, M.E., Mock, C.J., Thompson, R.S., Webb, R.S., Whitlock, C., 1998. Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with the paleoenvironmental data. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 549-585.
Bartlein, P.J., Anderson, P.M., Edwards, M.E., McDowell, P.F., 1992. A framework for interpreting paleoclimatic variations in eastern Beringia. Quaternary International 10-12, 73-83.
Bennike, O., 2000. Palaeoecological studies of Holocene lake sediments from west Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155, 285-304.
Bennike, O., Weidick, A., 2001. Late Quaternary history around Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden and Jøkelbugten, North-East Greenland. Boreas 30, 205-227.
Berger, A., Loutre, M.F., 1991. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million of years. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 297-317.
Bigelow, N.H., Edwards, M.E., 2001. A 14,000 yr paleoenvironmental record from Windmill Lake, Central Alaska: Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation in the Alaska range. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 203-215.
Birks, H.J.B., Birks, H.H., 1980. Quaternary Paleoecology. University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 289 pp.
Birks, C.J.A., Koç, N., 2002. A high-resolution diatom record of late-Quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea. Boreas 31, 323- 344.
Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Raynaud, D., 1995. Variations in atmospheric methane concentration during the Holocene epoch. Nature 374, 46-49.
Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti- Bond, R., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G., 2001. Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294, 2130-2136.
Bourgeois, J.C., 2000. Seasonal and interannual pollen variability in snow layers of arctic ice caps. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 108, 17-36.
Bourgeois, J.C., Koerner, R.M., Gajewski, K., Fisher, D.A., 2000. A Holocene ice-core pollen record from Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Quaternary Research 54, 275-283
Bourgeois, J.C., Gajewski , K., Koerner, R., 2001. Spatial patterns of pollen deposition in arctic snow. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 5255-5565.
Brassard, G.R., Blake, W.J., 1978. An extensive subfossil deposit of the Arctic moss Aplodon wormskioldii. Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 1852-1859.
Briffa, K.R., Jones, P.D., Schwiengruber, F.H., Osborn, T.J., 1998. Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures over the past 600 years. Nature 393, 450-455.
Broecker, W.S., Denton, G.H., 1989. The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 2465-2501.
Brook, E.J., Sowers, T., Orchardo, J., 1996. Rapid variations in atmospheric methane concentration during the past 110,000 years. Science 273, 1087-1091.
Brubaker, L., Garfinkel, H., Edwards, M., 1983. A late Wisconsin and Holocene vegetation history from the central Brooks Range: Implications for Alaskan paleoecology. Quaternary Research 20, 194-214.
Brubaker, L.B., Anderson, P.M., and Hu, F.S., 2001. Vegetation ecotone dynamics in southwest Alaska during the late Quaternary. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 175-188.
Bryson, R.A., Irving, W.N., Larsen, J.A., 1965. Radiocarbon and soil evidence of former forest in the southern Canadian tundra. Science 147, 46-48.
Burn, C.R., 1997. Cryostratigraphy, paleogeography, and climate change during the early Holocene warm interval, western Arctic coast, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, 912-925.
Burn, C.R., Michel, F.A., Smith, M.W., 1986. Stratigraphic, isotopic, and mineralogical evidence for an early Holocene thaw unconformity at Mayo, Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, 79-803.
Calkin, P.E., 1988. Holocene glaciation of Alaska (and adjoining Yukon Territory, Canada). Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 159-184.
CAPE Project Members 2001. Holocene paleoclimate data from the Arctic: testing models of global climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 1275-1287.
Caseldine, C, Geirsdóttir, Á., Langdon, P., 2003. Efstadalsvatn — a multi-proxy study of a Holocene lacustrine sequence from NW Iceland. Journal of Paleolimnology 30, 55-73.
Castaneda, I.S., Smith, L.M., Kristjansdottir, G.B., Andrews, J.T. in press. Holocene d18O records of paleoceanographic and climatic variability from the Northern Iceland continental shelf.
Chamberlin, T.C. 1899. An attempt to frame a working hypothesis of the cause of glacial periods on an atmospheric basis. Journal of Geology 7, 545-584, 751-787, 667-685.
Chapin, F.S., III, McGuire, A.D, Randerson, J., Pielke, R. Sr., Baldocchi, D., Hobbie, S.E., Roulet, N., Eugster, W., Kaisischke, E., Rastetter, E.B., Zimov, S.A., Running, S.W., 2000. Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system. Global Change Biology 6, 211-223.
Christiansen, H., Bennike, O., Böcher, J., Elberling, B., Humlum, O., Jakobsen, B., 2002. Holocene environmental reconstruction from deltaic deposits in northeast Greenland. Journal of Quaternary Science 17, 145-160.
Clark, P.U., Pisias, N.G., Stocker, T.F., Weaver, A.J., 2002. The role of thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change. Nature 415, 863-869.
COHMAP Members, 1988. Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and model simulations. Science 241, 1043-1052.
Colinvaux, P.A., 1967a. A long pollen record from St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 3, 29-43.
Colinvaux, P.A., 1967b. Bering land bridge: evidence of spruce in late Wisconsin times. Science 156, 380-383.
Colinvaux, P.A., 1981. Historical ecology in Beringia: The south land bridge coast at St. Paul Island. Quaternary Research 16, 18-36.
Cremer H., Melles, M., Wagner, B., 2001a. Holocene climate changes reflected in a diatom succession from Basaltsø, East Greenland. Canadian Journal of Botany 79, 649-656.
