NDP043C.TXT ----------- This file is a flat ASCII text version of the hardcopy version of the documentation for CDIAC's NDP043C, A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast. As such, it contains only text information and does not contain figures. For instructions on obtaining a hardcopy of the documentation, see Sect. 12, below. This and other data base files may be obtained from CDIAC's web server at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp043c/. A full HTML version of this data base documentation (including figures) will be available via CDIAC's web site in 1998. ABSTRACT GORNITZ, V. M., T. W. BEATY, and R. C. DANIELS. 1997. A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast. ORNL/CDIAC-81, NDP-043C, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 162 pp. This document describes the contents of a digital data base that may be used to identify coastlines along the U.S. West Coast that are at risk to sea-level rise. This data base integrates point, line, and polygon data for the U.S. West Coast into 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude grid cells and into 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments that can be used by raster or vector geographic information systems (GIS) as well as by non-GIS data bases. Each coastal grid cell and line segment contains data variables from the following seven data sets: elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends, shoreline displacement (erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. One variable from each data set was classified according to its susceptibility to sea-level rise and/or erosion to form 7 relative risk variables. These risk variables range in value from 1 to 5 and may be used to calculate a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI). Algorithms used to calculate several CVIs are listed within this text. The data for these 29 variables (i.e., the 22 original variables and 7 risk variables) are available as: (1) Gridded polygon data for the 22 original data variables. Data include elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends, shoreline displacement (erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. (2) Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk variables. The risk variables are classified versions of: mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement, maximum tidal range, and maximum significant wave height. (3) 1:2,000,000 line segment data containing the 29 data variables (i.e., the 22 original data variables and the 7 classified risk variables). (4) Supplemental point data for the stations used in calculating the sea- level trend and tidal-range data sets. (5) Supplemental line segment data containing a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West Coast. These data are available as a Numeric Data Package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). The NDP consists of this document and machine-readable files available on 8-mm tapes, quarter inch tape cartridges, IBM-formatted high-density floppy diskettes, and CD-ROM. These files are also available through the Internet using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) from CDIAC's anonymous FTP area which can be accessed directly (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov) or through the World Wide Web (WWW) at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/. This document provides sample listings of the data and detailed descriptions of the file formats; offers FORTRAN and SAS retrieval program listings; describes the methods used in calculating each variable; discusses the sources, restrictions, and limitations of the data; provides five Arc/Info export coverages and flat ASCII data files containing these data; and reprints of pertinent literature. 1. Name of the Numeric Data Package A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast 2. Contributors Vivien M. Gornitz Center for Climate Systems Research Columbia University Goddard Institute for Space Studies National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2280 Broadway New York, NY 10025 Tammy W. Beaty Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407 Richard C. Daniels Energy, Environment and Resources Center The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Current Address: Shorelands and Water Resources Program Water Division, Department of Ecology P.O. Box 47690 Olympia, WA 98504 3. Keywords Coastal hazards; risk assessment; sea-level trends; sea-level rise; elevation; geology; geomorphology; coastal landform; subsidence; erosion; accretion; tidal range; wave height. 4. Background Information Data records accumulated over the past 100 years indicate that sea levels have been rising at a rate of 1-2 mm/yr due to the thermal expansion of the ocean and the increased melting of continental and alpine glaciers (Houghton et al. 1996). During the next 100 years, increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases may lead to an increase in the world's mean surface air temperature of 1-5°C unless emission levels are reduced (Houghton et al. 1996 and Warrick et al. 1993). Such warming could further enhance the thermal expansion of the ocean and the melting of continental and alpine glaciers. Changes in climate will affect the coastal zone. Short-term climatic variations have been shown to affect the maximum intensity and frequency of storms (Emanuel 1988) and can cause an acceleration or deceleration in shoreline erosion rates (Dolan et al. 1988). Unanticipated changes in these factors can result in unnecessary loss of life and/or property (Case and Mayfield, 1990). This database may be used to identify areas that are, or could be, at risk to erosion or inundation from change in climate or sea-level rise based on information on the past and current state of the coast. In 1987, the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric and Climate Research Division funded Dr. Vivien M. Gornitz (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) and the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Research Program (CDIARP), Resource Analysis Project, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to develop a Coastal Hazards Data Base to provide information on the past and current state of world coastlines. The data base contains information on relative sea-level trends, elevation, vertical land movements, horizontal displacement (erosion/accretion), coastal geomorphology, and geology (Gornitz and Kanciruk 1989). CDIAC has published the following three volume series of NDPs for the continental United States: A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. East Coast, ORNL/CDIAC-45, NDP-043A; followed by A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. Gulf Coast, ORNL/CDIAC-60, NDP- 043B; and finally this NDP for the U.S. West Coast (ORNL/CDIAC-81, NDP-043C) (Gornitz and White 1992, Gornitz and White 1994, and this volume). A complementary coastal data base for Canada has been developed by the Geological Survey of Canada and is described in Shaw et al. (1994). The data in this NDP may be used to calculate the relative vulnerabilities of different areas along the U.S. West Coast to projected increases in air and sea surface temperatures and sea-level change. This data base may also be combined with the two previous coastal hazard NDPs (NDP-043A and NDP-043B) to obtain a data base that covers the entire conterminous United States. This information will be useful to researchers, government planning agencies, the private sector, and educational institutions interested in determining the present and future vulnerabilities of coastal zones to erosion and sea-level rise. The data base described here comprises data extracted from a variety of sources, including publications of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), universities, and other federal and state agencies. These data varied in scale and format. To facilitate data analysis, these data have been referenced to a grid of 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude and to a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West. This NDP defines the U.S. West Coast as extending from the California-Mexican border to the Washington-Canadian border (Fig. 1). 5. Applications of the Data This coastal hazards data base contains information on elevation, bedrock geology, geomorphology (coastal landform), sea-level trends, horizontal shoreline displacement (erosion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. These data variables were selected for inclusion in this data base because of the roles they play in determining the vulnerability of coastal areas to variations in sea level and long-term erosion. The 29 data variables in this data base effectively measure two basic risk factors, erosion and inundation. The erosion risk was determined on the basis of historical shoreline displacement, resistance to erosion (geology, geomorphology), and ocean-forcing factors (tidal ranges and wave heights). The inundation risk was estimated on the basis of sea-level trends and elevation data. This data base and the coastal vulnerability indices (CVIs) that may be calculated with it may be used to identify coastal zones that are at risk from coastal erosion or possible changes in relative sea level. 