Aguilar, A. and J. Nadal (1984). Obtencion de biopsias hipodermicas de cetaceos en libertad. [Getting hypodermic biopsies from free-ranging cetaceans]. Investigacion Pesquera 48(1): 23-29. ISSN: 0020-9953.
Descriptors: cetaceans, free ranging, biopsies, hypodermic.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Ali, M.N.M. (1999). Laboratory investigations in dolphins, Tursiops truncatus and sea cat, Odobeivus rosmarus affected with haemorrhagic septicaemia in the media production city in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association (Egypt) 59(2-3): 315-335.
Descriptors: Tursiops, sea catfish, hemorrhagic septicaemia, microbiological analysis, histopathology, clinical trials, Egypt, Africa, bacterioses, biological analysis, Cetacea, dolphins, experimentation, fishes, infectious diseases, mammals, North Africa, pathology, saltwater fishes.
Language of Text: English summary.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Twenty Fourth Arab Veterinary Medical Congress, Cairo, Egypt, May 8-12, 1999.
Alzieu, C., R. Duguy, and P. Babin (1982). France: Pathologie des Delphinidae: contamination foetale et neo-natale par les PCB [polychlorobiphenyles] lesions cutanees ulceratives [Mediterranee, composes organochlores, intoxication, dauphins, marsouins, littoral francais. [Delphinidae pathology: fetal and neonatal contamination by PCB's [polychlorobiphenyls], cutaneous ulcerative lesions [Mediterranean sea, organochlorine compounds, pollutants, dolphins, porpoises, littoral zone]. Revue Des Travaux De L'Institut Des Peches Maritimes 46(2): 157-166. ISSN: 0035-2276.
Descriptors: pathology, Delphinidae, fetal, neonatal, contamination, PCB's, Mediterranean, dolphins, porpoises, pollutants.
Language of Text: French and English summaries.
Andre, M. and A. Fernandez. (2000). El papel de la ciencia veterinaria en el concepto multidisciplinar de conservacion de los mamiferos marinos: un caso estudiado de contaminacion acustica. [Veterinary science, the other end of a multipdisciplinary approach for the conservation of marine mammals: a case study of noise pollution on cetaceans]. Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Veterinary Science and the Environment. Globalizacion Medioambiental Perspectivas Agrosanitarias y Urbanas. Actas del I Congreso Internacional de Veterinaria y Medio Ambiente, October, 1998, Madrid [Spain], p. 133-138. 809 p. ISBN: 84-491-0458-0.
Descriptors: Canary Islands, Cetacea, aquatic mammals, marine areas, habitats, environmental degradation, endangered species, nature conservation, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, ecosystems, Europe, mammals, resource conservation, resource management, Southern Europe, Spain, species, taxa, Western Europe.
Anonymous (2003). Dolphins with the bends. Biodiversity (Ottawa) 4(4): 36. ISSN: 1488-8386.
Descriptors: marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, nervous system, neural coordination, population studies, decompression sickness, injury, sonar activity.
Anonymous. (2000). Marine wildlife: the Fabian Fay course for veterinarians, 4-8 September 2000: Fabian Fay course for veterinarians. Proceedings (University of Sydney. Post-Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science), Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney: Sydney, N.S.W., 478 p. ISBN: 1875582932.
NAL Call Number: SF604.R37 no. 335
Abstract: "Venue: Sea World Nara Resort, Gold Coast." Includes bibliographical references and index.
CONTENTS NOTE: Husbandry, nutrition, handling and anaesthesia of marine turtles / Frances Hulst -- Cetacean strandings -- Marine mammal strandings and the role of the veterinarian -- Ethics of marine wildlife rescue, rehabilitation and release -- Rehabilitation and release of cetaceans and pinnipeds -- Euthanasia of marine mammals -- Handling and transport of cetaceans -- Pinniped capture, restraint, transport, and anesthesia -- Nutrition of piscivorous animals / J.R. Geraci -- Diseases of marine turtles / Roger Kelly and Anita Gordon -- The effects of oil on marine wildlife -- Triage and treatment of oiled seabirds -- The veterinarian's approach to a pinniped ashore -- Veterinary management of seabirds / Larry Vogelnest -- Marine wildlife legislation and the incident control system in Australia / A.W. English -- Conservation of marine wildlife / David Butcher -- Cetaceans -- Pinnipeds / Tracey Rogers -- Dugongs in health and disease / Helene Marsh, Carole Eros and Rachel Webb -- Transport, handling and husbandry of seabirds -- Rehabilitation and release of seabirds / Elizabeth Hall -- Marine turtles / Colin J. Limpus -- Cetacean anatomy and physiology / J.R. Geraci -- Marine mammal necropsy techniques and sample collection -- Diseases of cetaceans and pinnipeds / Padraig J. Duignan.
Descriptors: marine animals, congresses, wildlife rehabilitation, wildlife rescue, oil spills and wildlife.
Baker, J.R. and A.R. Martin (1992). Causes of mortality and parasites and incidnetal lesions in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from British waters. Veterinary Record 130(25): 554-558. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Phocoena, mortality, etiology, pathology, postmortem examinations, disease prevalence, parasitoses, lesions, United Kingdom.
Barnes, G.R.G. and P. Madie (2000). Concluding studies on the failures of electrical lancing of whales. Animal Welfare 9(4): 433-441. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, electrocution, electronarcosis, slaughter, electric current, brain, heart, sea water, pain, animal welfare, current density.
Barnett, J. (2000). Assessment and treatment of wild marine mammals. Part 2. Cetaceans. Irish Veterinary Journal 53(12): 639-649. ISSN: 0368-0762.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 IR4
Descriptors: wild animals, marine mammals, treatment, malnutrition, trauma, heart diseases, body temperature, skin diseases, dehydration, abnormal behavior, Cetacea, whales, dolphins.
Barnett, J. (1998). Treatment of sick and injured marine mammals. In Practice 20(4): 200-211. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL Call Number: SF601.I4
Descriptors: seals, dolphins, trauma, wounds, respiratory diseases, zoonoses, treatment, veterinary products, dosage.
Barnett, J.E., P.D. Jepson, and I.A. Patterson (1999). Drug-induced euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. Veterinary Record 145(10): 292. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Cetacea, euthanasia, analgesics administration and dosage, anesthesia, drug combinations, etorphine administration and dosage, methotrimeprazine administration and dosage.
Barnett, J. and I. Robinson (2003). Marine mammals. In: E. Mullineaux, D. Best and J.E. Cooper (Editors), BSAVA (British Small Animal Veterinary Association) Manual of Wildife Casualties, British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Quedgeley, p. 182-201. ISBN: 0905214633.
NAL Call Number: SF996.45.B73 2003
Descriptors: Phocidae, Cetacea, care in captivity, diagnostic techniques, treatment techniques, parasites diseases and disorders, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Barrett, L.L.G., T.G. Smith, and G.M. Ellis (1996). A cetacean biopsy system using lightweight pneumatic darts, and its effect on the behavior of killer whales. Marine Mammal Science 12(1): 14-27. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Lightweight untethered pneumatic darts were used to biopsy killer whales, Orcinus orca, for genetic and toxicological analysis. Samples of epidermal, dermal, and hypodermal tissue weighing approximately 0.5 g were obtained by 65% of the 91 darts fired during the study. Sufficient DNA for multiple analyses was extracted from the biopsies, which were also used for fatty acid and toxic contaminant analyses. Reactions such as momentary shakes or accelerations were observed after 81% of the dart hits and 53% of the misses. Aversion to the research vessel was assessed by reapproaching target whales after the sampling attempts. In 6% of the hits and 8% of the misses aversion to the research boat increased immediately following the attempt. No similar increases in aversion were seen when killer whales were reapproached one day to one year after being hit. The darts were also tested successfully on humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae. In view of the simplicity of the system, its effectiveness in acquiring multipurpose samples, and the apparently short-term disturbance it caused, it is recommended for future cetacean biopsy studies.
Descriptors: behavior, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, equipment, apparatus, devices and instrumentation, genetics, methods and techniques, population genetics, population studies, systematics and taxonomy, toxicology, DNA, field apparatus, field method, population genetics, toxicology.
Beineke, A., U. Siebert, M. McLachlan, R. Bruhn, K. Thron, K. Failing, G. Muller, and W. Baumgartner (2005). Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Environmental Science and Technology 39(11): 3933-3938. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Abstract: Harbor porpoises from the German North and Baltic Seas exhibit a higher incidence of bacterial infections compared to whales from less polluted arctic waters. The potential adverse effect of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals on the immune system and the health status of marine mammals is still discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), toxaphene, (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichlorethane (DDT), and (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)dichlorethene (DDE) on the immune system of harbor porpoises. Lymphoid organs are influenced by a variety of factors, and therefore special emphasis was given to separating the confounding effect of age, health status, nutritional state, geographical location, and sex from the effect of contaminant levels upon thymus and spleen. Contaminant analysis and detailed pathological examinations were conducted on 61 by-caught and stranded whales from the North and Baltic Seas and Icelandic and Norwegian waters. Stranded harbor porpoises were more severely diseased than by-caught animals. Thymic atrophy and splenic depletion were significantly correlated to increased PCB and PBDE levels. However, lymphoid depletion was also associated with emaciation and an impaired health status. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced immunosuppression, possibly contributing to disease susceptibility in harbor porpoises. However, further studies are needed to determine if lymphoid depletion is primarily contaminant-induced or secondary to disease and emaciation in this cetacean species.
Descriptors: harbor porpoise, Baltic Sea, thymus, spleen, environmental contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls, immunosuppression.
Blackmore, D.K., P. Madie, and G.R.G. Barnes (1997). Observations on the electric lance and the welfare of whales: a critical appraisal. Animal Welfare 6(1): 43-51. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, stunning, brain, heart, electrical conductivity, pain, animal welfare, whaling, inhumane treatment.
Blackmore, D.K., P. Madie, M.C. Bowling, A. Nutman, A.S. Davies, W.R. McLeod, J. Taylor, and M. Degen (1995). The use of a shotgun for euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43(4): 158-159. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Abstract: A 12-gauge shotgun, loaded with either a solid 28 g lead slug or buckshot consisting of nine individual lead pellets with a total mass of 28 g, was used to shoot the heads of one dead common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and five dead long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melaena) varying in length from 2.5 m to 5 m. The dolphin and the smallest pilot whale were shot with both projectiles from the dorsal surface of the head. The projectiles penetrated the head and dorsal surface of the skull, but not the base of the cranium. This site using buckshot was not effective in the larger animals. Two whales between 3 and 4 m in length were shot with buckshot through the lateral side of the head caudal to and above the eye, without penetration of the contralateral side of the head. It is concluded that shooting smaller cetaceans with a shotgun can be effective and safe. Further work is required to develop more suitable projectiles for cetaceans up to the size of mature pilot whales.
Descriptors: euthanasia, cetaceans, dolphin, pilot whales, shotgun, penetration, projectiles, stranded.
Bonar, C.J. and R.A. Wagner (2003). A third report of "golf ball disease" in an Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) associated with Streptococcus iniae. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34(3): 296-301. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: An Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) developed a dermatologic syndrome characterized by the occurrence of slow-growing, nodular, s.c. abscesses. Initial biopsies, cultures, and cytologic analysis of needle aspirates from the abscesses indicated steatitis with probable secondary, gram-negative bacterial infection. Treatment with dietary vitamin E supplement and broad-spectrum antibiotics yielded minimal improvement. Subsequent cultures revealed Streptococcus iniae in addition to several gram-negative bacteria. Vigorous surgical management of the abscesses, including lancing, debridement, and irrigation, combined with antimicrobial therapy specific for Streptococcus and gram-negative organisms, and improvement of the animal's diet and environmental water quality led to gradual recovery. When the animal was ill, it demonstrated an inflammatory leukogram and transient uremia. Streptococcus iniae is a serious pathogen of aquacultured fishes and humans and should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic dermatopathy in river dolphins. Specific antimicrobial therapy, excellent water quality, surgical management of abscesses, and adherence to sanitary protocols should be observed in cases of suspected S. iniae infection in dolphins.
Descriptors: abscess, anti bacterial agents therapeutic use, dolphins microbiology, streptococcal infections, abscess drug therapy, abscess microbiology, abscess surgery, gram negative bacteria isolation and purification, gram negative bacteria pathogenicity, gram negative bacterial infections drug therapy, gram negative bacterial infections pathology, gram negative bacterial infections surgery, gram negative bacterial infections, streptococcal infections drug therapy, streptococcal infections pathology, streptococcal infections surgery, streptococcus isolation and purification, streptococcus pathogenicity, treatment outcome, water standards.
Borrens, M., J.M. Bouquegneau, and C. Joiris. (1990). Pathologic, microbiologic and toxicologic findings on porpoises stranded along the Belgian seashore. Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the Federation of Asian Veterinary Associations (FAVA). Bangkok (Thailand), November 4, 1990-November 7, 1990, Chonburi (Thailand), Royal Thai Veterinary Medical Association, Bangkok (Thailand): Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok (Thailand), p. 422-432. ISBN: 974-578-204-1.
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, Pinnipedia, Cetacea, parasitology, lesions, pollution, mercury, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, Carnivora, elements, heavy metals, metallic elements.
Bossart, G.D., R. Ewing, A.J. Herron, C. Cray, B. Mase, S.J. Decker, J.W. Alexander, and N.H. Altman (1997). Immunoblastic malignant lymphoma in dolphins: histologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9(4): 454-458. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call Number: SF774.J68
Descriptors: lymphoma, lymph nodes, dolphins, spleen, histopathology, ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, case reports, Florida, Mississippi.
Bossart, G.D., S.J. Decker and R.Y. Ewing (2002). Cytopathology of cutaneous viral papillomatosis in the killer whale, Orcinus orca. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 213-224. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, viral diseases, papillomatosis, cytopathology.
Bossart, G.D., R. Meisner, R. Varela, M. Mazzoil, S.D. McCulloch, D. Kilpatrick, R. Friday, E. Murdoch, B. Mase, and R.H. Defran (2003). Pathologic findings in stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Florida Scientist 66(3): 226-238. ISSN: 0098-4590.
NAL Call Number: 500 F66
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, diseases and disorders, mortality, lagoon habitat, north Atlantic, USA, Florida, Indian River Lagoon, stranding records and pathology.
Bowenkamp, K.E., S.D.I.A. Frasca Jr., G.J. Tsongalis, C. Koerting, L. Hinckley, S. De Guise, R.J. Montali, C.E. Goertz, D.J. St. Aubin, and J.L. Dunn (2001). Mycobacterium marinum dermatitis and panniculitis with chronic pleuritis in a captive white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) with aortic rupture. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13(6): 524-30. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call Number: SF774.J68
Abstract: A 16-year-old female white whale, Delphinapterus leucas, died after nearly 18 months of chronic lymphopenia and pyogranulomatous dermatitis. Necropsy revealed rupture of the aorta with hemorrhage into the cranial mediastinum and between fascial planes of the ventral neck musculature. Multiple foci of ulcerative dermatitis and panniculitis were present across the thorax and abdomen and surrounded the genital folds. In addition, there was a chronic proliferative pleuritis with over 20 liters of histiocytic exudate in the thoracic cavity. Acid-fast bacteria consistent with Mycobacterium sp. were identified in sections of skin lesions and in cytospins of pleural exudate. Cultures of pleura and 1 skin lesion collected at necropsy yielded sparse growth of an acid-fast bacillus with colony characteristics and morphology consistent with Mycobacterium marinum. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis confirmed the presence of M. marinum DNA in samples of skin. This is the first documented occurrence of mycobacteriosis in a white whale and is a unique presentation of mycobacterial dermatitis and panniculitis with chronic pleuritis in a cetacean. The improved PCR-RFLP protocol utilized in this case unifies techniques from several protocols to differentiate between species of Nocardia and rapidly growing mycobacteria clinically relevant to aquatic animals.
Descriptors: aortic rupture, dermatitis, mycobacterium infections, atypical, Mycobacterium marinum isolation and purification, panniculitis, pleural diseases, whales microbiology, chronic disease, DNA, bacterial analysis, dermatitis microbiology, fatal outcome, mycobacterium infections, atypical complications, Mycobacterium marinum pathogenicity, panniculitis microbiology, pleural diseases microbiology, polymerase chain reaction, polymorphism, restriction fragment length.
Brakes, P. and C. Bamber (2004). Euthanasia of cetaceans. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 78-83. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, philosophy and ethics, killing techniques, euthanasia.
Brook, F.M. (2001). Ultrasonographic imaging of the reproductive organs of the female bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus aduncas. Reproduction 121(3): 419-28. ISSN: 1470-1626.
NAL Call Number: QP251.J75
Abstract: Routine ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract was performed for periods of up to 10 years in ten female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus aduncas) in Hong Kong. The ovaries could be reliably and repeatedly identified, lying close to the body surface, in the angle formed by the rectus abdominus and hypaxialis lumborum muscles, and were most easily located by scanning in the transverse plane from the proximal end of the genital slit towards the head. The ovaries are ovoid, with a relatively hypoechoic cortex around a central echogenic mesovarium. The echogenicity of the ovarian parenchyma appeared to increase with increasing age. This may be the result of age-related changes, such as increased fat deposition or fibrosis, or of ovarian 'scars' from multiple ovulations. Small antral follicles, developing follicles and corpora lutea can be identified within the ovarian cortex. Owing to its shape and lack of a definitive border, plus the close relationship to the intestines, the contents of which may obstruct the ultrasound beam, the non-pregnant uterus was not so easily visualized. The endometrium was poorly differentiated and difficult to see. To date, examination of the uterus using ultrasonography has provided little information about endometrial changes during the ovarian cycle in this group of dolphins. Real-time diagnostic ultrasonography provides a means to image the morphology of the reproductive organs in live female dolphins directly and provides a valuable means of assessing reproductive events in this species.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, ovary ultrasonography, reproduction, uterus ultrasonography, aging, corpus luteum ultrasonography, gestational age, ovarian follicle ultrasonography, ovulation.
Brook, F. (1994). Ultrasound diagnosis of anencephaly in the fetus of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncas). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25(4): 569-574. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: A young female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncas) exhibited signs of lethargy and inappettance for 48 hr. Routine blood chemistry and physical evaluation were negative. Diagnostic ultrasonography was performed. The only finding was a viable pregnancy in the left uterine horn. The dolphin quickly regained normal health and behavior. Two weeks after the original examination, a detailed sonographic assessment of fetal morphology was performed. The fetal skull base appeared disproportionately small, and the cranium could not be identified; a severe neural tube defect was suspected. At term, an uncomplicated, spontaneous delivery produced a stillborn male anencephalic calf. This is the first report of anencephaly in a dolphin fetus and of the prenatal sonographic appearance of this fetal abnormality.
Descriptors: development, methods and techniques, nervous system, neural coordination, pathology, radiology, medical sciences, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, case study, diagnostic method, pathoanatomy.
Brook, F., E.H.T. Lim, F.H.C. Chua, and B. Mackay (2004). Assessment of the reproductive cycle of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis, using ultrasonography. Aquatic Mammals 30(1): 137-148. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: This project was aimed to collect data about the ovarian cycle of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis, using sonographic examination of the ovaries and serum hormone level assessment. The ovaries of two nonpregnant females were assessed at least once weekly, and one pregnant female was assessed when possible. A total of 15 normal ovarian cycles, one episode of follicular atresia, and one episode of a luteinized cystic follicle were detected using ultrasonography and serum progesterone levels. Two more cycles were detected on serum progesterone levels but not on ultrasonography. The mean ovarian cycle, mean follicular phase, mean follicle diameter measured just before ovulation, mean luteal phase, and average diameter of the corpus luteum were determined. Data showed an irregular pattern of ovarian cycling, varying between and within subjects. Serum progesterone and estradiol levels were measured one to three times per month in two females and intermittently in one other female. Recorded progesterone and estradiol levels during the follicular phase, luteal phase, and anestrus are reported. Progesterone levels during pregnancy are also included.
Descriptors: reproductive system, reproduction, follicular atresia, reproductive system disease, female, diagnosis, epidemiology, luteinized cystic follicle, ultrasonography, imaging and microscopy techniques, mean follicle diameter, mean follicular phase, mean luteal phase, mean ovarian cycle, ovarian cycle, pregnancy, reproductive physiology.
Brook, F.M. and R.E. Kinoshita (2005). Controlled unassisted breeding of captive Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus, using ultrasonography. Aquatic Mammals 31(1): 89-95. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Ultrasonographic monitoring of folliculogenesis and prediction of ovulation was used for ten years to control breeding in a group of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) at Ocean Park, Hong Kong, where male and female dolphins were housed separately from 1991. When folliculogenesis was identified in a selected female, the cycle was monitored until ovulation was predicted within the next 12 to 24 h; a male was selected and then placed with the female overnight.Ultrasonography was repeated the next morning to determine ovulation. If ovulation had occurred, the animals were separated; if not, the pair remained together until ovulation was confirmed. Ultrasonography was subsequently used to monitor the development of the corpus luteum and to identify pregnancy. This procedure was conducted 11 times between 1993 and 2003.In nine cases, ovulation was predicted accurately and occurred within 24 hours. In two cases, ovulation occurred within two to four days of the predicted date. In ten cases, pregnancy ensued. To date, nine calves have been born live after gestation lengths of 349-382 days.
Descriptors: veterinary medicine, medical sciences, radiology, medical sciences, reproduction, controlled unassisted breeding, applied and field techniques, ultrasonography, laboratory techniques, diagnostic techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, pregnancy, ovulation, folliculogenesis.
Brown, M.R., P.J. Corkeron, P.T. Hale, K.W. Schultz, and M.M. Bryden (1994). Behavioral responses of east Australian humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae to biopsy sampling. Marine Mammal Science 10(4): 391-400. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: The response of migrating humpback whales to biopsy sampling was investigated off North Stradbroke Island, South East Queensland. Whales were allocated a behavioral category prior to biopsy sampling according to the general behavior of their pod. Behavioral reactions were recorded after each attempt. Sex was determined using a molecular genetic technique. Detectable reactions occurred in 41.6% of successful biopsy attempts, a significantly lower response rate than that reported by two studies carried out on the feeding and breeding grounds of the North Atlantic. There was no difference in the response rate of whales on their northward or southward migration. Pod size was not an important factor in predicting the response of an individual. Females responded to biopsy sampling at a significantly higher rate than males. Our results indicate that a substantial difference in response rate can occur between studies. Factors such as the type of boat used and the prior exposure of whales to human impact may be of importance. Our study suggests that female humpback whales may be particularly responsive to human disturbances. Overall, however, biopsy sampling has minimal impact on humpback whales.
Descriptors: behavior, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, ecology, environmental sciences, genetics, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, population genetics, population studies, gender differences, migration, molecular genetics, sex determination.
Butterworth, A., S.C. Kestin, and J.F. McBain (2004). Evaluation of baseline indices of sensibility in captive cetaceans. Veterinary Record 155(17): 513-518. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: captive, cetaceans, sensitivity, baseline, evaluation.