Cremer, H., Wagner, B., Melles, M., Hubberten, H.W., 2001b. The postglacial environmental development of Raffles Sø, East Greenland: Inferences from a 10,000 year diatom record. Journal of Paleolimnology 26, 67-87.
Crossen, K.J., Pasch, A.D., Barker, M.H., 2002. Bering glacier retreat phase: Discoveries of overrun fiords and forests. Geological Society of America Abstracts and Programs 34 (6), 477.
Crucifix. M., Loutre, M.-F., Tulkens, P., Fichefet, T., Berger, A., 2002. Climate evolution during the Holocene: A study with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Climate Dynamics 19, 43-60.
Cubasch, U., Crowley, T.J., Voss, R., Hegerl, G.C., Waszkewitz, J., 1997. Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dynamics 13, 757-767.
Cuffey, K., Clow, G., 1997. Temperature, accumulation, and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 26383- 26396.
Cuffey, K.M., Clow, G.D., Alley, R.B., Stuiver, M., Waddington E.D., Saltus. R.W. 1995. Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin-Holocene transition. Science 270, 455-458.
Cwynar, L.C., 1982. A Late-Quaternary vegetation history from Hanging Lake, northern Yukon. Ecological Monographs 52, 1-24.
Cwynar, L.C., 1988. Late Quaternary vegetation history of Kettlehole Pond, southwestern Yukon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, 1270-1279.
Cwynar, L.C., Spear, R.W., 1991. Reversion of forest to tundra in the central Yukon. Ecology 72, 202-212.
Cwynar, L.C., Spear, R.W., 1995. Paleovegetation and paleoclimatic changes in the Yukon at 6 ka BP. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 49, 29-35.
Dahl-Jensen, D., Mosegaard, K., Gundestrup, N., Clow, G., Johnsen, S., Hansen, A., Balling, N., 1998. Past temperatures directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science 282, 268-271.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. Clausen, H., Langway, C.C. Jr., 1971. Climatic record revealed by the Camp Century ice core. In: Turekian, K.K. (Ed.), The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, pp. 37-56.
Detterman, R.L., 1970. Early Holocene warm interval in northern Alaska. Arctic 23, 130-131.
Diaz, H.F., Andrews, J.T., 1982. Analysis of the spatial pattern of July temperature departures (1943-1972) over Canada and estimates of the 700 mb mid-summer circulation during middle and late Holocene. Journal of Climatology 2, 251-265.
Dyke, A.S., 1999. Last glacial maximum and deglaciation of Devon Island, Arctic Canada: Support for an Innuitian Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 393-420.
Dyke, A.S., Peltier, W.R., 2000. Forms, response times and variability of relative sea-level curves, glaciated North America. Geomorphology 32, 315 333.
Dyke, A.S., Prest, V.K., 1987a. Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 41, 237-263.
Dyke, A.S., Prest, V.K., 1987b. Paleogeography of northern North America, 18000-5000 years ago. Geological Survey of Canada.
Dyke, A.S., Savelle, J.M., 2000. Holocene driftwood incursion to southwestern Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and its significance to paleoceanography and archaeology. Quaternary Research 54, 113-120.
Dyke, A.S., Savelle, J.M., 2001. Holocene history of the Bering Sea bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) in its Beaufort Sea summer grounds off southwestern Victoria Island, western Canadian Arctic. Quaternary Research 55, 371-379.
Dyke, A.S., Hooper, J., Savelle, J.M., 1996a. A history of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on postglacial remains of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Arctic 49, 235-255.
Dyke, A.S., Dale, J.E., McNeely, R.N., 1996b. Marine molluscs as indicators of environmental change in glaciated North America and Greenland during the last 18000 years. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 50, 125-184.
Dyke, A.S., Hooper, J., Harington, C.R., Savelle, J.M., 1999. The Late Wisconsinan and Holocene record of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) from North America: A review with new data from Arctic and Atlantic Canada. Arctic 52, 160-181.
Dyke, A.S., Andrews, J.T., Clark, P.U., England, J.H., Miller, G.H., Shaw, J., Veillette, J.J., 2002. The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 9-31.
Edwards, M.E., Barker, E.D., 1994. Climate and vegetation in northeastern Alaska 18,000 yr BP - present. Paleogeography Paleoclimatology Paleoecology 109, 127-135.
Edwards, M.E., Brigham-Grette, J., 1990. Climatic change and thaw-lake formation in Alaska. 11th Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association, Waterloo, Ontario, 17.
Edwards, M.E., Dunwiddie, P.W., 1985. Dendrochronological and palynological observations on Populus balsamifera in northern Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 17, 271-278.
Edwards, M.E., Anderson, P.M., Garfinkel, H.L., Brubaker, L.B., 1985. Late Wisconsin and Holocene vegetation history of the upper Koyukuk region, Brooks Range, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 63, 616-646.
Edwards, M.E., Mock, C.J., Finney, B.P., Barber, V., Bartlein, P.J., 2001. Potential analogues for paleoclimatic variations in eastern interior Alaska for the past 14,000 years: atmosphericcirculation controls of regional temperature and moisture responses. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 189-202.
Edwards, M.E., Anderson, P., Brubaker, L., 2003. Results and paleoclimate implications of 35 years of paleoecological research n Alaska. In: Gillespie, A., Porter, S., Atwater, B. (Eds.), The Quaternary Period in the United States. Elsevier Press, in press.
Edwards, T.W.D., Wolfe, B.B., MacDonald, G.M., 1996. Influence of changing atmospheric circulation on precipitation d18O-temperature relations in Canada during the Holocene. Quaternary Research 46, 211-218.
