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Chemical Sampling Information: |
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| Trichloroethylene |
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General Description
Synonyms: Ethylene trichloride; TCE; Trichloroethene; Triclene
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 2490
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 79-01-6
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: KX4550000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 1710 160
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Trichloroethylene: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-2 Table -- 100 ppm TWA; Also, exposures shall not exceed 200 ppm (ceiling) with the following exception: exposures may exceed 200 ppm, but not more than 300 ppm (peak), for a single time period up to 5 minutes in any 2 hours.
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 100 ppm, 535 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 100 ppm, 535 mg/m3 TWA
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 50 ppm, 269 mg/m3 TWA; 100 ppm, 537 mg/m3 STEL; Appendix A5 - Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen; BEI
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): Appendix A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens; Appendix C - Supplementary Exposure Limits - 2 ppm 1-hour Ceiling as an anesthetic gas and 25 ppm 10-hour TWA all other exposures
Health Factors
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2A, Probably Carcinogenic to Humans
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 1,000 ppm
Potential symptoms: Irritation of eyes, skin; headache; visual disturbance; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness; tremor; drowsiness, nausea; vomiting; dermatitis; cardiac arrhythmias; paresthesia; liver injury; potential male reproductive toxin; [potential occupational carcinogen]
Health Effects: Narcosis (HE8); Cumulative systemic toxicity (HE3) Mutagen/Suspect carcinogen (HE2); Suspect teratogen (HE5)
Affected organs: Kidneys, liver, eyes, skin, CNS, cardiovascular system
Notes: 1) Trichloroethylene (TCE) was formerly used as an inhalational anesthetic for surgery. 2) TCE is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P-450 2E1 to TCE oxide (which forms adducts with lysine residues in proteins) and chloral (active as a sedative-hypnotic drug), both of which are further metabolized. This CYP2E1 is inducible, as well as inhibited, by ethanol. 3) Chloral may also be transformed in the body into a dopaminergic neurotoxin. 4) In addition to dermatitis from a skin defatting action, a severe generalized dermatitis with hepatitis can occur after TCE exposure. 5) One case of parkinsonism after occupational exposure to TCE was reported. 6) Toxicity to epididymal epithelium found in mice that inhaled TCE may be due to toxic metabolites formed via CYP2E1, an enzyme that also occurs in human epididymal epithelium and testicular Leydig cells. 7) The amounts of TCE residue allowable in decaffeinated coffee and spice oleoresins are regulated by the FDA (21 CFR 173.290).
Date Last Revised: 07/07/2004
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Trichloroethylene.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Trichloroethylene.
- EPA Air Toxics Website: Trichloroethylene. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
- Bringmann, G, God, R., Fahr, S., Feineis, D., Fornadi, K. and Fornadi, F.: Identification of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in human blood after intake of the hypnotic chloral hydrate. Anal. Biochem. 270(1): 167-175, 1999.
- Cai, H. and Guengerich, F.P.: Reaction of trichloroethylene and trichloroethylene oxide with cytochrome P450 enzymes: inactivation and sites of modification. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14(4): 451-458, 2001.
- Forkert, P.-G., Lash, L., Tardif, R., Tanphaichitr, N., Vandevoort, C. and Moussa, M.: Identification of trichloroethylene and its metabolites in human seminal fluid of workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Drug Metab. Dispos. 31(3): 306-311, 2003.
- Guehl, D., Bezard, E., Dovero, S., Boraud, T., Bioulac, B. and Gross, C.: Trichloroethylene and parkinsonism: a human and experimental observation. Eur. J. Neurol. 6(5): 609-611, 1999.
- Lipscomb, J.C., Garrett, C.M. and Snawder, J.E.: Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of trichloroethylene: interindividual differences in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 142(2): 311-318, 1997.
- Nakajima, T., Yamanoshita, O., Kamijima, M., Kishi, R. and Ichihara, G.: Generalized skin reactions in relation to trichloroethylene exposure: a review from the viewpoint of drug-metabolizing enzymes. J. Occup. Health 45(1): 8-14, 2003.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Trichloroethylene. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp.2250-2253.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Charcoal Tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
alternate analytical solvent: (99:1) Carbon Disulfide:Dimethylformamide
maximum volume: 12 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min
minimum time: >5 Minutes maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min (Ceiling)
minimum time: >1 Minute maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min (Peak)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 1001)
method classification: Fully Validated
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sampling media: Diffusive Sampler (SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
sampling time: < or 240 Minutes (TWA); > 5 Minutes (Ceiling); > 5 Minutes (Peak)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 1001)
method classification: Fully Validated
note: Persons using diffusive samplers to monitor workplace air must ensure that the sampling devices are properly closed before transporting such devices to the laboratory for analysis. The device will continue to sample until properly closed. Diffusive sampler accessories used for analysis of samplers must be included with transported samples. Persons using such devices must provide sampling-site station barometric pressure and temperature to the analytical laboratory to improve accuracy of sampling results.
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