Butterworth, A., L. Sadler, T.G. Knowles, and S.C. Kestin (2004). Evaluating possible indicators of insensibility and death in cetacea. Animal Welfare 13(1): 13-17. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, consciousness, animal welfare, Cetacea, insensibility.
Butterworth, A. (2004). Review of criteria for determining death and insensibility in cetacea. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 84-89. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whaling, review of criteria for determining time of death, killing techniques, mortality.
Byard, R.W., J.D. Gilbert, S.E. Gibbs, and C.M. Kemper (2003). Cetacean cafe coronary. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 10(2): 85-88. ISSN: 1353-1131.
Abstract: The carcass of a young adult male Indian Ocean Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops cf aduncus) was found floating in an estuary near Adelaide, South Australia. An autopsy revealed that death had been caused by obstruction of the upper aerodigestive tract by a 660 mm Cobbler Carpetshark (Sutorectus tentaculatus). Similar airway obstruction in humans while feeding has been termed cafe coronary syndrome. Although death may have merely resulted from over-enthusiastic feeding, the possibility of neurological impairment was considered, and limited toxicological analyses of tissues was undertaken. No increase in organochlorine pesticides was found, however the possibility of heavy metal poisoning was not excluded. Formal neuropathology was unable to be undertaken. When sudden death in other mammal species mimics cases that are found in humans, similar underlying mechanisms may be present.
Descriptors: Indian Ocean, bottlenose dolphin, autopsy, obstruction, upper aerodigestuve tract, airway obstruction, death.
Byard, R.W., J.D. Gilbert, and C.M. Kemper (2001). Dolphin deaths: forensic investigations. Medical Journal of Australia 175(11-12): 623-4. ISSN: 0025-729X.
Descriptors: dolphins injuries, forensic medicine, wounds, stab, Australia.
Cabezon, O., E. Obon, F. Alegre, S. Pont, and M. Domingo (2000). Interpretation of skin lesions in stranded cetaceans. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 263-264. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Cetacea, skin, parasites diseases and disorders, injuries, Mediterranean Sea, west, skin lesions interpretation, stranded individuals.
Calle, P.P., D.E. Kenny, and R.A. Cook (1993). Successful treatment of suspected Erysipelas septicemia in a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Zoo Biology 12(5): 483-490. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, medical treatment, beluga, whale, treatment.
Canto, J., P. Ruiz, and J.C. Cardenas (1991). Necropsia de ballena franca austral Eubalaena australis y consideraciones sobre manejo de la especie. [Necropsy of the sourthern white whale Eubalaena australis and considerations on the management of the species]. Boletin Museo Nacional De Historia Natural (42): 105-111. ISSN: 0027-3910.
Abstract: The sourthern white whale Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins 1922) was drastically diminished through massive captures since the 18th century. This species was put under international protection in 1936 and since then, it is only occasionally seen in the Chilean coast. The arrival of a female and a newborn at Los Reumbes beach (37 deg 12'S - 73 deg 35W) Golfo de Arauco, Chile, may point to the beginning of a settlement of its former domains. The permanency of two specimens allowed the recollection of information on behaviour and photographic identification. The process of upbringing was not completed due to human intervention that lead the calf to be stranded at the beach. This note evaluates the responsability of human action, and gives through necropsy information about morphometric and reproductive aspects.
Descriptors: whales, postmortem examination, animal morphology, reproductive performance, biological analysis, biological properties, Cetacea, histocytological analysis, mammals, performance.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Carrasquillo Casado, B., M. Alsina Guerrero, M.A. Cardona Maldonado, E.H. Williams Jr., and A.A. Mignucci Giannoni (2002). Fatal pneumonia and pleuritis caused by an agujon beak penetration in a bottlenose dolphin from Puerto Rico. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 14(1): 65-67. ISSN: 0899-7659.
NAL Call Number: SH171.J68
Descriptors: beak, case reports, foreign bodies, histopathology, lungs, mortality, pneumonia, dolphins, Tursiops truncatus.
Casinos, A. and J. Bou (1980). On a massive stranding of short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846, on Margarita Island (Venezuela). Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (32): 145-148. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: stranding, short finned pilot whale, Venezuela, Globicephala.
Cendrero, O. (1976). Aparicion de cetaceos varados en playas de Santander [Espana]. [Findings of Cetacea stranded in beaches of Santander [Spain]]. Boletin Seccion Biologica. Sociedad Espanola De Historia Natural (Spain) 74: 183-184.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 SO18
Descriptors: Cetacea, stranded, beaches, Spain, findings.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Centro Studi Cetacei (2004). Cetacei spiaggiati lungo le coste italiane. XVII. Rendiconto 2002 (Mammalia). [Cetaceans stranded in Italy. XVIII. 2003 (Mammalia)]. Atti Della Societa Italiana Di Scienze Naturali e Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale in Milano 145(1): 155-169. ISSN: 0037-8844.
Abstract: During 2002 the "Center for Cetaceans Studies" of the Italian Society of Natural Sciences collected data concerning 146 cetacean specimens which were found stranded, rammed or incidentally caught along the coasts of Italy. These included: 3 Balaenoptera physalus; 6 Physeter macrocephalus; 1 Kogia sima; 2 Ziphius cavirostris; 3 Globicephala melas; 4 Grampus griseus; 6 Steno bredanensis; 31 Tursiops truncatus; 2 Delphinus delphis; 56 Stenella coeruleoalba and 32 unidentified cetaceans.
Descriptors: Cetacea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy, stranding records.
Language of Text: Italian, with English and Italian summaries.
Chiu, J.T., W.C. Yang, L.S. Chou, and C.H. Chi (2002). Hemotological, pathological and clinical investigation of stranded cetaceans in Taiwan. Taiwan Veterinary Journal 28(1): 64-73. ISSN: 1682-6485.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C54
Descriptors: cardiac disorders, heart disease, dehydration, metabolic disease, gastrointestinal disorders, digestive system disease, malnutrition, nutritional disease, pulmonary disorders, respiratory system disease, clinical features, hematological features, nutrition supplementation, pathological features, rehydration, sea water inhalation, stranded animal management, stress reduction, cetaceans.
Chui, J.T., W.C. Yang, L.S. Chou, and C.H. Chi (2002). Hemotological, pathological and clinical investigation of stranded cetaceans in Taiwan. Taiwan Veterinary Journal 28(1): 64-73. ISSN: 1682-6485.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C54
Descriptors: Cetacea, blood, hematology, diseases and disorders, west Pacific, Taiwan, hematological, pathological and clinical investigation of live stranded specimens.
Colgrove, G.S. (1978). Suspected transportation-associated myopathy in a dolphin. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 173(9): 1121-3. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: A pacific bottle-nosed dolphin became depressed and immobile following 22.5 hours of transportation. Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased, suggesting muscle damage. Though a definitive diagnosis was not reached, the condition in the dolphin was similar to that of capture myopathy in wild terrestrial animals.
Descriptors: dolphins, muscular diseases, transportation, muscular diseases blood, muscular diseases etiology, swimming.
Cornaglia, E., L. Rebora, C. Gili, and G. Di Guardo (2000). Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies on cetaceans found stranded on the coast of Italy between 1990 and 1997. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A 47(3): 129-142. ISSN: 0931-184X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Cetacea, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, wild animals, diseases, incidence, surveys, species differences, parasitoses, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Grampus griseus.
Corpa, J.M., B. Peris, V. Ribes, J. Palacio, and F. Liste (2004). Hydrocephalus in a newborn bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Veterinary Record 155(7): 208-210. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphin, newborn, hydrocephalus, Tursiops truncatus.
Cowan, D.F. (1995). Amyloidosis in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Veterinary Pathology 32(3): 311-4. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: Four cases of amyloidosis were recognized in a study population of 21 (19%) bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) examined as part of an investigation of the causes of cetacean strandings along the Texas Gulf Coast. Amyloid deposition was mainly and most prominently in the corticomedullary regions of the kidneys and less consistently in the vessels of the spleen, lung, and heart and around acini of the palatal salivary gland and the thyroid gland. Pretreatment of sections with permanganate and sulfuric acid greatly diminished Congo red staining, suggesting the dolphin amyloid is of the AA variety.
Descriptors: amyloidosis, dolphins, kidney chemistry, lung chemistry, salivary glands chemistry, amyloid analysis, amyloidosis metabolism, amyloidosis pathology, congo red, kidney pathology, lung pathology, microscopy, electron, salivary glands pathology, salivary glands ultrastructure.
Cowan, D.F. and Z. Gatalica (2002). Immunohistochemistry in cetaceans. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 280-288. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Cetacea, biochemical techniques, histological techniques, diagnostic techniques, immune response, antibodies, immunohistochemistry review.
Dailey, M.D., F.M.D. Gulland, L.J. Lowenstine, P. Silvagni, and D. Howard (2000). Prey, parasites and pathology associated with the mortality of a juvenile gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) stranded along the northern California coast. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 42(2): 111-117. ISSN: 0177-5103.
Descriptors: ectoparasites, electrolytes, hematocrit, hematology, hemosiderosis, helminths, hypoglycaemia, parasites, pathology, prey, Amphipoda, Anisakis simplex, Bolbosoma, Cetacea, Trematoda, whales.
Daoust, P.Y. and A.I. Ortenburger (2001). Successful euthanasia of a juvenile fin whale. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42(2): 127-129. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: whales, balaenopteridae, euthanasia, solutions, intravenous injection, young animals, xylazine, potassium chloride, starvation, Prince Edward Island.
De Guise, S., A. Lagace, and P. Beland (1994). Gastric papillomas in eight St. Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 6(3): 385-388. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call Number: SF774.J68
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, papillomas, papillomavirus, stomach, histopathology, Canada.
De Guise, S., A.B.P. Lagace, C. Girard, and R. Higgins (1995). Non-neoplastic lesions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and other marine mammals from the St. Lawrence estuary. Journal of Comparative Pathology 112(3): 257-271. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Abstract: In a 3-year (1988-1990) pathological study, 24 carcasses of beluga whales from the St Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada, showed numerous severe lesions, many of which had never been reported in cetaceans. The most common lesions were found in the digestive tract (21 animals) and consisted mainly of periodontitis and of erosions and ulcers in the oesophagus and the first two gastric compartments. Pneumonia, usually of parasitic origin, was also a common finding (12 animals). The adrenal glands often contained nodules (five animals) or cysts (seven animals), and mastitis was observed in five females. Overall, the incidence of degenerative, infectious, hyperplastic or necrotic lesions, in addition to numerous neoplasms described in another paper, was considerably higher than that found in marine mammals elsewhere or in other species of marine mammal from the same waters.
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, transport and circulation, dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, digestive system, ingestion and assimilation, freshwater ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, infection, pathology, pollution assessment control and management, respiratory system, respiration, toxicology, wildlife management, conservation, bacterial infection, gastric ulcer, mastitis, necrosis, periodontitis, pneumonia, toxicology, water pollution.
de Guise, S. (2002). Cellular immunology of cetaceans. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 235-244. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Cetacea, immunology and repair mechanisms, cellular immunology, review.
Di Guardo, G., U. Agrimi, L. Morelli, G. Cardeti, G. Terracciano, and S. Kennedy (1995). Post mortem investigations on cetaceans found stranded on the coasts of Italy between 1990 and 1993. Veterinary Record 136(17): 439-442. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Cetacea, animal diseases, postmortem examinations, disease surveys, pathology, viral diseases, parasitoses, bacterial diseases, Italy.
Di Guardo, G., G. Marruchella, M. Affronte, V. Zappulli, and C. Benazzi (2005). Heterotopic kidney tissue in the lung of a free-living common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Veterinary Pathology 42(2): 213-214. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: A spontaneous case of renal heterotopia involving the lung parenchyma of a free-living, adult, female common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), which was found stranded alive on the North Adriatic Sea coast of Italy, is reported in this study. The lesion, slightly visible from the macroscopic point of view, had the histologic appearance of a "foreign tissue island," which was poorly demarcated from the surrounding pulmonary tissue. Within Such an island, several regularly shaped and apparently mature kidney glomeruli and tubules could be observed, with no evidence of secondary tissue reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this should be the first description of heterotopic kidney tissue Occurrence in the lung of any domestic or wild animal species.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, diseases and disorders, renal heterotopia, Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, intrapulmonary heterotopic kidney tissue, case report.
Domingo, M. (2002). Immunocytochemical studies of morbillivirus infection in striped dolphins. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 173-177. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, viral diseases, dolphin morbillivirus, infection immunocytochemical study, Mediterranean Sea, Spain, Catalonia, viral disease infection immunocytochemical study.
Dubey, J.P., R. Zarnke, N.J. Thomas, S.K. Wong, W. Van Bonn, M. Briggs, J.W. Davis, R. Ewing, M. Mense, O.C.H. Kwok, S. Romand, and P. Thulliez (2003). Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals. Veterinary Parasitology 116(4): 275-296. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call Number: SF810.V4
Descriptors: Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma gondii, mammalian hosts, Carnivora and Cetacea, marine taxa, north Atlantic and north Pacific, USA, prevalence.
Duignan, P.J., J.R. Geraci, J.A. Raga, and N. Calzada (1992). Pathology of morbillivirus infection in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Valencia and Murcia, Spain. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 56(3): 242-248. ISSN: 0830-9000.
NAL Call Number: SF601.C24
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, morbillivirus, pneumonia, brain, lesions, lungs, histopathology, Spain, syncytia.
Duignan, P.J., N.J. Gibbs, and G.W. Jones (2004). Autopsy of cetaceans incidentally caught in commercial fisheries, and all beachcast specimens of Hector's dolphins, 2001/02. DOC Science Internal Series 176: 1-28. ISSN: 1175-6519.
Abstract: The morphological characteristics, estimated age, gender, reproductive status, stomach contents and cause of death were determined for 10 Hector.s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori), one dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) and one common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). The dusky and common dolphins were killed incidentally in commercial fishing operations. The 10 Hector.s dolphins were retrieved from set nets (3), floating at sea off the west coast of the North Island (1), beachcast on the west coast of the South Island (5), or east coast of the South Island (1). The stomachs of four Hector's dolphins were empty. The stomachs of all remaining dolphins contained the remains of teleost fish. Fish predominated in the stomachs of Hector's dolphins, but fish and squid were equally represented in the stomachs of the dusky and common dolphins. Age was estimated for all dolphins by counting dentinal growth layer groups in stained sections of teeth. Two female dolphins were sexed using molecular genetic analysis because their gonads had been scavenged. Four female Hector's dolphins were sexually immature, one was mature-anoestrus. They ranged from < 1 year old (neonatal) to approximately 7.5 years old. Four male Hector's dolphins had mature gonads and were between 5 and 7.5 years old. One other, estimated to be 3.5 years old, had histologically immature gonads. The male dusky and common dolphins were sexually mature, and were estimated to be 8.5 and 11 years old, respectively. All the Hector's, dusky, and common dolphins known to have been entangled in nets, had lesions consistent with death from entanglement and asphyxiation. One of the seven remaining beachcast Hector's dolphins had lesions indicative of entanglement, two had lesions consistent with trauma, asphyxiation and sudden death, two were too decomposed to determine cause of death, and two were neonates, their deaths possibly the result of separation from their mothers.
Descriptors: Cephalorhynchus hectori, Delphinus delphis, Lagenorhynchus obscurus, fishing and fisheries, commercial fisheries, mortality, south Pacific, New Zealand, autopsy details of commercial fisheries caught and beachcast specimens, annual report.
Duignan, P.J. and G.W. Jones (2005). Autopsy of cetaceans including those incidentally caught in commercial fisheries, 2002/03. DOC Science Internal Series 195: 1-22. ISSN: 1175-6519.
Abstract: Morphological characteristics, estimated age, gender, reproductive status, stomach contents and cause of death have been determined for 11 Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori), one Mau's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui), four common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and one bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The common dolphins and one Hector's dolphin were killed incidentally in commercial fishing operations. The remaining Hector's dolphins and the Maui's dolphin were retrieved either from set-nets (n = 1), or found beachcast along the west coast of the North Island (n = 1), west coast of the South Island (n = 7), or east coast of the South Island (n = 2). The beachcast carcasses ranged from freshly dead to skeletal remains. The stomachs of five Hector's dolphins had detectable remains consisting of fish, otoliths, and fish bones. Fish and squid were equally represented in the stomachs of the common dolphins. Age was estimated by counting dentinal growth layer groups in stained sections of teeth. Two female Hector's dolphins were too decomposed to determine reproductive status but the remaining two were immature. Of five male Hector's dolphins, one was pubertal, three immature, and one was too decomposed for examination of gonads. The male Maui's dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin were also immature. Of the four common dolphins, two Hector's dolphins, and the bottlenose dolphin known to have been net-entangled, all had lesions consistent with death from asphyxiation. Two of the nine beachcast Hector's dolphins had lesions indicative of entanglement, two did not appear to have been entangled and parasitic pneumonia may have had a role in their death, one died from acute blunt trauma of unknown origin, and four were too decomposed to determine cause of death. The Maui's dolphin died from complications associated with Aspergillus fumigatus infection of the lungs.
Descriptors: delphinidae, biometrics, morphometrics, age, diet, reproduction, mortality, south Pacific, New Zealand, autopsy report for stranded, bycaught and trapped specimens.
Durbin, E., G. Teegarden, R. Campbell, A. Cembella, M.F. Baumgartner, and B.R. Mate (2002). North Atlantic right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, exposed to paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins via a zooplankton vector, Calanus finmarchicus. Harmful Algae 1(3): 243-251. ISSN: 1568-9883.
Descriptors: aquatic plants, endangered species, feeding behavior, fish poisons, ingestion, neurotoxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning, phytoplankton, piscicidal plants, reproduction, respiration, toxicity, toxins, wild animals, zooplankton, algae, Cetacea, Dinophyta, plants, whales.
Endo, H., D. Yamagiwa, K. Arishima, M. Yamamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Hayashi, and T. Kamiya (1999). MRI examination of trachea and bronchi in the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 61(10): 1137-1141. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: The MRI examination was carried out in a formalin-fixed specimen of the Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica), one of the evolutionary primitive species of cetaceans.We could morphologically elucidate the tracheobronchial ramification in the intact whole body.We demonstrated from the MRI sections that the characteristic tracheal bronchus branches from the trachea at the cranial portion.These findings suggest the phylogenetic relationships between cetaceans and artiodactyls.The left bronchus is obviously larger in diameter than the right one.We suggest that the right bronchus has smaller capacity of gas exchange than the left one, because the dolphin possesses the tracheal bronchus in the right lung.The MRI method will be important in the non-invasive study of the anatomy in endangered animal carcass as Ganges River dolphin.
Descriptors: dolphins, imagery, trachea, bronchi, body parts, Cetacea, lungs, mammals, methods, respiratory system.
Language of Text: English summary.
Fossi, M.C., L. Marsili, G. Neri, S. Casini, G. Bearzi, E. Politi, M. Zanardelli, and S. Panigada (2000). Skin biopsy of Mediterranean cetaceans for the investigation of interspecies susceptibility to xenobiotic contaminants. Marine Environmental Research 50(1-5): 517-21. ISSN: 0141-1136.
NAL Call Number: QH545.W3M36
Abstract: Various studies on Mediterranean cetaceans have revealed bioaccumulation of contaminants such as organochlorines (OCs) and heavy metals. The susceptibility of these animals to organic pollutants and the relationship between bioaccumulation and population decline (as in the case of Delphinus delphis) are unexplored fields. In this study, we used a non-destructive approach (skin biopsy) to explore OC bioaccumulation processes and mixed-function oxidase activity (BPMO) in four species of cetaceans: striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), common dolphin (D. delphis) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Significant differences in BPMO induction and OC levels were found between odontocetes and mysticetes, the former having mixed-function oxidase activities four times higher than the latter, binding with levels of OCs one order of magnitude higher in odontocetes. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) between BPMO activities and OC levels was found in B. physalus. In an ongoing project, fibroblast cultures have been used as an alternative in vitro method of evaluating interspecies susceptibility to contaminants such as OCs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These results suggest that cetacean skin biopsies are a powerful non-invasive tool for assessing ecotoxicological risk to Mediterranean marine mammals species.
Descriptors: dolphins metabolism, environmental monitoring methods, skin pathology, water pollutants, chemical toxicity, biopsy, cells, cultured, hydrocarbons, chlorinated, insecticides pharmacokinetics, Mediterranean region, metals pharmacokinetics, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics.
Fossi, M.C., L. Marsili, and G.N. Di Sciara (2003). The role of skin biopsy in the detection of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in Mediterranean cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5(1): 55-60. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera physalus, Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, diagnostic techniques, skin biopsy, pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, non lethal detection by skin biopsy, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea and western Ligurian Sea, non lethal pollutant detection by skin biopsy.
Fossi, M.C., L. Marsili, G. Lauriano, C. Fortuna, S. Canese, S. Ancora, C. Leonzio, T. Romeo, R. Merino, E. Abad, and B. Jimenez (2004). Assessment of toxicological status of a SW Mediterranean segment population of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) using skin biopsy. Marine Environmental Research 58(2-5): 269-274. ISSN: 0141-1136.
Abstract: Various studies have revealed high concentrations of contaminants such as organochlorines (OCs) and heavy metals in Mediterranean cetaceans. A geographical trend of contamination (PCBs and DDTs) has been found for striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). In this study we used a non-lethal approach (skin biopsy) to investigate bioaccumulation of OCs, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), trace elements (Hg, Cd, Pb) and CYP1A activity (BPMO) in nine striped dolphins sampled in the Aeolian area (Sicily û Italy) in summer 2002. The arithmetic mean value of BPMO activity in this group was 43.46 AUF/g tissue/h. This value is approximately 3 times and 5 times lower, respectively, than the value found in the Ionian and in the Ligurian groups. Skin biopsies of striped dolphins emerged as a suitable material for assessing the toxicological status of the various Mediterranean groups.
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, diagnostic techniques, skin biopsy, pollutants, skin, chemical pollution, Mediterranean Sea, south west, toxicological status assessment, skin biopsy evaluation.
Fragoso, A.B.de L. and F.C. de Lima (1998). Escoliose congenita em boto-cinza na costa do Rio de Janeiro. [Congenital scoliosis on tucuxi dolphin from Rio de Janeiro state coast]. Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria 20(4): 174. ISSN: 0100-2430.
NAL Call Number: SF604.R38
Descriptors: dolphins, genetic disorders, Rio de Janeiro, America, Brazil, Cetacea, disorders, mammals, South America.
Language of Text: English summary.
Fritsch, G., R. Frey, M. Fassbender, P. Giere, V. Vasuthevan, and T.B. Hildebrandt (2004). Imaging of whale fetuses: computed tomography of preserved specimens of different cetacean species. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 292-293. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, methods and techniques, computed tomography imaging, ct imaging, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, virtual endoscopy, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2004.