Eirîksson, J., Knudsen, K.L., Haflidason, H., Henriksen, P., 2000. Late-glacial and Holocene paleoceanography of the North Iceland Shelf. Journal of Quaternary Science 15, 23-42.
Eisner, W.R., 1991. Palynological analysis of a peat core from Imnavait Creek, the North Slope, Alaska. Arctic 44, 279-282.
Eisner, W.R. and Peterson, K.M., 1998. High-resolution pollen analysis of tundra polygons from the North Slope of Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 28,929-28,937.
Eisner, W.R., Törnqvist, T.E., Koster, E.A., Bennike, O., Vanleeuwen, J.F.N., 1995. Paleoecological studies of a Holocene lacustrine record from the Kangerlussuaq (Sondre Stromfjord) region of west Greenland. Quaternary Research 43, 55-66.
Eugster, W., Rouse, W.R., Pielke, R.A., Sr., McFadden, J.P., Baldocchi, D.D., Kittel, T.G.F., Chapin, F.S. III, Liston, G.E., Vidale, P.L., Vaganov, E., Chambers, S., 2000. Land-atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: Available data and feedbacks to climate. Global Change Biology 6 (Suppl. 1), 84-115.
Fisher, D.A., 1992. Possible ice-core evidence for a fresh meltwater cap over the Atlantic Ocean in the early Holocene. In: Bard, E. (Ed.), The Last Deglaciation: Absolute and Radiocarbon Chronologies, NATO Advanced Workshop ASI Series Vol. 12, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Fisher, D.A., Koerner, R.M., Reeh, N., 1995. Holocene climatic records from Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, NWT, Canada. The Holocene 5, 19-24.
Fisher, D.A., Koerner, R.M., Bourgeois, J.C., Zielinski, G., Wake, C., Hammer, C.U., Clausen, H.B., Gundestrup, N., Johnsen, S., Goto-Azuma, K., Hondoh, T., Blake, E., Gerasimoff, M., 1998. Penny Ice Cap cores, Baffin Island, Canada, and the Wisconsinan Foxe Dome connection: Two states of Hudson Bay ice cover. Science 279, 692-695.
Fisher, T.G., Smith, D.G., Andrews, J.T., 2002. Preboreal oscillation caused by a glacial Lake Agassiz flood. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 873-878.
Fisher, D.A. and 7 others, in press. The effects of flow-line length evolution on the chemistry- d18O profiles from the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada. Annals of Glaciology 35.
Foley, J.A., Kutzback, J.E., Coe, M.T., Levis, S., 1994. Feadbacks between climate and boreal forests during the Holocene epoch. Nature 371, 52-54.
Folland, C.K., Karl, T.R., Christy, J.R., Clarke, R.A., Gruza, G.V., Jouzel, J. ,Mann, M.E., Oerlemans, J., Salinger, M.J., Wang S.-W., 2001. Observed climate variability and change. In: Houghton, J.T., Griggs, D.J., Nogner, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C.A. (Eds.), Climatic Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., pp. 99-182.
Fredskild, B., 1973. Studies in the vegetational history of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 198, 1-245.
Fredskild, B., 1983. The Holocene vegetational development of the Godthåbsfjord area, west Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland. Bioscience10, 2-28.
Fredskild, B., 1984. Holocene palaeo-winds and climatic changes in West Greenland as indicated by long-distance transported and local pollen in lake sediments. In: Mörner, N.-A., Karlén, W. (Eds.,) Climatic Changes on a Yearly to Millennial Basis. Reidel Publishing, pp. 163-171.
Fredskld, B., 1992. The Greenland limnophytes - their present distribution and Holocene history, Acta Botony Fennica 144, 93-113.
Funder, S. (co-ordinator) 1989. Quaternary geology of the ice-free areas and adjacent shelves of Greenland. In: Fulton, R.J. (Ed.), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland (Geology of Canada). Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 741-792.
Funder, S., Weidick, A., 1991. Holocene boreal molluscs in Greenland: paleoceanographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 85, 123-135.
Gajewski, K., 1995. Modern and Holocene pollen assemblages from some small Arctic lakes on Somerset Island, NWT, Canada. Quaternary Research 44, 228-236.
Gajewski, K., Frappier, M., 2001. A Holocene lacustrine record of environmental change in northeastern Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut, Canada. Boreas 30, 285-289.
Gajewski, K., Garralla, S., 1992. Holocene vegetation histories from three sites in the tundra of northwestern Quebec, Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research 24, 329-336.
Gajewski, K., Payette, S., Ritchie. J.C., 1993. Holocene vegetation history at the boreal forest-shrub tundra transition in northern Quebec. Journal of Ecology 81, 433-443.
Gajewski, K., Garneau, M., Bourgeois, J.C., 1995. Paleoenvironments of the Canadian High Arctic derived from pollen and plant macrofossils: Problems and potentials. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 609-629.
Gajewski, K, Garralla S., Milot-Roy, V., 1996. Postglacial vegetation at the northern limit of lichen woodland in northwestern Quebec. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 50, 341-350.
Gajewski, K., Mott, R., Ritchie J., Hadden. K., 2000. Holocene vegetation history of Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 78, 430-436
Gajewski K., Viau, A., Sawada, M., Atkinson, D., Wilson, S., 2001. Sphagnum peatland distribution in North America and Eurasia during the past 21,000 years. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 297-310.
Geirsdóttir, Á., Andrews, J.T., Ólafsdóttir, S., Helgadóttir, G. and Hardardóttir, J., 2002. A 35 Ka record of iceberg rafting from NW Iceland; following the ice retreat from the shelf to land. Polar Research 21, 291-298.
