spacer
  Home | About CDC | Press Room | Funding | A-Z Index | Centers, Institute & Offices | Training & Employment | Contact Us
spacer
spacer CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Home Page spacer
CDC en Español
spacer
 
spacer
Health & Safety TopicsPublications & ProductsData & StatisticsConferences & Events
spacer
spacer
spacer
spacer
  Acid-Fast Direct Smear   Microscopy Training
space
arrow Home
space
  Trainers Guide
space
arrow Section 1: Overview
space
arrow Section 2: Preparation and Checklists
space
arrow Section 3: Training Basics
space
arrow Section 4: Trainer's Notes and Presentation Slides
space
arrow Section 5: Evaluation Tools
space
  Participant Manual
space
arrow Participant Home
space
  Additional Resources
space
arrow Reference List
space
arrow International Lab
space
spacer spacer
spacer
spacer
spacer
Acid-Fast Direct Smear Microscopy Training Package
spacer
spacer

Reference List

1. Allen J L. A modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain for mycobacteria. Med Lab Sciences 1992;49:99-102. Pdf 5161

2. Ängeby K A K, Hoffner S E, Diwan V K. Should the 'bleach microscopy method' be recommended for improved case detection of tuberculosis? Literature review and key person analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:806-15. Pdf 12159

3. Ba F, Rieder H L. A comparison of fluorescence microscopy with the Ziehl-Neelsen technique in the examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3:1101-5. Pdf 6869

4. Banda H T, Harries A D, Boeree M J, Nyirenda T E, Banerjee A, Salaniponi F M L. Viability of stored sputum specimens for smear microscopy and culture. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:272-4. Pdf 7377

5. Bishop P J, Neumann G. The history of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Tubercle 1970;51:196-206. Pdf 5364

6. Blair E B, Brown G L, Tull A H. Computer files and analyses of laboratory data from tuberculosis patients. II. analyses of six years' data on sputum specimens. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;113:427-31. Pdf 2054

7. Burdash N M, Manos J P, Ross D, Bannister E R. Evaluation of the acid-fast smear. J Clin Microbiol 1976;4:190-1. Pdf 10532

8. Buzingo T, Sanders M, Masabo J P, Nyandwi S, Van Deun A. Systematic restaining of sputum smears for quality control is useful in Burundi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:439-44. Pdf 10890

9. Clancey J K, Allen B W, Rogers D T, Smith L S, Aber V, Mitchison D A. Comparison of machine and manual staining of direct smears for acid-fast bacilli by fluorescence microscopy. J Clin Pathol 1976;29:931-3. Pdf 10353

10. Craft D W, Jones M C, Blanchet C N, Hopfer R L. Value of examining three acid-fast bacillus sputum smears for removal of patients suspected of having tuberculosis from the "airborne precautions" category. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:4285-7. Pdf 8897

11. Crampin A C, Floyd S, Mwaungulu F, Black G, Ndhlovu R, Mwaiyeghele E, et al. Comparison of two versus three smears in identifying culture-positive tuberculosis patients in a rural African setting with high HIV prevalence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001;5:994-9. Pdf 8600

12. Domínguez J M, Vivas E S. Smear-positive and culture-negative results of routine sputum investigations for the detection and therapy control of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle 1977;58:217-20. Pdf 9842

13. El-Sony A, Enarson D, Khamis A, Baraka O, Bjune G. Relation of grading of sputum smears with clinical features of tuberculosis patients in routine practice in Sudan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:91-7. Pdf 8820

14. Elliott A M, Namaambo K, Allen B W, Luo N, Hayes R J, Pobee J O M, et al. Negative sputum smear results in HIV-positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lusaka, Zambia. Tuber Lung Dis 1993;74:191-4. Pdf4910

15. Engbaek H C, Bennedsen J, Olesen Larsen S. Comparison of various staining methods for demonstration of tubercle bacilli in sputum by direct microscopy. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1969;42:94-110. Pdf 5555

16. Finch D, Beaty D. The utility of a single sputum specimen in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Comparison between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients. Chest 1997;111:1174-9. Pdf 5106

