Risk Management Series Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks December 2003 FEMA FEMA 428 / December 2003 APPENDIX B - GENERAL GLOSSARY This appendix contains some terms that do not actually appear in this manual. They have been included to present a comprehensive list that pertains to this series of publications. A Access control. Any combination of barriers, gates, electronic security equipment, and/or guards that can deny entry to unauthorized personnel or vehicles. Access control point. A station at an entrance to a building or a portion of a building where identification is checked and people and hand-carried items are searched. Access controls. Procedures and controls that limit or detect access to minimum essential infrastructure resource elements (e.g., people, technology, applications, data, and/or facilities), thereby protecting these resources against loss of integrity, confidentiality, accountability, and/or availability. Accountability. The explicit assignment of responsibilities for oversight of areas of control to executives, managers, staff, owners, providers, and users of minimum essential infrastructure resource elements. Active vehicle barrier. An impediment placed at an access control point that may be manually or automatically deployed in response to detection of a threat. Aerosol. Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas (e.g., fog or smoke). Aggressor. Any person seeking to compromise a function or structure. Airborne contamination. Chemical or biological agents introduced into and fouling the source of supply of breathing or conditioning air. Antiterrorism (AT). Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals, forces, and property to terrorist acts. Area lighting. Lighting that illuminates a large exterior area. Assessment. The evaluation and interpretation of measurements and other information to provide a basis for decision-making. Asset. A resource of value requiring protection. An asset can be tangible (e.g., people, buildings, facilities, equipment, activities, operations, and information) or intangible (e.g., processes or a company's information and reputation). Asset protection. Security program designed to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and integrated application of combating terrorism, physical security, operations security, and personal protective services, and supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs. Asset value. The degree of debilitating impact that would be caused by the incapacity or destruction of an asset. Attack. A hostile action resulting in the destruction, injury, or death to the civilian population, or damage or destruction to public and private property. B Balanced magnetic switch. A door position switch utilizing a reed switch held in a balanced or center position by interacting magnetic fields when not in alarm condition. Ballistics attack. An attack in which small arms (e.g., pistols, submachine guns, shotguns, and rifles) are fired from a distance and rely on the flight of the projectile to damage the target. Barbed tape or concertina. A coiled tape or coil of wires with wire barbs or blades deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area. Barbed wire. A double strand of wire with four-point barbs equally spaced along the wire deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area. Barcode. A black bar printed on white paper or tape that can be easily read with an optical scanner. Biological agents. Living organisms or the materials derived from them that cause disease in or harm to humans, animals, or plants or cause deterioration of material. Biological agents may be used as liquid droplets, aerosols, or dry powders. Blast curtains. Heavy curtains made of blast-resistant materials that could protect the occupants of a room from flying debris. Blast-resistant glazing. Window opening glazing that is resistant to blast effects because of the interrelated function of the frame and glazing material properties frequently dependent upon tempered glass, polycarbonate, or laminated glazing. Blast vulnerability envelope. The geographical area in which an explosive device will cause damage to assets. Bollard. A vehicle barrier consisting of a cylinder, usually made of steel and sometimes filled with concrete, placed on end in the ground and spaced about 3 feet apart to prevent vehicles from passing, but allowing entrance of pedestrians and bicycles. Building hardening. Enhanced construction that reduces vulnerability to external blast and ballistic attacks. Building separation. The distance between closest points on the exterior walls of adjacent buildings or structures. C Cable barrier. Cable or wire rope anchored to and suspended off the ground or attached to chain-link fence to act as a barrier to moving vehicles. Chemical agent. A chemical substance that is intended to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate people through physiological effects. Generally separated by severity of effect (e.g., lethal, blister, and incapacitating). Clear zone. An area that is clear of visual obstructions and landscape materials that could conceal a threat or perpetrator. Closed circuit television (CCTV). An electronic system of cameras, control equipment, recorders, and related apparatus used for surveillance or alarm assessment. Collateral damage. Injury or damage to assets that are not the primary target of an attack. Combating terrorism. The full range of federal programs and activities applied against terrorism, domestically and abroad, regardless of the source or motive. Community. A political entity that has the authority to adopt and enforce laws and ordinances for the area under its jurisdiction. In most cases, the community is an incorporated town, city, township, village, or unincorporated area of a county; however, each state defines its own political subdivisions and forms of government. Components and cladding. Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as part of the main wind-force resisting system. Confidentiality. The protection of sensitive information against unauthorized disclosure and sensitive facilities from physical, technical, or electronic penetration or exploitation. Consequence Management. Measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism. State and local governments exercise the primary authority to respond to the consequences of terrorism. Contamination. The undesirable deposition of a chemical, biological, or radiological material on the surface of structures, areas, objects, or people. Control center. A centrally located room or facility staffed by personnel charged with the oversight of specific situations and/ or equipment. Controlled area. An area into which access is controlled or limited. It is that portion of a restricted area usually near or surrounding a limited or exclusion area. Correlates with exclusion zone. Controlled lighting. Illumination of specific areas or sections. Controlled perimeter. A physical boundary at which vehicle and personnel access is controlled at the perimeter of a site. Access control at a controlled perimeter should demonstrate the capability to search individuals and vehicles. Conventional construction. Building construction that is not specifically designed to resist weapons, explosives, or chemical, biological, and radiological effects. Conventional construction is designed only to resist common loadings and environmental effects such as wind, seismic, and snow loads. Coordinate. To advance systematically an exchange of information among principals who have or may have a need to know certain information in order to carry out their roles in a response. Counterintelligence. Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against: espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons; or international terrorist activities, excluding personnel, physical, document, and communications security programs. Counterterrorism (CT). Offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism. Covert entry. Attempts to enter a facility by using false credentials or stealth. Crash bar. A mechanical egress device located on the interior side of a door that unlocks the door when pressure is applied in the direction of egress. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). A crime prevention strategy based on evidence that the design and form of the built environment can influence human behavior. CPTED usually involves the use of three principles: natural surveillance (by placing physical features, activities, and people to maximize visibility); natural access control (through the judicial placement of entrances, exits, fencing, landscaping, and lighting); and territorial reinforcement (using buildings, fences, pavement, signs, and landscaping to express ownership). Crisis Management (CM). The measures taken to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism. Critical assets. Those assets essential to the minimum operations of the organization, and to ensure the health and safety of the general public. Critical infrastructure. Primary infrastructure systems (e.g., utilities, telecommunications, transportation, etc.) whose incapacity would have a debilitating impact on the school's ability to function. D Damage assessment. The process used to appraise or determine the number of injuries and deaths, damage to public and private property, and the status of key facilities and services (e.g., schools, hospitals and other health care facilities, fire and police stations, communications networks, water and sanitation systems, utilities, and transportation networks) resulting from a manmade or natural disaster. Data gathering panel. A local processing unit that retrieves, processes, stores, and/or acts on information in the field. Debris-catching system. Blast wallpaper, fragmentation blankets, or any similar system applied to the inside of a building's exterior walls. Debris-catching systems are often made of Kevlar or geotextile material and are designed to collect wall material debris in the event of an external explosion and to shield occupants from injuries. Decontamination. The reduction or removal of a chemical, biological, or radiological material from the surface of a structure, area, object, or person. Defense layer. Building design or exterior perimeter barriers intended to delay attempted forced entry. Defensive measures. Protective measures that delay or prevent attack on an asset or that shield the asset from weapons, explosives, and CBR effects. Defensive measures include site work and building design. Design Basis Threat (DBT). The threat (e.g., tactics and associated weapons, tools, or explosives) against which assets within a building must be protected and upon which the security engineering design of the school is based. Design constraint. Anything that restricts the design options for a protective system or that creates additional problems for which the design must compensate. Design opportunity. Anything that enhances protection, reduces requirements for protective measures, or solves a design problem. Design team. A group of individuals from various engineering and architectural disciplines responsible for the protective system design. Disaster. An occurrence of a natural catastrophe, technological accident, or human-caused event that has resulted in severe property damage, deaths, and/or multiple injuries. Domestic terrorism. The unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or Puerto Rico without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives. Dose rate (radiation). A general term indicating the quantity (total or accumulated) of ionizing radiation or energy absorbed by a person or animal, per unit of time. Dosimeter. An instrument for measuring and registering total accumulated exposure to ionizing radiation. Duress alarm devices. Also known as panic buttons, these devices are designated specifically to initiate a panic alarm. E Effective stand-off distance. A stand-off distance at which the required level of protection