Gervais, B.R., MacDonald, G.M., 2001. Tree-ring and summer temperature response to volcanic aerosol forcing at the northern tree-line, Kola Peninsula, Russia. The Holocene 11, 499-505.
Gildor, H., Tziperman, E., 2001. A sea ice climate switch mechanism for the 100-kyr glacial cycles. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 9117-9133.
Giraudeau, G., Cremer, M., Manthe, S., Laberrie, L., Bond, G., 2000. Coccolith evidence for instabilities in surface circulation south of Iceland during Holocene times. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 179, 257-268.
Grootes, P., Stuiver, M., White, J., Johnsen, S. Jouzel, J., 1993. Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature 366, 552-554.
Hagen, S., 1995. Watermass characteristics and climate in the Nordic Seas during the last 10,200 years. Candidatus Scientiarum, University of Tromso, Norway, 114 pp.
Hallsdóttir, M., 1991. Studies in the vegetational history of north Iceland; A radiocarbon-based pollen diagram from Flateyjardalur. Jökull 40, 67-81
Hallsdóttir, M., 1995. On the pre-settlement history of Icelandic vegetation. Icelandic Agriculture Science 9, 17-29.
Heusser, C.J., Heusser, L.E., Peteet, D.M., 1985. Late-Quaternary climatic change on the American North Pacific coast. Nature 315, 485-487.
Hewitt, C.D., Mitchell, J.F.B., 1996. GCM simulations of the climate of 6 kyr BP: Mean changes and changes and interdecadal variability. Journal of Climate 9, 3505-3529.
Hjort, C., Funder, S., 1974. The subfossil occurrence of Mytilus edulis L. in central East Greenland. Boreas 3, 23-33.
Hooke, R.L., Clausen, H.B., 1982. Wisconsin and Holocene d18O variations, Barnes Ice Cap, Canada. Geological Society of American Bulletin 93, 784-789.
Hopkins, D.M., 1972. The paleogeography and climatic history of Beringia during late Cenozoic time. International Journal of Arctic and Nordic Studies 12, 121-150.
Hopkins, D.M., MacNeil, F.S., Leopold, E.B., 1960. The coastal plain at Nome, Alaska: A late Cenozoic type section for the Bering Strait region. 21st International Geologic Congress, Copenhagen, part 4, p. 46-57.
Hopkins, D.M., Smith, P.A., Matthews J.V., Jr., 1981. Dated wood from Alaska and the Yukon: Implications for forest refugia in Beringia. Quaternary Research 15, 217-249.
Hu, F.S., Brubaker, L.B., Anderson, P.M., 1993. A 12,000 year record of vegetation change and soil development from Wien Lake, central Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 71, 1133-1142.
Hu, F.S., Brubaker, L.B., Anderson, P.M., 1996. Boreal Ecosystem Development in the Northwestern Alaska Range since 11,000 yr. B.P. Quaternary Research 45, 188-201.
Hu F.S., Ito E, Brubaker L.B., Anderson P.M., 1998. Ostracode geochemical record of Holocene climatic change and implications for vegetational response in the northwestern Alaska Range. Quaternary Research 49, 86-95.
Hurrell, J.W., 1996. Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on the Northern Hemisphere temperature. Geophysical Research Letters 23, 665-668.
Hutton, M., MacDonald, G.M., Mott, R.J., 1994. Postglacial vegetation history of the Mariana Lake region, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, 418-425.
Hyvärinen, H., 1985. Holocene pollen stratigraphy of Baird Inlet, east-central Ellesmere Island, arctic Canada. Boreas 14, 19-32.
Indermühle, A., Stocker, T.F., Joos, F., Fisher, H., Smith, H.J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B., Mastroianni, D., Tschumi, J., Blunier, T., Meyer, R., Stauffer, B., 2000. Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica. Nature 398, 121-126.
Jennings, A., Knudsen, K., Hald, M., Hansen, C., Andrews, J., 2002, A mid-Holocene shift in Arctic sea-ice variability on the East Greenland Shelf. The Holocene 12, 49-58.
Jiang, H., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Knudsen, K.-L., Eiriksson, J., 2002. Late-Holocene summer seasurface temperatures based on a diatom record from the north Icelandic shelf. The Holocene 12, 137-148.
Johnsen, S., Clausen, H., Dansgaard, W., Fuhrer, K., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C., Iversen, P., Jouzel, J., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J., 1992. Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core. Nature 359, 311-313.
Johnsen, S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Steffensen, J., Clausen, H., Miller, H., Masson- Delmotte, V., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A., White, J., 2001. Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice-core stations: Camp Century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP. Journal of Quaternary Science 16, 299-307.
Kaplan, M., Wolfe, A., Miller, G., 2002. Holocene environmental variability in southern Greenland inferred from lake sediments. Quaternary Research 58, 149-159.
Kapsner, W.R., Alley, R.B., Shuman, C..A., Anandakrishnan, S., 1995. Dominant control of atmospheric circulation on snow accumulation in central Greenland. Nature 373, 52-54.
Kaufman, D.S., Hopkins, D.M., 1985. Late Cenozoic radiometric dates, Seward and Baldwin Peninsulas and adjacent continental shelf, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85- 374.
Kaufman, D.S., Miller, G.H., Stravers, J.A., Andrews, J.T., 1993. Abrupt early Holocene (9.9- 9.6 ka) ice-stream advance at the mouth of Hudson Strait, Arctic Canada. Geology 21, 1063- 1066.