6. Definition of Standard Terms and Concepts The data variables within this data base have been placed into five data groups (i.e., three primary groups and two supplemental data groups). A quick reference listing of these data groups and variables is contained in Appendix A. The following terminology is used throughout this documentation. Data variable--A single, discrete data item within a data group or data set (e.g., data set=elevation, data variable=mean elevation). System variable--A numeric variable that geographically identifies data variables within a data group. Data set--A collection of data variables that have been derived from a single data source, such as the mean and maximum elevation variables. Data group--A collection of data variables that have been placed into a single Arc/Info export file and a comparable flat ASCII file. Data base--All data groups within this NDP. Original data variables--The 22 data variables from the seven data sets presented within this NDP [i.e., mean, maximum, and minimum elevation, and the number of 5' National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) grid cells used in deriving the data values; geology; geomorphology; relative sea- level trend, long-term geologic trend, corrected sea-level trend, local subsidence trend, and years of record of the gauge stations used in calculating these values; mean, maximum, and minimum shoreline displacement, and the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in deriving the data values; mean and maximum tidal range, mean tide level, and the number of tide gauge stations used in calculating these variables; the 20-year mean wave height, maximum significant wave height and its standard deviation]. Relative risk variables--The 7 classified risk variables derived from each of the following: mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement, mean tidal range, and maximum significant wave height. Each of the five data groups within this NDP is stored as an exported Arc/Info coverage and as a flat ASCII file. The first two primary data groups are referenced to a 0.25° latitude by 0.25 ° longitude grid and stored as exported Arc/Info polygon coverages and as flat ASCII files. The first group contains the original 22 data variables, while the second contains the 7 relative risk data variables. The grid system used covers the West Coast of the U.S. and is outlined by the following coordinates: 126W, 32N; 126W, 49N; 116W, 49N; and 116W, 32N. The grid origin (i.e., grid cell number 1) is at 126W, 32N, and cell identification numbers increase from left to right, bottom to top (Fig. 2a, 2b, and 2c). The third data group offers the 29 data variables in their original line-based format. The data values in this data group may vary slightly from those in the gridded data groups since more than one line segment often fell within a single grid cell. Nine of the 29 data variables within this data base were originally obtained as point data, and constitute the first supplemental data group. These data variables are stored in an exported Arc/Info point coverage and as a flat ASCII file. Each data point is the physical location of the data measure (e.g., latitude-by-longitude location). Data variables within this group include: station name/number, latitude/longitude location, period of record, and the measurements used to derive the relative sea-level trend, long-term geologic trend, corrected sea-level trend, local subsidence trend, mean tidal range, maximum tidal range, and mean-tide-level variables. The second supplemental data group contains a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West Coast. The coastlines were extracted from a map originally digitized by the USGS. This base map is intended to be used with the gridded data to provide locational information. These data are stored as an exported Arc/Info line coverage and as a flat ASCII file. The line segments, and their identification numbers, are identical to those used in the first supplemental data group. 7. Original Data Variables The data sets that comprise this data base include the following: elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends, horizontal shoreline displacement (erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. The original data used in developing the data variables included in this NDP were obtained in a variety of scales and formats (e.g., as polygon, line, or point data). Therefore, the methods used to enter the data into the 0.25° grid cells and 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments vary by data set. The variable descriptions used in this report were extracted from annual reports submitted in April 1988, November 1988, April 1991 [Gornitz 1988a, 1988b, 1991; Gornitz and White (Beaty) 1991]; and personal correspondence between Gornitz and Beaty in 1995 and 1996. The following subsections provide a brief description of the data sources and the classification methods used in compiling each data set. 7.1 Elevation The elevation data for this data set were obtained from the NGDC in Boulder, Colorado, as digitized land elevations (to the nearest meter) for 5' latitude by 5' longitude grid cells (i.e., ETOPO 5 data) The NGDC grid contained: < 0 (negative) values for grid cells containing no land within their boundaries; 0 (zero) values for grid cells with land at sea level; and > 0 (positive) values for grid cells with land above sea level. The NGDC grid cells lying along the West Coast were grouped into the 0.25° x 0.25° grid cells used in this data base. Minimum, mean, and maximum elevation data are provided for each 0.25° cell. Each 0.25° cell may contain as many as nine 5' grid cells. If only one 5' grid cell within a given 0.25° cell contains a positive or zero data value, then the minimum, mean, and maximum elevation variables will be identical. To calculate and transfer these data from 5' by 5' to the 0.25° grid used in this data base, the variables were calculated as follows: (1) The number of 5' NGDC grid cells with positive elevation values within each 0.25° grid cell was determined. (2) The minimum elevation was assigned by finding the minimum elevation of all non-negative 5' grid cells within each 0.25° grid cell. (3) The mean elevation was assigned by averaging the elevations of all non- negative 5' grid cells within each 0.25° cell. (4) The maximum elevation was assigned by finding the maximum elevation of all 5' grid cells within each 0.25° grid cell. To check these data for reasonableness, the 0.25° grid cells were overlaid onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline map of the U.S. West Coast. Through examination of this overlay, it was discovered that peninsulas and small islands often were not represented due to the low resolution of the NGDC grid cells (i.e., mean elevation values were rounded to the nearest whole number). To overcome this limitation, 0.25° grid cells containing islands and other low-lying landform with negative values in the NGDC data were assumed to lie near mean sea level and were assigned a mean elevation of 0 m. Cells where this correction was necessary are shown in Fig. 3. The geology (lithology) variable identifies generalized rock type and is present for all coastal grid cells and line segments within this data base. The geology data were derived from state geologic maps ranging in scale from 1:250,000 to 1:1,000,000 with publication dates from 1968 to 1992 (maps used are listed in section 13.2). The geologic data were classified in terms of an ordinal scale based on the relative hardness of minerals comprising the rock. This geologic classification system was adapted in part from one used by Dolan et al. (1975). It contains 5 major groups further subdivided into 21 subgroups (Table 1). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 1. Geologic classification codes assigned to the coastal geology variable. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Material description Code I. Old Erosion Resistant Rocks (crystalline) 100 A. Igneous, volcanic (basalt, rhyolite, andesite, etc.) 110 B. Igneous, plutonic (granite, granodiorite, etc.) 130 C. Metamorphic (schists, gneisses, quartzite, serpentinite, etc.) 150 II. Sedimentary Rocks 200 A. Shale 210 B. Siltstone 220 C. Sandstone 230 D. Conglomerate 240 E. Limestone 250 F. Eolianite (calcite-sand) 260 G. Mixed or varied lithology 270 III. Unconsolidated Sediments 300 A. Mud, Clay 310 B. Silt 320 C. Sand 330 D. Gravel, conglomerates 340 E. Glacial till 345 F. Glacial drift (fluvial-glacial) 350 G. Calcareous sediment 360 H. Mixed or varied lithology 370 IV. Recent Volcanic Materials 400 A. Lava 410 B. Ash, Tempera 420 C. Composite 430 V. Coral reef 500 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix B contains a glossary of the terms used in Table 1. This ranking scheme is generalized; consequently, a wide range of erodibilities exist for each rock type listed. The erodibility of each rock depends upon the mineral content, cementation (especially for sedimentary rocks), grain size (for unconsolidated sediments), and presence of planar elements (i.e., bedding, schistosity, cleavage, and fractures) within the rock. The key discriminant between the individual classes identified in Table 1 is the relative resistance of each rock type to physical and chemical weathering. The geology data were assembled as follows: (1) Enlarged maps of the 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West Coastline included in this NDP were plotted in small sections (i.e., approximately 5° latitude by 5° longitude on 3 ft sq. paper). (2) Polygons (boxes) were drawn around each coastal segment as identified by state geologic maps (listed in Section 13.3). (3) The hand-drawn polygons were digitized into Arc/Info using the 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West Coastline coverage included in this NDP as a backdrop. (4) These polygons were then overlaid onto the backdrop coverage with the Arc/Info IDENTITY command whereby the coastal segments took on the values of the polygons. (5) For the gridded data groups, a 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude grid was overlaid onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized line coverage using an additional Arc/Info IDENTITY command. Each grid cell took on the geology code from the line segment with the greatest total length, as illustrated in Fig. 4 (e.g., four line segments in a cell with lengths and geology codes of 100 km, 350; 80 km, 300; 120 km, 310; and 50 km, 300, would yield a cell value of 300). Appendix C gives a breakdown of the geology codes that occurred within each 0.25 by 0.25 coastal grid cell. The geology codes listed in Appendix C are identical to those found in the line segment-based data groups within this NDP. In general the bed rock geology of the West Coast consists of five distinct zones. The coastal areas of Washington and Oregon consist of exposed basalts and sedimentary rocks that have been folded and metamorphosed. These rocks were thrust beneath less disturbed Tertiary and sedimentary and volcanic rocks during the Cenozoic uplift. In southern Oregon and northern California four overlapping thrust sheets of volcanic and sedimentary rocks have been intruded by granitic and ultramafic rocks. These sheets are upwarping and in some areas are volcanically active due to the collision of the Pacific and Farallon Plates with North America. This collision is one of the driving forces that has produced the uplift and deformation of the Coast Ranges in northern California. The San Andreas fault, and several others, traverse the Coast Ranges in the north, through the Transverse Ranges in central California, and into the Peninsular Ranges in the south. The Peninsular Ranges are composed of Paleozoic and Mesozoic granitic and metamorphic rocks while the Transverse Ranges are composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The Los Angeles basin is filled with Quaternary sediments (Muhs et al. 1987) 7.3 Geomorphology Geomorphology data are provided for all coastal grid cells in the data base. The data values were interpreted and classified from USGS 1:250,000 topographic maps (maps used are listed in section 13.4). The landforms identified from the 1:250,000 maps may omit landforms with small spatial extent. The classification system used divides the West Coast into two major groups, those formed by erosion and