can be shown to be achieved through analysis or can be achieved through building hardening or other mitigating construction or retrofit. Electronic Entry Control Systems (EECS). Electronic devices that automatically verify authorization for a person to enter or exit a controlled area. Electronic Security System (ESS). An integrated system that encompasses interior and exterior sensors, closed circuit television systems for assessment of alarm conditions, Electronic Entry Control Systems, data transmission media, and alarm reporting systems for monitoring, control, and display of various alarm and system information. Emergency. Any natural or human-caused situation that results in or may result in substantial injury or harm to the population or substantial damage to or loss of property. Emergency Environmental Health Services. Services required to correct or improve damaging environmental health effects on humans, including inspection for food contamination, inspection for water contamination, and vector control; providing for sewage and solid waste inspection and disposal; cleanup and disposal of hazardous materials; and sanitation inspection for emergency shelter facilities. Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Services including personnel, facilities, and equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the time of injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a hospital, temporary medical facility, or special care facility; release from the site; or declared dead. Further, Emergency Medical Services specifically include those services immediately required to ensure proper medical care and specialized treatment for patients in a hospital and coordination of related hospital services. Emergency Operations Center (EOC). The protected site from which state and local civil government officials coordinate, monitor, and direct emergency response activities during an emergency. Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). A document that describes how people and property will be protected in disaster and disaster threat situations; details who is responsible for carrying out specific actions; identifies the personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and other resources available for use in the disaster; and outlines how all actions will be coordinated. Emergency Public Information (EPI). Information that is disseminated primarily in anticipation of an emergency or at the actual time of an emergency and, in addition to providing information, frequently directs actions, instructs, and transmits direct orders. Entry control point. A continuously or intermittently manned station at which entry to sensitive or restricted areas is controlled. Equipment closet. A room where field control equipment such as data gathering panels and power supplies are typically located. Evacuation. Organized, phased, and supervised dispersal of people from dangerous or potentially dangerous areas. Evacuation, mandatory or directed. This is a warning to persons within the designated area that an imminent threat to life and property exists and individuals MUST evacuate in accordance with the instructions of local officials. Evacuation, spontaneous. Residents or citizens in the threatened areas observe an emergency event or receive unofficial word of an actual or perceived threat and, without receiving instructions to do so, elect to evacuate the area. Their movement, means, and direction of travel are unorganized and unsupervised. Evacuation, voluntary. This is a warning to persons within a designated area that a threat to life and property exists or is likely to exist in the immediate future. Individuals issued this type of warning or order are NOT required to evacuate; however, it would be to their advantage to do so. Evacuees. All persons removed or moving from areas threatened or struck by a disaster. Exclusion area. A restricted area containing a security interest. Uncontrolled movement permits direct access to the item. See controlled area and limited area. Exclusion zone. An area around an asset that has controlled entry with highly restrictive access. See controlled area. F Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO). The person appointed by the FEMA Director to coordinate federal assistance in a Presidentially declared emergency or major disaster. Federal Response Plan (FRP). The FRP establishes a process and structure for the systematic, coordinated, and effective delivery of federal assistance to address the consequences of any major disaster or emergency. Fence protection. An intrusion detection technology that detects a person crossing a fence by various methods such as climbing, crawling, cutting, etc. Fence sensor. An exterior intrusion detection sensor that detects aggressors as they attempt to climb over, cut through, or otherwise disturb a fence. Field of view. The visible area in a video picture. First responder. Local police, fire, and emergency medical personnel who first arrive on the scene of an incident and take action to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs. Forced entry. Entry to a denied area achieved through force to create an opening in fence, walls, doors, etc., or to overpower guards. Fragment retention film (FRF). A thin, optically clear film applied to glass to minimize the spread of glass fragments when the glass is shattered. Frangible construction. Building components that are designed to fail to vent blast pressures from an enclosure in a controlled manner and direction. G Glare security lighting. Illumination projected from a secure perimeter into the surrounding area, making it possible to see potential intruders at a considerable distance while making it difficult to observe activities within the secure perimeter. Glazing. A material installed in a sash, ventilator, or panes (e.g., glass, plastic, etc., including material such as thin granite installed in a curtain wall). Governor's Authorized Representative (GAR). The person empowered by the Governor