Galantsev, V.P., D.A. Kuz'min, A.G. Kupin, and V.I. Shereshkov (1994). Comparative characterization of the heart rate in cetaceans. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 30(3): 358-365. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Abstract: In Amazon river dolphins, bottle-nosed dolphins and white whales, comparative studies have been made on cardiac electrical activity using electrocardiographic and telemetric techniques. In all the species investigated, certain dependence of cardiocycle duration on the phase of respiratory pause was observed. A pronounced bradycardia was noted in diving animals which reflects the level of their adaptation to hypoxia and hypoxemia. Autocorrelation functions of the dynamic sequences of cardiointervals were calculated. The presence of "slow" waves in cardiac cycle was shown which were considerably increased during diving.
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, transport and circulation, cardiovascular system, transport and circulation, ecology, environmental sciences, nervous system, neural coordination, physiology, cardia cycle, electrocardiography.
Gallien, I., F. Caurant, M. Bordes, P. Bustamante, P. Miramand, B. Fernandez, N. Quellard, and P. Babin (2001). Cadmium-containing granules in kidney tissue of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus) off the Faroe Islands. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Toxicology and Pharmacology 130(3): 389-95. ISSN: 1532-0456.
NAL Call Number: QP901.C6
Abstract: Top predators from the northern sub-polar and polar areas exhibit high cadmium concentrations in their tissues. In the aim to reveal possible adverse effects, samples of five Atlantic white-sided dolphins Lagenorhyncus acutus have been collected on the occasion of the drive fishery in the Faroe Islands, for ultrastructural investigations and energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses. Cadmium concentrations were less than the limit of detection in both immature individuals and ranged from 22.7 to 31.1 microg x g(-1) wet weight in the mature individuals. Two individuals with the highest cadmium concentrations exhibited electron dense mineral concretions in the basal membranes of the proximal tubules. They are spherocrystals made up of numerous strata mineral deposit of calcium and phosphorus together with cadmium. Cadmium has been detected with a molar ratio of Ca:Cd of 10:1 in the middle of these concretions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such granules in a wild vertebrate. The role of these granules in the detoxification of the metal and the possible pathological effects are considered.
Descriptors: cadmium analysis, cytoplasmic granules chemistry, dolphins anatomy and histology, kidney chemistry, Atlantic Ocean, basement membrane ultrastructure, calcium analysis, cytoplasmic granules ultrastructure, Denmark, electron probe microanalysis, environmental exposure adverse effects, kidney ultrastructure, kidney tubules, proximal chemistry, kidney tubules, proximal ultrastructure, phosphorus analysis, water pollutants analysis.
Gallo Reynoso, J.P. and F. Tavar Aguilar (1989). Traumatismo vertebral en delfin comun Delphinus delphis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) por inclusion de espina de mantarraya (Dasyatis sp/) (Pisces: Dasyatidae). Nota informativa. [Vertebral traumatism in the common dolphin Delphinus delphis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) due to the penetration of a sting ray spine (Dasyatis sp.) (Pisces: Dasyatidae). Short communication.]. Veterinaria Mexico 20(3): 277-279. ISSN: 0301-5092.
NAL Call Number: SF604.V485
Descriptors: delphinus, lesions, spine, Dasyatis, animal morphology, bones, cartilaginous fishes, Cetacea, dolphins, fishes, mammals, musculoskeletal system, rajiformes.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Gaydos, J.K., K.C. Balcomb III, R.W. Osborne, and L. Dierauf (2004). Evaluating potential infectious disease threats for southern resident killer whales, Orcinus orca: a model for endangered species. Biological Conservation 117(3): 253-262. ISSN: 0006-3207.
NAL Call Number: S900.B5
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, endangered status, literature review, microbial diseases, literature survey and threat to population, north Pacific, North America, infectious diseases threat to population.
Geraci, J.R. (1981). Dietary disorders in marine mammals: synthesis and new findings. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 179(11): 1183-91. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: deficiency diseases, dolphins, Pinnipedia, seals, earless, anemia, animal feed standards, ascorbic acid metabolism, ascorbic acid deficiency, fishes, poisonous, histamine poisoning, hyponatremia diagnosis, hyponatremia therapy, hyponatremia, lactose intolerance, thiamine deficiency prevention and control, thiamine deficiency, vitamin E deficiency diagnosis, vitamin E deficiency prevention and control, vitamin E deficiency.
Gilbert, J.D., C.M. Kemper, M. Hill, and R.W. Byard (2000). Forensic studies of a stabbed infant bottlenose dolphin. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 7(3): 150-152. ISSN: 1353-1131.
Abstract: A 4-6-week-old male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found freshly dead on a beach. He belonged to a nearby dolphin group that was known to have considerable curiosity about human activity and to frequently approach pleasure craft. An autopsy revealed an otherwise healthy animal with death due to a stab wound that had passed completely through the body, incising the aorta. Careful assessment of the wounds indicated that the blade of the weapon had been at least 190 mm in length and 22 mm in width, with a single edge. This report demonstrates that standard forensic techniques may be extremely useful in determining the cause of death in animals, in documenting injuries to assist in the investigation of such cases, and in providing facts to aid in the successful prosecution of those guilty of killing or injuring animals.
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphin, human activity, stab wound, forensic techniques, death, killing.
Giuseppini, M. (1997). La delfinoterapia. [Dolphin therapy]. SISCA (Società Italiana Di Scienze Comportamentali Applicate) Observer 1(1): 45-48.
Descriptors: man, dolphins, therapy.
Godard, C.A.J., R.S. Payne, and J.J. Stegeman (2004). Use of skin biopsy slices to investigate cellular effects of chemical exposure in cetacean. Marine Environmental Research 58(2-5): 141. ISSN: 0141-1136.
Descriptors: immune system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, methods and techniques, pollution assessment control and management, toxicology, wildlife management, conservation, immunohistochemistry, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, skin biopsy, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, environmental risk assessment, protocol validity.
Notes: Meeting Information: 12th International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 12), Safety Harbor, FL, USA, May 09-13, 2003.
Gonzalez, A.F., A. Lopez, X. Valeiras, and J.M. Alonso (2000). Foreign bodies found in the digestive tract of marine mammals in north-western Spanish coast. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 270-271. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Cetacea, pollutants, digestive system, digestive tract, pollution, north east Atlantic, Spain, Galicia, foreign bodies in digestive tract.
Graham, M.S. and P.R. Dow (1990). Dental care for a captive killer whale, Orcinus orca. Zoo Biology 9(4): 325-330. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, care in captivity, dental care.
Greenwood, A.G. and D.C. Taylor (1980). Humane handling of stranded cetaceans. Veterinary Record 106(15): 345. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Cetacea, animal diseases therapy, animal husbandry.
Greenwood, A.G., D.C. Taylor, and D. Wild (1978). Fibreoptic gastroscopy in dolphins. Veterinary Record 102(23): 495-497.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dolphins, gastroscopy, fiber optic.
Guarda, F., E. Bollo, E. Ferrero, and C. Gili (1992). Neuropatologia dei delfini spiaggiati. Contributo casistico. [Neuropathology in stranded dolphins. Report of the cases]. Obiettivi E Documenti Veterinari 13(11): 43-46. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Abstract: Two cases of nervous lesions detected in stranded dolphins in Liguria (Italy) are described. The first subject showed an abscess, while the second - few scattered foci of malacia. Immunohistochemical staining for morbilliviruses showed negative results. The cases reported represent a further contribution to the neuropathology of stranded dolphins. ITALIANO: Gli autori descrivono due casi di lesioni riscontrate in delfini spiaggiati sulle coste della Liguria. Il primo caso era rappresentato da un ascesso, mentre nel secondo soggetto sono stati evidenziati focolai di malacia disseminati. Le colorazioni immunoistochimiche per Morbillivirus sono risultate negative. I casi riportati rappresentano un contributo allo studio delle lesioni nervose in delfini spiaggiati.
Descriptors: dolphins, nervous system diseases, viroses, lesions, morbillivirus, postmortem examination, veterinary services, Liguria, biological analysis, Cetacea, Europe, histocytological analysis, Italy, mammals, Mediterranean countries, organic diseases, paramyxoviridae, professional services, viruses, western Europe.
Language of Text: English and Italian summaries.
Guardo, G. Di, U. Agrimi, L. Morelli, G. Cardeti, G. Terracciano, and S. Kennedy (1995). Post mortem investigations on cetaceans found stranded on the coasts of Italy between 1990 and 1993. Veterinary Record 136(17): 439-442.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: coasts, Italy, parasitoses, viroses, morbillivirus, pneumonia, enteritis, hepatitis, dolphins, whales, aquatic mammals, pathology, postmortem examination, Cetacea, disease surveys, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, biological analysis, digestive system diseases, Europe, histocytological analysis, infectious diseases, intestinal diseases, liver diseases, mammals, Mediterranean countries, organic diseases, paramyxoviridae, physiographic features, respiratory diseases, surveys, viruses, Western Europe, marine mammals.
Guardo, G.Di, A. Corradi, U. Agrimi, N. Zizzo, L. Morelli, A. Perillo, L. Kramer, E. Cabassi, and S. Kennedy (1995). Neuropathological lesions in cetaceans found stranded from 1991 to 1993 on the coasts of Italy. European Journal of Veterinary Pathology 1(2): 47-51.
NAL Call Number: SF769.E76
Descriptors: wild animals, lesions, diseases, encephalitis, nervous system diseases, Toxoplasma, morbillivirus, Stenella coeruleoalba, dolphins, whales.
Harms, C.A., R. Lo Piccolo, D.S. Rotstein, and A.A. Hohn (2004). Struvite penile urethrolithiasis in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(3): 588-593. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Massive urolithiasis of the penile urethra was observed in an adult pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) stranded on Topsail Island, North Carolina, USA. Calculi occupied the urethra from just distal to the sigmoid flexure to the tip of the penis for a length of 43 cm. A urethral diverticulum was present proximal to the calculi. The major portion of the multinodular urolith weighed 208 g and was 16 cm long x 3.7 cm diameter at the widest point. The urolith was composed of 100% struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and on culture yielded Klebsiella, oxytoca, a urease-positive Bacterium occasionally associated with struvite urolith formation in domestic animals. Reaction to the calculi was characterized histologically by moderate multifocal to coalescing plasmacytic balanitis and penile urethritis. Role of the urethrolithiasis in the whale's stranding is speculative but could have involved pain or metabolic perturbations such as uremia or hyperammonemia.
Descriptors: Kogia breviceps, penis, diseases and disorders, north Atlantic, USA, North Carolina, Topsail Island, struvite penile urethrolithiasis, case report.
Harper, C.G., M.T. Whary, Y. Feng, H.L. Rhinehart, R.S. Wells, S. Xu, N.S. Taylor, and J.G. Fox (2003). Comparison of diagnostic techniques for Helicobacter cetorum infection in wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41(7): 2842-8. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: Helicobacter cetorum sp. nov. has been cultured from the stomach of Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and the feces of Pacific white-sided (L. obliquidens) and Atlantic bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) dolphins and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). H. cetorum has high homology to Helicobacter pylori as shown by 16S rRNA sequencing, and H. cetorum infection has been associated with gastritis and clinical signs in cetaceans. Because the prevalence of H. cetorum in wild populations is unknown, minimally invasive techniques for detecting H. cetorum were compared for 20 wild bottlenose dolphins sampled as part of a long-term health study. Fecal samples were tested for helicobacter by culture, Southern blotting, and PCR using genus-specific and H. cetorum-specific primers. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure H. cetorum immunoglobulin G (IgG). H. cetorum was cultured from 4 of 20 fecal samples, 7 samples were positive using Helicobacter sp. PCR, and 8 samples were positive for H. cetorum using species-specific primers. Two additional fecal samples were positive by Helicobacter sp. Southern blotting, suggesting infection with another helicobacter. All 20 sera contained high levels of IgG antibodies to H. cetorum that were significantly lowered by preabsorption of the sera with whole-cell suspensions of H. cetorum (P < 0.02). Until the specificity of the serum ELISA can be determined by testing sera from dolphins confirmed to be uninfected, PCR and Southern blot screenings of feces are the most sensitive techniques for detection of H. cetorum, and results indicate there is at least a 50% prevalence of H. cetorum infection in these dolphins.
Descriptors: animals, wild microbiology, dolphins microbiology, helicobacter classification, helicobacter infections, antibodies, bacterial blood, blotting, southern, culture media, DNA primers, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, feces microbiology, helicobacter genetics, helicobacter immunology, helicobacter isolation and purification, helicobacter infections diagnosis, helicobacter infections microbiology, polymerase chain reaction, sensitivity and specificity, species specificity.
Harper, C.M., C.A. Dangler, S. Xu, Y. Feng, Z. Shen, B. Sheppard, A. Stamper, F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, and J.G. Fox (2000). Isolation and characterization of a Helicobacter sp. from the gastric mucosa of dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus and Delphinus delphis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(11): 4751-7. ISSN: 0099-2240.
NAL Call Number: 448.3 AP5
Abstract: Gastric ulcerations in dolphins have been reported for decades. Some of these lesions were associated with parasitic infections. However, cases of nonparasitic gastric ulcers with no clearly defined etiology also have been reported in wild and captive dolphins. Considerable speculation exists as to whether dolphins have Helicobacter-associated gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The stomachs of seven stranded Atlantic white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus, and 1 common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, were assessed for the presence of Helicobacter species. Novel Helicobacter species were identified by culture in the gastric mucosa of two of the eight dolphins studied and by PCR in seven of the eight dolphins. The gram-negative organisms were urease, catalase, and oxidase positive. Spiral to fusiform bacteria were detected in gastric mucosa by Warthin Starry staining. Histopathology revealed mild to moderate diffuse lymphoplasmacytic gastritis within the superficial mucosa of the main stomach. The pyloric stomach was less inflamed, and bacteria did not extend deep into the glands. The lesions parallel those observed in Helicobacter pylori-infected humans. Bacteria from two dolphins classified by 16S rRNA analysis clustered with gastric helicobacters and represent a novel Helicobacter sp. most closely related to H. pylori. These findings suggest that a novel Helicobacter sp. may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of gastritis and gastric ulcers in dolphins. To our knowledge this represents the first isolation and characterization of a novel Helicobacter sp. from a marine mammal and emphasizes the wide host distribution and pathogenic potential of this increasingly important genus.
Descriptors: dolphins microbiology, gastric mucosa microbiology, helicobacter classification, helicobacter isolation and purification, helicobacter infections, DNA, ribosomal analysis, DNA, ribosomal genetics, gastric mucosa pathology, gastritis microbiology, gastritis pathology, gastritis, helicobacter genetics, helicobacter ultrastructure, helicobacter infections microbiology, helicobacter infections pathology, phylogeny, polymerase chain reaction methods, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, rna, ribosomal, 16s genetics, sequence analysis, DNA, stomach ulcer microbiology, stomach ulcer pathology, stomach ulcer.
Harper, C.M., S. Xu, Y. Feng, J.L. Dunn, N.S. Taylor, F.E. Dewhirst, and J.G. Fox (2002). Identification of novel Helicobacter spp. from a beluga whale. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68(4): 2040-3. ISSN: 0099-2240.
NAL Call Number: 448.3 AP5
Abstract: The gastric fluid and feces of three belugas from the Mystic Aquarium were assessed for the presence of Helicobacter spp. Gastric fluid and feces from the two clinically healthy belugas were negative for helicobacter, and endoscopy performed on these animals revealed no lesions. However, a helicobacter isolate and PCR product similar to helicobacter strains previously recovered from dolphins were identified, respectively, from the feces and gastric fluid of a beluga manifesting intermittent inappetence and lethargy. Esophageal and forestomach ulcers were noted on endoscopy. This is the first report of novel Helicobacter spp. being identified from whales.
Descriptors: helicobacter classification, helicobacter genetics, helicobacter infections, whales microbiology, DNA, ribosomal analysis, esophagus pathology, feces microbiology, gastric mucosa, helicobacter isolation and purification, helicobacter infections microbiology, molecular sequence data, polymerase chain reaction, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, rna, ribosomal, 16s genetics, sequence analysis, DNA, stomach ulcer.
Harper, C.M.G., R. Borkowski, A.M. Hoffman, and A. Warner (2001). Development of a standardized nomenclature for bronchoscopy of the respiratory system of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32(2): 190-195. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: bronchoscopy, diagnosis, lesions, nomenclature, respiratory diseases, Phocoena, Phocoenidae.
Harper, C.G., M.T. Whary, Y. Feng, H.L. Rhinehart, R.S. Wells, S. Xu, N.S. Taylor, and J.G. Fox (2003). Comparison of diagnostic techniques for Heliocobacter cetorum infection in wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41(7): 2842-2848. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL Call Number: QR46.J6
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, diagnostic techniques, bacterial diseases, Heliocobacter cetorum, comparison of diagnostic techniques.
Hatfield, J.R., D.A. Samuelson, P.A. Lewis, and M. Chisholm (2003). Structure and presumptive function of the iridocorneal angle of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Veterinary Ophthalmology 6(1): 35-43. ISSN: 1463-5216.
Abstract: The iridocorneal angles of prepared eyes from the West Indian manatee, short-finned pilot whale, hippopotamus and African elephant were examined and compared using light microscopy. The manatee and pilot whale demonstrated capacity for a large amount of aqueous outflow, probably as part of a system compensating for lack of ciliary musculature, and possibly also related to environmental changes associated with life at varying depths. The elephant angle displayed many characteristics of large herbivores, but was found to have relatively low capacity for aqueous outflow via both primary and secondary routes. The hippopotamus shared characteristics with both land- and water-dwelling mammals; uveoscleral aqueous outflow may be substantial as in the marine mammals, but the angular aqueous plexus was less extensive and a robust pectinate ligament was present. The angles varied greatly in size and composition among the four species, and most structures were found to be uniquely suited to the habitat of each animal.
Descriptors: cornea anatomy and histology, cornea physiology, mammals anatomy and histology, mammals physiology, aqueous humor physiology, Artiodactyla anatomy and histology, Artiodactyla physiology, elephants anatomy and histology, elephants physiology, species specificity, Trichechus manatus anatomy and histology, Trichechus manatus physiology, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology.
Haubold, E.M., C.R. Cooper Jr., J.W. Wen, M.R. McGinnis, and D.F. Cowan (2000). Comparative morphology of Lacazia loboi (syn. Loboa loboi) in dolphins and humans. Medical Mycology 38(1): 9-14. ISSN: 1369-3786.
NAL Call Number: RC117.A1J68
Abstract: Lacazia loboi (syn. Loboa loboi), the etiological agent of lobomycosis, was compared in human and dolphin tissue using light and electron microscopy, and computer-assisted morphometrics. The histological features of the lesions were similar; however, preliminary electron microscopy data indicates that cell wall destruction may vary in the two hosts. Calcofluor stained tissue sections of human and dolphin tissue were examined with UV light microscopy and the images digitized. Measurements of area, minimum and maximum diameters, and perimeter were made. Student's t-test (alpha = 0.01) revealed that L. loboi cells infecting dolphin tissue were significantly smaller than those infecting human tissue. This study represents the first comparative analysis of the morphology of the etiological agent of this disease in its two known natural hosts. The data indicate that the organism may not be identical in the two hosts.
Descriptors: dolphins microbiology, paracoccidioides ultrastructure, paracoccidioidomycosis microbiology, microscopy, electron, paracoccidioidomycosis.
Hawkins, E.C., F.I. Townsend, G.A. Lewbart, M.A. Stamper, V.G. Thayer, and H.L. Rhinehart (1997). Bronchoalveolar lavage in a dolphin. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211(7): 901-904. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, dolphins, bronchoalveolar lavage, methodology, veterinary equipment, volume.
Heidel, J.R. and T.F. Albert (1994). Intestinal volvulus in a bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30(1): 126-8. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: An adult female bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, from the Beaufort Sea, Alaska (USA), had necrosis of a well-demarcated portion of the mid-jejunum and adjacent mesentery, accompanied by fibrinous peritonitis. The veins within the mesentery adjacent to the affected intestine were severely dilated and hyperemic. There were no perforations of the gastrointestinal tract, nor any thromboses within the mesenteric veins. Death appeared due to the sequelae of intestinal volvulus and infarction; reduction of the displacement presumably occurred during handling of the animal.
Descriptors: intestinal obstruction, jejunal diseases, whales, intestinal obstruction complications, intestinal obstruction pathology, ischemia etiology, ischemia, jejunal diseases complications, jejunal diseases pathology, jejunum blood supply, jejunum pathology, mesentery pathology, necrosis.
Heidel, J.R., L.M. Philo, T.F. Albert, C.B. Andreasen, and B.V. Stang (1996). Serum chemistry of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32(1): 75-79. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Balaena mysticetus, blood serum, blood chemistry, sex differences, normal values, pregnancy, Alaska.
Henk, W.G. and D.L. Mullan (1996). Common epidermal lesions of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Scanning Microscopy 10(3): 905-15; Discussion 915-6. ISSN: 0891-7035.
NAL Call Number: QH212.S3S33
Abstract: Samples of common skin abnormalities from 23 subsistence-harvested bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) were examined. Most lesions fell into three broad classes: shallow lacerations, circular depressions, and epidermal sloughing. Both circular depression lesions and epidermal sloughing lesions may be divided into more than one subgroup based on morphological criteria. Examination of each of the subgroups using light and scanning electron microscopy suggests relationships among the subgroups of a class. These proposed relationships are discussed, as are some possible etiologies. Scanning electron microscopy reveals abundant bacteria and diatoms present in association with each lesion class but no evidence of a particular association characteristic of a lesion class. The microflora were especially abundant wherever the stratum spinosum was exposed at the skin surface.
Descriptors: skin pathology, whales anatomy and histology, bacteria isolation and purification, skin microbiology, skin ultrastructure.
Hicks, C.L., R. Kinoshita, and P.W. Ladds (2000). Pathology of melioidosis in captive marine mammals. Australian Veterinary Journal 78(3): 193-5. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dolphins, melioidosis, seals, earless, Burkholderia pseudomallei isolation and purification, death, sudden, Japan epidemiology, liver microbiology, liver pathology, lung pathology, melioidosis mortality, melioidosis pathology, spleen pathology, Taiwan epidemiology.
Hildebrand, M. (1987). Der chemische Zusammensetzung von Vaginalsteinen beim Delphin, Delphinus delphis. [The chemical composition of vaginal stones in the dolphin Delphinus delphis]. Hannover. 99 p.
NAL Call Number: 41.2 H198 1987 [no. 163]
Descriptors: dolphin, vaginal stones, chemical composition, Delphinus delphis.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Thesis (doctoral)--Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, 1987.
Hong, J., J.A. Hipp, R.V. Mulkern, D. Jaramillo, and B.D. Snyder (2000). Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of bone density and cross-sectional geometry. Calcified Tissue International 66(1): 74-8. ISSN: 0171-967X.