those formed by deposition (Table 2). These two groups are further subdivided into several categories (e.g., marine, nonmarine, glacial, nonglacial, volcanic). Appendix B contains a glossary of the terms used to describe each landform type. Appendix C gives a breakdown of the geomorphic codes found within each cell (i.e., several line segments may be found within a single cell). Several geomorphic features can occur in more than one environment. Therefore, a fourth digit was added to the three-digit feature identification code. This last digit identifies areas such as marshes, beaches, or areas that have been significantly modified by human activities, which may occur in a number of different geomorphic settings. Thus each geomorphological class is uniquely identified by a four-digit code. Table 2. Geomorphology classification codes assigned to the coastal geomorphology variable. Landform description Code Beach Man modified I. Erosional coasts (scoured, beaches poorly developed) 1000 A. Marine with wave erosion and cliffs 1100 1. Low (5 30 m) 1110 1111 1119 2. Medium (30 100 m) 1120 1121 1129 3. High ( >100 m) 1130 1131 1139 B. Nonmarine (land erosion) 1200 1. Glaciated coast 1210 1211 1219 a. Fjord (drowned valley) 1220 1221 1229 b. Indented fiard (low-lying inlet) 1230 1231 1239 mud flats 1234 salt marsh 1235 c. Rocky glacial coast 1240 1241 1249 salt marsh 1245 2. Nonglacial irregular coast 1300 a. Strongly embayed, nonrocky 1310 1311 1319 b. Strongly embayed, rocky 1320 1321 1329 c. Estuaries 1330 1331 1339 mud flats 1334 salt marsh 1335 mixed types 1338 3. Ice coasts 1400 4. Drowned karst topography 1500 II. Depositional coasts (sediment accumulations and well-developed beaches) 2000 A. Marine deposit 2100 1. Coastal plain beach 2110 2111 2119 salt marsh 2115 2. Beach rock (beach sediment cemented by carbonates) 2112 3. Barrier coast 2120 2121 2129 a. barrier island 2122 b. bay barrier 2123 c. mud flats 2124 d. salt marsh 2125 e. cuspate foreland 2126 f. spit 2127 g. mixed 2128 B. River deposits 2200 1. Alluvial plain 2210 2211 2219 2. Delta environment 2220 2221 2229 a. mud flats 2224 b. salt marsh 2225 c. mixed 2228 C. Marine/fluvial deposits (Lagoonal coast) 2250 2251 2259 1. Mud flats 2254 2. Marsh/mangrove 2255 3. Mixed 2258 D. Glacial deposits 2300 1. Outwash plain 2310 2311 2319 2. Moraine 2320 2321 2329 3. Drumlin 2330 2331 2339 salt marsh 2315 4. Drift 2340 2341 2349 salt marsh 2345 5. Composite 2350 2351 2359 E. Biogenic 2400 1. Reefs (coral, oysters, algal) a. fringing 2410 2411 2419 b. barrier 2420 2421 2429 2. Barrier reef with an associated mangrove swamp 2425 3. Swamp/mangrove 2450 2451 2459 F. Volcanic coasts 2500 1. Lava flows 2510 2511 2519 2. Tephra, ash 2520 2521 2529 3. Composite/caldera 2530 2531 2539 Based on Table 2, all grid cells on the West Coast have been assigned a data value, which is the code with the maximum shore length within each cell. The geomorphology data were compiled using the same procedures described for the geology data. Appendix C gives a breakdown of the geomorphology codes that occurred within each grid cell. 7.4 Sea-Level Trends The sea-level trend data set for the U.S. West Coast was derived from calculated relative sea-level trend measurements in mm/year for 16 tide-gauge stations (Woodworth 1995; Spencer and Woodworth 1993). This relative sea-level trend was calculated by a linear least-squares regression fitted to the time series of mean annual sea-level elevations for each of the 16 tide-gauge stations. Table 3 illustrates this information and Fig. 5. shows the locations of the stations listed in Table 3. Table 3. Relative sea-level trends, U.S. West Coast, mm/yr. Length of Sea-Level Station Latitude Longitude Record (yr) Trend (mm/yr) Friday Harbor 48° 33' N 123° 00' W 58 1.12 Neah Bay 48° 22' N 124° 37' W 56 -1.61 Port Townsend 48° 07' N 122° 45' W 21 1.98 Seattle 47° 36' N 122° 20' W 96 2.01 Astoria 46° 13' N 123° 46' W 68 -0.60 South Beach 44° 38' N 124° 03' W 22 4.39 Crescent City 41° 45' N 124° 12' W 60 -0.72 San Francisco 37° 48' N 122° 28' W 140 1.37 Alameda 37° 46' N 122° 18' W 54 0.77 Monterey 36° 36' N 121° 53' W 21 3.11 Port San Luis 35° 10' N 120° 45' W 45 1.24 Santa Monica 34° 01' N 118° 30' W 53 1.98 Los Angeles 33° 43' N 118° 16' W 70 0.85 Newport Beach 33° 36' N 117° 53' W 35 1.65 La Jolla 32° 52' N 117° 15' W 65 2.42 San Diego 32° 43' N 117° 10' W 87 2.24 (Data from Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Sept. 1996.) To obtain a relative sea-level trend variable for the 0.25° grid cells along the West Coast lying between tide-gauge stations, the following interpolation procedure was adopted: (1) The tide-gauge stations and the sea-level trends were plotted along a 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West coastline (Fig. 5). (2) The 0.25° by 0.25° grid used in this NDP was then overlaid onto the tide- gauge stations with an Arc/Info IDENTITY command, whereby the grid cells took on the values of the tide-gauge stations. (3) For each coastal grid cell without data, the difference in relative sea levels was calculated between the two nearest gauge stations (i.e., occurring east and west or north and south of the given grid cell). (4) The difference between the relative sea levels was then divided by the number of grid rows, plus one, occurring between the grid cells containing gauge stations. This value was called the slope factor. (5) The slope factor was then multiplied by the number of grid rows from the grid cell being calculated to the nearest station (i.e., western-most or southern-most station) and added to the station's relative sea-level trend. (6) The resultant of these five steps is the relative sea-level trend variable within the gridded data groups in this data set. It should be noted that tide gauges measure sea-level variations in relation to a fixed benchmark on land and are therefore relative, due to vertical land movements and real changes in ocean levels. Information on long-term vertical movements along the U.S. West Coast is summarized in Appendix D. Because of active tectonism along the West Coast, which varies from place to place and can affect the relative sea-level curves, the above interpolation procedure should be used with caution. See comments in Sect. 10 and Appendix D. The procedure for calculating the uplift or local subsidence trend variable along the U.S. West Coast differs from that used for the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts (Gornitz and Lebedeff 1987). Along the U.S. East Coast, Holocene paleosealevel indicators were used to calculate a long-term geologic trend variable (Gornitz and Seeber 1990). This geologic trend variable was then subtracted from the present relative sea-level trend (as measured by tide gauges) to provide a corrected sea-level trend variable for each 0.25° coastal grid cell. The average value of these corrected trends was used to obtain the regional eustatic trend (i.e., 1.25 mm/yr). This eustatic trend was then subtracted from the relative sea-level trend variable to yield a local subsidence trend variable for each 0.25° East Coast grid cell. Along the U.S. Gulf Coast, Holocene paleosealevel indicators were not available, so the geologic trend variable for each 0.25° Gulf coastal grid cell was set to 0.0 for compatibility purposes between the two NDPs (i.e., NDP-043A and NDP- 043B). The local subsidence factor for the Gulf Coast was calculated by assuming the global eustatic rate of sea-level rise to be 1.5 mm per year, as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Houghton et al. 1990), and subtracting this rate (i.e., 1.5 mm/yr) from the relative sea-level trend variable. The resultant difference along the U.S. Gulf Coast was the uplift or subsidence trend variable for each 0.25° coastal grid cell. Along the U.S. West Coast, Holocene paleosealevel indicators are found only in a small number of coastal marshes and bays, where they record at least a half dozen discrete seismic events (Atwater 1987; Atwater et al. 1991; and Darienzo et al. 1994) and do not yield a continuous sea-level curve. Late Quaternary (i.e., < 125,000 years) raised marine terraces, which occur along much of the West Coast, integrate the permanent deformation produced over multiple earthquake cycles. Thus, raised terrace data can be used to derive a long-term average uplift trend or subsidence factor for selected data points (Appendix D). Because of insufficient data, there are no real data values assigned to the long- term geologic trend variable in this data set. A value of 0.0 was assigned to West coastal grid cells with a data value for the calculated relative sea-level trend variable; while a value of -9999.99 was assigned to grid cells with no data value for the calculated relative sea-level trend variable. While both values, 0.0 and -9999.99, indicate no data for the long-term geologic trend variable, a value of 0.0 serves two purposes. First, it indicates those grid cells in which the data provided in Table 1 of Appendix D may be used to calculate a long-term geologic trend variable. Secondly, it allows for compatibility among the data sets in this series of NDPs (NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and this document, NDP-043C). Consequently, the corrected sea-level trend variable within this data set contains a value that appears to be identical to the calculated relative sea- level trend variable; however, nothing has truly been corrected here [i.e., corrected sea-level trend = calculated relative sea-level trend - long-term geologic trend (0.0)]. The uplift or subsidence trend variable for the U.S. West Coast was calculated by assuming a global eustatic rate of sea-level rise of 1.5 mm/yr, as reported by the IPCC (Houghton et al. 1996), and subtracting this rate (i.e., 1.5 mm/yr) from the calculated relative sea-level trend variable. The resultant difference is the local subsidence or uplift trend variable for each 0.25° coastal grid cell along the West Coast. The local uplift or subsidence variable gives an indication of the relative vulnerability of each coastal grid cell and line segment to sea-level rise. This variable may be used to identify areas that are uplifting or subsiding faster or slower than the regional averages. It is also added to any future projected global sea-level curves, to adjust the global curve to local conditions. The ARC/INFO IDENTITY command was used to overlay the coastal 0.25° by 0.25° grid cells onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized West coastline. The resulting relative sea-level trend, geologic trend, corrected relative sea-level trend, and local uplift or subsidence trend variables are found in the line- based data groups herein. 