17. Gebre N, Karlsson U, Jönsson G, Macaden R, Wolde A, Assefa A, et al. Improved microscopical diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995;89:191-3. Pdf 4119

18. Githui W, Kitui F, Juma E S, Obwana D O, Mwai J, Kwamanga D. A comparative study on the reliability of the fluorescence microscopy and Ziehl-Neelsen method in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. East Afr Med J 1993;70:263-6. Pdf 2083

19. Harries A D, Mphasa N B, Mundy C, Banerjee A, Kwanjana J H, Salaniponi F M L. Screening tuberculosis suspects using two sputum smears. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:36-40. Pdf 7015

20. Ipuge Y A I, Rieder H L, Enarson D A. The yield of acid-fast bacilli from serial smears in routine microscopy laboratories in rural Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996;90:258-61. Pdf 4447

21. Johnson J L, Vjecha M J, Okwera A, Hatanga E, Byekwaso F, Wolski K, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection on the initial bacteriologic and radiographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2:397-404. Pdf 5597

22. Karstaedt A S, Jones N, Khoosal M, Crewe-Brown H H. The bacteriology of pulmonary tuberculosis in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2:312-6. Pdf 5575

23. Kinyoun J J. A note on Uhlenhuths method for sputum examination, for tubercle bacilli. Am J Public Health 1915;5:867-70. Pdf 5942

24. Levy H, Feldman C, Sacho H, van der Meulen H, Kallenbach J, Koornhof H. A reevaluation of sputum microscopy and culture in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 1989;95:1193-7. Pdf 5991

25. Lipsky B A, Gates J, Tenover F C, Plorde J J. Factors influencing the clinical value of microscopy for acid-fast bacilli. Rev Infect Dis 1984;6:214-22. Pdf 5993

26. Long R, Scalcini M, Manfreda J, Jean-Baptiste M, Hershfield E. The impact of HIV on the usefulness of sputum smears for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Am J Public Health 1991;81:1326-8. Pdf 814

27. Lumb R, Van Deun A, Kelly P and Bastian I. Not all microscopes are equal. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. 2006; 10:227-229. Pdf 15157

28. Martinez-Guarneros A, Balandrano-Campos S, Solano-Ceh M A, Gonzalez-Dominguez F, Lipman H B, Ridderhof J C, et al. Implementation of proficiency testing in conjunction with a rechecking system for external quality assurance in tuberculosis laboratories in Mexico. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:516-21. Pdf 11000

29. Mitchison D A. Examination of sputum by smear and culture in case-finding. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1968;41:139-47. Pdf 3442

30. Mundy C J F, Harries A D, Banerjee A, Salaniponi F M, Gilks C F, Squire S B. Quality assessment of sputum transportation, smear preparation and AFB microscopy in a rural district in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:47-54. Pdf 8744

31. Munyati S S, Dhoba T, Makanza E D, Mungofa S, Wellington M, Mutsvangwa J, Gwanzura L, Hakim J, Nyakabau M, Mason P R, Robertson V, Rusakaniko S, Butterworth A E and Corbett E L. Chronic cough in primary health care attendees, Harare, Zimbabwe: diagnosis and impact of HIV infection. Clin.Infect.Dis. 2005; 40:1818-1827. Pdf 13755

32. Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan, Wells C D, Binkin N J, Becerra J E, Pham Duy Linh, Nguyen Viet Cô. Quality control of smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli: the case for blinded re-reading. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3:55-61. Pdf 6005

33. Rieder H L, Arnadottir T, Tardencilla Gutierrez A A, Kasalika A C, Salaniponi F L M, Ba F, et al. Evaluation of a standardized recording tool for sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli under routine conditions in low income countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997;1:339-45. Pdf 5117

34. Rieder H L. Sputum smear conversion during directly observed treatment for tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1996;77:124-9. Pdf 4475

35. Selvakumar N, Gomathi Sekar M, Rahman F, Syamsunder A, Duraipandian M, Wares F, et al. Comparison of variants of carbol-fuchsin solution in Ziehl-Neelsen for detection of acid-fast bacilli. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:226-9. Pdf 13247