NAL Call Number: QP88.C3
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used in the assessment of the musculoskeletal system and associated pathology. The ability of MRI to measure the signals from water and lipid protons enables quantitative measurements of bone porosity. The goal of this investigation was to demonstrate that the density and cross-sectional geometry of whole bones can be noninvasively measured using MRI. Ten trabecular specimens cored from whale vertebrae were used to compare apparent bone density measured directly, and using a quantitative MRI algorithm. Bone density and several cross-sectional geometric properties were also measured using MRI in the distal tibia of 14 volunteers. The MRI measurements were compared with measurements made using quantitative-computed tomography (QCT). A proton density sequence was used for all MRI studies. A porosity phantom was included in the MRI examinations and used to convert the MRI signal intensity to bone volume fraction. Bone density and cross-sectional bone geometry were calculated from the bone volume fractions by assuming constant tissue properties. The apparent density of trabecular bone cores measured directly and using quantitative MRI were linearly related (r(2) = 0.959; P < 0. 01). A strong linear relation also existed between MRI and QCT measurements of ash density (r(2) = 0.923; P < 0.01) and cross-sectional geometric properties (r(2) = 0.976-0.992; P < 0.01). MRI data can be used to measure bone density and cross-sectional geometry of whole bones if a proton density sequence is used to homogenize differences in marrow composition and a porosity phantom is used for slice-specific volume fraction calibration.
Descriptors: bone density, magnetic resonance imaging methods, spine anatomy and histology, adult, aged, image processing, computer assisted, middle aged, phantoms, imaging, whales anatomy and histology.
Hood, C., P. Daoust, J. Lien, and C. Richter (2003). An experimental study of postmortem ocular fluid and core temperature analysis in incidentally captured harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 229-242. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: Determination of elapsed time since death in small cetaceans can be important to our understanding of the nature of their interactions with fishing operations. This pilot study was conducted to determine the potential diagnostic usefulness of ocular fluid (vitreous humour) and core body temperature to estimate postmortem intervals in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Core temperature and concentrations of various constituents of vitreous humour (glucose, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus) were determined in 24 harbour porpoises incidentally caught in groundfish gillnets in the waters of the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy. These parameters were compared to published values for rectal temperatures and the serum concentrations of several selected elements in live harbour porpoises. Glucose in vitreous humour decreased in dead animals compared to serum values in live ones; its level was positively correlated with core temperature. Potassium and magnesium in vitreous humour increased following death. These data suggest that most animals analysed had been dead for several hours. For the present, the methodology affords researchers an approach that appears to hold some promise. However, the most practical technique requires testing animals with a known time of death in order to derive a set of curves for ocular fluid values and temperature versus time that are appropriate for a statistical presentation of predictability for the time since death.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, pathological techniques, body temperature, core temperature, eye, ocular fluid, mortality, north Atlantic, Canada, Bay of Fundy and USA, Gulf of Maine, postmortem interval estimation, ocular fluid and core temperature analysis.
Hooker, S.K., R.W. Baird, S. Al Omari, S. Gowans, and H. Whitehead (2001). Behavioral reactions of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) to biopsy darting and tag attachment procedures. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fishery Bulletin 99(2): 303-308. ISSN: 0090-0656.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 B87
Descriptors: Hyperoodon ampullatus, tagging, tag attachment, diagnostic techniques, biopsy darting, behavioral reactions.
Hoorens, J.K., H. Thoonen, L. Devriese, A. Lescrauwaet, and L. Hoste (1988). Septicemische vlekziekte bij een dolfijn. [Erysipelothrix septicemia in a dolphin]. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 57(1): 62-64. ISSN: 0303-9021.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V84
Descriptors: dolphins, septicaemia, erysipelothrix, zoos, postmortem examination, animal collections, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, bacteria, Cetacea, collections, diagnosis, disease transmission, epidemiology, infection, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species.
Language of Text: English and Dutch summaries.
Hyne, R.H.J., E.E. Lepherd, and J.L. Van Everbrock (1982). Clinical significance of hematologic examinations of the dolphin (Tursiops sp.) in captivity. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 12(3): 95-100. ISSN: 0093-4526.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Tursiops gilli, treated with mebendazole, clinical significance of hematologic examinations: dolphinarium, New South Wales.
Descriptors: Trematoda sp., Cestoda sp., helminthiasis.
Ishikawa, H. and H. Shigemune (2005). Improvements in more humane killing methods of Antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, in the Japanese Whale Research Program under special permit in the Antarctic Sea (JARPA). Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 10(1): 27-34. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Abstract: The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) has been conducted since the 1987/88 season and has taken an annual maximum of 440 Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis. In order to improve whale-killing methods, we have analyzed 3,246 catch and necropsy records of Antarctic minke whales taken between the 1993/94 - 2000/2001 seasons. The average time-to-death (TTD) for each body-length class increased with body length, while the instantaneous death rate (IDR) showed no relation to body length except for whales less than 6 m. The relationship between the severity of harpoon wounds and IDR/TTD was examined. The highest 1DR was observed for wounds to the brain and cervical vertebra (Central Nervous System; CNS). Wounds to the forepart of the thoracic vertebra and heart showed the next highest IDR. On the other hand, destruction of abdominal viscera as well as lumbar and caudal vertebra showed a low IDR and were less effective in reducing TTD. The average firing angle was 36.7[degree] and there was no significant difference in that angle between whales that died instantly and those that did not. Considering the chasing methods in the JARPA, the most efficient internal harpoon tracks (target organs) were, thorax - skull (heart and CNS), penetration of thorax (heart) as well as abdomen - thorax (heart). TTD and IDR in the JARPA have been steadily improved. The next step calls for further improvements in whaling devices.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera bonaerensis, killing techniques, evaluation and improvement, Antarctic Ocean, killing methods evaluation and improvement.
Jaber, J.R., J. Perez, M. Arbelo, P. Herraez, A. Espinosa de los Monteros, F. Rodnguez, T. Fernandez, and A. Fernandez (2003). Immunophenotypic characterization of hepatic inflammatory cell infiltrates in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis). Journal of Comparative Pathology 129(2-3): 226-30. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Abstract: Of 14 common dolphins, 12 showed non-specific reactive hepatitis and three chronic parasitic cholangitis with lymphoid proliferation. Non-specific reactive hepatitis was shown immunohistochemically to be associated with small clusters of CD3(+) cells in portal areas and hepatic sinusoids. Polyclonal antibody against S100 protein reacted with a variable number of lymphocytes from portal areas and hepatic sinusoids, as well as with Kupffer cells and epithelial cells of the bile ducts. The majority of plasma cells observed in portal areas and hepatic sinusoids were IgG(+). In lymphonodular lesions of chronic parasitic cholangitis, the distribution of immunoreactive cells was similar to that found in the cortex of lymph nodes. The presence of stellate cells similar to follicular dendritic and interdigitating cells expressing S-100 protein and MHC class II antigen in lymphonodular lesions suggested that these were highly organized structures developed to enhance antigen presentation to B and T cells.
Descriptors: cholangitis, dolphins, hepatitis, animal pathology, liver pathology, parasitic diseases, animal pathology, antigens, cd3 analysis, cell count, cholangitis immunology, cholangitis pathology, hepatitis, animal immunology, histocompatibility antigens class ii analysis, immunoenzyme techniques, immunophenotyping, parasitic diseases, animal immunology, s100 proteins analysis.
Jakobzek, W. (1980). Versuche zur Immunisierung von Meerschweinchen gegen Maul- und Klauenseuche mit Aluminiumhydroxyd-Vaccine. [Study of immunization of porpoises against FMD with aluminum hydroxide vaccine]. 25 p.
NAL Call Number: TRANSL 30064
Descriptors: porpoises, FMD, immunization, aluminum hydroxide, vaccine, study.
Notes: Translated from German for USDA, TT 80-53824. Translated from: DVM. Dissertation. Friedrich-Wilhems University. Berlin, pp. 1-17, 1937.
Jauniaux, T., L. Brosens, E. Jacquinet, D. Lambrigts, and F. Coignoul (1997). Pathological investigations on sperm whales stranded on the Belgian and Dutch coasts. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: On November 18, 1994, four sperm whales were discovered dead on the Belgian coast, and on January 12, 1995 three live sperm whales stranded on the Dutch coast. Necropsies were conducted following a standardized procedure and samples were collected. Two Belgian sperm whales had a severe weight deficit and the Dutch sperm whales had reductions in blubber thickness. Agonal lesions such as visceral passive congestion and lung edema were due to the stranding. Significant lesions included acute ulcerations of the skin and acute to subacute ulcerative stomatitis. Severe diffuse subacute to chronic ulcerative external otitis was noted in four animals. Progressive weakness and/or potential alterations of echolocation might have predisposed these sperm whales to visit shallow waters - strong social cohesion and complex coastal topography along the Dutch and Belgian coasts being the final factors leading to the stranding.
Descriptors: Physeter, beaches, death, postmortem examination, stomatitis, otitis, skin diseases, lesions, behavior, North Sea, Netherlands, Belgium, Atlantic Ocean, biological analysis, Cetacea, developmental stages, digestive system diseases, ear diseases, Eastern Atlantic, Europe, histocytological analysis, mammals, marine areas, mouth diseases, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic diseases, physiographic features, Western Europe, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Jauniaux, T., G. Charlier, M. Desmecht, J. Haelters, T. Jacques, B. Losson, J. Van Gompel, J. Tavernier, and F. Coignoul (2000). Pathological findings in two fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) with evidence of morbillivirus infection. Journal of Comparative Pathology 123(2-3): 198-201. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: morbillivirus immunology, morbillivirus infections pathology, whales virology, antigens, viral analysis, distemper virus, canine immunology, distemper virus, phocine immunology, immunohistochemistry, morbillivirus infections virology.
Jauniaux, T. and F. Coignoul (2001). Pathologie des infections par les morbillivirus chez les mammiferes marins. [Pathology of morbillivirus infections in marine mammals]. Annales De Medecine Veterinaire 145(2): 76-96. ISSN: 0003-4118.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AN78
Abstract: Morbillivirus infections were described since 1988 in marine mammals including pinnipeds and cetaceans. Since, numerous outbreaks, responsible for thousands marine mammals death, as well as sporadic cases, have occurred in various populations from North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Baikal Lake, Caspian Sea, and recently from northern Pacific. Clinical signs and macroscopic lesions are similar between species infected by morbillivirus and are close to those reported in dog with canine distemper. Under microscope, characteristic lesions are interstitial bronchopneumonia, lymphoid depletion and subacute encephalitis. Syncytia and inclusion bodies are frequently observed in lesions and epithelia. Lymphoid depletion promotes secondary infections by opportunistic pathogens, responsible in many cases of the animals death. Various parameters explain the high sensibility of certain population such as the species, the naive immunological status and vectors intervention for the disease.
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, morbillivirus, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenicity, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, biological properties, microbial properties, Paramyxoviridae, viruses.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Jauniaux, T., D. Petitjean, C. Brenez, M. Borrens, L. Brosens, J. Haelters, T. Tavernier, and F. Coignoul (2002). Post-mortem findings and causes of death of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded from 1990 to 2000 along the coastlines of Belgium and northern France. Journal of Comparative Pathology 126(4): 243-253. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: Phocoena, postmortem examinations, causes of death, lesions, coasts, animal diseases, incidence, histopathology, estuaries, Belgium, France, North Sea.
Jepson, P.D., M. Arbelo, R. Deaville, I.A. Patterson, P. Castro, J.R. Baker, E. Degollada, H.M. Ross, P. Herraez, A.M. Pocknell, F. Rodriguez, F.E. Howie, A. Espinosa, R.J. Reid, J.R. Jaber, V. Martin, A.A. Cunningham, and A. Fernandez (2003). Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature (London) 425(6958): 575-6. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: Cetacea, decompression sickness pathology, decompression sickness, liver pathology, sound adverse effects, Atlantic Ocean, decompression sickness diagnosis, dolphins, gases analysis, military science, porpoises, whales.
Notes: Comment In: Nature. 2003 Oct 9;425(6958):549.
Jepson, P.D., J.R. Baker, T. Kuiken, V.R. Simpson, S. Kennedy, and P.M. Bennett (2000). Pulmonary pathology of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in England and Wales between 1990 and 1996. Veterinary Record 146(25): 721-8. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: The pathological changes observed in the lungs of 197 freshly dead to moderately decomposed harbour porpoises (Phocoenaphocoena) stranded in England and Wales between October 1990 and December 1996 were reviewed. In 135 (69 per cent of the cases) macroscopic nematode infections of the bronchial tract with Pseudalius inflexus and Torynurus convolutus, either singly or in combination, were recorded, and 106 (54 per cent) also had P inflexus within the pulmonary blood vessels. All the macroscopically parasitised porpoises were adults or juveniles although two neonates had histological evidence of nematode infection. There were 62 cases of mild to severe, subacute to chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis, 113 cases of mild to severe chronic granulomatous interstitial pneumonia, and 34 cases of mild to severe vasculitis or thrombovasculitis of pulmonary blood vessels attributable to these nematode infections. In 35 cases necropurulent or purulent (broncho)pneumonias were attributed either to secondary bacterial infections of the lungs or to septicaemias associated in seven cases with Streptococcus canis, in two cases with group B Salmonella species, in one case with Escherichia coli and in one case with Streptococcus lactis. The pulmonary lesions in 67 animals known or diagnosed to have been entrapped in fishing gear were non-specific and included persistent foam in the airways in 45 cases, diffuse congestion in 53, oedema in 50, and multifocal intra-alveolar haemorrhage in 33 cases. Seven cases of acute fibrinous or chronic fibrous pleuritis, seven cases of chronic necropurulent pneumonia associated with mycotic infections, four porpoises with traumatic lesions of the thorax and other parts of the body consistent with fatal attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and one case of diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia associated with generalised morbillivirus infection were also recorded.
Descriptors: bronchitis, lung parasitology, lung pathology, nematode infections, porpoises, bronchitis pathology, bronchitis virology, cause of death, lung virology, pneumonia.
Jepson, P.D., R. Deaville, I.A. Patterson, A.M. Pocknell, H.M. Ross, J.R. Baker, F.E. Howie, R.J. Reid, A. Colloff, and A.A. Cunningham (2005). Acute and chronic gas bubble lesions in cetaceans stranded in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Pathology 42(3): 291-305. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: The first evidence suggestive of in vivo gas bubble formation in cetacea, including eight animals stranded in the UK, has recently been reported. This article presents the pathologic findings from these eight UK-stranded cetaceans and two additional UK-stranded cetacean cases in detail. Hepatic gas-filled cavitary lesions (0.2-6.0 cm diameter) involving approximately 5-90% of the liver volume were found in four (two juvenile, two adult) Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), three (two adult, one juvenile) common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), an adult Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris), and an adult harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Histopathologic examination of the seven dolphin cases with gross liver cavities revealed variable degrees of pericavitary fibrosis, microscopic, intrahepatic, spherical, nonstaining cavities (typically 50-750 microm in diameter) consistent with gas emboli within distended portal vessels and sinusoids and associated with hepatic tissue compression, hemorrhages, fibrin/organizing thrombi, and foci of acute hepato-cellular necrosis. Two common dolphins also had multiple and bilateral gross renal cavities (2.0-9.0 mm diameter) that, microscopically, were consistent with acute (n = 2) and chronic (n = 1) arterial gas emboli-induced renal infarcts. Microscopic, bubblelike cavities were also found in mesenteric lymph node (n = 4), adrenal (n = 2), spleen (n = 2), pulmonary associated lymph node (n = 1), posterior cervical lymph node (n = 1), and thyroid (n = 1). No bacterial organisms were isolated from five of six cavitated livers and one of one cavitated kidneys. The etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions are not known, although a decompression-related mechanism involving embolism of intestinal gas or de novo gas bubble (emboli) development derived from tissues supersaturated with nitrogen is suspected.
Descriptors: Cetacea, decompression sickness pathology, decompression sickness, liver pathology, decompression sickness diagnosis, decompression sickness epidemiology, great britain epidemiology, histological techniques, immunohistochemistry, kidney pathology, lymph nodes pathology.
Kamiya, T., N. Miyazaki, and S. Shiraga (1981). First case of dicephaly in Odontoceti [striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba]. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (33): 127-129. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: dolphins, fetus, head, genetic disorders, anatomy, animal anatomy, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, biological development, body regions, Cetacea, disorders, embryonic development, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, physiological functions, physiology.
Kamiya, T., T. Tobayama, and M. Nishiwaki (1979). Epidermal cyst in the neck of a killer whale. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (31): 93-94. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: epidermal cyst, killer whale, neck, orca.
Kasamatsu, M. (2004). Characterization of acute phase reactants and lipid metabolism, and their application to the health monitoring of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Rakuno Gakuen University Natural Science 29(1): 105-106. ISSN: 0388-001X.
NAL Call Number: QH7.J68
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, lipids, acute phase reactants and lipid metabolism, characterization and use in health monitoring.
Kastelein, R.A., T. Dokter, and J. Hilgenkamp (1995). A swimming support for dolphins undergoing veterinary care. Aquatic Mammals 21(2): 155-159. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: restraint of animals, Tursiops truncatus, Cetacea, dolphins, veterinary care, swimming, support.
Kastelein, R.A. and J. Mosterd (1995). Improving parental care of a female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) by training. Aquatic Mammals 21(3): 165-169. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: behavior, general life studies, reproductive system, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, behavior, oceanaria, reproductive success, ultrasound scanning.
Kato, H. (1979). Unusual minke whale with deformed jaw. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (31): 101-103. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: minke whale, jaw, deformed.
Kawashima, M., M. Nakanishi, M. Kuwamura, M. Takeya, and J. Yamate (2004). Distributive and phagocytic characteristics of hepatic macrophages in five cetaceans belonging to Delphinidae and Ziphiidae. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 66(6): 671-80. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: Details of morphology and distribution of hepatic macrophages in cetaceans were investigated using the immunohistochemistry with an antibody (SRA-E5) generated against human macrophage scavenger receptor antigen. Liver samples were obtained from five species of cetaceans (Baird's beaked whales, short-finned pilot whales, Risso's dolphins, bottlenose dolphins, and pantropical spotted dolphins). Except for two species of whales, the number of SRA-E5-positive Kupffer cells was greatest in the perivenous zone (zone 3), followed by the mid-zonal (zone 2) and periportal (zone 1) zones; this distribution pattern was different from that in cattle examined here and previously reported rodents with the highest number in zone 1. The frequency of Kupffer cell in each of zones was significantly different among species, and interestingly, the total mean of the Kupffer cell number in three zones increased as the body-length of species was small. In cetaceans, Kupffer cells in zone 1 appeared larger and more stellate in shape, whereas those in zone 3 were smaller and rounder. All cetaceans but Baird's beaked whales had the black pigment-containing Kupffer cells, with the greatest number in zone 3, and macrophages with the similar pigments were also seen in the hepatic intermediate septa, indicating an active phagocytosis. Most of the black pigments were considered to be lipofuscin and such pigments were not seen in the bovine livers. These results indicate that cetacean hepatic macrophages show differences in the distribution and phagocytosis among hepatic lobular zones, or between cetacean species and terrestrial animals.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, kupffer cells physiology, phagocytosis physiology, whales physiology, immunohistochemistry, kupffer cells cytology, lipofuscin metabolism, microscopy, electron, microscopy, fluorescence, receptors, immunologic metabolism.
Kennedy, S., J.A. Smyth, P.F. Cush, M. McAliskey, S.J. McCullough, and B.K. Rima (1991). Histopathologic and immunocytochemical studies of distemper in harbor porpoises. Veterinary Pathology 28(1): 1-7. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: Phocoena, distemper virus, pneumonia, histopathology, meningitis, encephalitis, immunoperoxidase technique, Northern Ireland, Phocoena Phocoena, meningoencephalitis.
Kenyon, A.J., L. Dunn, R. Barton, and R. Thrall. (1985). Immunopathologic factors affecting the prevalence of verminous pulmonary granuloma in Arctic whales. Fifth International Conference on Wildlife Diseases. Abstracts of Papers to Be Presented at the Conference, August 18, 1985, Uppsala (Sweden), Statens Veterinaermedicinska Anstalt: 73 p.
Descriptors: whales, nematode infections, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, helminthoses, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 61, ISSCAAP group b 62, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, meat animals, oil producing animals, parasitoses, vertebrates.
Notes: Summary only.
Kinuta, T., A. Fujimoto, and Y. Kobayashi (1982). Fiberoptic gastroscopy in dolphins. Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Medical Association 35(9): 531-535. ISSN: 0446-6454.
Descriptors: dolphins, stomach, laboratory equipment, inspection, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, equipment, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, methods, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Kjeld, M. (2001). Concentrations of electrolytes, hormones, and other constituents in fresh postmortem blood and urine of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79(3): 438-446. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: Balaenoptera physalus, biochemistry, north east Atlantic, Iceland, south west and west, blood and urine chemical composition.
Knieriem, A. and M. Garcia Hartmann (2001). Comparative histopathology of lungs from by-caught Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Leucopleurus acutus). Aquatic Mammals 27(2): 73-81. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, Leucopleurus acutus, Phocoena phocoena, fishing and fisheries, lungs, comparative histopathology, by-caught specimens, mortality, accidental entrapment.
Knudsen, S.K. (2005). A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 169(1): 42-59. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V484
Abstract: This review addresses the diagnosis of insensibility and death in various species so as to evaluate the validity of the current criteria used to judge death in hunted whales by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). The only other species in which official criteria of death have been formulated is humans and these are controversial with the kernel of the debate being the definition of brain death. In slaughter animals, the moment of insensibility is regarded as the most important criterion and the issue has received scientific interest related to the pre-slaughter stunning. During hunting of terrestrial wildlife, the moment of death is usually regarded as the moment the animal falls and does not move. Based on the data presented in the present paper, it is concluded that when death in whales is solely determined on the basis of the IWC criteria, which in practice are based on immobility, a significant proportion of animals will be recorded as being sensible and alive when they are actually unconscious and the time to death (TTD) will be overestimated. If the criteria are used in conjunction with a postmortem examination, the recorded TTD will be closer to the real TTD and can be used for comparison of methods and performance.
Descriptors: animal welfare, death, whales injuries, whales physiology, animals, wild injuries, animals, wild physiology, brain death diagnosis, brain death, equipment failure, Japan, Norway, reproducibility of results, respiration.
Notes: Comment In: Veterinary Journal. 2005 Jan;169(1):5-6.
Knudsen, S.K., S. Mork, and E.O. Oen (2002). A novel method for in situ fixation of whale brains. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 120(1): 35-44. ISSN: 0165-0270.
Abstract: A new method of in situ formalin fixation was used on 38 brains from minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). The method was developed because traditional ways of fixing brains are poorly suited to the collection of whale brains. The whole brain was preserved uncut in its meninges and then excised undamaged from the skull at a later opportunity. There was no handling of the brain in the fresh state. Fixation was started within a couple of hours post mortem. All brains were subjected to gross and light microscopy examination. The results showed that both the gross and microscopic architecture of the brains were adequately preserved, with no massive gross or histological changes due to insufficient fixation apparent. The occurrence of fixation artifacts was low. Microscopic examination showed well-preserved cells and myelin in all parts of the brain. We report the mean fixed weight of the minke whale brain as 2741 g, which is the lowest among the baleen whales. The cerebellum constituted 22% of the total brain weight, which conforms to findings in other baleen whales. This in situ method can probably be used without any particular modifications in other whale species and also in large terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: brain cytology, formaldehyde diagnostic use, whales anatomy and histology, brain anatomy and histology, histological techniques methods.