7.5 Horizontal Shoreline Displacement (Erosion/Accretion) The erosion/accretion data used in the development of the horizontal shoreline displacement data set were extracted and modified from the Coastal Erosion Information System (CEIS) developed by May et al. (1982, 1983) and Dolan et al. (1975, 1983, 1989). Portions of the CEIS data are currently being updated by Dolan and others for the USGS; partial documentation of some changes may be found in Dolan et al. (1990) and Dolan et al. (1991). The CEIS data are limited in extent to coastlines that open into the ocean or large bays. The displacement data within the CEIS data base were originally obtained from over 500 individuals or organizations with records ranging in length from 20 to 165 years. The majority of the shoreline displacement measurements, however, were made from historic maps and aerial photographs that cover the U.S. West Coast for a minimum of 40 to 50 years. Most of the information was originally obtained from published reports or from regionally available high-resolution data sets (e.g., Dolan et al. 1980). Of the data within CEIS, 25% were obtained in raw form and converted into point measurements of erosion or accretion. In conducting the measurement and data compilation steps of the raw data, May et al. (1982) used the landward limit of wetted sand as the criteria for identifying the shoreline. This definition was selected because it produced the most consistent results in the photo-interpretation process. By comparing present and past shorelines from maps, aerial photographs, and data from regional studies, May et al. (1982) were able to obtain rates of change, expressed in m/year, for coastal points on the West Coast. May et al. (1982) then averaged and extrapolated the point data into 3° latitude by 3° longitude grid cells (in locations with sparse data 7.5'and 15' grid cells were used) to minimize the problems associated with mapping errors, imprecise shoreline definitions, and poor temporal resolution within the original erosion/accretion data sources. These 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells were then overlaid onto the 0.25° grid cells used in this data base to derive the following data variables (values in m/year): minimum erosion trend, mean erosion trend, maximum erosion trend, and the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' cells used in deriving the data for each 0.25° grid cell. To transfer this information to the 0.25° grid cells used in this data set, the erosion variables were recalculated as follows: (1) The number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells that occur in a given 0.25° grid cell was determined. These 3', 7.5', or 15' cells were used to calculate the minimum, mean, or maximum erosion rate variables. (2) The minimum erosion rate for a 0.25° grid cell is the minimum erosion rate found in the 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells within a 0.25° grid cell. (3) The mean erosion rate for a 0.25° grid cell is the weighted average of the erosion rates of all 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells within a 0.25° grid cell. (4) The maximum erosion rate for a 0.25° grid cell is the maximum erosion rate found in the 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells within a 0.25° grid cell. Fig. 6 gives an example of how the overlay process was used to determine the number of data values from 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in calculating the values contained in the 0.25° grid cells distributed with this NDP. The gridded data were then overlaid onto a 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West Coastline to form the line segment version of these data. Based on the length of record (from 20 to 165 years, depending on location), and the errors inherent in the data, the reported shoreline displacement trends are average values that are highly variable over time; as such, rates of change less than ± 0.6 m/year are not considered significant. 7.6 Tidal Ranges The tidal-range data set was obtained from tide tables published by NOAA's National Ocean Service (NOS) for 410 stations located on the West Coast (NOS 1992). These station data were entered into the Arc/Info GIS as point data and are available in the supplemental data group. The supplemental data group contains the name, identification number, longitude/latitude, mean tidal range, maximum tidal range, and mean tide level for each tide-range station. The data for each station were overlaid onto the 0.25° grid cells used in this data set, and the variables calculated based on the stations that fell within each grid cell (values expressed in meters) as follows: (1) The number of tide stations that fell within each 0.25° grid cell was calculated. The stations within each cell were then used to derive the mean tide level and the mean and maximum tidal ranges for each 0.25° grid cell. (2) The mean tidal range for each grid cell is the average of the diurnal tidal ranges of all stations within a given cell. (3) The maximum tide range for each grid cell is the largest value found within the diurnal tide ranges of all stations within a given cell. (4) The mean tide level for each grid cell is the average of the mean tide levels of all stations within a given cell. The gridded data obtained from this process were then overlaid onto the U.S. West Coastline coverage using the Arc/Info IDENTITY command to transfer the calculated data into the line segment version of these data. The mean tidal range at a given tide station in this data set is defined as the difference in height between mean high water and mean low water in 1992. Tide heights vary annually, but their differences are relatively constant in relation to one another. The maximum tide range variable contains the "diurnal tide range." The diurnal tide range is defined as the difference in height between mean higher high water and mean lower low water (NOS 1992). The mean tide level variable is defined as a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992. This value is reckoned from chart datums. The chart datums used in the tide tables for the mean tide level variable are from the West Coast Low Water Datum. The magnitude of the tidal-range variables defined above has been linked to both inundation and erosion hazards. Although a large tidal range dissipates wave energy, it also delineates a broad zone of low-lying intertidal wetlands susceptible to inundation. Furthermore, the velocity of tidal currents in estuaries depends on the tide range, as well as the asymmetry of the tidal cycle and channel morphology. Therefore, when holding these other factors constant, high-tide ranges are associated with stronger tidal currents capable of eroding and transporting sediment offshore. 7.7 Wave Heights This wave-height data set contains three data variables (all variables expressed in meters): the maximum significant wave height, the 20-year mean wave height, and the standard deviation of the mean). This data set was originally obtained from published documents of the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wave Information Study (WIS). In the study CERC calculated wind speeds from station histories, National Weather Service surface charts, surface pressure data, ships-at-sea observations, and monthly air-sea temperature gradients, in a 3-phase process. Phase 1 hindcasted wind speeds/directions for each 120 nautical-mile-long segment while Phase 2 hindcasted wind speeds and deep ocean waves for a 30 nautical-mile spacing (Hubertz et al. 1992). In Phase 3, wind data were input into a transformation model that hindcasted near-shore wave heights for 10 nautical-mile-segments of the West Coast (Jensen 1989; Corson et al. 1987). The 10 nautical-mile-segment data were originally received as point data which included longitude and latitude coordinates, maximum significant wave height, 20- year mean wave height, and the standard deviation of the mean wave height. To transfer this point data into the 0.25° longitude by 0.25° grid cells used in this NDP the following methodology was used: (1) The longitude/latitude coordinates were read into ARC/INFO to produce a point coverage. This point coverage was then plotted over the 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West coastline and checked for reasonableness. (2) 1.0° was added to and subtracted from the original longitude coordinates to produce a line segment coverage which defined each 10 nautical-mile line segment along the West Coast. 3) The Arc/Info BUFFER command was used on the 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment coverage, to form a polygon of the study area. (4) The polygon coverage produced in step 3 was read into ARCEDIT, where it was joined with the line segment coverage produced in step 2. All errors and discrepancies were corrected, and a final polygon coverage defining each 10 nautical-mile segment along the U.S. West Coast was produced. (5) The Arc/Info IDENTITY command was then used to transfer the polygon data produced in number 4 above onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments used in this NDP. (6) Finally, the Arc/Info IDENTITY command was used once more to transfer the 10 nautical-mile line segment data into the 0.25° longitude by 0.25° grid cells used in this NDP. The WIS data variables (i.e., maximum significant wave height, 20-year mean wave height, and the standard deviation of the mean) were transferred during this overlay process and are included within this NDP. Figure 7 illustrates this transformation process. 