Kay, P.A., 1979. Multivariate statistical estimates of Holocene vegetation and climate change, forest-tundra transition, NWT, Canada. Quaternary Research 11, 125-140.
Kelly, M., 1980. The status of the neoglacial in western Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 64, 1-26.
Kerwin, M.W., Overpeck, J.T., Webb, R.S., DeVernal, A., Rind, D.H., Healy, R.J., 1999. The role of oceanic forcing in mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere climatic change. Paleoceanography 14, 200-210.
Kerwin, M.W., Overpeck, J.T., Webb, R.S., Anderson, K.H. submitted. Pollen-based summer temperature reconstructions for the eastern Canadian boreal forest, subarctic, and arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews.
Keyser, A.R., Kimball, J.S., Nemani, R.R., Running, S.W., 2000. Simulating the effects of climatic change on the carbon balance of North American high-latitude forests. Global Change Biology 6 (Suppl. 1), 185-195.
Kirby, M.E., Mullins, H.T., Patterson, W.P., Burnett, A.W., 2002. Late glacial-Holocene atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the northeast United States inferred from modern calibrated stable oxygen and carbon isotopes. Bulletin Geological Society of America 114, 1326- 1340.
Koç, N., Jansen, E., 1994. Response of the high latitude northern hemisphere to orbital climate forcing: evidence from the Nordic Seas. Geology 22, 523-526.
Koç, N., Jansen, E., Haflidason, H., 1993. Paleooceanographic reconstruction of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms. Quaternary Science Reviews 12, 115-140.
Koerner, R., Fisher, D., 1990. A record of Holocene summer climate from a Canadian high- Arctic ice core. Nature 343, 630-631.
Kozhevnikov, Yu.P., 1981. Ecology-floristic changes in the middle part of the Anadyr River basin. In: . Mazurenko, M.T. (Ed.), Biology of Plants and Flora of North of the Far East. Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far East Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, pp. 65-78.
Kutzbach, J.E., Guetter, P.J., 1986. The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18,000 years. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43, 1726-1759.
Lacourse, T, Gajewski, K., 2000. Late Quaternary vegetation history of Sulphur Lake, southwest Yukon Territory, Canada. Arctic 53, 27-35.
Lev, D.J., 1987. Balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) in Alaska: Ecology and growth response to climate. MS Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
Levac, E., deVernal, A., 1997. Postglacial changes of terrestrial and marine environments along the Labrador coast: Palynological evidence from cores 91-045-005 and 91-045-006, Cartwright Saddle. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, 1358-1365.
Levac, E., deVernal, A., Blake, W. J., 2001. Sea-surface conditions in northernmost Baffin Bay during the Holocene: Palynological evidence. Journal of Quaternary Science 16, 353-363.
Levy, L.B., Kaufman, D.S., Werner, A., 2003. Holocene glacier fluctuations, Waskey Lake, northeastern Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska. The Holocene, in press.
Leverington, D.W., Mann, J.D., Teller, J.T., 2002. Changes in the bathymetry and volume of Glacial Lake Agassiz between 9200 and 7700 14C yr B.P. Quaternary Research 57, 244-252.
Licciardi, J.M., Teller, J.T., Clark, P.U., 1999. Freshwater routing by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. In: Clark, P.U., Webb, R.S., Keigwin, L.D. (Eds.), Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales. American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., pp. 177-201.
Lorenz, S., Grieger, B. Helbig, P. Herterich K., 1996. Investigating the sensitivity of the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM3 to paleoclimatic boundary conditions. Geol Rundsch 85, 513-524.
Lozhkin, A.V., Anderson, P.M., Brubaker, L.B., Prokhorova, T.P., 1995. The first results of palynological analyses of lacustrine sediments from Chukotka. Doklady Akademii Nauk 342, 540-542.
Lozhkin, A.V., Anderson, P.M., Brubaker, L.B., Kotov, A.N., Kotova, L.N., Prokhorova, T.P., 1998a. The herb pollen zone from sediments of glacial lakes. In: Simakov, K.V. (Ed.), Environmental Changes in Beringia During the Quaternary. North East Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, pp. 96-111.
Lozhkin, A.V., Hopkins, D.M., Solomatkina, T.B., Eisner, W.R., and Brigham-Grette, J., 1998b. Radiocarbon dates and palynological characteristics of peat from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. In: Simakov, K.V. (Ed.), Environmental Changes in Beringia During the Quaternary. North East Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, pp. 9-27.
Lozhkin, A.V., Anderson, P.M., Vartanyan, S.L., Brown, T.A., Belaya, B.V., and Kotov, A.N., 2001. Reconstructions of late Quaternary paleo-environments and modern pollen data from Wrangel Island (northern Chukotka). Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 217-233.
Luterbacher, J, Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Rickli, R., Jacobeit, J., Beck, C., Gyalistras, D., Schmutz, C., Wanner, H., 2002. Reconstruction of sea level pressure fields over the eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 500. Climate Dynamics 18, 545-561.
Mann, D. H., Crowell, A.L., Hamilton, T.D., Finney, B.P., 1998. Holocene geologic and climatic history around the Gulf of Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 35, 112-131.
Mann, D.H., Peteet, D.M., Reanier, R.E., Kunz, M.L., 2002. Responses of an arctic landscape to late glacial and early Holocene climatic changes: the importance of moisture. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 997-1021.
MacDonald, G., 1983. Holocene vegetation history of the upper Natla River area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research 15, 169-180.
MacDonald, G.M., 1987. Postglacial vegetation history of the Mackenzie River Basin. Quaternary Research 28, 245-262.