Knudsen, S.K. and E.O. Oen (2003). Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46(3): 377-86. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Abstract: A majority of investigations on primary blast injuries have focused on gas-containing organs, while the likelihood of blast-induced neurotrauma remains underrated. In Norway minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are hunted using small fishing boats rigged with harpoon guns, which fire harpoons tipped with a grenade containing a charge of 30-g penthrite. The grenade detonates 60-70 cm inside the animal. The present study was undertaken to characterize the neuropathological changes caused by the penthrite blast and evaluate its role in the loss of consciousness and death in hunted whales. The study included 37 minke whales that were examined shipboard. The brains were later subjected to gross and light microscopy examination. The results showed that intra-body detonation of the grenade in near vicinity of the brain resulted in trauma similar to severe traumatic brain injury associated with a direct blow to the head. Detonation in more distant areas of the body resulted in injuries resembling acceleration-induced diffuse traumatic brain injury. The authors conclude that even if several vital organs were fatally injured in most whales, the neurotrauma induced by the blast-generated pressure waves were the primary cause for the immediate or very rapid loss of consciousness and death.
Descriptors: blast injuries pathology, whales, blast injuries classification, brain, brain injuries classification, brain injuries etiology, motor neurons pathology, myelin sheath pathology, organ size, skull fractures, staining and labeling.
Knudsen, S.K. and E.O. Oen (2003). Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46(3): 377-386. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, loss of consciousness, disease miscellaneous, neurotrauma, nervous system disease, severe traumatic brain injury, injury, nervous system disease, death, pressure wave.
Krafft, A., J.K. Lichy, T.P. Lipscomb, B.A. Klaunberg, S. Kennedy, and J.K. Taubenberger (1995). Postmortem diagnosis of morbillivirus infection in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico epizootics by polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31(3): 410-415. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, diagnosis, postmortem examinations, lungs, polymerase chain reaction, viral diseases, Tursiops truncatus, morbillivirus, dolphins.
Krahn, M.M., D.P. Herman, G.M. Ylitalo, C.A. Sloan, D.G. Burrows, R.C. Hobbs, B.A. Mahoney, G.K. Yanagida, J. Calambokidis, and S.E. Moore (2004). Stratification of lipids, fatty acids and organochlorine contaminants in blubber of white whales and killer whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(2): 175-189. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: The biopsy - via dart. trocar or surgery - is becoming the preferred protocol for sampling skin and blubber of many cetacean species, because a small sample from a healthy animal may provide better information than a larger sample collected via necropsy from an ill or emaciated animal. Furthermore, the biopsy is often the only means of obtaining samples (e.g. for threatened or endangered species). Because biopsy darts collect only a small sample of tissue - and blubber can be heterogeneous in structure and composition - it is essential to compare the results obtained from biopsies to those found by analysing full-thickness blubber samples obtained via necropsy. This manuscript compares blubber stratification in two odontocete species, white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and killer whales (Orcinus orca). Five parameters (i.e. lipid percent and classes, contaminant concentrations and profiles, fatty acid profiles) were measured by blubber depth. Results of these comparisons strongly suggest that biopsy results must be interpreted with caution and in conjunction with results from species-specific blubber depth profiling. For example, lipid classes measured in biopsy samples of white whales and killer whales were similar to those for equivalent-depth samples obtained by necropsy. In addition, lipid-adjusted contaminant concentrations measured in dart or trocar samples adequately represented those obtained by necropsy of both species. Conversely, the lipid content in biopsy samples was lower than that found in same-depth necropsied samples due to loss of lipid during sampling. Also, because of the high level of fatty acid stratification observed, fatty acid profiles from the outer blubber layer collected via biopsy from both species are less likely than the metabolically active inner layer to be useful in determining the prey species consumed by these odontocetes. This study demonstrates, for white and killer whales, that property interpreted results from blubber biopsies can provide valuable information about the body condition, health and life history of individual animals.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, Delphinapterus leucas, lipids, pollutants, organochlorine contaminants, dermis, blubber, stratification of lipids, fatty acids and organochlorine contaminants.
Krutzen, M., L.M. Barre, L.M. Moller, M.R. Heithaus, C. Simms, and W.B. Sherwin (2002). A biopsy system for small cetaceans: darting success and wound healing in tursiops spp. Marine Mammal Science 18(4): 863-878. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: methods and techniques, wildlife management, biopsy, clinical techniques, darting success, sampling success, wound healing, cetaceans.
KuKanich, B., M. Papich, D. Huff, and M. Stoskopf (2004). Comparison of amikacin pharmacokinetics in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(2): 179-84. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Amikacin, an aminoglycoside antimicrobial, was administered to a killer whale (Orcinus orca) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) for the treatment of clinical signs consistent with gram-negative aerobic bacterial infections. Dosage regimens were designed to target a maximal plasma concentration 8-10 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the pathogen and to reduce the risk of aminoglycoside toxicity. Allometric analysis of published pharmacokinetic parameters in mature animals yielded a relationship for amikacin's volume of distribution, in milliliters, given by the equation Vd = 151.058(BW)1.043. An initial dose for amikacin was estimated by calculating the volume of distribution and targeted maximal concentration. With this information, dosage regimens for i.m. administration were designed for a killer whale and a beluga whale. Therapeutic drug monitoring was performed on each whale to assess the individual pharmacokinetic parameters. The elimination half-life (5.99 hr), volume of distribution per bioavailability (319 ml/kg). and clearance per bioavailability (0.61 ml/min/kg) were calculated for the killer whale. The elimination half-life (5.03 hr), volume of distribution per bioavailability (229 ml/kg). and clearance per bioavailability (0.53 ml/min/kg) were calculated for the beluga whale. The volume of distribution predicted from the allometric equation for both whales was similar to the calculated pharmacokinetic parameter. Both whales exhibited a prolonged elimination half-life and decreased clearance when compared with other animal species despite normal renal parameters on biochemistry panels. Allometric principles and therapeutic drug monitoring were used to accurately determine the doses in these cases and to avoid toxicity.
Descriptors: amikacin pharmacokinetics, anti bacterial agents pharmacokinetics, dolphins metabolism, gram negative bacterial infections, whales metabolism, amikacin adverse effects, anti bacterial agents adverse effects, dose response relationship, drug, gram negative bacterial infections drug therapy, half life, injections, intramuscular, metabolic clearance rate, microbial sensitivity tests, treatment outcome.
Kuttin, E.S. and A. Kaller (1996). Cystoisospora delphini n. sp. causing enteritis in a bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 22(1): 57-59. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: marine mammals, zoo animals, protozoal infections, gastrointestinal diseases, faeces, morphology, oocysts, new species, taxonomy, drug therapy, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, drug combinations, parasites, dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, Apicomplexa, isospora, protozoa.
Lacave, G., M. Eggermont, T. Verslycke, F. Brook, A. Salbany, L. Roque, and R. Kinoshita (2004). Prediction from ultrasonographic measurements of the expected delivery date in two species of bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus and Tursiops aduncus). Veterinary Record 154(8): 228-33. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Ultrasonographic measurements were made at least once a month during 14 gestations in seven Tursiops truncatus and 12 gestations in five Tursiops aduncus (bottlenosed dolphins). The 121 measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter and 139 measurements of the fetal thoracic diameter in T truncatus and the 97 measurements of the biparietal diameter and 97 measurements of the thoracic diameter in Taduncus were used to establish regression lines for the increases in the diameter of the head and thorax of the fetus with time. From these relationships an easy-to-use computer program was developed to predict the date of birth of the two species of bottlenosed dolphin, and its predictions were compared with the actual dates of birth of other calves of both species. The births occurred within the range of predicted dates, and even when only a few measurements were available, the program provided accurate predictions.
Descriptors: delivery, obstetric, dolphins, fetus anatomy and histology, pregnancy, animal physiology, ultrasonography, prenatal, predictive value of tests, reference values, ultrasonography, prenatal standards.
Lair, S., P. Beland, S. De Guise, and D. Martineau (1997). Adrenal hyperplastic and degenerative changes in beluga whales. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(3): 430-7. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Thirty stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary (Quebec, Canada) population and five animals from the Hudson Bay aboriginal hunt (North-west Territories, Canada) were examined. Twenty one animals from the St. Lawrence Estuary had mild to severe adrenal lesions and four whales from the Hudson Bay population were affected by minimal adrenal changes. Cortical hyperplasia was observed in 24 adult beluga whales all from the St. Lawrence Estuary. Bilateral cortical cysts and cellular vacuolar degeneration were observed in the adrenal glands of 19 beluga whales from both populations. The cysts, filled with a cortisol-rich liquid, were present in both sexes. Beluga whales with adrenal cysts were significantly older than animals without cysts, and the severity of the lesions increased with age. Nodular hyperplasia of the medulla was observed in seven of the beluga whales, all from the St. Lawrence Estuary population. All lesions could be part of a normal aging process. The adrenocortical lesions might be due to stress or adrenocorticolytic xenobiotics, while the medullary hyperplasia might be caused by hypoxia or exposure to estrogenic xenobiotics.
Descriptors: adrenal gland diseases, adrenal glands pathology, whales, adrenal gland diseases epidemiology, adrenal gland diseases pathology, hyperplasia, Northwest Territories epidemiology, prevalence, Quebec epidemiology, risk factors.
Lapseritis, J.M. and M.E. Hahn (2004). Use of skin biopsies to characterize the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the north Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis. Marine Environmental Research 58(2-5): 136. ISSN: 0141-1136.
Descriptors: environmental sciences, pollution, assessment, toxicology, polymerase chain reaction, laboratory techniques, blubber biopsy, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, skin biopsy, diagnostic techniques, Atlantic right whale, hydrocarbon receptor.
Notes: Meeting Information: 12th International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 12), Safety Harbor, FL, USA, 2003.
Lawrence, K. (2003). Euthanasia of stranded whales. Veterinary Record 153(17): 540. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: euthanasia, whales, Falkland Islands.
Linnehan, R.M., R.W. Ulrich, and S. Ridgway (1999). Enrofloxacin serum bioactivity in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, following oral administration of 5 mg/kg in whole fish. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22(3): 170-173. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call Number: SF915.J63
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, enrofloxacin, oral administration, drug delivery systems, fish, pharmacokinetics.
Liu, Z.G., J.H. Dong, L. Li, L.J. Bi, and W.Q. Wang (2000). Treatment of acute infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 7(2): 123-125. ISSN: 1005-8737.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, treatment techniques, bacterial diseases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, case report and treatment techniques.
Macri, B., G. Mazzullo, V. Galofaro, F. Marino, and F. Macri (1999). Morte per soffocamento di un esemplare di tursiope: aspetti anatomo-istopatologici e considerazioni eziopatogenetiche. [Death by strangling in a bottlenosed dolphin: anatomo-histopathological pictures and aetiopathogenetic considerations]. Praxis Veterinaria Milano 20(1): 14-17.
Descriptors: marine mammals, death, asphyxia, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, parasitoses, causes of death, anatomy, histopathology, etiology, respiratory diseases, case reports, dolphins, Cetacea, Tursiops truncatus.
Magee, M.C. (1994). Marine mammal medicine. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 8: 774.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: dolphins, whales, veterinary medicine.
Notes: Meeting Information: Orlando, FL, January 15-20, 1994.
Malakoff, D. (2001). Marine mammals. Scientists use strandings to bring species to life. Science 293(5536): 1754-7. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: autopsy, death, dolphins physiology, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology, accidents mortality, animal diseases, animal welfare economics, bathing beaches, ecosystem, euthanasia, life cycle stages, rescue work economics, United States.
Manire, C.A. and H.L. Rhinehart (2000). Use of human recombinant erythropoietin for the treatment of nonregenerative anemia in a rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31(2): 157-63. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Erythropoietin, a glycoprotein growth hormone that is produced primarily in the kidneys, promotes mitosis and survival of erythroid progenitors. The recent synthesis of the human form of the hormone by recombinant technology has provided a new therapeutic option, which is being used in both human and veterinary medicine for treatment of various anemias. A mature male rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis, was treated with human recombinant erythropoietin in an attempt to resolve a nonregenerative anemia. Two i.m. injections 48 hr apart were associated with an almost immediate increase in circulating immature reticulocytes, total reticulocytes, and nucleated erythrocytes. Over the next several weeks, the hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte counts returned to normal, and the animal was subsequently released back into the wild. Endogenous erythropoietin concentrations were determined for this animal as well as three other conspecifics by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human erythropoietin. These measurements showed circulating erythropoietin concentrations (5-20+ mU/ml) similar to those of most other mammals. This study suggests that human recombinant erythropoietin can be safely and effectively used in this species and may have applicability to other cetacean species for the treatment of nonregenerative anemia. Caution should be exercised during long-term use because production of antibodies to human recombinant and endogenous erythropoietin may lead to potentially serious side effects.
Descriptors: anemia, dolphins, erythropoietin, recombinant therapeutic use, anemia drug therapy, anti bacterial agents therapeutic use, anti ulcer agents therapeutic use, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, erythropoietin, recombinant blood, flow cytometry, gentamicins therapeutic use, glomerulonephritis drug therapy, glomerulonephritis, hematocrit, hematuria, hemoglobins analysis, proteinuria, ranitidine therapeutic use, reference values, sucralfate therapeutic use.
Manire, C.A., L. Byrd, H.L. Rhinehart, P. Cunningham Smith, and D.R. Smith (2002). Subacute atropine toxicity in a pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33(1): 66-72. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps, treatment, techniques, atropine, im, subacute toxicity, physostigmine, recovery.
Manire, C.A., H.L. Rhinehart, N.B. Barros, L. Byrd, and P. Cunningham Smith (2004). An approach to the rehabilitation of Kogia spp. Aquatic Mammals 30(2): 257-270. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Kogia breviceps, Kogia sima, care in captivity, survival, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, Sarasota, rehabilitation after live stranding.
Marsili, L., M.C. Fossi, G. Neri, S. Casini, C. Gardi, S. Palmeri, E. Tarquini, and S. Panigada (2000). Skin biopsies for cell cultures from Mediterranean free-ranging cetaceans. Marine Environmental Research 50(1-5): 523-6. ISSN: 0141-1136.
NAL Call Number: QH545.W3M36
Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a useful method for obtaining viable tissue samples for establishing cell cultures from skin biopsies of free-ranging cetaceans. The skin biopsies were performed by two methods: dart from an air gun and dart from a crossbow. The dart tip was modified to collect tissue. The tissue was kept in tissue culture medium at ambient temperature, then processed within 24 h. Many modifications in culture technique, with respect to conventional culture methods for human fibroblasts, were made. The cultures thus obtained can be used for many purposes, including genetic and toxicological studies. In toxicology they are an alternative in vitro system for studying threatened animals such as marine mammals. In particular, fibroblasts can be used to test the vulnerability of cetaceans and pinnipeds to different environmental contaminants such as organochlorine compounds, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Descriptors: biopsy, dolphins, skin pathology, biopsy methods, cells, cultured, fibroblasts cytology, Mediterranean region.
Martineau, D., S. De Guise, M. Fournier, L. Shugart, C. Girard, A. Lagace, and P. Beland (1994). Pathology and toxicology of beluga whales from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. Past, present and future. Science of the Total Environment 154(2-3): 201-215. ISSN: 0048-9697.
NAL Call Number: RA565.S365
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion and assimilation, estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, immune system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, infection, nervous system, neural coordination, pathology, pollution assessment control and management, reproductive system, reproduction, respiratory system, respiration, toxicology, tumor biology, benzo(a)pyrene, brain, carcinogen, heavy metal, immunosuppression, inflammatory changes, liver, malignant neoplasm, milk production, organochlorinated compound, pneumonia, pollution, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Martineau, D., I. Mikaelian, J.M. Lapointe, P. Labelle and R. Higgins (2003). Pathology of cetaceans. A case study: beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 333-380. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, parasites diseases and disorders, north west Atlantic, Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary, pathology, overview.
Mauck, B., U. Eysel, and G. Dehnhardt (2000). Selective heating of vibrissal follicles in seals (Phoca vitulina) and dolphins (Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis). Journal of Experimental Biology 203(14): 2125-31. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The thermal characteristics of the mystacial vibrissae of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and of the follicle crypts on the rostrum of the dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis were measured using an infrared imaging system. Thermograms demonstrate that, in both species, single vibrissal follicles are clearly defined units of high thermal radiation, indicating a separate blood supply to these cutaneous structures. It is suggested that the high surface temperatures measured in the area of the mouth of the follicles is a function of the sinus system. In seals and dolphins, surface temperature gradually decreased with increasing distance from the centre of a follicle, indicating heat conduction from the sinus system via the follicle capsule to adjacent tissues. It is suggested that the follicular sinus system is a thermoregulatory structure responsible for the maintenance of high tactile sensitivity at the extremely low ambient temperatures demonstrated for the vibrissal system of seals. The vibrissal follicles of odontocetes have been described as vestigial structures, but the thermograms obtained in the present study provide the first evidence that, in Sotalia fluviatilis, the follicles possess a well-developed sinus system, suggesting that they are part of a functional mechanosensory system.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, dolphins physiology, hair follicle physiology, seals, earless physiology, skin temperature physiology, vibrissae physiology, cavernous sinus metabolism, cavernous sinus physiology, diagnostic imaging, hair follicle blood supply, hair follicle metabolism, infrared rays, mechanoreceptors metabolism, thermography, thermoreceptors metabolism, vibrissae metabolism.
McBain, J.F. (2001). Cetacean medicine. In: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2 edition, p. 895-906.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.M35C73 2001
Descriptors: animal health, pharmacokinetics, Cetacean, medicine, handbook, marine mammal.
McFee, W.E. and C.A. Osborne (2004). Struvite calculus in the vagina of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(1): 125-128. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: On 27 January 2000, a struvite calculus was observed in the vagina during necropsy of a 138-cm-long female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) collected from the Stono River, South Carolina (USA). Vaginal calculi have been reported in other species of cetaceans but not in bottlenose dolphins. Urinary tract infection might have been an underlying cause of the calculus. While urinary tract inflammation was not detected by light microscopic evaluation of sections of the urinary tract, it is conceivable that sufficient time had lapsed following voiding of the calculus through the urethra for urinary tract infection to have resolved. To further define the prevalence and significance of urolithiasis, prosectors of dead stranded marine mammals are encouraged to closely observe their urinary and genital tracts for calculi and to submit them for quantitative analysis.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, ducts of female, vagina, diseases and disorders, vaginul calculus, South Carolina, Charleston County, Stono River, vaginal calculus, new record and possible causes.
McLachlan, H. (1995). The use of electricity to kill minke whales: humane considerations. Animal Welfare 4(2): 125-129.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, slaughtering, wild animals, animal welfare, animals, Cetacea, mammals, wildlife.
Medway, W., J.R. Geraci, and L.V. Klein (1970). Hematologic response to administration of a corticosteroid in the bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157(5): 563-565.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: corticosteroid, bottlenose dolphin, response, hematologic.
Medway, W., J.G. McCormick, S.H. Ridgway, and J.F. Crump (1970). Effects of prolonged halothane anesthesia on some cetaceans. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157(5): 576-582.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: halothane anesthesia, cetaceans, prolonged, effects.
Metaxas Buhler, M. (1981). Passive Ubertragung Der Allergie Bei Der Infektion Des Meerschweinchens Mit Brucella Abortus. [Passive Transmission of Allergy by the Infection of Porpoises With Brucella Abortus], 13 p.
NAL Call Number: TRANSL 31059
Descriptors: allergy, transmission, porpoises, Brucella abortus, infection.
Notes: Translated from German, TT 81-53815. Translated from: International Archives of Allergy, vol. 1:325-332, 1950.
Migaki, G. and T.F. Albert (1982). Lipoma of the liver a in bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) Neoplasms in marine mammals. Veterinary Pathology 19(3): 329-331. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: bowhead whale, liver, lipoma, neoplasms, marine mammals.
Migaki, G., R.A. Heckmann, and T.F. Albert (1982). Gastric nodules caused by 'Anisakis type' larvae in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 18(3): 353-357. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: 'Anisakis type' larvae found in discrete raised gastric nodules of two bowhead whales, histological examination.
Descriptors: Alaska, pathology, Nematoda, granuloma, Anisakis type larvae, Balaena mysticetus, host.
Migaki, G., T.R. Sawa, and J.P. Dubey (1990). Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Veterinary Pathology 27(6): 463-464. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: stenella, Toxoplasma gondii, disseminated infections, fatal infections, Hawaii.
Mikaelian, I., P. Labelle, M. Dore, and D. Martineau (2000). Fibroleiomyomas of the tubular genitalia in female beluga whales. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12(4): 371-4. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call Number: SF774.J68
Abstract: Fibroleiomyomas of the tubular genitalia were diagnosed in 6 of 9 adult female beluga whales from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. These tumors were located in the vagina (6 of 6), the cervix (2 of 6), and the uterus (1 of 6). Endogenous hormones or xeno-estrogens may be implicated in the occurrence of these tumors.
Descriptors: cervix neoplasms, leiomyoma, uterine neoplasms, vaginal neoplasms, whales, cervix neoplasms pathology, leiomyoma pathology, uterine neoplasms pathology, vaginal neoplasms pathology.
Mikaelian, I., P. Labelle, M. Kopal, S. De Guise, and D. Martineau (2003). Adenomatous hyperplasia of the thyroid gland in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary and Hudson Bay, Quebec, Canada. Veterinary Pathology 40(6): 698-703. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: We evaluated thyroid gland lesions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary (n = 16) and Hudson Bay (n = 14). Follicular cysts and nodules of adenomatous hyperplasia of the thyroid gland were found in eight and nine adults from the St. Lawrence Estuary (n = 10), respectively, and in four and six adults from Hudson Bay (n = 14), respectively. The total volume of the lesions of thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia was positively correlated with age in both populations. Comparison between populations could not be performed because of differences in age structures of sample groups. Beluga whales from both populations have unique thyroid lesions among marine mammals.
Descriptors: follicular cyst, thyroid gland pathology, thyroid nodule, whales, age factors, follicular cyst pathology, histological techniques, hyperplasia, quebec, thyroid nodule pathology.
Mikaelian, I., J.M. Lapointe, P. Labelle, R. Higgins, M. Paradis, and D. Martineau (2001). Dermatophilus-like infection in beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, from the St. Lawrence estuary. Veterinary Dermatology 12(1): 59-62. ISSN: 0959-4493.
NAL Call Number: SF901.V47
Abstract: Six beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) found dead on the shores of the St. Lawrence estuary had multiple slightly depressed greyish round areas randomly distributed over the whole body. Histologically, the surface of these areas was covered with a thick layer of Dermatophilus-like organisms which invaded the stratum corneum. The underlying stratum spinosum had marked spongiosis and vacuolar degeneration. Minimal neutrophilic infiltration was present within the underlying dermal papillae. To the authors' knowledge, dermatophilosis in cetaceans has not been reported previously.
Descriptors: skin diseases, bacterial, whales, diagnosis, differential, Quebec, skin diseases, bacterial diagnosis.