8. Relative Risk Factors The previous section discussed how the original 22 data variables within this data base were obtained and entered into the GIS. These data were directly digitized from maps or copied from computer tapes and imported into the Arc/Info GIS, where the information was analyzed and the data values were incorporated into the 0.25° grid cells and 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments. The entry of these data into common formats (i.e., 0.25° grid cells and 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments) has made it possible to relate and manipulate the data to identify relationships among the different variables. A vulnerable coastline is characterized by low coastal relief, subsidence, extensive shore line retreat, and high wave/tide energies (Gornitz et al. 1991). To simplify the manipulation process, seven of the original data variables were classified into seven new "risk" variables. Each risk variable ranges in value from 1 to 5 and indicates the cell's relative risk to erosion or inundation. The risk assignments for mean elevation, mean shoreline displacement, local subsidence trend, mean tidal range, and maximum significant wave height (i.e., the numeric data variables) are given in Table 3. The risk assignments for geology and geomorphology (i.e., the nominal data) are given in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. These risk assignments are discussed in greater detail in Gornitz et al. (1991), Gornitz and White (1991) and Gornitz et al. (1994) - reprinted in Appendix D. Table 4. Assignment of relative risk factors for elevation, shoreline displacement, local subsidence trend, tidal range, and wave height. (logical expressions are used in the table to denote the following: .le. = less than or equal to; .ge. = greater than or equal to.) Variable: Very low Low Moderate High Very high 1 2 3 4 5 Mean elevation (m) > 30 > 20 > 10 > 5 .ge.0 and and and and .le. 30 .le. 20 .le. 10 .le. 5 Mean shoreline > 2.0 > 1 > -1 > 2 .le. -2 displacement Accretion and and and Erosion (m/year) .le. 2 .le. +1 .le. -1 Local subsidence < -1 .ge. -1 > 1 > 2 > 4.0 trend (mm/year) Land and and and Land rising .le. 1 .le. 2 .le. 4 sinking Mean tidal range (m) < 1.0 .ge. 1 .ge. 2 > 4 > 6.0 Microtidal and and and Macrotidal < 2 .le. 4 .le. 6 Maximum significant .ge. 0 .ge. 3 .ge. 5 .ge. 6 .ge. 6.9 wave height (m) and and and and < 3 < 5 < 6 < 6.9 Table 5. Assignment of relative risk factors for geology. Rank Geology values 1 100, 110, 130, 410 2 150 3 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 400, 430, 500 4 300, 340, 345, 370 5 310, 320, 330, 350, 360, 420 (See Table 1 for description of geology values.) Table 6. Assignment of relative risk factors for geomorphology. Rank Geomorphology values 1 1130, 1139, 1210, 1219, 1220, 1229, 1230, 1239, 1240, 1249, 1320, 1329, 2510, 2519 2 1120, 1129, 1131, 1211, 1221, 1231, 1234, 1235, 1241, 1245, 1310, 1319, 2511 3 1110, 1119, 1121, 1311, 1321, 1335, 1338, 2112, 2115, 2125, 2225, 2255, 2300, 2315, 2320, 2329, 2330, 2339, 2340, 2345, 2349, 2350, 2359, 2400, 2410, 2419, 2420, 2425, 2429, 2450, 2459, 2500, 2530, 2539 4 1111, 1330, 1339, 2200, 2210, 2219, 2228, 2250, 2258, 2259, 2310, 2319, 2321, 2331, 2341, 2351, 2411, 2421, 2451, 2520, 2529 5 1331, 1334, 2110, 2111, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2211, 2220, 2221, 2224, 2229, 2251, 2254, 2311, 2521, 2531 (See Table 2 for a description of geomorphology values.) 9. The Coastal Vulnerability Index The seven relative risk variables contained within this data base may be used to formulate a coastal vulnerability index. This index may be used to identify areas that are at risk to erosion and/or permanent or temporary inundation. Grid cells and/or line segments with high index values will tend to have low reliefs, erodible substrates, histories of subsidence and shoreline retreat, and high wave and tide energies (Gornitz et al. 1991). However, when several risk factors for a given area are missing data, then any calculated index will underestimate the risk of the area in question. The following methods for deriving such an index have been tested on a sample of 93 randomly selected coastal segments and seem to be adequate for the task when the number of risk factors that are missing data, for a given location, are less than three. The addition of new variables to this data base or the use of a different classification system for the risk variables may result in index values that differ significantly from those that would be produced using the formulas shown. These formulas were proposed and tested for the derivation of a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) in Gornitz et al. (1991); CVI5 was used in Gornitz and White (1991), Gornitz et al. (1991), and Gornitz (1990, 1991). Product mean: CVI1 = ( x1 * x2 * x3 * x4 * ... xn ), ------------------------------ n Modified product mean: CVI2 = [ x1 * x2 * ½(x3 + x4) * x5 * ½(x6 +x7) ], ----------------------------------------- n - 2 2 2 2 2 2 Average sum of squares: CVI3 = ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... xn ), ------------------------------------- n Modified product mean (2): CVI4 = ( x1 * x2 * x3 * x4 * ... xn ), ------------------------------ (n-4) 5 Square root of product mean: CVI5 = [ CVI1 ]½ , and Sum of products: CVI6 = 4x1 + 4x2 + 2(x3 + x4) + 4x5 + 2(x6 + x7). Where: n =variables present x1=mean elevation x2=local subsidence trend x3=geology x4=geomorphology x5=mean shoreline displacement x6=maximum wave height x7=mean tidal range. The relative risk variables were assigned to one of five risk classes on the basis of Tables 3, 4, and 5. Errors in the classification of any of the variables could result in a misclassification of up to one risk class for each risk variable. The sensitivity of each of the six CVI formulas to misclassification errors was tested by changing the relative risk factor of 1 to 3 risk variables from high to low (i.e., 5 to 1) while holding the others fixed at a value of 5 (Table 6). The calculated sensitivity is the percentage change from the original CVI, with all variables set to five, such that the greater the value the greater the percent change. It was found that for some CVIs, a change in two or more variables may result in more than one score. When this occurs only the maximum value is shown in Table 7. Table 7. Sensitivity of different Coastal Vulnerability Indices to changes in risk class from high to low assignments for one to three variables. Number of Variables Changed CVI 1 2 3 ------------------------------------------------------- CVI1 80 96 99 CVI2 80 96 99 CVI3 14 27 41 CVI4 80 96 99 CVI5 56 80 81 CVI6a 16 32 48 This table indicates that CVI1, CVI2, and CVI4 are highly sensitive to variations in the classification of the risk variables, whereas CVI3 is insensitive to classification variations. CVI5 seems to be relatively insensitive to variations in one risk factor, while still being able to produce usable results when differences occur within several factors. CVI6 showed lower sensitivity overall to misclassification errors and missing data. Thus, CVI6 may be preferable to CVI5. An expanded version of CVI6 was used in Gornitz et al. (1994). By way of illustration, CVI5 was calculated for the gridded data groups within this NDP, and a histogram of the data values was constructed. Based on the histogram, three risk classes were developed (i.e., low-, moderate-, and high- risk based on 33 percentile ranges). Low risk class values are those values less than 11, moderate risk values range from 11 to 22, and high risk values are greater than 22. The aforementioned risk class assignments for the U.S. West coastline are illustrated in Figure 8. CVI5 values range from 0.87 to 58.55 along the U.S. West Coast, with a mean value of 10.51. Although rugged relief and erosion resistant substrate reduce the overall vulnerability rating of the West coast, the highly variable topography and geologic/geomorphic setting produce a number of exceptions. Some examples are the barrier beaches of Oregon and Washington, the Monterey Bay area including Santa Cruz, Pismo Beach, and the following cities: San Francisco, Santa Barbara, Santa Monica, and San Diego. A majority of the high risk areas face west and, as a result, are directly impacted by large ocean waves. This implies that climatic variables such as wind direction and fetch length may be one of the primary forcing factors for erosion on the West coast. 10. Limitations and Restrictions of the Data Because of the spatial extent of this data base, the period of record, sampling frequency, and scale of the source documents varied. The use of long-term averages and the use of the 0.25° grid cell as the spatial scale for these data has minimized the error that may have been introduced when these data sources were integrated into a single data base with uniform formats and scales. The geologic data were classified in terms of an ordinal scale based on the relative hardness of minerals comprising the rock, and derived from state geologic maps. Since these characteristics cannot be deduced from the geologic maps alone, field checking would be required to obtain a more detailed classification than that used in this data set. The sea-level trend variables (derived from long-term tide-gauge records) may have significant error due to the interpolation methods used. The tide-gauge records used for calculating the sea- level trends on the West Coast were obtained from the records of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (Pugh et al. 1987). These records have been examined and contain no identifiable errors, are of very high quality, and have been used in several sea-level-rise studies (Douglas 1991). However, the sparse station network has made it necessary to calculate the sea-level trend variables for intervening grid cells by calculating a slope line between the two closest adjacent stations. Confidence in the accuracy of the local subsidence variable and the relative and corrected sea- level trend variables estimated with this method decreases as the distance between grid cells that are missing data and adjacent tide-gauge stations increases. For the U.S. East and West coasts, it was found that if the distance from a grid cell with no data to the nearest two long-term gauge stations (i.e., that are east and west or north and south of the no-data grid cell) exceeds ~350 km (i.e., at that distance the r-squared value of adjacent stations is 0.717), then the sea-level trend variable derived for the no-data grid cell may be erroneous. However, the highly variable topography, geology, and geomorphology of the West Coast, together with the active tectonism suggest that interpolations of the sort proposed here should be used with caution. Whenever feasible, local subsidence (or uplift) data should be used. Some longer-term geologic trends are listed in Appendix D. Should the user choose to apply the methods and data illustrated in Appendix D to calculate a revised local subsidence trend variable, it will be necessary to reassign a risk value as well, before calculating a coastal vulnerability index. The statistical summations given within this NDP reflect 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude gridded data values and may vary slightly from those given in publications by the contributors. Another discrepancy is that the tide tables used in this document are for 1992 (NOS 1992) as were those used in NDP-043B, while the East Coast, NDP-043A tide tables were for 1988 (NOS 1988). The coastal hazards data base presented here for the U.S. West Coast omits several factors that may be important when determining the risk of a given area to inundation or erosion. Other variables that may be useful in the risk assessment process are: storm surge, storm frequencies, storm intensities, presence of exposed infrastructure, coastal population density, the role of sediment transport, and the risk of saltwater intrusion (Titus et al. 1991, Snedaker and Sylva 1987). Several studies have been done that consider several of these factors. Gornitz et al. (1994) conducted a pilot study with an expanded CVI based on the seven relative risk variables in this NDP and six climatic factors derived from