36. Selvakumar N, Sudhamathi S, Duraipandian M, Frieden T R, Narayanan P R. Reduced detection by Ziehl-Neelsen method of acid-fast bacilli in sputum samples preserved in cetylpyridinium chloride solution. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:248-52. Pdf 11681

37. Slosarek M, Mezenský L. Cold staining methods for mycobacteria. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1974;18:22-8. Pdf 10377

38. Slosarek M, Dondov C, Dabrowska L, Fiedler E, Jankova E, Kalfin E, et al. Comparison of microscopic positivity in smears from sputa stained according to Ziehl-Neelsen in different modifications. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1977;21:7-15. Pdf 10379

39. Smith R L, Yew K, Berkowitz K A, Aranda C P. Factors affecting the yield of acid-fast sputum smears in patients with HIV and tuberculosis. Chest 1994;106:684-6. Pdf 2049

40. Sticht-Groh V, Bretzel G. Staining for acid-fast bacilli: hot or cold? (Correspondence). Tuber Lung Dis 1998;75:318. Pdf 5619

41. Tan Thiam Hok. A simple and rapid cold-staining method for acid-fast bacilli. (Correspondence). Am Rev Respir Dis 1962;85:753-4. Pdf 5817

42. Telzak E E, Fazal B A, Pollard C L, Turett G S, Justman J E, Blum S. Factors influencing time to sputum conversion among patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:666-70. Pdf 5267

43. Truant J P, Brett W A, Thomas W. Fluorescence microscopy of tubercle bacilli stained with auramine and rhodamine. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull 1962;10:287-96. Pdf 2067

44. Urbanczik R. Present position of microscopy and of culture in diagnostic mycobacteriology. Zbl Bakt Hyg A 1985;260:81-7. Pdf 2055

45. van Cleeff M R A, Kivihya-Ndugga L, Githui W, Nganga L, Odhiambo J, Klatser P R. A comprehensive study of the efficiency of the routine pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic process in Nairobi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:186-9. Pdf 10551

46. Van Deun A, Portaels F. Limitations and requirements for quality control of sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2:756-65. Pdf 5803

47. Van Deun A, Hamid Salim A, Aung K J M, Hossain M A, Chambugonj N, Hye M A, Kawria A and Declercq E. Performance of variations of carbolfuchsin staining of sputum smears for AFB under field conditions. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. 2005; 9:1127-1133. Pdf 14307

48. Van Deun A, Hamid Salim A, Cooreman E, Anwar Hussein M, Rema A, Chambugonj N, et al. Optimal tuberculosis case detection by direct sputum smear microscopy: how much better is more? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:222-30. Pdf 8927

49. Van Deun A, Hamid Salim A, Cooreman E, Daru P, Das A P K, Aung K J M, et al. Scanty AFB smears: what's in a name? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:816-23. Pdf 12156

50. Warren J R, Bhattacharya M, de Almeida K N F, Trakas K, Peterson L R. A minimum of 5.0 ml of sputum improves the sensitivity of acid-fast smear for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1559-62. Pdf 7704

51. Zhao F Z, Levy M H, Sumin W. Sputum microscopy results at two and three months predict outcome of tuberculosis treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997;1:570-2. Pdf 5416

52. Editorial. Tackling poverty in tuberculosis control. The Lancet 2005; 366:2063. Pdf Lancet 2005

53. Squire S B, Obasi A, Nhlema-Simwaka B. The Global Plan to Stop TB: a unique opportunity to address poverty and the Millennium Development Goals. The Lancet 2006; 367: 955-7. Pdf Lancet 2006-Global Plan

54. Robert W. Pike, Creative Training Techniques Handbook. Second Edition, Lakewood Books.

Contact Us

This page last reviewed: 11/9/2006
spacer
spacer
spacer
spacer
  Home | Policies and Regulations | Disclaimer | e-Government | FOIA | Contact Us
spacer
spacer
spacer Safer, Healthier People
spacer
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A
Tel: (404) 639-3311 / Public Inquiries: (404) 639-3534 / (800) 311-3435
spacer FirstGovDHHS Department of Health
and Human Services