Miller, W.G., A.A. Padhye, W. van Bonn, E. Jensen, M.E. Brandt, and S.H. Ridgway (2002). Cryptococcosis in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40(2): 721-4. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: We describe the first case of cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The dolphin showed clinical signs of tachypnea, transient dyspnea, and mild tachycardia and developed multiple hyperechoic nodules, parenchymal consolidation, and thickening of pleura. A diagnosis of bronchopneumonia with pleuritis was made. Itraconazole therapy was implemented for 120 days, and trough levels in serum were within or above the suggested therapeutic range. Titers of cryptococcal antigen in serum increased eightfold during therapy, and the case had a fatal outcome. Necropsy examination findings included enlarged pulmonary lymph nodes and extensive coalescing granulomatous lesions throughout both lungs. Histologic examination revealed numerous, spherical to ellipsoidal, mucicarmine-positive, 3- to 14-microm, encapsulated, budding cells consistent with C. neoformans. Culture of the lung tissue yielded colonies of C. neoformans. The isolate was urease positive and nitrate negative and exhibited phenoloxidase activity. It was positive on canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue agar. When tested by the Iatron serodiagnostic reagent kit (Iatron Laboratories, Inc.), it was shown to belong to serotype B.
Descriptors: cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation and purification, dolphins, lung diseases, fungal, cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcus neoformans classification, fatal outcome, lung diseases, fungal microbiology.
Mitchell, E.D. (2005). What causes lesions in sperm whale bones? Science 308(5722): 631. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: skeletal system, ecology, osteonecrosis, bone disease, the bends, diving pattern, sperm whale, lesions.
Moore, M.J. and G.A. Early (2005). What causes lesions in sperm whale bones? Response. Science 308(5722): 631-632. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: skeletal system, ecology, spondyloarthropathy, immune system disease, joint disease, osteonecrosis, bone disease, human impact, sperm whale.
Munson, L., N. Calzada, S. Kennedy, and T.B. Sorensen (1998). Luteinized ovarian cysts in Mediterranean striped dolphins. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34(3): 656-60. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: The morbillivirus epizootic during 1990 to 1992 in Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) off the Mediterranean coast of Spain diminished these populations directly through mortalities, and indirectly through loss of normal fecundity. High levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) also were detected in stranded animals. In addition to high numbers of abortions during the epidemic, unusual cystic structures were noted in the ovaries of several morbillivirus-infected dolphins with high PCB levels. These structures were identified as multiple luteinized cysts from their gross and histomorphologic characteristics. No morbillivirus antigens were detected in the lesions by immunohistochemistry. Because luteinized cysts occur when ovulation is impeded, either an effect of morbillivirus or PCB's on hypothalamic/pituitary function or an effect of PCB's on ovarian responsiveness are proposed as pathogenic mechanisms. These cysts may impede population recovery from the epidemic if similar cysts occurred on surviving dolphins.
Descriptors: dolphins, ovarian cysts, animal nutrition, luteinizing hormone metabolism, morbillivirus infections complications, morbillivirus infections, nutrition disorders complications, nutrition disorders, ovarian cysts etiology, ovarian cysts pathology, polychlorinated biphenyls adverse effects.
Nakai, T., A. Shimada, T. Morita, M. Sawada, T. Kuramochi, H. Asaki, Y. Suwa, and K. Matsuzaki (2002). Clinical, parasitological and pathological examination of a white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) with chronic interstitial pneumonia. Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 7(2): 141-144. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Descriptors: clinical aspects, fibrosis, pathology, pneumonia, Delphinapterus leucas, Nematoda, Trematoda.
Nazarian, A. and R. Muller (2004). Time-lapsed microstructural imaging of bone failure behavior. Journal of Biomechanics 37(1): 55-65. ISSN: 0021-9290.
NAL Call Number: TA166.J6
Abstract: Many bones within the axial and appendicular skeleton are subjected to repetitive loading during the course of ordinary daily activities. If this loading is of sufficient magnitude or duration, failure of the bone tissue may result. Until recently the structural analysis of these fractures has been limited to two-dimensional sections. Due to the inherent destructiveness of this method, dynamic assessment of fracture progression has not been possible. An image-guided technique to analyze structural failure has been developed utilizing step-wise micro-compression in combination with time-lapsed micro-computed tomographic imaging. This technique allows, for the first time, direct three-dimensional visualization and quantification of fracture initiation and progression on the microscopic level and relates the global failure properties of trabecular bone to those of the individual trabeculae. The goals of this project were first to design and fabricate a novel micro-mechanical testing system, composed of a micro-compression device and a material testing and data acquisition system; and second, to validate the testing system to perform step-wise testing of trabecular bone specimens based on image-guided failure analysis. Due to the rate dependant properties of bone, stress relaxation was a concerning factor with respect to the step-wise testing method. In order to address these concerns, the results of the step-wise testing method were compared to those obtained from a conventional continuous test (considered to be the gold standard for the step-wise compressive mechanical testing) over the same total strain range and testing conditions. This was performed using porous aluminum alloy samples with highly reproducible and homogenous structural properties as well as trabecular bone samples from a single whale vertebra. Five cylinders from aluminum foam and trabecular whale bone each were compressed and imaged in a step-wise fashion from 0% to 20% strain at intervals of 2%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20%. Mechanical properties obtained from the continuous and step-wise methods were not significantly different for both aluminum foam and whale bone specimens (p>0.05). Both testing methods yielded very similar stress-strain graphs with almost identical elastic and plastic regions with overlaying standard error bars for both whale bone and aluminum foam specimens. This was further concurred by performing regression analyses between the stress data from both testing methods (r(2)=0.98 for whale bone and aluminum foam specimens). Animations of fracture initiation and progression revealed that failure always occurred in local bands with the remaining regions of the structure largely unaffected independent of structure type. In conclusion, we found step-wise micro-compression to be a valid approach for image-guided failure assessment (IGFA) with high precision and accuracy as compared to classical continuous testing. We expect findings from upcoming studies of IGFA of human vertebral bone to improve our understanding of the relative importance of densitometric, morphological, and loading factors in the etiology of spontaneous fractures of the spine. Eventually, this improved understanding may lead to more successful approaches to the prevention of age-related fatigue fractures.
Descriptors: fractures, stress physiopathology, fractures, stress radiography, imaging, three dimensional methods, radiographic image interpretation, computer assisted methods, spine physiopathology, spine radiography, tomography, x ray computed methods, video recording methods, compressive strength, elasticity, physical stimulation, stress, mechanical, time factors, whales.
Needham, D.J. (1993). Cetacean strandings. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, p. 415-425.
NAL Call Number: SF996.Z66 1999
Descriptors: veterinarians, legislation, animal welfare, Physeter catodon, Cetacea.
Nishiwaki, S. (2002). Development of biopsy sampling system for cetaceans. Aquabiology (Tokyo) 24(2): 140-145; 139. ISSN: 0285-4376.
NAL Call Number: QH90.A1K35
Descriptors: Cetacea, diagnostic techniques, biopsy sampling, air gun adaptation.
Nollman, J. (1987). To judge the pain of whales. Between the Species Journal of Ethics 3(3): 133-137.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.B4
Descriptors: whales, pain, protection, animal welfare.
Norman, S.A., R.C. Hobbs, J. Foster, J.P. Schroeder, and F.I. Townsend (2004). A review of animal and human health concerns during capture-release, handling and tagging of odontocetes. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(1): 53-62. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: The capture-release of odontocetes allows for tag deployment which provides an opportunity to study behaviour and habitat use by free-ranging animals, as well as clinical assessment of the animal and tissue collection. This review recognises those elements that are common to most capture and tagging projects, identifies collective knowledge of animal and human health concerns during handling of odontocetes and provides guidelines for safer handling techniques. Handling during tagging projects can involve chase, capture, restraint, manipulation, tag application, often removal from the water and release at the capture site. The risk of injury during capture will be reduced by using experienced personnel, adequate technical support and proper equipment. For the duration of the handling process, the animal's stimulus response should be monitored as well as its cardiovascular and respiratory function. Stress response of the odontocete is monitored by behavioural assessments, physiological monitoring and/or blood sampling. Possible complications from tag placement may include infection at the implant site leading to tag failure, behavioural alterations in response to tag placement and tag rejection. During handling of an odontocete, there is the potential for disease transmission between humans and the animal. Exposure to diseases is minimised by wearing protective clothing and gear and exercising caution when working around the animal's blowhole.
Descriptors: odontoceti, behavioral techniques, handling techniques, capture and tagging projects, animal and human health concerns, review, tagging, physiological condition, parasites diseases and disorders.
Nutman, A.W. and E.J. Kirk (1988). Abnormalities in the axial skeleton of a Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 36(2): 91-92. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Abstract: Although Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus Gray, 1828, has a world-wide distribution, in New Zealand waters only 12 individuals (including those in five strandings) have been reported. None of the 12 is stated to have been malformed. We report the presence of abnormalities in the vertebral column and 13th ribs of a female Risso's dolphin found dead at Mahia, Hawkes Bay, on 28th October, 1987. The 305 kg cadaver was 2.85 metres long. We later estimated that had the vertebral column been normal, the animal's length would have been 3.10 metres. The cadaver had a bulbous head, four pairs of teeth on each side of the mandible, a large, caudally placed dorsal fin, a uniform gray coloration broken ventrally from caudal neck to anus by a clearly demarcated, symmetrical whitish-pink area of varying width and numerous longitudinal cuts approximately.
Descriptors: dolphins, bone diseases, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, diseases, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, organic diseases, vertebrates.
Oeen, E.O. (1983). Electrical whaling: a review [electrocution, whale killing equipment]. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 35(7): 319-323. ISSN: 0029-1579.
Descriptors: whales, whaling, killing, electrocution, equipment, review.
Language of Text: English and Norwegian summaries.
Oen, E.O. (1995). High velocity projectiles for killing whales. Hunting trials using 20 mm high velocity projectiles for minke whales in 1982. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 36(1): 153-6. ISSN: 0044-605X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AC87
Descriptors: whales injuries, Norway, survival analysis, time factors, wounds, penetrating.
Parsons, E.C., G.D. Bossart, and R.E. Kinoshita (1999). Postmortem findings in a finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) calf stranded in Hong Kong. Veterinary Record 144(3): 75-6. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: bacterial infections, parasitic diseases, animal pathology, porpoises blood, porpoises microbiology, porpoises parasitology, autopsy, bacterial infections pathology, Hong Kong.
Parsons, E.C. and T.A. Jefferson (2000). Post-mortem investigations on stranded dolphins and porpoises from Hong Kong waters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36(2): 342-56. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Stranded cetaceans reported from the territorial waters of Hong Kong during the period May 1993 to March 1998 were examined to establish factors that may have contributed to their death. During the current study, 28 Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis), 32 finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), and four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were necropsied. Bacteria (15 species) were isolated from nine animals. Of these bacteria, 47% were of possible fecal origin reflecting the high level of sewage contamination in Hong Kong's waters. One finless porpoise displayed wounds caused by a shark attack, and two female finless porpoises presented prolapsed uteri. At least 10 finless porpoises showed evidence of moderate to heavy lungworm infections (Halocercus pingi), and this appears to have been a factor contributing to death in at least six animals. Evidence suggesting blunt traumatic injury (probably caused by boat collisions) was found in six cetaceans (three finless porpoises and three hump-backed dolphins). Signs of fishery-related mortality were detected in at least nine animals (six hump-backed dolphins, two finless porpoises, and one bottlenose dolphin). Of these two human-caused mortality types, pre-existing disease or bacterial infection were detected in 29% of cases. Results indicate that human factors may have played a significant role in the death of at least 15 animals (32% of hump-backed dolphins, 15% of finless porpoises, and 25% of bottlenose dolphins).
Descriptors: cause of death, dolphins injuries, porpoises injuries, autopsy, Hong Kong, uterine prolapse mortality, uterine prolapse, wounds and injuries etiology, wounds and injuries mortality, wounds and injuries.
Parsons, E.C.M. and T.A. Jefferson (2000). Post-mortem investigations on stranded dolphins and porpoises from Hong Kong waters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36(2): 342-356. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: trauma, parasitoses, mortality, pathology, bacterial diseases, wild animals, marine mammals, causes of death, Delphinidae, Phocoenidae, Nematoda, Tursiops truncatus.
Patenaude, N.J. and B.N. White (1995). Skin biopsy sampling of beluga whale carcasses: assessment of biopsy darting factors for minimal wounding and effective sample retrieval. Marine Mammal Science 11(2): 163-171. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Different combinations of biopsy tip lengths (20, 25 mm) and diameters (5, 6, 7 mm), crossbow draw weights (23, 45, 68 kg) and distances (1.5-15 m) were tested on fresh beluga carcasses to determine factors affecting the success of biopsy retrieval and the extent of wounding. Tips with smaller diameters and longer lengths were found to be more likely to retrieve a skin sample, while the draw weight of the crossbow had a significant effect on the severity of the wound. The samples obtained from all biopsy darts tested yielded sufficient amounts of DNA for genetic analysis (20-109 mu-g) with the highest yield coming from the germinativum spinosum layer. For beluga whales we recommend using a tip of 5 mm in diameter, 25 mm in length, and a draw weight of 23 kg at close range.
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, ecology, environmental sciences, genetics, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, methods and techniques, DNA, field method, genetic analysis.
Perillo, A., N. Zizzo, N. Ungaro, A. Troncone, V. de Zio, and L. Rositani (2001). Patoliga dell'apparato respiratorio dei cetacei. [Pathologies of respiratory system in cetaceans]. Natura (Milan) 90(2): 133-143. ISSN: 0369-6243.
Descriptors: Cetacea, respiratory system, pathologies, diseases and disorders, mortality, Mediterranean Sea, Italy, Apulia, strandings, respiratory system pathologies.
Language of Text: Italian.
Perrett, L.L., C.E. Dawson, N. Davison, and S. Quinney (2004). Brucella infection of lungworms from a harbour porpoise. Veterinary Record 154(25): 800. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: brucella isolation and purification, brucellosis, nematoda parasitology, porpoises, animals, wild, brucellosis diagnosis, diagnosis, differential.
Pfeiffer, C.J., L.V. Sharova, and L. Gray (2000). Functional and ultrastructural cell pathology induced by fuel oil in cultured dolphin renal cells. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47(2): 210-7. ISSN: 0147-6513.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E29
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, fuel oils toxicity, kidney cytology, apoptosis drug effects, cell cycle drug effects, cell line, cell survival drug effects, enzyme inhibitors pharmacology, flow cytometry, kidney drug effects, kidney ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, neutral red, organelles drug effects, organelles ultrastructure, protein kinase c antagonists and inhibitors, protein kinase c metabolism, proton translocating atpases antagonists and inhibitors, proton translocating atpases metabolism.
Piantadosi, C.A. and E.D. Thalmann (2004). Pathology: whales, sonar and decompression sickness. Nature (London) 428(6984): 1 following 716; Discussion 2 p. following 716. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: We do not yet know why whales occasionally strand after sonar has been deployed nearby, but such information is important for both naval undersea activities and the protection of marine mammals. Jepson et al. suggest that a peculiar gas-forming disease afflicting some stranded cetaceans could be a type of decompression sickness (DCS) resulting from exposure to mid-range sonar. However, neither decompression theory nor observation support the existence of a naturally occurring DCS in whales that is characterized by encapsulated, gas-filled cavities in the liver. Although gas-bubble formation may be aggravated by acoustic energy, more rigorous investigation is needed before sonar can be firmly linked to bubble formation in whales.
Descriptors: acoustic stimulation, decompression sickness etiology, decompression sickness, gases analysis, liver chemistry, liver pathology, whales physiology, decompression sickness pathology, decompression sickness physiopathology, diving physiology, dolphins physiology, lung chemistry, military science, models, biological, nitrogen analysis, partial pressure, reproducibility of results, sound localization physiology.
Notes: Comment On: Nature. 2003 Oct 9;425(6958):575-6.
Pimentel, T.L. and A. Andriolo (2001). Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions). Medicine. In: M.E. Fowler and Z.S. Cubas (Editors), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, Iowa State University Press: Ames, p. 341-351. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL Call Number: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, care in captivity, pathological techniques, physical restraining techniques, sedation, anesthesia, parasites diseases and disorders, diseases and management.
Power, E. and S. Murphy (2002). Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia in a killer whale. Veterinary Record 150(26): 819. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dolphins, septicemia, staphylococcal infections, Staphylococcus aureus isolation and purification, septicemia physiopathology, staphylococcal infections physiopathology.
Preau, C. and R. Duguy (1989). Pathologie cardiaque dans un echantillon de dauphins echoues sur les cotes de France. [Heart pathology in dolphins stranded on the coasts of France]. Mammalia 53(3): 441-449. ISSN: 0025-1461.
NAL Call Number: 410 M31
Descriptors: dolphins, heart diseases, France, coasts, postmortem examination, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, diagnosis, diseases, Europe, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, organic diseases, physiographic features, vertebrates, western Europe.
Language of Text: French and English summaries.
Price, M.C., G.J. Macdonald, S.L. Graham, and E.J. Kirk (1984). Treatment of a strandling whale (Kogia breviceps). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 32(3): 31-33. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Abstract: A stranded young pygmy sperm whale was nursed for four days in a pool, fed an artificial diet via a stomach tube and injected intramuscularly with antibiotics and corticosteroids. Initially unable to maintain her balance or to swim, she showed progressive improvement and by the third day could swim and dive quite strongly. Early on the fifth day her condition rapidly worsened and she died. An autopsy revealed extensive deep bruising in the head and mid-abdominal regions consistent with injuries sustained during the stranding.
Descriptors: pygmy sperm whale, stranded, stomach tube, diet, balance, autopsy, bruising, head, abdominal.
Quayle, C.J. (2002). Dissection of a humpback whale calf larynx with particular reference to the relationships of the ventral diverticulum. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47(2): 613-616. ISSN: 0079-8835.
NAL Call Number: 514 B772M
Descriptors: respiratory system, respiration, transverse sectioning, surgical method, anatomy, larynx, whale calf, diverticulum, baleen whales, diverticulum.
Raga, J.A., J.A. Balbuena, J. Aznar, and M. Fernandez (1997). The impact of parasites on marine mammals: a review. Parasitologia 39(4): 293-6. ISSN: 0048-2951.
NAL Call Number: 436.8 P212
Abstract: The design and implementation of conservation plans for marine mammals is a matter of public concern. However, very little is known about the role of parasites in the dynamics of marine mammal populations. This is probably due to methodological constraints concerning sampling biases, poor knowledge of the biology of the hosts and parasites and difficulty and costy of experimental studies. However, current evidence supports the theory that parasites may regulate marine mammal populations. Crassicauda species in cetaceans and Uncinaria lucasi in pinnipeds seem good candidates as regulating agents. In addition, parasite-induced mass mortalities may be important in marine mammal populations. Well documented cases are the PDV virus which decimated the European common seal (Phoca vitulina) populations in 1988 and the Mediterranean striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) morbillivirus infection of 1990-1992. Due to the social organisation patterns of marine mammals it is possible that such die-offs occur at very low densities, representing a potential threat to endangered species like the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), the Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi) or the Finish Saimaa seal (Phoca hispida saimensis). It is concluded that parasites can play an important role in marine mammal populations not only at the ecological scale but at the evolutionary one too.
Descriptors: Cetacea parasitology, marine biology, parasitic diseases, animal epidemiology, Pinnipedia parasitology, host parasite relations, parasitic diseases, animal mortality, animal parasitology, periodicity, population dynamics.
Reidarson, T.H., J.H. Harrell, M.G. Rinaldi, and J. McBain (1998). Bronchoscopic and serologic diagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary infection in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29(4): 451-5. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: A 4-yr-old male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) developed an Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia. Fungal elements were identified by cytology and microbiology from endoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage and brushings of a raised yellow endobronchial lesion. The results of qualitative immunodiffusion serology, a technique that identifies specific circulating antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus, were suggestive of an active infection. The dolphin was treated with itraconazole for over 2 yr, which resulted in remission of clinical signs. Pneumonia caused by Aspergillus sp. accounts for the large majority of pulmonary mycoses in marine mammals. Bronchoscopy facilitated an early definitive diagnosis, accurate treatment, and remission.
Descriptors: antibodies, fungal blood, aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus immunology, dolphins, lung diseases, fungal, amoxicillin potassium clavulanate combination therapeutic use, anti bacterial agents therapeutic use, antifungal agents therapeutic use, aspergillosis diagnosis, aspergillosis drug therapy, Aspergillus fumigatus isolation and purification, biopsy methods, biopsy, bronchi microbiology, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid microbiology, bronchoscopy, drug therapy, combination, itraconazole therapeutic use, lung diseases, fungal diagnosis, lung diseases, fungal drug therapy.
Reidarson, T.H. and J.F. McBain (1999). Hematologic, biochemical, and endocrine effects of dexamethasone on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 30(2): 310-2. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Two Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were given 0.11 mg/kg dexamethasone p.o., and complete blood count and serum chemistry analyses, including insulin, thyroxine (T4) adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol level determinations, were performed at 0 hr, 24 hr, 36 hr, 48 hr, 7 days, and 17 days. Significant changes included neutrophilia, eosinopenia, lymphopenia, elevated insulin, and depressed ACTH and cortisol levels within 24 hr of dexamethasone administration. These effects were rapid, and values returned to normal within 48 hr.
Descriptors: appetite drug effects, appetite stimulants pharmacology, dexamethasone pharmacology, dolphins metabolism, glucocorticoids pharmacology, administration, oral, appetite stimulants administration and dosage, blood cell count drug effects, blood cell count, blood chemical analysis, blood glucose analysis, blood glucose drug effects, corticotropin blood, dexamethasone administration and dosage, dolphins blood, glucocorticoids administration and dosage, hydrocortisone blood.
Reidarson, T.H., J.F. Mcbain, and P.K. Yochem (2001). Medical and nutritional aspects of a rehabilitating california gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 215-221. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, hypoglycemia, metabolic disease, stomach tube, surgical instrument, caloric intake, diet composition, emergency therapy, milk formula, nutrition, parasitism, weight gain, wildlife medicine, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld.
Ridgway, S.H. and J.G. McCormick (1971). Anesthesia of the porpoise. In: L.R. Soma Textbook of Veterinary Anesthesia, p. 394-403.
NAL Call Number: SF914.S6
Descriptors: porpoise, anesthesia, Cetacean.
Ridgway, S.H., J.G. Simpson, G.S. Patton, and W.G. Gilmartin (1970). Hematologic findings in certain small cetaceans. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157(5): 566-575.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: small cetaceans, hematologic findings.
Ridgway, S.H. (2002). Asymmetry and symmetry in brain waves from dolphin left and right hemispheres: some observations after anesthesia, during quiescent hanging behavior, and during visual obstruction. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 60(5): 265-274. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, sedation, anesthesia, brain, brain wave pattern, hemispheric asymmetry and symmetry under different conditions, sleep.
Robeck, T.R. and L.M. Dalton (2002). Saksenaea vasiformis and Apophysomyces elegans zygomycotic infections in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), a killer whale (Orcinus orca), and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33(4): 356-366. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Orcinus orca, Tursiops truncatus , treatment techniques, antifungal drug, fungal diseases, zygomycetes, case reports, captive animals.