Birdwell and Daniels (1991). A copy of the results of this study is reprinted in Appendix D. 11. Data Checks Performed by CDIAC An important part of the data packaging process at the CDIAC is the quality assurance (QA) of the data before its distribution. Data received at CDIAC are rarely in perfect condition for immediate distribution, regardless of source. CDIAC staff members examine the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. The QA process is an important component in the value-added concept of assuring accurate, usable information for researchers. The following summarizes the QA checks performed on the various data groups presented in this document: (1) Data variables obtained from primary data sources were double- entered into flat ASCII computer files and proofed for discrepancies. The generated machine-readable data files were then uploaded to a Sun workstation and read into SAS. The SAS PROC COMPARE procedure was used to overlay the two versions and identify differences. All differences were then checked against the original data source, and any necessary corrections made. 2) Data variables obtained from maps (e.g., geology) were classified and transferred to coastal segments on working maps of the coastline. The working maps were then digitized, plotted at a large scale, and compared with the original working maps and data sources. All identified discrepancies were then corrected. (3) Maximum, minimum, and mean values were generated for all data variables and checked for reasonableness against predetermined thresholds. (4) The data values for each data variable were mapped using the 1:2,000,000 digitized USGS line-segment coverage of the U.S. West Coast as a backdrop to check for outliers and identifiable discrepancies. The identified data items were then recalculated, and corrected if necessary. 12. How to Obtain the Data Package This document describes the contents of a coastal hazards data base intended for use by vector or raster GISs or non-GIS data base systems. The computerized data are available on Exabyte 8-mm tapes, QIC quarter-inch tape cartridges, or floppy diskettes. These data are also available via the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the World Wide Web at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov. Requests for this data package should be addressed to: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Post Office Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A. The media and/or documentation can be ordered by telephone, fax or electronic mail using: Telephone: (423) 574-0390 or (423) 574-3645; FAX: (423) 574-2232 INTERNET: CDIAC@ORNL.GOV The computerized data files may be acquired over the internet from CDIAC's Anonymous FTP service as follows:  FTP to CDIAC.ESD.ORNL.GOV (128.219.24.36)  Enter "ftp" as the User-ID.  Enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., BIRDK@ornl.gov)  Change to the directory pub/ndp043c (or ndp043a for the East Coast, ndp043b for the Gulf Coast).  Set FTP to ASCII mode by using the ASCII command (i.e., "ascii").  Acquire the ASCII data files (i.e., "mget *.asc").  Acquire the FORTRAN files (i.e., "mget *.for").  Acquire the SAS files (i.e., "mget *.sas").  Set FTP to binary mode by using the Binary command (i.e., "binary").  Acquire the binary Arc/Info export files (i.e., "mget *.e00").  Exit the system by using the FTP quit command (i.e., "quit"). 13. 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Verification of Pacific Ocean Deepwater Hindcast Wave Information. WIS Report 29, CERC, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callender, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, eds., 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums. 1990. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. Jensen, R. E., J. M. Hubertz, and J. B. Payne. 1989. Pacific Ocean Hindcast Phase III Wave Information. WIS Report 17, CERC, Vicksburg, Mississippi. May, S. K., W. H. Kimball, N. Grady, and R. Dolan. 1982. CEIS: The coastal erosion information system. Shore and Beach. 50:19-25. May, S. K., R. Dolan, and B. P. Hayden. 1983. Erosion of U.S. shorelines. EOS. 65:521-523. Muhs, D. R., R. M. Thorson, J. J. Clague, W. H. Mathews, P. F. McDowell, and H. M. Kelsey. 1987. Pacific Coast and Mountain System, pp. 517-581. In Geomorphic Systems of North America, Vol. 2, W. L. Graf (ed.). Geologic Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. National Ocean Service (NOS). 1988. Tide Tables 1988 -High and Low Water Predictions, East Coast of North and South America. NOAA, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. NOS. 1992. Tide Tables 1992 -High and Low Water Predictions, West Coast of North and South America. NOAA, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Pugh, D. T., N. E. Spencer, and P. L. Woodworth. 1987. Data Holdings of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. Bidston Observatory, England. Shaw, J., R. B. Taylor, D. L. Forbes, M.-H. Ruz, and S. Solomon. 1994. Sensitivity of the Canadian Coast to Sea-Level Rise. Open File 2825, Geological Survey of Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Spencer, N. E., and P. L. Woodworth, 1993. Data Holdings of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (Nov. 1993), Birkenhead, U.K., 81 pp. Snedaker, S. C., and D. P. Sylva. 1987. Impacts of climate change on coastal resources: Implications for property values, commerce, estuarine environments, and fisheries, with special reference to South Florida. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Climate Change in the Southern United States: Future Impacts and Present Policy Issues, M. Meo (ed.). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, Washington, D.C.. Titus, J. G., R. A. Park, S. P. Leatherman, J. R. Weggel, M. S. Greene, P. W. Mausel, S. Brown, and C. Gaunt. 1991. Greenhouse effect and sea level rise: The cost of holding back the sea. Coastal Manage. 19:171-204. Warrick, R. A., E. M. Barrow, and T. M. L. Wigley, 1993. Climate and Sea Level Change: Observations, Projections, and Implications. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. Woodworth, P. L., 1995. PSMSL Annual Report for 1995. U. S. Department of Energy. 1987. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of research in FY 1987. DOE/ER-0347, Dist. Category UC-11, Washington, D.C. U. S. Department of Energy. 1988. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of research in FY 1988. DOE/ER-0385, Dist. Category UC-11, Washington, D.C. U. S. Department of Energy. 1989. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of research in FY 1989. DOE/ER-0425, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C. U. S. Department of Energy. 1990. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of research in FY 1990. DOE/ER-0470T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C. U. S. Department of Energy. 1991. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of research in FY 1991. DOE/ER-0508T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C. U. S. Department of Energy. 1992. Global Change Research: Summaries of Research in FY 1992. DOE/ER-0565T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C. U. S. Department of Energy. 1993. Global Change Research: Summaries of Research in FY 1993. DOE/ER-0597T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C. 13.2 Digital Elevation Data Defense Mapping Agency. 1-Degree DEM Data. ESIC, Reston, Virginia. National Geophysical Data Center. ETOPO5 Gridded World Elevations. Boulder, Colorado. 13.3 Geology Maps Bennison, A. P. 1973. Geological highway map of the Pacific Northwest region: Washington, Oregon (Idaho in part). American Association of Petroleum Geologists with the cooperation of the United States Geological Survey, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Feray, D. E. 1968. Geological highway map of the Pacific Southwest region: California, Nevada. American Association of Petroleum Geologists with the cooperation of the United States Geological Survey, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Greene, H. G. and M. P. Kennedy (eds). 1986-1989. California continental margin geologic map series. Maps 1a-7a. California Division of Mines and Geology. Sacramento, California. Schuster, J. E. and K. G. Ikerd. 1992. Geologic map of Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Olympia, Washington. Walker, G. W. and N. S. Macload. 1991. Geologic map of Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 13.4 Topographic Maps Washington ---------- U.S. Geological Survey. 1968. Cape Flattery. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Victoria. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1968. Copalis Beach. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Seattle. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Hoquiam. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. Oregon ------ U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Vancouver. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Salem. 1:250,000 series (topographic-bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1973. Coos Bay. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. California ---------- U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Crescent City. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Eureka . 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Redding. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Ukiah. 1:250,000 series (topographic-bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1980. Santa Rosa. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1970. Sacramento. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1980. San Francisco. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. San Jose. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Monterey. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. San Luis Obispo. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. Santa Maria. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1975. Los Angeles. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. Long Beach. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. San Clemente Island. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Santa Ana. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. San Diego. 1:250,000 series (topographic- bathymetric), Reston, Virginia. 