MacDonald, G.M., Gajewski, K., 1992. The northern treeline of Canada. In: Janelle, D.G. (Ed.), Geographical Snapshots of North America. Guilford Press, New York, pp. 34-37.
MacDonald, G.M., McLeod, T.K., 1996. The Holocene closing of the 'ice-free' corridor. Quaternary International 32, 87-95.
MacDonald, G.M., Edwards, T., Moser, K., Pienitz, R., 1993. Rapid response of treeline vegetation and lakes to past climate warming. Nature 361, 243-246.
Manley, W.F., 2002. Postglacial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge: A geospatial animation: INSTAAR, University of Colorado, v1, http://instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/bering_land_bridge.
Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Twickler, M.S. Whitlow, S.I, Yang, Q., Lyons, W B., Prentice, M., 1997. Major features and forcing of high-latitude northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation using a 110,000-year-long glaciochemical series. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 26345-26366.
McCulloch, D., Hopkins, D.M., 1966. Evidence for an early recent warm interval in northwestern Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 77, 1089-1108.
McGowan, S., Ryves, D.B., Anderson, N.J., 2003. Holocene records of effective precipitation in west Greenland. The Holocene 13, 239-249.
Miller, G., Mode, W., Wolfe, A., Sauer, P., Bennike, O., Forman, S., Short, S., Stafford, T. Jr., 1999. Stratified interglacial lacustrine sediments from Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: Chronology and paleoenvironmental implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 789-810.
Mitchell, J.F.B., 1990. Greenhouse warming: is the mid-Holocene a good analogue? Journal of Climate 3, 1177-1192.
Mitchell, J.F.B., Grahame, N.S., Needham, K.J., 1988. Climate simulations for 9000 years before present: Seasonal variations and effect of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research 93, 8283-8303.
Mock, C.J., Bartlein, P.J., Anderson, P.A., 1998. Atmospheric circulation patterns and spatial climatic variations in Beringia. International Journal of Climatology 18, 1085-1104.
Mode, W., 1980. Quaternary stratigraphy and palynology of the Clyde Foreland, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada. PhD dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, 233 pp.
Mode, W., Jacobs, J., 1987. Surficial geology and palynology, inner Frobisher Bay. In: Glacial Geology and Holocene events, southern Baffin Island, NWT: Guidebook for Field Trip C2, 12th International Congress, International Union for Quaternary Research, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 53- 62.
Moore, J.J., 1996. Late Quaternary glacial and climatic history of the Cape Dyer area eastern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, Canada: A rock magnetic and varved sediment investigation of Donard Lake. Master’s thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 175 pp.
Moore, J.J., Hughen, K.A., Miller, G.H., Overpeck, J.T., 2001. Little Ice Age recorded in summer temperature reconstruction from varved sediments of Donard Lake, Baffin Island, Canada. Journal Paleolimnology 25, 503-517.
Moritz, R.E., Bitz, C.M., Steig, E.J., 2002. Dynamics of recent climate change in the Arctic. Science 297, 1497-1502.
Moser, K., MacDonald, G., 1990. Holocene vegetation change at treeline north of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Quaternary Research 34, 227-239.
Mott, R., 1978. Populus in late-Pleistocene pollen spectra. Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 1021- 1031.
Mysak, L.A., Power, S.B., 1992. Sea-ice anomalies in the western Arctic and Greenland-Iceland Sea and their relation to an interdecadal climate cycle. Climatological Bulletin 26, 147-176.
Nelson, R.E., Carter, L.D., 1987. Paleoenvironmental analysis of insects and extralimital Populus from an early Holocene site on the Arctic Slope of Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 19 230-241.
Nesje, A., Johannessen, T., 1992. What were the primary forcing mechanisms of high-frequency Holocene climate and glacier variations? The Holocene 2, 79-84. Nichols, H., 1975. Palynological and paleoclimatic study of the late Quaternary displacement of the boreal forest-tundra ecotone in Keewatin and Mackenzie, NWT, Canada. University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research Occasional Paper15, 87 pp.
Noren, A.J., Bierman, P.R., Steig, E.J., Lini, A., Southon, J.A., 2002. Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene. Nature 419, 821-824.
O'Brien, S.R., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Meese, D.A., Twickler, M.S., Whitlow, S.I., 1995. Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science 270, 1962- 1964.
Oswald, W., Brubaker, L., Anderson, P., 1999. Late Quaternary vegetational history of the Howard Pass area, northwestern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 77, 570-581.
Payette, S., Lavoie, C., 1994. The arctic treeline as a record of past and recent climatic changes. Environmental Reviews 2, 78-90.
Peltier, W.R., 1994. Ice age paleotopography. Science 265, 195-201.
Pfeffer,W.T., Dyurgerov, M., Kaplan, M., Dywer, J., Sassolas, C., Jennings, A., Raup, B., Manley W., 1997. Numerical modeling of late glacial Laurentide advance of ice across Hudson Strait: Insights into terrestrial and marine geology, mass balance, and calving flux. Paleoceanography 12, 97-110.
Pienitz, R., Smol, J., MacDonald, G., 1999. Paleolimnological reconstruction of Holocene climatic trends from two boreal treeline lakes, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 31, 82-93.
Pienitz, R., Smol, J.P., Last, W.M., Leavitt, P.R., Cumming, B.F., 2000. Multi-proxy Holocene palaeoclimatic record from a saline lake in the Canadian Subarctic. The Holocene 10, 673-686.
Pollard, D., Bergengren, J.C., Stillwell-Soller, L.M., Felzer, B., Thompson, S.L., 1998. Climate simulations for 10000 and 6000 years BP using the GENESIS global climate model. Paleoclimates 2, 183-218.