Robeck, T.R., J.F. McBain, S. Mathey, and D.C. Kraemer (1998). Ultrasonographic evaluation of the effects of exogenous gonadotropins on follicular recruitment and ovulation induction in the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29(1): 6-13. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Transabdominal ultrasonography and serum steroid concentrations were used to evaluate the effects of exogenous gonadotropin administration on ovarian activity of two anestrous bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The gonadotropin used for follicular recruitment was PG600, which has 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and 200 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) activity per 5 ml. Ovulation induction was attempted with hCG. PG600 was administered in two doses of 20 ml (1,600 IU eCG and 800 IU hCG) and 12.5 ml (1,000 IU eCG and 500 IU hCG), respectively, 48 hr apart on days 0 and 2. On day 6, 1,500 IU of hCG was administered. Progesterone and total immunoreactive estrogens were determined before and after the gonadotropin administration. Bilateral ovarian ultrasonographic exams were performed daily on days 4-9 and on day 22. Serum immunoreactive estrogen concentrations were greater than the pretreatment concentrations after day 4 for both dolphins and remained elevated for the rest of the study. Serum progesterone concentrations rose above 1 ng/ml 2 days after hCG treatment and remained elevated for the rest of the study. Small antral follicles (< 0.5 cm) were initially observed bilaterally in both dolphins on day 4. In both animals on day 9, there were > 12 follicles/ovary, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. By day 22, the multiple follicles ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 cm in diameter. No ultrasonographic evidence of luteal formation was observed. The results indicate that 1) transabdominal ultrasonography can be used to detect and follow follicle growth in bottlenose dolphins; 2) bottlenose dolphins are sensitive to exogenous gonadotropins (multiple follicular recruitment of follicles occurred); and 3) until further ultrasonographic studies can be conducted to evaluate the effects of titrated doses of exogenous gonadotropins, these protocols should be considered unsuitable for ovulation induction.
Descriptors: chorionic gonadotropin pharmacology, dolphins physiology, ovarian follicle physiology, ovary drug effects, ovulation induction, anestrus drug effects, estrogens blood, ovarian follicle drug effects, ovarian follicle ultrasonography, ovary physiology, ovary ultrasonography, progesterone blood.
Robeck, T.R., K.J. Steinman, S. Gearhart, T.R. Reidarson, J.F. McBain, and S.L. Monfort (2004). Reproductive physiology and development of artificial insemination technology in killer whales (Orcinus orca). Biology of Reproduction 71(2): 650-60. ISSN: 0006-3363.
NAL Call Number: QL876.B5
Abstract: Research was conducted to define the basic reproductive physiology of killer whales (Orcinus orca) and to use this knowledge to facilitate the development of artificial insemination procedures. The specific objectives were 1) to determine the excretory dynamics of urinary LH and ovarian steroid metabolites during the estrous cycle; 2) to evaluate the effect of an exogenously administered, synthetic progesterone analog on reproductive hormone excretion; 3) to validate the use of transabdominal ultrasound for ovarian evaluation and timing of ovulation; 4) to examine the quality of semen after liquid storage and cryopreservation; and 5) to develop an intrauterine insemination technique. Based on urinary endocrine monitoring of 41 follicular phases and 26 complete cycles from five females, estrous cycles were 41 days long and comprised a 17-day follicular phase and a 21-day luteal phase. A consistent temporal relationship was observed between peak estrogen conjugates and the LH surge, the latter of which occurred approximately 0.5 days later. Two animals placed on oral altrenogest (three separate occasions for 30, 17, and 31 days, respectively) excreted peak urinary estrogen concentrations 25 days after withdrawal that were followed by sustained elevations in urinary pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide excretion. Mean preovulatory follicle diameter was 3.9 cm (n = 6), and ovulation occurred 38 h (n = 5) after the peak of the LH surge. Based on visual estimates of motility, liquid-stored semen maintained 92% of its raw ejaculate sperm motility index (total progressive motility x kinetic rating [0-5 scale, where 0 = no movement and 5 = rapid progressive movement]) when held at 4 degrees C for 3 days postcollection. Semen cryopreserved using a medium freezing rate demonstrated good postthaw total motility (50%), progressive motility (94%), and kinetic rating (3.5). Insemination during eight estrous cycles resulted in three pregnancies (38%), two from liquid-stored and one from cryopreserved semen. Two calves were delivered after gestation lengths of 552 and 554 days, respectively. These data demonstrate the potential of noninvasive endocrine monitoring combined with serial ultrasonography to improve our understanding of the reproductive biology of cetaceans. This fundamental knowledge was essential for ensuring the first successful conceptions, resulting in live offspring, using artificial insemination in any cetacean species.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, ovarian follicle physiology, ovulation physiology, pregnanediol analogs and derivatives, reproductive techniques, assisted, acrosome, breeding, cryopreservation, estrous cycle physiology, luteinizing hormone urine, ovarian follicle ultrasonography, pregnanediol urine, semen, semen preservation.
Robinson, I. (1997). An approach to examination of the individual stranded small cetacean. 1. Congreso Internacional de Medio Ambiente Y Veterinaria: Ponencias y Comunicaciones. Caceres. Merida (Espana). Je, Cac. [1st International Congress on Environment and Veterinary: Proceedings and Communications. Caceres [Spain], April 24, 1997, Caceres (Spain), Coleccion Monografias - Junta de Extremadura (Spain), Junta de Extremadura, Merida (Spain). Consejeria de Agricultura y Comercio, 564 p. ISBN: 84-8107-024-6.
Descriptors: Cetacea, abnormal behavior, disorders, therapy, behavior, mammals.
Rodriguez, M., A. Ayala, F. Rosa, F. Herrera, S. Rodriguez, and M. Diaz Gonzalez (2000). Portable data acquisition system for EKG measurements in marine environments. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 62(2): 145-52. ISSN: 0169-2607.
NAL Call Number: RA409.5.C62
Abstract: In the present paper, an electronic prototype designed to acquire electrocardiographic signals from marine mammals has been developed. The system consists of a portable device that allows the on-line acquisition of EKG signals through a parallel port interface that is connected to a laptop computer. The EKG waveform, the voltage level, the bandwidth and the most relevant information from this type of signals is stored and analysed under real-time conditions by means of specifically implemented software. The whole system has been successfully tested to obtain the EKG from captive dolphins. The characteristics of the equipment presented here, with its low cost, size and energy requirements accomplish a portable system suitable for the acquisition of this type of signals in conductive media such as the seawater.
Descriptors: electrocardiography methods, software, dolphins.
Rogan, E., J.R. Baker, P.D. Jepson, S. Berrow, and O. Kiely (1997). A mass stranding of white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in Ireland: biological and pathological studies. Journal of Zoology (London) 242(2): 217-227. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: wild animals, dolphins, Ireland, British Isles, Cetacea, dolphins, Europe, mammals, Western Europe, wildlife, Lagenorhynchus acutus.
Rosas, F.C.W., A. Andriolo and T.L. Pimentel (2001). Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions). In: M.E. Fowler and Z.S. Cubas (Editors), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, p. 332-351.
NAL Call Number: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: adaptation, anesthesia, animal anatomy, animal behavior, animal nutrition, aquatic environment, destruction of animals, diagnosis, diseases, dosage, habitats, marine mammals, marking, medical treatment, monitoring, normal values, osmoregulation, population density, rehabilitation, restraint of animals, sampling, taxonomy, technology, telemetry, thermoregulation, transport of animals, wild animals, wildlife conservation, wildlife management, zoogeography, Cetacea, dolphins, Pinnipedia, sealions, seals, whales.
Rothschild, B.M. (2005). What causes lesions in sperm whale bones? Science 308(5722): 631-2; Author Reply 631-2. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: bone and bones pathology, osteonecrosis, spondylarthropathies, whales, osteonecrosis pathology, spondylarthropathies pathology.
Notes: Comment On: Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2215.
Royon, M., C. Aboulker, A. Rogopolos, P. Debut, J.F. Gelly, D. Taylor, A. Greenwood, M. Ridell, and B. Reboul (1988). Echographie de l' orque (Orcus orcina). [Echography of a killer whale (Orcus orcina)]. Recueil De Medecine Veterinaire 164(2): 183-185. ISSN: 0034-1843.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R24
Descriptors: Cetacea, echography, diagnosis, mammals, vertebrates, killer whale, Orcus orcina.
Language of Text: English, French and Spanish summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: 10. Congres de la Societe Francaise pour l' Application des Ultrasons a la Medecine et a la Biologie. Tours (France). 15 17 Sep 1986.
Ruelas Inzunza, J. and F. Paez Osuna (2002). Distribution of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in selected tissues of juvenile whales stranded in the SE Gulf of California (Mexico). Environment International 28(4): 325-9. ISSN: 0160-4120.
NAL Call Number: TD169.E54
Abstract: With the aim of knowing the concentration and distribution of essential and nonessential metals in selected tissues of whales, analysis of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were carried out in kidney, liver and muscle of the gray whale Eschrichtius robustus and the sperm whale Physeter catodon. Whales were found stranded in the southeast Gulf of California. Individuals were in a juvenile stage; mean length of whales was 9.3 m for E. robustus and 7 m for P. catodon. Sequence of metal concentrations was Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Cd>Pb in E. robustus, and Fe>Zn>Cu>Cd>Mn>Pb in P. catodon. In E. robustus, highest concentrations of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn (17.2, 19.6, 0.9 and 388 microg g(-1), respectively) were measured in liver, Cd (5.7 microg g(-1)) in kidney and Fe (1009 microg g(-1)) in muscle. In P. catodon, the highest levels of Cu, Fe and Pb (48.6, 5200 and 4.2 microg g(-1), respectively) were found in liver, Cd and Zn (94 and 183 microg g(-1)) in kidney and Mn (8 microg g(-1)) in muscle. Metal concentrations reported here were not considered to contribute to the stranding of specimens.
Descriptors: metals, heavy pharmacokinetics, whales, cause of death, kidney chemistry, liver chemistry, metals, heavy analysis, Mexico, mortality, muscle, skeletal chemistry, tissue distribution.
Ruoppolo, V. (2003). Patologia comparada de cetaceos e pinipedes. [Comparative pathology of cetaceans and pinnipeds]. Dissertation, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo, Brazil. 131 p.
Descriptors: pathology, wild animals, Cetacea, dolphins, Pinnipedia, whales.
Language of Text: English summary.
Saliki, J.T., E.J. Cooper, and J.P. Gustavson (2002). Emerging morbillivirus infections of marine mammals: development of two diagnostic approaches. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 969: 51-9. ISSN: 0077-8923.
NAL Call Number: 500 N484
Abstract: In the last 13 years, four viruses belonging in the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family have emerged as significant causes of disease and mortality in marine mammals. The viruses involved are canine distemper virus (CDV) in seals and polar bears, dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) in cetaceans, and phocine distemper virus (PDV) in pinnipeds. The two cetacean morbilliviruses (DMV and PMV) are now considered to be the same viral species, named cetacean morbillivirus (CMV). All three morbillivirus species (CDV, CMV, and PDV) are genetically and antigenically related and cross-react in various serological tests. The diagnosis of morbilliviral infections in marine mammal specimens poses two challenges. First, various marine mammal species can be infected by more than one closely related but distinct morbilliviruses, making definitive virus identification unattainable by classical virology methods. Second, standard immunological reagents such as anti-species conjugates are unavailable for most marine mammal species, rendering definitive serological diagnosis difficult by classical serological techniques. The objectives of this study were to develop two diagnostic approaches that alleviate these difficulties, providing simple, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic methods. For nucleic acid detection, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction endonuclease digestions were used to differentiate the three viruses. For antibody detection, a monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) was used on sera from several species, thus avoiding the need for multiple anti-species enzyme conjugates.
Descriptors: Cetacea virology, communicable diseases, emerging, morbillivirus infections, Pinnipedia virology, ursidae virology, antibodies, monoclonal immunology, antibodies, viral blood, antibodies, viral immunology, base sequence, communicable diseases, emerging diagnosis, DNA restriction enzymes metabolism, dolphins virology, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay methods, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, molecular sequence data, morbillivirus classification, morbillivirus genetics, morbillivirus immunology, morbillivirus infections diagnosis, rna, viral chemistry, rna, viral isolation and purification, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, seals, earless virology, sensitivity and specificity, time factors.
Sanchez, J., L. Kuba, B. Beron Vera, S.L. Dans, E.A. Crespo, M.F. Van Bressem, M.A. Coscarella, N.A. Garcia, M.K. Alonso, S.N. Pedraza, and P.A. Mariotti (2002). Uterine adenocarcinoma with generalised metastasis in a bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus from northern Patagonia, Argentina. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 48(2): 155-9. ISSN: 0177-5103.
Abstract: An endometrial adenocarcinoma with areas of squamous differentiation and generalised metastasis was observed in a bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus stranded in northern Patagonia in July 1997. This is the second report of a uterine adenocarcinoma in a free-living cetacean and the first in a Delphinidae. This neoplasm likely compromised reproduction for several years. In addition, the dolphin presented tattoo-like skin lesions and its digestive tract was infested by Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova sp., Braunina cordiformis and Corynosoma australe.
Descriptors: adenocarcinoma, dolphins, endometrial neoplasms, adenocarcinoma complications, adenocarcinoma diagnosis, adenocarcinoma secondary, Argentina, endometrial neoplasms complications, endometrial neoplasms diagnosis, endometrial neoplasms pathology, parasitic diseases, animal complications, parasitic diseases, animal diagnosis, reproduction.
Schulman, F.Y., T.P. Lipscomb, D. Moffett, A.E. Krafft, J.H. Lichy, M.M. Tsai, J.K. Taubenberger, and S. Kennedy (1997). Histologic, immunohistochemical, and polymerase chain reaction studies of bottlenose dolphins from the 1987-1988 United States Atlantic Coast epizootic. Veterinary Pathology 34(4): 288-295. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: outbreaks, pneumonia, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, pathology, histopathology, lungs, lymph nodes, spleen, mycoses, ulcers, thymus gland, skin, tongue, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, bladder, oviducts, mammary glands, etiology, wild animals, viral diseases, Tursiops truncatus, morbillivirus, dolphins.
Shimada, A. (2000). Pathology of sea mammals: information on the global environment available from stranded cetaceans. Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5(1): 37-43. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Descriptors: animal pathology, animal tissues, bacterial pneumonia, coastal areas, environmental assessment, lungs, lymph nodes, marine mammals, parasitoses, Cetacea.
Shirai, K. and T. Sakai (1997). Haematological findings in captive dolphins and whales. Australian Veterinary Journal 75(7): 512-4. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine haematological features in five species of healthy, captive marine mammals. ANIMALS: Twenty bottlenose dolphins (Tursips truncatus), seven Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), five Risso dolphins (Grampus griseus) and five false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The red blood cell count was 4.21 x 10(12)/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.32 x 10(12)/L in Pacific white-sided dolphins, 4.35 x 10(12)/L in Risso dolphins and 4.43 x 10(12)/L in false killer whales. The haemoglobin concentration was 1.51 g/L and packed cell volume 44.7% in bottlenose dolphins; the corresponding values were 1.71 g/L and 48.9% in Pacific white-sided dolphins, 1.72 g/L and 49.4% in Risso dolphins, and 1.52 g/L and 47.8% in false killer whales. The white blood cell count was 7.097 x 10(9)/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.928 x 10(9)/L in Pacific white-sided dolphins, 5.001 x 10(9)/L in Risso dolphins and 7.921 x 10(9)/L in false killer whales. There were no significant differences in these values among bottlenose dolphins and Pacific white-sided dolphins. The proportion of eosinophils in the differential leukocyte count ranged from 10.3% to 11.5% in bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphins and false killer whales, but was only 0.4% in Risso dolphins. The eosinophilic granules were larger in Risso dolphins and false killer whales than in bottlenose and Pacific white-sided dolphins.
Descriptors: dolphins blood, whales blood, basophils cytology, eosinophils cytology, erythrocyte count, erythrocytes cytology, hematologic tests methods, hematologic tests, hemoglobins analysis, leukocyte count, leukocytes cytology, monocytes cytology, reference values.
Shlosberg, A., M. Bellaiche, S. Regev, R. Gal, M. Brizzi, V. Hanji, L. Zaidel, and A. Nyska (1997). Lead toxicosis in a captive bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) consequent to ingestion of air gun pellets. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(1): 135-139. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: poisoning, zoo animals, lead, ingestion, air, pellets, Tursiops truncatus, dolphins.
Siebert, U., A. Wunschmann, R. Weiss, H. Frank, H. Benke, and K. Frese (2001). Post-mortem findings in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the German North and Baltic Seas. Journal of Comparative Pathology 124(2-3): 102-114. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: Phocoena, animal diseases, postmortem examinations, causes of death, lesions, pathology, pneumonia, parasitoses, bacterial diseases, Baltic Sea, North Sea.
Silva, R.G. (2004). Assessment of body surface temperature in cetaceans: An iterative approach. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64(3B): 719-724. ISSN: 1519-6984.
Abstract: Heat transfer from skin surface to ambient water is probably the most important aspect of thermal balance in marine mammals, but the respective calculations depend on knowing the surface temperature (TS), the direct measurement of which in free animals is very difficult. An indirect iterative method is proposed for TS prediction in free cetaceans from deep body temperature, swimming speed, and temperature and thermodynamic properties of the water.
Descriptors: Cetacea, physiological techniques, body surface temperature assessment, iterative method, body temperature, body surface temperature.
Simpson, V.R. (2000). Veterinary advances in the investigation of wildlife diseases in Britain. Research in Veterinary Science 69(1): 11-6. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: animal diseases microbiology, animal diseases parasitology, animal diseases virology, animals, wild, Chiroptera, deer, foxes, Great Britain, hedgehogs, lagomorpha, otters, porpoises, rabbits, seals, earless.
Small, R.J. (1995). Acclimation to captivity: a quantitative estimate based on survival of bottlenose dolphins and california sea lions. Marine Mammal Science 11(4): 510-519. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: An estimate of how long marine mammals need to acclimate to captivity would permit more precise comparisons of husbandry practices, yet no quantitative analysis of acclimation has been performed. Therefore, we estimated the duration of acclimation to captivity for bottlenose dolphins (BD) and California sea lions (CSL) by comparing 5-d survival rates during the first 90 d of captivity with a survival rate based on days 91-365 in captivity. Wild-born BD (n = 1,270) and CSL (n = 1,650) acclimate to captivity in approximately 35 and 40 d, respectively, whereas captive born BD (n = 332) and CSL (n = 992) acclimate in approximately 50 and 40 d, respectively. When transferred between two institutions, BD (n = 911) acclimated in the same amount of time (45 d) as when first transferred from the wild, whereas transferred CSL (n = 336) acclimated more rapidly (15 vs. 40 d) than when first transferred from the wild. Based on results from these two species, a 60-d acclimation period is recognized as a distinct interval of relatively high mortality that should be treated separately from long-term survival estimates when evaluating husbandry practices of oceanaria and zoos.
Descriptors: marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, wildlife management, conservation, husbandry.
Sokolov, V.E., I.G. Meshcherskii, N. Feoktistova, and V.O. Klishin (1994). Vodnyi obmen chernomorskoi afaliny. [Water balance in Black Sea dolphins]. Doklady Akademii Nauk 335(3): 396-8. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: body water metabolism, dolphins physiology, energy metabolism, feces chemistry, osmosis, urinalysis.
Language of Text: Russian.
St. Aubin, D.J., S. Deguise, P.R. Richard, T.G. Smith, and J.R. Geraci (2001). Hematology and plasma chemistry as indicators of health and ecological status in beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas. Arctic 54(3): 317-331. ISSN: 0004-0843.
Descriptors: age differences, blood chemistry, blood plasma, blood proteins, electrolytes, enzyme activity, hematocrit, hematology, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, scleroproteins, seasonal variation, sex differences, thyroid hormones, Delphinapterus leucas.
Stewart, B.S. (2001). Introduction and background to the collected papers on the rescue, rehabilitation, and scientific studies of JJ, an orphaned California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 203-208. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, wildlife management, conservation, scientific studies, whale rescues, wildlife rehabilitation, gray whales, collected papers.
Stone, L.R., R.L. Johnson, J.C. Sweeney and M.L. Lewis (1999). Fetal ultrasonography in dolphins with emphasis on gestational aging. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, Vol. 4, p. 501-506.
NAL Call Number: SF996.Z66 1999
Descriptors: aging, ultrasonography, marine mammals, wild animals, fetus, pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, dolphins.
Sweeney, J.C. and S.H. Ridgway (1975). Procedures for the clinical management of small cetaceans [Dolphins]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 167(7): 540-545. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: clinical management, procedures, dolphins, small cetaceans.
Sweeney, J.C. and M.L. Reddy (2001). Cetacean cytology. In: L.A. Dierauf and F. Gulland (Editors), CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition, CRC Press: Boca Raton, London, p. 437-448. ISBN: 0849308399.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.M35C73 2001
Descriptors: Cetacea, cytological techniques, diagnostic techniques, cytology.
Tanner, J.W., J.S. Johansson, P.A. Liebman, and R.G. Eckenhoff (2001). Predictability of weak binding from X-ray crystallography: inhaled anesthetics and myoglobin. Biochemistry 40(16): 5075-80. ISSN: 0006-2960.
NAL Call Number: 381 B523
Abstract: Xenon and dichloromethane are inhalational anesthetic agents whose binding to myoglobin has been demonstrated by X-ray crystallography. We explore the thermodynamic significance of such binding using differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and hydrogen-tritium exchange measurements to study the effect of these agents on myoglobin folding stability. Though specific binding of these anesthetics might be expected to stabilize myoglobin against unfolding, dichloromethane actually destabilized myoglobin at all examined concentrations of this anesthetic (15, 40, and 200 mM). On the other hand, xenon (1 atm) stabilized myoglobin. Thus, dichloromethane and xenon have opposite effects on myoglobin stability despite localization in comparably folded X-ray crystallographic structures. These results suggest a need for solution measurements to complement crystallography if the consequences of weak binding to proteins are to be appreciated.
Descriptors: anesthetics, inhalation chemistry, crystallography, x ray methods, methylene chloride chemistry, myoglobin chemistry, calorimetry, differential scanning, circular dichroism, horses, hydrogen chemistry, protein binding, protein folding, recombinant proteins chemistry, thermodynamics, tritium chemistry, whales, xenon chemistry.