14. Contents of the Computerized Data Files The following table lists the 21 data files distributed by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) along with this documentation. Each listing includes the file number; a brief description including the file name; the number of number of records, file size, and record length. These files are available on 8-mm tapes, quarter inch tape cartridges, IBM-formatted floppy diskettes, and over the Internet using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) from CDIAC's anonymous FTP area or through the CDIAC world wide web homepage at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov. Table 8. List and description of the NDP-043C data files. File number, File Number of Record description, and name size (bytes) records length 1. General descriptive information file (NDP043C.TXT) 281,842 5265 85 2. FORTRAN retrieval program to read and print file 5 (WCGRID.FOR) 4,050 50 80 3. SAS code to read and print file 5 (WCGRID.SAS) 729 9 80 4. Gridded data for the 22 original data variables, all 7 data sets (Arc/Info export file, WCGRID.E00) 3,786,102 46,742 80 5. Gridded data for the 22 original data variables, all 7 data sets (flat ASCII file, WCGRID.ASC) 440,640 5,440 80 6. FORTRAN retrieval program to read and print file 9 (WCRISK.FOR) 2,916 36 80 7. SAS code to read and print file 9 (WCRISK.SAS) 486 6 80 8. Gridded data for the 7 relative risk variables: elevation, geology geomorphology, sea-level trends, erosion/accretion rates, tidal ranges, and wave heights (Arc/Info export file, WCRISK.E00) 2,682,396 33,116 80 9. Gridded data for the 7 relative risk variables: elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea- level trends, erosion/accretion rates, tidal ranges, and wave heights (flat ASCII file, WCRISK.ASC) 217,600 2,720 33 10. FORTRAN retrieval program to read and print file 13 (WCLINE.FOR) 4,698 58 80 11. SAS code to read and print file 13 (WCLINE.SAS) 810 10 80 12. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment data for the 22 original variables and 7 relative risk variables. (Arc/Info export file, WCLINE.E00) 1,498,986 18,506 80 13. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment data for the 22 original variables and 7 relative risk variables. (flat ASCII file, WCLINE.ASC) 306,666 3,786 80 14. FORTRAN retrieval program to read and print file 17 (WCPOINT.FOR) 4,455 55 80 15. SAS code to read and print File 17 (WCPOINT.SAS) 648 8 80 16. Supplemental point data for the sea-level and tidal range data sets (Arc/Info export file, WCPOINT.E00) 285,444 3,524 80 17. Supplemental point data for the sea-level and tidal range data sets (flat ASCII file, WCPOINT.ASC) 103,518 1,278 80 18. FORTRAN retrieval program to read and print file 21 (WCOAST.FOR) 1,366 51 80 19. SAS code to read and print file 21 (WCOAST.SAS) 1,215 15 80 20. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment coverage of the U.S. West Coast (Arc/Info export file, WCOAST.E00) 883,629 10,909 80 21. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment coverage of the U.S. West Coast (flat ASCII file, WCOAST.ASC) 310,752 17,264 17 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Totals 10,479,945 139,536 Note: Arc/Info export files (Version 7) are coverages converted to flat ASCII, fixed-block, files for data transfer purposes. The IMPORT command in Arc/Info must be used to enter these files into your system. Arc/Info is a registered trademark of the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Redlands, CA 92372. SAS is a registered trademark of the SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC 27511-8000. 15. Contents of the Descriptive File The following is a listing of the general descriptive information file (ndp043c.txt) distributed by CDIAC as part of this NDP. This file provides variable descriptions, formats, units, and other pertinent information about each file associated with this coastal hazards data base. Title of the Data Base A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast Contributors Vivien M. Gornitz Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University Goddard Institute for Space Studies National Aeronautics and Space Administration New York, New York Tammy W. Beaty Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Richard C. Daniels Energy, Environment and Resources Center The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Current affiliation: Shorelands and Water Resources Program, Water Division Department of Ecology Olympia, Washington Scope of the Data The 29 data variables within A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast, and the corresponding coastal vulnerability indices that may be derived from algorithms listed within this NDP, may be used by coastal planning, research, and management agencies to identify shorelines at risk from coastal erosion and inundation. This data base should be used to identify areas where further study is necessary. In addition, these data may be used in combination with appropriate climatological data (e.g., Birdwell and Daniels 1991) to identify coastal areas that are vulnerable to coastal erosion and inundation from sea-level rise or storm surge (e.g., Gornitz et al. 1996). This data base consists of the following data sets: elevation, bedrock geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends, horizontal shoreline movements (erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. For several of these data sets, minimum, mean, and maximum data values are available. These data variables may be divided into two basic classes, one that measures erosion potential and one that is related to inundation risk. The erosion risk of each coastal grid cell or line segment may be determined based on geology, geomorphology, shoreline displacement, tidal ranges and wave heights, while the inundation risk may be estimated based on sea-level trends and elevations. Seven of the 29 data variables are classified versions of other variables within this data base. The seven classified risk variables contain "risk values" of one to five for each coastal grid cell and line segment in this data base. These risk variables may be used to calculate a coastal vulnerability index (CVI) to identify areas on the West Coast that are vulnerable to sea-level rise or coastal erosion. Data Formats This data base has been divided into five data groups. Each of these five data groups is provided in two different data formats. The first format is designed for use by the Arc/Info Geographic Information System (GIS). This format stores the data as polygons (e.g., WCGRID and WCRISK), arcs (e.g., WCLINE and WCOAST), or as points (e.g., WCPOINT). The second format contains comparable data that have been converted into flat ASCII data files for use by raster GISs or non-GIS data base systems. The first two data groups are registered to a 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude grid. The first, WCGRID (Files 4 and 5) provides the 22 original data variables, while the second data group, WCRISK (Files 8 and 9) provides the seven relative risk variables. The third data group is registered to line segments derived from a 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West Coast coastline. WCLINE (Files 12 and 13) provides 29 data variables (i.e., the 22 original and the seven relative risk data variables). The fourth data group, WCPOINT (Files 16 and 17), provides the source information used in the development of the tidal-range and sea-level trends data sets. Data variables included in this data group are station names/numbers, record lengths, and longitude/latitude locations of the actual data point. These data represent the physical location of the occurring data point, and will allow the precise location of each station used in calculating the gridded tidal-range and sea- level-rise data variables within the 0.25° grid cells of data groups WCGRID and WCRISK to be identified. Finally, the last group contains a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West Coast, WCOAST (files 20 and 21). These line segments are identical to those found in data group WCLINE; however, no data values are provided with this data group. A description of the contents of each of the data groups and files included with this data base follows: (1) WCGRID: Gridded polygon data for the 22 original data variables. Data sets contained in this group include elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea- level trend, shoreline displacement (erosion/accretion), tide range, and wave heights. (2) WCRISK: Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk variables. The risk variables are classified versions of the following original variables: mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement, mean tidal range, and maximum significant wave height. (3) WCLINE: 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment data for the U.S. West Coast containing the 29 data variables (i.e., the 22 original data variables and the seven classified risk variables). (4) WCPOINT: Point data for the stations used in calculating the sea-level trend and tide-range data sets. Data include station names/numbers, record length, latitude/longitude location, and mean and maximum data values (when available). (5) WCOAST: 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West Coast. The coastline was extracted from a digitized map of the United States compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey. To improve the portability of the information in the data files, FORTRAN and SAS input/output routines have been included with this data base for each of the flat ASCII data files. These input/output routines are intended to be used to read/write the data values contained in the flat ASCII data files [containing the gridded data base, the original point data (for the sea-level trend and tide- range variables), and the digitized U.S. West coastline]. The data groups in this data base are available as exported Arc/Info coverages (Version 7). The export files must be read into an Arc/Info GIS using the IMPORT command with the COVER option after uploading the files onto a computer. These files are in a GEOGRAPHIC projection, which means the coverages are projected in a spherical reference grid using latitude and longitude coordinates that are stored in decimal degrees (DD). The flat ASCII files contain an identical version of this data base. The gridding method used in this data base consists of 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude grid cells. These cells cover the area defined by the following coordinates: 126°W, 32°N; 126°W, 49°N; 116°W, 49°N; and 116°W, 32°N. The origin of the grid is at 126°W, 32°N, and grid identifiers increase from left to right, bottom to top. The data contained within each grid cell is an average for the entire grid cell. The grid cell identification number is located in the center of each cell and although it is not the physical location of each data value, it represents averages for all data points located within the cell. The flat ASCII versions of the files have been provided to allow use of these data by users who do not have access to Arc/Info software. The format and contents of each of the flat ASCII files are described in the following section (the Arc/Info coverages have the same variables and general format as described