American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Baer, C.K. (2006). Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals., American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Yulee, Florida, 111 p. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
NAL Call Number: SF756.394 .G84 2006
Abstract: "This document represents an attempt by the professional zoological and wildlife community to gather and publish the best-known procedures for euthanatizing the animals they manage. Although guidelines for euthanasia have been published previously, the present effort provides the beginning of an ongoing quest for procedures that mitigate pain and distress and provide for a humane termination of life for species other than those commonly defined as domestic animals."--Introduction.
Descriptors: euthanasia of animals, handbooks, manuals, zoo animals, management.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Atkinson, M.W. (2006). Megavertebrates. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 89-93. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: large animals, hippos, rhinos, elephants, anesthesia, anesthetics, animal welfare, euthanasia, restraint of animals.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Berndtsson, L.T. (1996). Euthanasia of Furbearing Animals, Research and development for animal health, Statens Veterinaermedicinska Anstalt: Uppsala, Sweden, 99 p. ISBN: 9197246905.
Descriptors: minks, foxes, fur bearing animals, destruction of animals, animal welfare.

Contamin, H. (2004). Anesthesie, analgesie et euthanasie des primates non humains (PNH): aspects pratiques. [Anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia of non-human primates: practical aspects]. STAL, Sciences Et Techniques De L' Animal De Laboratoire 29(2/3): 25-31. ISSN: 0339-722X.
Descriptors: anesthesia, butorphanol, diazepam, euthanasia, flunixin, ketamine, ketoprofen, pentobarbital, xylazine, nonhuman primates.
Language of Text: French.

Contamin, H. (2004). Anesthesie, analgesie et euthanasie des primates non humains (pnh): Aspects pratiques [??]. STAL 29(2-3): 25-31. ISSN: 0339-722X.
Descriptors: nonhuman primates, anesthesia, analgesia, euthanasia, aspects, practices.
Language of Text: French.

Cooper, J., G. Mason, and M. Raj (1998). Determination of the aversion of farmed mink (Mustela vison) to carbon dioxide. Veterinary Record 143(13): 359-361. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: carbon dioxide, euthanasia, animal welfare, mink, animal behavior, detection of CO2, humane euthanasia.

Cooper, J.E. and M.E. Cooper (2006). Ethical and legal implications of treating casualty wild animals. In Practice 28(1): 2-6. ISSN: 0263-841X.
Descriptors: small animal practice, animal injuries, animal handling, euthanasia, human wildlife relations, animal law, wildlife rehabilitation, United Kingdom.

Drew, M.L. (2006). Wildlife issues. In: C.K. Baer (Editors), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 19-22. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: animal welfare, drugs, euthanasia, guidelines, licences, wild animals.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Engel, H. (2001). Zum problem toten uberzahliger und alter tiere im zoo. [Killing of surplus and old animals in zoological gardens]. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 108(3): 123-124. ISSN: 0341-6593.
Descriptors: animal welfare, euthanasia, overcrowding, zoo animals, aged animals.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English.

Gallagher, J., R.H. Muirhead, A.T. Turnbull, J.I. Davies, W.L. Ashton, J. Smith, J. Daykin, and A. McDiarmid (2006). TB policy and the badger culling trials. The Veterinary Record 158(15): 524. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: disease reservoirs, Mustelidae, tuberculosis, disease prevention and control, cattle, England, euthanasia, veterinary medicine.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2006 Mar 25;158(12):418.

Heard, D. (2006). Bats. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 57-58. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, decapitation, euthanasia, guidelines, xylazine, zoonoses, Chiroptera, bats.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Meyer, R.E. and W.E.M. Morrow (2006). Physiology of euthanasia. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 6-8. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthetics, animal welfare, euthanasia, hypoxia, pain physiology, stunning.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Miller, D.S., S. Citino and J. Sikarskie (2006). Hoofstock. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 82-86. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: hoofstock, ungulates, anesthesia, analgesics, animal welfare, euthanasia.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Murray, M.J. (2006). Invertebrates. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 25-27. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: animal welfare, aquatic invertebrates, euthanasia methods, invertebrates.
Notes: Avaialable from AAZV.

O'Rourke, K. (2002). Euthanatized animals can poison wildlife: Veterinarians receive fines. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220(2): 146-147. ISSN: 0003-1488.
Descriptors: adjuvants, anesthesia poisoning, euthanasia, pentobarbital poisoning, raptors, wild animals.