to execute, on behalf of the State, all necessary documents for disaster assistance. H Hazard. A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazard mitigation. Any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards. The term is sometimes used in a stricter sense to mean cost-effective measures to reduce the potential for damage to a facility or facilities from a disaster event. Hazardous material (HazMat). Any substance or material that, when involved in an accident and released in sufficient quantities, poses a risk to people's health, safety, and/or property. These substances and materials include explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids or solids, combustible liquids or solids, poisons, oxidizers, toxins, and corrosive materials. High-hazard areas. Geographic locations that, for planning purposes, have been determined through historical experience and vulnerability analysis to be likely to experience the effects of a specific hazard (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, hazardous materials accident, etc.), resulting in vast property damage and loss of life. High-risk target. Any material resource or facility that, because of mission sensitivity, ease of access, isolation, and symbolic value, may be an especially attractive or accessible terrorist target. Human-caused hazard. Human-caused hazards are technological hazards and terrorism. They are distinct from natural hazards primarily in that they originate from human activity. Within the military services, the term threat is typically used for human-caused hazard. See definitions of technological hazards and terrorism for further information. I International terrorism. Violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, or affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. International terrorist acts occur outside the United States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to coerce or intimidate, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The combination of components, including sensors, control units, transmission lines, and monitor units, integrated to operate in a specified manner. J Jersey barrier. A protective concrete barrier initially and still used as a highway divider that now also functions as an expedient method for traffic speed control at entrance gates and to keep vehicles away from buildings. Laminated glass. A flat lite of uniform thickness consisting of two monolithic glass plies bonded together with an interlayer material as defined in Specification C1172. Many different interlayer materials are used in laminated glass. L Landscaping. The use of plantings (shrubs and trees), with or without landforms and/or large boulders, to act as a perimeter barrier against defined threats. Layers of protection. A traditional approach in security engineering using concentric circles extending out from an area to be protected as demarcation points for different security strategies. Level of protection (LOP). The degree to which an asset is protected against injury or damage from an attack. Liaison. An agency official sent to another agency to facilitate interagency communications and coordination. Limited area. A restricted area within close proximity of a security interest. Uncontrolled movement may permit access to the item. Escorts and other internal restrictions may prevent access to the item. See controlled area and exclusion area. Line of sight (LOS). Direct observation between two points with the naked eye or hand-held optics. Line-of-sight sensor. A pair of devices used as an intrusion detection sensor that monitor any movement through the field between the sensors. Local government. Any county, city, village, town, district, or political subdivision of any state, and Indian tribe or authorized tribal organization, or Alaska Native village or organization, including any rural community or unincorporated town or village or any other public entity. M Mail-bomb delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices delivered to the target in letters or packages. Minimum measures. Protective measures that can be applied to all buildings regardless of the identified threat. These measures offer defense or detection opportunities for minimal cost, facilitate future upgrades, and may deter acts of aggression. Mitigation. Those actions taken to reduce the exposure to and impact of an attack or disaster. Motion detector. An intrusion detection sensor that changes state based on movement in the sensor's field of view. Moving vehicle bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck driven into or near a building and detonated. Mutual Aid Agreement. A pre-arranged agreement developed between two or more entities to render assistance to the parties of the agreement. N Natural hazard. Naturally-occurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property (FEMA 386- 2 Understanding Your Risks). The risks of natural hazards may be increased or decreased as a result of human activity; however, they are not inherently human-induced. Natural protective barriers. Natural protective barriers are mountains and deserts, cliffs and ditches, water obstacles, or other terrain features that are difficult to traverse. Non-exclusive zone. An area around an asset that has controlled entry, but shared or less restrictive access than an exclusive zone. Non-persistent agent. An agent that, upon release, loses its ability to cause casualties after 10 to 15 minutes. It has a high evaporation rate, is lighter than air, and will disperse rapidly. It is considered to be a short-term hazard; however, in small, unventilated areas, the agent will be more persistent. Nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons. Also called Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Weapons that are characterized by their capability to produce mass casualties. P Passive vehicle barrier. A vehicle barrier that is permanently deployed and does not require response to be effective. Perimeter barrier. A fence, wall, vehicle