Tarpley, R.J., J.B. Gelderd, S. Bauserman, and S.H. Ridgway (1994). Dolphin peripheral visual pathway in chronic unilateral ocular atrophy: complete decussation apparent. Journal of Morphology 222(1): 91-102. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: Components of the peripheral visual pathway were examined in two bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, each with unilateral ocular degeneration and scarring of 3 or more years' duration. In both animals, the optic nerve associated with the blind eye (right eye in Tg419 and left eye in Tt038) had a translucent, gel-like appearance upon gross examination. This translucency was also evident in the optic tract contralateral to the affected eye. In Tg419, myelinated axons of varying diameters were apparent in the left optic nerve, whereas the right optic nerve, serving the blind eye, appeared to be devoid of axons. In Tt038, myelinated axons were associated with the right optic nerve (serving the functional eye) and left optic tract but were essentially absent in the left optic nerve and right optic tract. Examined by light microscopy in serial horizontal sections, the optic chiasm of Tt038 was arranged along its central plane in segregated, alternating pathways for the decussation of right and left optic nerve fibers. Ventral to this plane, the chiasm was comprised of fibers from the left optic nerve, whereas dorsal to the central plane, fibers derived from the right optic nerve. Because of this architectural arrangement, the right and left optic nerves grossly appeared to overlap as they crossed the optic chiasm with the right optic nerve coursing dorsally to the left optic nerve. At the light and electron microscopic levels, the optic nerves and tracts lacking axons were well vascularized and dominated by glial cell bodies and glial processes, an expression of the marked glial scarring associated with postinjury axonal degeneration. The apparent absence of axons in one of the optic tract pairs (right in Tt038 and left in Tg419) supports the concept of complete decussation of right and left optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasm in the bottlenose dolphin.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, eye pathology, visual pathways pathology, animal diseases pathology, atrophy, chronic disease, visual pathways ultrastructure.
Tarpley, R.J., D.J. Hillmann, W.G. Henk, and J.C. George (1997). Observations on the external morphology and vasculature of a fetal heart of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Anatomical Record 247(4): 556-81. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Specialized demands within the aquatic environment for over some 60 million years have shaped unique morphological expressions in the whales, dolphins, and porpoises (Cetacea). Detailed consideration of these features, particularly in the great whales, has often been constrained by difficulties in securing adequate specimens for study. We had the opportunity to examine external heart morphology in a rarely obtained and prepared specimen from the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. METHODS: The external morphology and in situ relations of a formalin-perfused heart were examined grossly in a near-term bowhead fetus. Latex injections assisted visualization of coronary vasculature. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to clarify heart positioning within the thoracic cavity in two younger (early and mid-gestational) intact fetuses. RESULTS: The heart was globular in form, with a blunt apex and wide base; it was laterally broad relative to height yet considerably compressed between nearly planar atrial (diaphragmatic) and auricular (sternocostal) surfaces. The heart constituted 0.01 of body mass in the near-term fetus. Within the thoracic cavity, the heart tilted forward on its long axis, placing the great basal vessels in the region of the thoracic inlet. The aorta extended forward from mid-base in parallel with the pulmonary trunk, arched sharply to the left, producing in succession the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. Bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk yielded the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. The distal portion of the aortic arch was linked to the pulmonary trunk via the ductus arteriosus. The aorta then swung caudally over the heart base, descending beneath the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. The ascending aorta featured three bulbous sinuses immediately distal to the three semilunar cusps of the aortic valve. Originating along the distal boundaries of the left and right sinuses were the left and right coronary arteries. The arteries were similar in size and, because each sent contributions along their respective coronary and interventricular grooves, the heart can be described as bilateral relative to arterial supply. Anastomoses were common within and between the two arteries. Venous return from the heart was comprised of the great, middle, and right cardiac veins, all three converging in the coronary sinus. The right cardiac vein also included tributaries that emptied directly into the right atrium. CONCLUSIONS: External heart morphology in the fetal bowhead whale examined was distinguished by a laterally broad conformation with significant compression between its cranial and caudal surfaces. Aortic bulb configuration in combination with an expandable aortic arch may support blood service to the heart during diastole. Vascular service to the heart featured a complex vessel network with extensive intraarterial and intravenous anastomoses that enable many alternate blood perfusion pathways and may be adaptive to water-column-pressure fluctuations experienced by a large diving mammal.
Descriptors: coronary vessels embryology, heart embryology, whales embryology, coronary circulation, magnetic resonance imaging.
Tarpley, R.J. and S.H. Ridgway (1994). Corpus callosum size in delphinid cetaceans. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 44(3): 156-65. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Abstract: The midsagittal surface area of the corpus callosum was determined by computer-assisted morphometry in juvenile and adult members of 13 species of the cetacean family Delphinidae. In 57 brains, absolute callosal areas ranged from 104 to 829 mm2. When compared to other mammal groups possessing a corpus callosum, callosal area in dolphins was smaller in relation to brain mass with a ratio range (mm2/g) of 0.08-0.31. The corpus callosum was decreased relative to brain mass in the larger-brained odontocetes, suggesting that increases in brain size were not necessarily allied with needs for equivalent increases in callosal linkage. One delphinid species, Tursiops truncatus, for which the largest single-species sample was available, was examined for sex differences in callosal size relative to brain mass. Among 10 males and 5 females the averaged ratio was not distinguishable between sexes.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, corpus callosum anatomy and histology, biometry, body weight physiology, evolution, reference values, species specificity.
Taylor, B.C., R.M. Brotheridge, D.A. Jessup, and J.L. Stott (2002). Measurement of serum immunoglobulin concentration in killer whales and sea otters by radial immunodiffusion. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 89(3-4): 187-95. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dolphins blood, dolphins immunology, immunodiffusion methods, immunoglobulin G blood, otters blood, otters immunology, wild animals, zoo animals, antibody specificity, immunoelectrophoresis, immunoglobulin G isolation and purification, rabbits, reproducibility of results, sensitivity and specificity.
Terasawa, F. and M. Kitamura (2005). Hyperlipemia of captive bottlenose dolphins during pregnancy. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 67(3): 341-4. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: In this study values for total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in 110 blood samples taken from 360 days pre-partum to 90 days post-partum in ten parturitions of six bottlenose dolphins, and in 75 blood samples when the dolphins were not pregnant as a control group. The average total cholesterol values in the second, third and fourth stages and in the puerperium were significantly higher than the average value of the control group by 11.0%, 30.2%, 19.3% and 13.4% respectively. The average triglycerides values for the third and fourth stages and in the puerperium were also significantly higher than those in the control group by 59.7%, 84.3%, and 42.1% respectively.
Descriptors: zoo animals, dolphins, hyperlipidemia blood, hyperlipidemia, cholesterol blood, Japan, triglycerides blood.
Terasawa, F., M. Kitamura, A. Fujimoto, and S. Hayama (2002). Seasonal changes of blood composition in captive bottlenose dolphins. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 64(11): 1075-8. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: To determine how blood values in bottlenose dolphins changed during the year, 504 blood samples were taken from 9 dolphins from 1991 to 1999 and clinical blood examinations were undertaken monthly including 3 hematological and 19 serum chemistry tests. In creatinine, significant seasonal changes were found among three groups of adult males, adult females and juveniles, and the average values in summer were 15-38% higher than those in winter. In two out of three groups the average total cholesterol value were highest in winter, and the lowest of all groups were in summer. In two other groups the peaks of average FFA value were recorded in summer, and the lows were in winter.
Descriptors: dolphins blood, aging blood, zoo animals, blood, blood cell count, body weight, cholesterol blood, creatinine blood, fatty acids, nonesterified blood, seasons.
Thompson, P.M. and P.S. Hammond (1992). The use of photography to monitor dermal disease in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Ambio 21(2): 135-137. ISSN: 0044-7447.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A52
Descriptors: Tursiops, skin diseases, disease surveillance, photography, North Sea, sea pollution, monitoring, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, dolphins, eastern Atlantic, epidemiology, mammals, marine areas, north Atlantic, northeast Atlantic, organic diseases, pollution, water pollution.
Language of Text: French and English summaries.
Thurman, G.D., S.J.T. Downes, M.B. Fothergill, N.M. Goodwin, and M.M. Hegarty (1983). Diagnosis and successful treatment of subacute erysipelas in a captive dolphin [Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, swine erysipelas]. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 54(3): 193-200. ISSN: 0038-2809.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SO8
Descriptors: dolphin, erysipelas, diagnosis, treatment, swine, subacute.
Townsend, F.I. (1999). Hand-rearing techniques for neonate cetaceans. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th edition, p. 493-497.
NAL Call Number: SF996.Z66 1999
Descriptors: marine mammals, wild animals, newborn animals, feeding, weaning, nutrient requirements, milk substitutes, Cetacea, dolphins.
Townsend, F.I. (1999). Medical management of stranded small cetaceans. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th edition, p. 485-493.
NAL Call Number: SF996.Z66 1999
Descriptors: wild animals, marine mammals, treatment, Cetacea.
Tsang, K.W., R. Kinoshita, N. Rouke, Q. Yuen, W. Hu, and W.K. Lam (2002). Bronchoscopy of cetaceans. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(1): 224-7. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Bronchoscopy is a standard diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in respiratory medicine and has been performed on many animal species. Cetaceans suffer considerable morbidity and mortality from lower respiratory tract infections, and it is very difficult to sample lower respiratory tract secretions for microbiology and other analyses. We report our experience on performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy in three bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and one false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), which should help other clinicians in performing bronchoscopy in cetaceans.
Descriptors: bronchial diseases, bronchoscopes, bronchoscopy, dolphins, respiratory tract infections, bronchi, bronchial diseases diagnosis, bronchoscopy methods, respiratory tract infections diagnosis.
Turnbull, B.S. and D.F. Cowan (1999). Synovial joint disease in wild cetaceans. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35(3): 511-8. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: During necropsy of cetaceans stranded or accidentally net-captured along the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico from 1991 to 1996, we found 13 of 59 (22%) animals had abnormalities of the atlanto-occipital and/or humeroscapular joints, the synovial joints. A few cases demonstrated mild roughening of the articular cartilage, while the majority exhibited complete erosion with thickened synovium and bony proliferation. The lesions resulted in ankylosis of both joints in one animal. In humans and terrestrial mammals, synovial joint diseases are known to be debilitating. Cetaceans depend on neck and flipper movement for locomotion, feeding, avoiding danger, and reaching the water's surface for breathing. Therefore, synovial joint disease may be significant mortality factor in these marine animals.
Descriptors: Cetacea, joint diseases, synovial membrane pathology, atlanto occipital joint pathology, cartilage, articular pathology, joint diseases epidemiology, joint diseases pathology, shoulder joint pathology.
Ueda, K., T. Komatsu, K. Okamura, and S. Uchida (2002). Orbifloxacin plasma bioactivity in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus, and a false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens, after oral administration. Journal of Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums 44(1): 8-15. ISSN: 0386-7498.
Descriptors: antibacterial agents, orbifloxacin. plasma bioactivity, dosage, half life, pharmacokinetics, Cetacea, dolphins, Tursiops, killer whales, Pseudorca, oral administration.
van Elk, C.E., N. Epping, and S.J.M. Gans (2001). Pulmonary function measurements in dolphins using capnography. Veterinary Record 149(10): 308-309. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dolphins, lung function, measurement, recording, recordings, pulmonary, capnography.
Walker, L.A., L. Cornell, K.D. Dahl, N.M. Czekala, C.M. Dargen, B. Joseph, A.J. Hsueh, and B.L. Lasley (1988). Urinary concentrations of ovarian steroid hormone metabolites and bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone in killer whales (Orcinus orchus) during ovarian cycles and pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction 39(5): 1013-20. ISSN: 0006-3363.
NAL Call Number: QL876.B5
Abstract: Reproductive hormone profiles of six captive killer whales (Orcinu orcus) from three Sea World aquaria were studied for intervals up to 2 yr. Daily urine samples and bimonthly blood samples were collected and analyzed for hormone concentration. Immunoreactive estrone conjugates, pregnanediol-3-glucoruonide, 20-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone as well as bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in urine samples and indexed by creatinine concentrations of the same sample. In selected cases, serum progesterone concentrations were also measured. Three of the animals in the study became pregnant during the study period and two of these animals were evaluated during the time of conception and throughout most of gestation. From the data of the three animals that conceived, hormone profiles of the complete ovarian cycle, early pregnancy, and mid- to late gestation are described. The remaining three animals did not conceive and only one of these demonstrated hormone changes that indicated regular ovarian activity. The female reproductive pattern of the killer whale is characterized by a gestation of 17 mo and an ovarian cycle of 6-7 wk in duration. The hormone changes associated with the ovarian cycle of the killer whale are similar to those of most other mammalian species. A bimodal pattern of bioactive FSH with a pronounced rise of estrogen predominates the preovulatory hormone profile. After ovulation, increased progesterone production is observed for approximately 4 wk in the nonconceptive ovarian cycle. During the luteal phase and early pregnancy, when progesterone metabolites are elevated, estrogen metabolite excretion remains low. These data extend the application of urine collections for longitudinal studies involving hormone changes, particularly those involving nondomesticated species.
Descriptors: 20 alpha dihydroprogesterone urine, Cetacea urine, estrogens urine, estrus physiology, follicle stimulating hormone urine, pregnancy, animal physiology, pregnanediol analogs and derivatives, progesterone analogs and derivatives, whales urine, estrus metabolism, estrus urine, animal blood, animal metabolism, animal urine, pregnanediol urine, progesterone blood.
Wang, A., D. Barber, and C.J. Pfeiffer (2001). Protective effects of selenium against mercury toxicity in cultured Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella plagiodon) renal cells. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41(4): 403-9. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Abstract: Marine mammals are known for their low susceptibility to mercury toxicity, and selenium may play a role in this protection against mercury intoxication. To gain insight into mechanisms by which selenium might inhibit mercury toxicity in cetacean cells, we investigated the effects of sodium selenite on cell proliferation and cell death (including apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis) of control and mercuric chloride-treated Atlantic spotted dolphin renal cells (Sp1K cells). Concurrent exposure to 80 microM Na2SeO3 provided full protection against the decrease in cell proliferation induced by 20 microM HgCl2. Pretreatment with Na2SeO3 increased the protective effects of selenium administered later in conjunction with mercury, but pretreatment alone did not provide protection against mercury given alone. Furthermore, Na2SeO3 administered after the exposure to HgCl2 did not protect cells. These data suggest that the coexistence of Na2SeO3 and HgCl2 was essential for the protective effects of Na2SeO3 against the toxicity of HgCl2 in Sp1K cells, and may involve selenium-mercury binding. This is supported by the results of an experiment in which earlier premixed mercury and selenium solutions were less cytotoxic than freshly mixed solutions. Furthermore, HgCl2 induced apoptosis in Sp1K cells, as revealed by nuclear specific dye (7-AAD) incorporation and cell flow cytometry, and this was prevented by the concurrent exposure to Na2SeO3. Inhibition of mercury-induced apoptosis in marine mammal cells, provided by selenium, may contribute to the in vivo protection. This study is the first report that addresses the mechanism of mercury-selenium antagonism in cultured cetacean cells at the cellular level.
Descriptors: apoptosis drug effects, cell division drug effects, disinfectants toxicity, dolphins physiology, kidney drug effects, mercuric chloride toxicity, mercury toxicity, selenium pharmacology, water pollutants, chemical toxicity, cell line, flow cytometry, kidney cytology, selenium compounds pharmacology.
Wang, A. and C.J. Pfeiffer (2001). Cytopathology induced by mercuric chloride and methylmercury in cultured renal cells of the Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella plagiodon). Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 33(1-2): 7-16. ISSN: 1122-9497.
Abstract: High mercury concentrations have been reported in various tissues of cetaceans, but the toxicological effects of mercury on cetaceans remain unclear. In vivo study is difficult due to the endangered status of these marine mammals and co-exposure to both mercury and selenium (antagonist of mercury) in the oceanic environment. The present data are the first ultrastructural information on dolphin renal cells exposed to mercury in vitro. Multiple organelle changes were observed in Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella plagiodon) renal cells treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) or methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl2). Mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticula were swollen after treatment with HgCl2 or MeHgCl. Mitochondrial dense bodies and small cytoplasmic spherical granules of high electron density were also observed after exposure to MeHgCl. Cytoplasmic vacuoles and myelin-like figures were induced by both HgCl2 and MeHgCl. Nuclear changes included karyolysis, nuclear buds, and a novel observation in mercury-treated cells, vacuolization of (micro-)nucleoli after treatment with HgCl2. These morphological changes (multiple organelle damage and nuclear budding) indicated mercury-treated dolphin renal cells underwent oncosis and necrosis, and supported earlier pathophysiologic findings of diverse toxic actions on genetic, respiratory and other cellular functions.
Descriptors: dolphins, kidney drug effects, mercuric chloride toxicity, methylmercury compounds toxicity, water pollutants, chemical toxicity, cell line, cells, cultured, kidney ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, organelles drug effects, organelles ultrastructure.
Wang, D., R. Liu, Q. Zhao, G. Yang, X. Xu, Z. Huang, J. Xin, and B. Chen (2003). Pathological anatomy and analysis of death causes for a Chinese white dolphin. Acta Theriologica Sinica 23(2): 183-184. ISSN: 1000-1050.
Descriptors: Sousa chinensis, industry, navigation channel maintenance with explosives, conservation measures, mortality prevention recommendations, injuries, cranial and subcutaneous haemorrhaging, industrial explosives mortality factor, mortality, north Pacific, China, Fujian, Xiamen, stranding record mortality, pathology of industrial injury and conservation recommendations.
Watson, A., R.J. Bahr, and J.W. Alexander (2004). Thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis and compression fracture of a thoracic vertebra in a captive bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 30(2): 275-278. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: A captive-born, 7-year-old male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) suddenly acquired a dorsal hump at the cranial base of its dorsal fin. Subsequent clinical signs or swimming abnormalities were not observed and one year later it died suddenly. Necropsy revealed chronic cholangiohepatitis and lymphadenitis suggestive of a viral infection, with kyphoscoliosis centered on an old malunion compression fracture of the 12th thoracic vertebra associated with moderate bony proliferation, fusion, and lysis of this and adjacent vertebrae. Possible causes of fractures, particularly conspecific aggression, and the remarkable functional longevity of dolphins with vertebral malformations are discussed.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, vertebral column, thoracic vertebra, injuries, thoracic vertebra compression fracture, thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis.
Williamson, P., N.J. Gales, and S. Lister (1990). Use of real-time B-mode ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis and measurement of fetal growth rate in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 88(2): 543-548.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: Tursiops, ultrasonics, pregnancy diagnosis, embryonic development, dolphins, biological development, Cetacea, diagnosis, dolphins, mammals, radiations, sound.
Wilson, B., H. Arnold, G. Bearzi, C.M. Fortuna, R. Gaspar, S. Ingram, C. Liret, S. Pribanic, A.J. Read, V. Ridoux, K. Schneider, K.W. Urian, R.S. Wells, C. Wood, P.M. Thompson, and P.S. Hammond (1999). Epidermal diseases in bottlenose dolphins: impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 266(1423): 1077-83. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Experimental studies have highlighted the potential influence of contaminants on marine mammal immune function and anthropogenic contaminants are commonly believed to influence the development of diseases observed in the wild. However, estimates of the impact of contaminants on wild populations are constrained by uncertainty over natural variation in disease patterns under different environmental conditions. We used photographic techniques to compare levels of epidermal disease in ten coastal populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) exposed to a wide range of natural and anthropogenic conditions. Epidermal lesions were common in all populations (affecting > 60% of individuals), but both the prevalence and severity of 15 lesion categories varied between populations. No relationships were found between epidermal disease and contaminant levels across the four populations for which toxicological data were available. In contrast, there were highly significant linear relationships with oceanographic variables. In particular, populations from areas of low water temperature and low salinity exhibited higher lesion prevalence and severity. Such conditions may impact on epidermal integrity or produce more general physiological stress, potentially making animals more vulnerable to natural infections or anthropogenic factors. These results show that variations in natural environmental factors must be accounted for when investigating the importance of anthropogenic impacts on disease in wild marine mammals.
Descriptors: dolphins, skin diseases, environmental exposure adverse effects, prevalence, skin diseases epidemiology, skin diseases etiology, skin diseases physiopathology.
Woodhouse, C.D. and C.J. Rennie III (1991). Observations of vaginal calculi in dolphins. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27(3): 421-7. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Vaginal calculi have been described from the common (Delphinus delphis), Pacific white-sided (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and spotted (Stenella attenuata) dolphins. We describe additional calculi found in six sexually mature D. delphis from southern California. Three calculi were large (ca. 7 x 5 cm), exhibited concentric layer crystallization, and were unique from previously published descriptions. One calculus described previously and one in our sample appeared to be a fetal skeleton and skull respectively. Using CAT scans of a first trimester northern right whale dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis) and of a near term Delphinus delphis, we discuss the potential origin and development of vaginal calculi through analysis of ossification in embryonic delphinids. We hypothesize that the calculi represented spontaneous incomplete abortion with retention of part or all of the fetus in the distal reproductive tract. The form of the calculus relates to the degree of skeletal development at the time of fetal death. Calculi from a pregnant dolphin provided one measure of residence time.
Descriptors: abortion, veterinary complications, calculi, dolphins, fetus radiography, vaginal diseases, abortion, veterinary pathology, calculi etiology, calculi pathology, tomography, x ray computed, vaginal diseases etiology, vaginal diseases pathology.
Yan, J., T. Kunito, S. Tanabe, M. Amano, and N. Miyazaki (2002). Trace elements in skin of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) from the northern waters of Japan: an evaluation for utilization as non-lethal tracers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45(1-12): 230-6. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: Concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Mn, Mo, Hg, Cd, Cr, Ag, Pb, Sr and V were determined in skins of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dali) of the Pacific coast truei-type population (PT population) (N = 45), and the Sea of Japan-Okhotsk dalli-type population (JD population) (N = 31) from the northern waters of Japan. Cutaneous Hg concentrations in both PT and JD populations were significantly correlated with age, indicating a possible alternative method of age estimation. A significant correlation was also noted between Hg concentrations in skin and liver, suggesting that biopsy samples of skin can provide a non-lethal surrogate for monitoring Hg contamination in this species. Trace element accumulation patterns differed strongly between PT and JD populations, when analyzed by principal component analysis, suggesting these patterns could be utilized as non-lethal tracers of population identification.
Descriptors: porpoises, trace elements pharmacokinetics, water pollutants pharmacokinetics, biological markers analysis, biopsy, environmental monitoring methods, Japan, skin chemistry, trace elements analysis, water pollutants analysis.
Zucca, P., G. Di Guardo, R. Pozzi Mucelli, D. Scaravelli, and M. Francese (2004). Use of computer tomography for imaging of Crassicauda grampicola in a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(3): 391-4. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: A mature male Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) stranded along the coasts of Friuli Venezia Giulia, northeast Italy, in May 2001. Parasitic infection with Crassicauda grampicola is often found in the tympanic bullae and pterygoid sinuses in many of the Risso's dolphins examined from the same area. For this reason, it was decided to perform computed tomography of the head to assess this imaging technique for the diagnosis of crassicaudosis in dolphins. A full postmortem examination confirmed the pathologic findings of the computed tomography scan. This technique can be considered a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of cranial crassicaudosis in live dolphins.
Descriptors: dolphins parasitology, nematoda isolation and purification, nematode infections, tomography scanners, x ray computed, middle ear parasitology, middle ear radiography, fatal outcome, nematode infections diagnosis, nematode infections radiography, tomography, spiral computed instrumentation, spiral computed tomography.