Porter, L., 1988. Late Pleistocene fauna of Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska. Arctic 41, 303-313. Rampton, V.N., 1988. Quaternary geology of the Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 423.
Richard, P.J.H., 1977. Histoire post-wisconsinienne de la végétation du Quebec méridional par l'analyse pollinique. Service de la recherche, Direction générale des forêts, Ministère des Terres et Forêts du Québec. Publications et rapports divers. Tome 1, xxiv + 312 p.; tome 2, 142 p.Richard, P.J.H., 1981. Paléophytogéographie postlaciaire en Ungava par l’analyse pollinique. Paléo-Quebec No 13. 154 pp.
Richard, P.J.H., 1995. Le couvert vegetal du Québec-Labrador il y a 6000 ans BP: Essai. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 49, 117-140.
Rimbu, N., Lohmann, G., Felis, T., Pätzold, 2001. Arctic Oscillation signature in a Red Sea coral. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2959-262.
Rimbu, N., Lohmann, G., Kim, J.-H., Arz, W., Schneider, R., 2003. Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation signature in Holocene sea surface temperature trends as obtained from alkenone data. Geophyscial Research Letters 30(6), 1280. doi:10.1029/2002GL016570.
Ritchie, J.C., 1984. Past and Present Vegetation of the Far Northwest of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 251 pp.
Ritchie, J. C., Cwynar, L.C., 1982. The late Quaternary vegetation of the north Yukon. In: Hopkins, D, Matthews, J., Jr., Schweger, C., Young, S. (Eds.), Paleoecology of Beringia. Academic Press.
Ritchie, J.C., Hare, F., 1971. Late-Quaternary vegetation and climate near the arctic tree line of northwestern North America. Quaternary Research 1, 331-342.
Ritchie, J.C., Cwynar, L.C., Spear, R.W., 1983. Evidence from northwest Canada for an early Holocene Milankovitch thermal maximum. Nature 305, 126-128.
Rühland, K., 2001. Diatom assemblage shifts relative to changes in environmental and climatic conditions in circumpolar treeline regions of the Canadian and Siberian Arctic. Ph.D. disseration, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 265 pp.
Rupp, T.S., Chapin, F.S., III, Starfield, A.M., 2000. Response of subarctic vegetation to transient climatic change on the Seward Peninsula in northwest Alaska. Global Change Biology 6, 541- 555.
Sawada, M, Gajewski, K, deVernal A., Richard, P., 1999. Comparison of marine and terrestrial Holocene climates in eastern North America. The Holocene 9, 267-278.
Serreze, M.C., Box, J.E., Barry, R.G., Walsh, J.E., 1993. Characteristics of arctic synoptic activity, 1952-1989. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 51, 147-164.
Serreze, M.C., Walsh, J.E., Chapin F.S., III, Osterkamp, T., Dyurgerov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel, W.C., Morison, J., Zhang, T., Barry, R.G., 2000. Observation evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change 46, 159-207.
Shephard, M.E., 1995. Plant ecology and classification of the Yakutat Foreland, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region Report R10-TP-56, Sitka, Alaska, 206 pp + 26 pp of appendices.
Shilo, N.A., Lozhkin, A.V., Anderson, P.M., Belaya, B.V., Stetsenko, T.V., Glushkova, O. Yu., Brigramh-Grette, J., Mellis, M., Minyuk, P.S., Novachek, N., Forman, S., 2001. First continuous pollen record of climate and vegetation changes in the Bering Sea region for the past 300 ka. Doklady Akademii Nauk 376, 231-234.
Shindell, D.T., Schmidt, G.A., Mann, M.E., Rind, D., Waple, A., 2001. Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum. Science 294, 2149-2152.
Short, S.K., Andrews, J.T., Williams, K.M., Weiner, N.J., Elias, S.A., 1994. Late Quaternary marine and terrestrial environments, northwestern Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 48, 85-95.
Short, S.K., Nichols, H., 1977. Holocene pollen diagrams from subarctic Labrador-Ungava: Vegetational history and climatic change. Arctic and Alpine Research 9, 265-290.
Smith, L.M., 2001. Holocene environmental reconstruction of the continental shelves adjacent to the Denmark Strait. PhD dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, 219 pp.
Smith, R.I., 2002. Diatom-based Holocene paleoenvironmental records from continental sites on northeastern Ellesmere Island, high Arctic, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology 27, 9-28.
Smith, L.M., Miller, G.H., Otto-Bliesner, B., Shin, S-I., 2003. Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere climate system to extreme changes in Holocene Arctic sea ice. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 645-658.
Smol, J.P., 1983. Paleophycology of a high Arctic lake near Cape Herschel, Ellesmere Island. Canadian Journal of Botany 61, 2195-2204.
Sorenson, C.J., 1977. Reconstructed Holocene bioclimates. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67, 214-222.
Spear, R.W., 1983. Paleoecological approaches to a study of treeline fluctuations in the Mackenzie Delta Region, Northwest Territories. Preliminary results. In: Morisset, P., Payette, S. (Eds.), Tree-line Ecology. Nordicana 47, 61-72.
Spear, R.W., 1993. The palynological record of Late-Quaternary arctic tree-line in northwestern Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 79, 99-111.
Steig, E.J., 1999. Mid-Holocene climate change. Science 286, 1485-1487.
Stuiver, M., Reiner, P.J., 1993. Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35, 215-230.