Pye, G.W. (2006). Marsupials. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 52-56. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: marsupials, kangaroos, wallabies, anesthesia, euthanasia, restraint of animals, Acrobates, Dasyuridae, Didelphidae, Macropodidae, marsupials, Peramelidae, Phascolarctos, Tarsipes, Vombatus.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Pye, G.W. (2006). Monotremes. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 50-51. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: hedgehogs, anesthesia, euthanasia, Monotremata, Platypus, Tachyglossidae.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Raj, M. and G. Mason (1999). Reaction of farmed mink (Mustela vison) to argon-induced hypoxia. Veterinary Record 145(25): 736-737. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: effects of hypoxia, euthanasia, carbon dioxide, argon, animal welfare, animal behavior, mink.

Rennie, A.E. and H.M. Buchanan Smith (2006). Refinement of the use of non-human primates in scientific research. III. Refinement of procedures. Animal Welfare 15(3): 239-261. ISSN: 0962-7286.
Descriptors: nonhuman primates, laboratory animals, animal use refinement, animal well being, animal welfare, animal stress, distress, pain, restraint of animals, blood sampling, surgery, postoperative care, analgesia, humane endpoints, euthanasia.

Schwartz, J.A., R.J. Warren, D.W. Henderson, D.A. Osborn, and D.J. Kesler (1997). Captive and field tests of a method for immobilization and euthanasia of urban deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(2): 532-541. ISSN: 0091-7648.
Descriptors: Odocoileus virginianus, culling, sedation, urban habitats, immobilization, euthanasia methods, management implications, South Carolina.

Sikarskie, J.G. and S.R. Hollamby (2006). Carnivores. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 78-81. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, animal welfare, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, decapitation, euthanasia, halothane, isoflurane, stunning, carnivores.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Stoskopf, M.K., R.E. Meyer, M. Jones, and D.O. Baumbarger (1999). Field immobilization and euthanasia of American opossum. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35(1): 145-149. ISSN: 0090-3558.
Abstract: Seventeen recently trapped opossum, Didelphis virginiana, (median weight 2.45 kg; range = 1.6-5.0 kg; quartiles = 1.8-3.3 kg) were immobilized with either telazol (15 or 30 mg/kg) or a mixture of medetomidine (100 micrograms/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), and ketamine HCl (10 mg/kg) based on estimated weights. Anesthetized animals were subjected to cardiac puncture for blood withdrawal and toe pinch. Euthanasia was accomplished by intracardiac administration of 1 ml of concentrated pentobarbital sodium/phenytoin solution. Weights were underestimated for 14 of 17 animals, but were within 0.5 kg of the actual weight. Both drug combinations provided rapid and calm immobilization. Median time to recumbency for the medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine group (n = 5) was 6 min (range = 4-10 min; quartiles = 6 and 8 min). The median time to recumbency was not statistically different for the low (n = 6) and high dose (n = 6) telazol groups, 3 and 3.5 min respectively (quartiles 3; 3.5 and 4; 5.5 min). The stronger heart beat with telazol immobilization facilitated cardiac puncture. All five animals administered the medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine mixture and three of six animals given the low telazol dose reacted to cardiac puncture. Only one of six animals given the estimated 30 mg/kg dose of telazol reacted slightly to cardiac puncture. We conclude that 30 mg/kg telazol provides sufficient immobilization and analgesia to allow accurate cardiac puncture of the opossum if the procedure is performed within 5 to 10 min of recumbency. Intracardiac administration of concentrated pentobarbital sodium/phenytoin solution followed by bilateral thoracotomy provides appropriate euthanasia suitable for field situations.
Descriptors: euthanasia, immobilization, opossums, analgesics, anesthetics, animal welfare, butorphanol, drug combinations, hypnotics and sedatives, imidazoles, ketamine, medetomidine, muscle relaxants, pentobarbital, phenytoin, tiletamine, zolazepam.

Summers, L. and K. Christe (2006). Nonhuman primates. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 59-60. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, barbiturates, euthanasia, potassium chloride, nonhuman primates, monkeys.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Wack, R., P. Morris, J. Sikarskie and D.S. Miller (2006). Criteria for humane euthanasia and associated concerns. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 3-5. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: animal welfare, euthanasia, pain, regulations, training, wild animals, zoo animals.
Notes: Available from AAZV.