barrier, landform, or line of vegetation applied along an exterior perimeter used to obscure vision, hinder personnel access, or hinder or prevent vehicle access. Persistent agent. An agent that, upon release, retains its casualty producing effects for an extended period of time, usually anywhere from 30 minutes to several days. A persistent agent usually has a low evaporation rate and its vapor is heavier than air; therefore, its vapor cloud tends to hug the ground. It is considered to be a long-term hazard. Although inhalation hazards are still a concern, extreme caution should be taken to avoid skin contact as well. Physical security. The part of security concerned with measures/ concepts designed to safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, materiel, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft. Planter barrier. A passive vehicle barrier, usually constructed of concrete and filled with dirt (and flowers for aesthetics). Planters, along with bollards, are the usual street furniture used to keep vehicles away from existing buildings. Overall size and the depth of installation below grade determine the vehicle stopping capability of the individual planter. Plume. Airborne material spreading from a particular source; the dispersal of particles, gases, vapors, and aerosols into the atmosphere. Polycarbonate glazing. A plastic glazing material with enhanced resistance to ballistics or blast effects. Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA). A mechanism used to determine the impact and magnitude of damage and the resulting unmet needs of individuals, businesses, the public sector, and the community as a whole. Information collected is used by the state as a basis for the Governor's request for a Presidential declaration, and by FEMA to document the recommendation made to the President in response to the Governor's request. PDAs are made by at least one state and one federal representative. A local government representative familiar with the extent and location of damage in the community often participates; other state and federal agencies and voluntary relief organizations also may be asked to participate, as needed. Preparedness. Establishing the plans, training, exercises, and resources necessary to enhance mitigation of and achieve readiness for response to, and recovery from all hazards, disasters, and emergencies, including WMD incidents. Primary asset. An asset that is the ultimate target for compromise by an aggressor. Primary gathering building. Inhabited buildings routinely occupied by 50 or more personnel. This designation applies to the entire portion of a building that meets the population density requirements for an inhabited building. Probability of detection (POD). A measure of an intrusion detection sensor's performance in detecting an intruder within its detection zone. Probability of intercept. The probability that an act of aggression will be detected and that a response force will intercept the aggressor before the asset can be compromised. Progressive collapse. A chain reaction failure of building members to an extent disproportionate to the original localized damage. Such damage may result in upper floors of a building collapsing onto lower floors. Protective barriers. Define the physical limits of a site, activity, or area by restricting, channeling, or impeding access and forming a continuous obstacle around the object. Protective measures. Elements of a protective system that protect an asset against a threat. Protective measures are divided into defensive and detection measures. Protective system. An integration of all of the protective measures required to protect an asset against the range of threats applicable to the asset. R Radiation. High-energy particles or gamma rays that are emitted by an atom as the substance undergoes radioactive decay. Particles can be either charged alpha or beta particles or neutral neutron or gamma rays. Radiation sickness. The symptoms characterizing the sickness known as radiation injury, resulting from excessive exposure of the whole body to ionizing radiation. Radiological monitoring. The process of locating and measuring radiation by means of survey instruments that can detect and measure (as exposure rates) ionizing radiation. Recovery. The long-term activities beyond the initial crisis period and emergency response phase of disaster operations that focus on returning all systems in the community to a normal status or to reconstitute these systems to a new condition that is less vulnerable. Response. Executing the plan and resources identified to perform those duties and services to preserve and protect life and property as well as provide services to the surviving population. Restricted area. Any area with access controls that is subject to these special restrictions or controls for security reasons. See controlled area, limited area, exclusion area, and exclusion zone. Risk. The potential for loss of, or damage to, an asset. It is measured based upon the value of the asset in relation to the threats and vulnerabilities associated with it. Rotating drum or rotating plate vehicle barrier. An active vehicle barrier used at vehicle entrances to controlled areas based on a drum or plate rotating into the path of the vehicle when signaled. S Sacrificial roof or wall. Roofs or walls that can be lost in a blast without damage to the primary asset. Safe haven. Secure areas within the interior of the facility. A safe haven should be designed such that it requires more time to penetrate by aggressors than it takes for the response force to reach the protected area to rescue the occupants. It may be a haven from a physical attack or an air-isolated haven from CBR contamination. Secondary asset. An asset that supports a primary asset and whose compromise would indirectly affect the operation of the primary asset. Secondary hazard. A threat whose potential would be realized as the result of a triggering event that of itself would constitute an emergency (e.g., dam failure might be a secondary hazard associated with earthquakes). Situational crime prevention. A crime prevention strategy based on reducing the opportunities for crime by increasing the effort required to commit a crime, increasing the risks associated with committing the crime, and reducing the target appeal or vulnerability (whether property or person). This opportunity reduction is achieved by management and use policies such as procedures and training, as well as physical approaches such as alteration of the built environment. Specific threat. Known or postulated aggressor activity focused on targeting a particular asset. Stand-off distance. A distance maintained between a building or portion thereof and the potential location for an explosive detonation or other threat. Stand-off weapons. Weapons such as anti-tank weapons and mortars that are launched from a distance at a target. State Coordinating Officer (SCO). The person appointed by the Governor to coordinate state, commonwealth, or territorial response and recovery activities with FRP-related activities of the Federal Government, in cooperation with the FCO. State Liaison. A FEMA official assigned to a particular state, who handles initial coordination with the state in the early stages of an emergency. Stationary vehicle bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck stopped or parked near a building. Structural protective barriers. Manmade devices (e.g., fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills, bars, roadblocks, signs, or other construction) used to restrict, channel, or impede access. Superstructure. The supporting elements of a building above the foundation. Supplies-bomb delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices concealed and delivered to supply or material handling points such as loading docks. T Tactics. The specific methods of achieving the aggressor's goals to injure personnel, destroy assets, or steal materiel or information. Tangle-foot wire. Barbed wire or tape suspended on short metal or wooden pickets outside a perimeter fence to create an obstacle to approach. Taut wire sensor. An intrusion detection sensor utilizing a column of uniformly spaced horizontal wires, securely anchored at each end and stretched taut. Each wire is attached to a sensor to indicate movement of the wire. Technological hazards. Incidents that can arise from human activities such as manufacture, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that technological emergencies are accidental and that their consequences are unintended. Terrorism. The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Thermally tempered glass (TTG). Glass that is heat-treated to have a higher tensile strength and resistance to blast pressures, although with a greater susceptibility to airborne debris. Threat. Any indication, circumstance, or event with the potential to cause loss of, or damage to an asset. Threat analysis. A continual process of compiling and examining all available information concerning potential threats and human-caused hazards. A common method to evaluate terrorist groups is to review the factors of existence, capability, intentions, history, and targeting. TNT equivalent weight. The weight of TNT (trinitrotoluene) that has an equivalent energetic output to that of a different weight of another explosive compound. Tornado. A local atmospheric storm, generally of short duration, formed by winds rotating at very high speeds, usually in a counter-clockwise direction. The vortex, up to several hundred yards wide, is visible to the observer as a whirlpool-like column of winds rotating about a hollow cavity or funnel. Winds may reach 300 miles per hour or higher. Toxic-free area. An area within a facility in which the air supply is free of toxic chemical or biological agents. Toxicity. A measure of the harmful effects produced by a given amount of a toxin on a living organism. Triple-standard concertina (TSC) wire. This type of fence uses three rolls of stacked concertina. One roll will be stacked on top of two other rolls that run parallel to each other while resting on the ground, forming a pyramid. U Unobstructed space. Space around an inhabited building without obstruction large enough to conceal explosive devices 150 mm (6 inches) or greater in height. V Video motion detection. Motion detection technology that looks for changes in the pixels of a video image. Visual surveillance. The aggressor uses ocular and photographic devices (such as binoculars and cameras with telephoto lenses) to monitor facility or installation operations or to see assets. Volumetric motion sensor. An interior intrusion detection sensor that is designed to sense aggressor motion within a protected space. Vulnerability. Any weakness in an asset or mitigation measure than can be exploited by an aggressor (potential threat element), adversary, or competitor. It refers to the organization's susceptibility to injury. W Warning. The alerting of emergency response personnel and the public to the threat of extraordinary danger and the related effects that specific hazards may cause. Watch. Indication in a defined area that conditions are favorable for the specified type of severe weather (e.g., flash flood watch, severe thunderstorm watch, tornado watch, tropical storm watch). Waterborne contamination. Chemical, biological, or radiological agent introduced into and fouling a water supply. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Any device, material, or substance used in a manner, in a quantity or type, or under circumstances showing an intent to cause death or serious injury to persons, or significant damage to property. An explosive, incendiary, or poison gas, bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than 4 ounces, or a missile having an explosive incendiary charge of more than 0.25 ounce, or mine or device similar to the above; poison gas; weapon involving a disease organism; or weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life.