Stuiver, M., Grootes, P.M., Braziunas, T.F., 1995. The GISP2 d18O climate record of the past 16,500 years and the role of the Sun, ocean, and volcanoes. Quaternary Research 44, 341-354
Szeicz, J.M., MacDonald, G.M., 2001. Montane climate and vegetation dynamics in easternmost Beringia during the Late Quaternary. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 247-257.
Szeicz, J. M., MacDonald, G. M., Duk-Rodkin, A., 1995. Late Quaternary vegetation history of the central Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 113, 351-371.
Teller, J.T., Leverington, D.W., Mann, J.D., 2002. Freshwater outbursts to the oceans from glacial Lake Aggassiz and their role in climate change during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 879-888.
TEMPO, 1996. Feedbacks between climate and the boreal forest during the Holocene epoch. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10, 727-736.
TenBrink, N.W., Waythomas, C., 1985. Late Wisconsin glacial chronology of the north-central Alaska Range; A regional synthesis and its implications for early human settlements. In Powers, W.R. (Ed.), North Alaska Range Early Man Project. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 15-32.
Thompson, D.W.J., Wallace, J.M., 1998. The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophyscial Research Letters 25, 1297-1300.
Vardy, S.R., Warner, B.G., Aravena, R., 1997. Holocene climate effects on the development of a peatland on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Northwest Territories. Quaternary Research 47, 90 104.
Vardy, S.R., Warner, B.G., Aravena, R., 1998. Holocene climate and the development of a subarctic peatland near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Climatic Change 40, 285-313.
Vartanyan, S.L., 1997. The last Beringian survivors: Interdisciplinary paleogeographical studies on Wrangel Island, east Siberia. Beringian Paleoenvironments Workshop, Florissant, Colorado,155-158.
Vasari, Y., Vasari, A., 1990. L´histoire Holocéne des lacs Islandais. In: Devers, S. (Ed.), Pour Jean Malaurie. Editions Plon, Paris, 277-293.
Vavrus, S.J., 1999. The response of the coupled Arctic sea ice-atmospheric system to orbital forcing and ice motion at 6 kyr and 115 kyr BP. Journal of Climate 12, 873-896.
Vavrus, S.J., Harrison, S.P., in press. The impact of sea ice dynamics on the arctic climate system. Climate Dynamics.
Viau, A., 2003. Millennial-scale climate variability in North America during the past 14,000 years. PhD dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ontario, 319 pp.
Wagner, B., Melles, M., 2001. A Holocene seabird record from Raffles Sø sediments, East Greenland, in response to climatic and oceanic changes. Boreas 30, 228-239.
Wagner, B., Melles, M., 2002. Holocene environmental history of western Ymer Ø, East Greenland, inferred from lake sediments. Quaternary International 89, 165-176.
Wagner, B. Melles, M., Hahne, J., Niessen, F., Hubberten, H.W., 2000. Holocene climate history of Geolgraphical Society Ø, east Greenland-evidence from lake sediments. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 160, 45-68.
Wastl, M., Stötter, J., Caseldine, C., 2001. Reconstruction of Holocene variations of the upper limit of tree or shrub birch growth in northern Iceland based on evidence from Vesturárdalur- Skíadalur, Tröllaskagi. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 33, 191-203.
Weber, F.R., Hamilton, T.D., Hopkins, D.M., Repenning, C.A., Haas, H., 1981. Canyon Creek: A late Plesitocene vertebrate locality in interior Alaska. Quaternary Research 16, 167-180.
White, J.W.C., Barlow, L.K., Fisher, D., Grootes, P., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S.J., Stuiver M., Clausen, H., 1997. The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from Summit, Greenland: Results of comparisons with modern climate observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (C12), 26425-26439.
Willemse, N., Törnqvist, T., 1999. Holocene century-scale temperature variability from West Greenland lake records. Geology 27, 580-584.
Wolfe, A., 1994. Late Wisconsinan and Holocene diatom stratigraphy from Amarok Lake, Baffin Island, NWT, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology 10, 129-139
Wolfe, A., 1996. A high-resolution late-glacial and early Holocene diatom record from Baffin Island, eastern Canadian Arctic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, 928-937.
Wolfe, B.B., Edwards, T.W.D., Aravena, R., Forman, S.L., Warner, B.G., Velichko, A.A., MacDonald, G.M., 2000. Holocene paleohydrology and paleoclimate at treeline, north-central Russia, inferred from oxygen isotope records in lake sediment cellulose. Quaternary Research 53, 319-329.
Wolfe, B.B., Edwards, T.W.D., Aravena, R., MacDonald, G.M., 1996. Rapid Holocene hydrologic change along boreal treeline revealed by d13C and d18O in organic lake sediments, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology 15, 171-181.
Wooller, M.J., Francis, D., Fogel, M.L., Miller, G.H., Walker, I.R., Wolfe, A.P, in review. Quantitative paleotemperature estimates from d18O in chironomid head capsules from arctic lake sediment. Geology.
Zielinski, G.A., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Whitlow, S., Twickler, M.S., Morrison, M., Meese, D.A., Gow, A.J., Alley, R.B., 1994. Record of volcanism since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano-climate system. Science 264, 948- 952.
Zoltai, S.C., 1995. Permafrost distribution in peatlands of west-central Canada during the Holoocene warm period 6000 years B.P. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 49, 45-54.
Zoltai, S.C., Tarnocai, C., 1975. Perennially frozen peatlands in the western Arctic and Subarctic of Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 28-43.
Zoltai, S.C., Vitt, D.H., 1990. Holocene climatic change and the distribution of peatlands in western interior Canada. Quaternary Research 33, 231-240.