herein for the ASCII files). Data Group WCGRID: This data group contains gridded data for the 22 original data variables. These data variables are from the seven data sets and are as follows: mean, maximum, and minimum elevation, and the number of 5' grid cells used in deriving the data values; geology; geomorphology; relative sea- level trend, long-term geologic trend (included for compatibility within this series of NDPs), corrected sea- level trend, local subsidence trend, and the years of record of the gauge stations used in calculating these values; mean, maximum, and minimum shoreline displacement, and the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in deriving the data values; mean and maximum tidal range, mean tide level, and the number of tidal stations used in calculating these values; 20-year mean wave height, maximum significant wave height, and the 20-year mean wave height standard deviation. The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII files providing these data are WCGRID.E00 (File 4) and WCGRID.ASC (File 5), respectively. File 5 is formatted as follows: 10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID,ELAVG,ELMAX,ELMIN,ELNUM, 1 GL,GM,SLR,SLG,SLC,SLS,SLYR READ(5,110) ERAVG,ERMAX,ERMIN,ERNUM,TRAVG, 1 TRMAX,TRLVL,TRNUM,WHAVG,WHMAX,WHSD 100 FORMAT(I5,3F8.2,3I4,4F8.2,I4) 110 FORMAT(3F8.2,I4,3F8.2,I4,3F8.2) The variables in data group WCGRID (File 5) are shown in Table 9 and are listed as they appear in the file. Table 9. Variable formats for WCGRID.ASC (File 5). Column Variable Variable name Start End type Variable description ID 1 5 Integer System variable - grid cell identifier. ELAVG 6 13 Real Data variable - mean elevation of all positive 5' by 5'grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ELMAX 14 21 Real Data variable - maximum elevation of all positive 5' by 5' grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ELMIN 22 29 Real Data variable - minimum elevation of all positive 5' by 5' grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ELNUM 30 33 Integer Data variable - number of 5' by 5' grid cells used in calculating ELAVG, ELMIN, and ELMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. GL 34 37 Integer Data variable - ordinal value indicative of the type and resistance of the rocks within a given 0.25° grid cell to erosion. GM 38 41 Integer Data variable - ordinal value indicative of the type and susceptibility of the landforms within a given 0.25° grid cell to inundation and erosion. SLR 42 49 Real Data variable - relative sea-level trend within a given 0.25° grid cell calculated from tide-gauge station measurements; values in mm/year. SLG 50 57 Real Data variable - long-term geologic trend. This variable is 0.0 for all 0.25° grid cells with a relative sea-level trend value and is included for compatibility within this series of NDPs. SLC 58 65 Real Data variable - corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable contains values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the relative sea-level trend variable; and is included only for compatibility within this series of NDPs. SLS 66 73 Real Data variable - the local uplift or subsidence trend. The relative sea-level trend (SLR) corrected for the global eustatic rate of sea-level rise (i.e., 1.5 mm/year). SLYR 74 77 Integer Data variable - years of record used in estimating the sea-level trend for each 0.25° grid cell. --------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS ----------------- ERAVG 1 8 Real Data variable - mean long- term erosion trend for a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ERMAX 9 16 Real Data variable - maximum long-term erosion trend for a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ERMIN 17 24 Real Data variable - minimum long-term erosion trend for a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ERNUM 25 28 Integer Data variable - number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in calculating ERAVG, ERMIN, and ERMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. TRAVG 29 36 Real Data variable - average of the mean tide range for all the gauge stations that occur within a given 0.25° grid cell (mean tide range is the difference in height between mean high water and mean low water); values in meters. TRMAX 37 44 Real Data variable - maximum tide range measured for all gauge stations that occurred within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1988 (this value may be the "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location); values in meters. TRLVL 45 52 Real Data variable - the average of the mean tide levels of all the gauge stations that occur within a given 0.25° grid cell (mean tide level is a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1988). Values were reckoned from chart datums (i.e., the West Coast Mean Low Water Datum). TRNUM 53 56 Integer Data variable - number of tide gauge stations used in calculating TRAVG, TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given 0.25° grid cell. WHAVG 57 64 Real Data variable - 20-year mean wave height experienced within each 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. WHMAX 65 72 Real Data variable - maximum significant wave height for each 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. WHSD 73 80 Real Data variable - standard deviation of the 20-year mean wave height experienced within each 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. Within WCGRID missing data values are identified as follows: -9999.99 - A grid cell with real data values that is missing data for a given data variable. 9999 - A grid cell with integer data values that is missing data for a given data variable. A value of 0.0 is a valid value for all variables. For the elevation variables 0.0 m indicates that land occurs within the given grid cell, but the mean elevation of this land is < 1.0 m. If the data variables in a given data set, such as elevation, contain data and the "number" variable is set to zero (i.e., ELNUM, ERNUM, TRNUM, or SLYR), then the data variables for the given 0.25° grid cell have been estimated. Data Group WCRISK: This data group contains gridded data for the seven classified risk variables. These risk variables are classified versions of the following original variables: mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement, mean tidal range, and maximum significant wave height. The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII files are WCRISK.E00 (File 8) and WCRISK.ASC (File 9), respectively. A summary of the format used in File 9 follows: 10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID, ELR, GLR, GMR, LSR, 1 TRR,WHR 100 FORMAT(I5,7I4) The variables in data group WCRISK, listed in Table 10, are shown as they appear in File 9. Table 10. Variable formats for WCRISK.ASC (File 9). Column Variable Variable name Start End type Variable description ID 1 5 Integer System variable - grid cell identifier. ELR 6 9 Integer Data variable - classified version of the mean elevation variable (i.e., ELAVG). GLR 10 13 Integer Data variable - classified version of the geology variable (i.e., GL). GMR 14 17 Integer Data variable - classified version of the geomorphology variable (i.e., GM). LSR 18 21 Integer Data variable - classified version of the local subsidence trend variable (i.e., SLS). ERR 22 25 Integer Data variable - classified version of the mean erosion/accretion variable (i.e., ERAVG). TRR 26 29 Integer Data variable - classified version of the mean tide range variable (i.e., TRAVG). WHR 30 33 Integer Data variable - classified version of the maximum significant wave- height variable (i.e., WHMAX). A value of zero is used to identify missing data values within the grid cell for the risk variables. If several "no data" values occur within the same grid cell, then any calculated coastal vulnerability index that uses these relative risk factors may not accurately represent the risk of the given coastal area to sea- level rise or coastal erosion (unless some type of corrective action is taken). Grid cells that are not in the coastal zone, or are totally ocean bound, have values of zero for all seven derived risk variables. Data Group WCLINE: This data group contains digitized line segments obtained at a scale of 1:2,000,000. The coastline is composed of 1,262 line segments with lengths of 93 m to 88.7 km, with an average length of 5.8 km. Each of these line segments have 29 data variables (attributes) assigned to them (i.e., the 22 original and the seven relative risk data variables). Several of these variables have been directly transferred from WCGRID using the IDENTITY procedure in Arc/Info. As such, line segment lengths do not indicate the resolution of the data. These 29 data variables are as follows: mean, maximum, and minimum elevation, the number of 5' grid cells used in deriving the data values, and the elevation risk (i.e., the classified version of the mean elevation variable); geology and the geology risk (i.e., the classified version of the geology variable; geomorphology and geomorphology risk (i.e., the classified version of the geomorphology variable); relative sea-level trend, global-trend, corrected sea-level trend, local subsidence trend, the years of record of the gauge stations used in calculating these values, and the local subsidence trend risk (i.e., the classified version of the local subsidence trend variable); mean, maximum, and minimum shoreline displacement, the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in deriving the data values, and erosion risk (i.e., the classified version of the mean erosion/accretion variable); mean and maximum tidal range, mean tide level, the number of tidal stations used in calculating these values, and the tidal- range risk (i.e., the classified version of the mean tidal range); 20-year mean wave height, maximum significant wave height, the 20-year mean wave height standard deviation, and the wave-height risk (i.e., classified version of the maximum significant wave-height variable). The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file that provide these data variables are WCLINE.E00 (File 12) and WCLINE.ASC (File 13), respectively. File 13 is formatted as follows: 10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID,ELAVG,ELMAX,ELMIN,ELNUM, 1 ELR,GL,GLR,GM,GMR,SLR,SLG,SLC READ(5,110) SLS,SLYR,LSR,ERAVG,ERMAX,ERMIN, 1 ERNUM,ERR,TRAVG,TRMAX,TRLVL,TRNUM,TRR READ(5,120) WHAVG,WHMAX, WHSD,WHR 100 FORMAT(I5,3F8.2,6I4,3F8.2) 110 FORMAT(2I4,3F8.2,2I4) 120 FORMAT(3F8.2,I4) The variables in data group WCLINE (File 13) are shown in Table 11 and are listed as they appear in the file. Table 11. Variable formats for WCLINE.ASC (File 13). Column Variable Variable name Start End type Variable description ID 1 5 Integer System variable - grid cell identifier. ELAVG 6 13 Real Data variable - mean elevation of all positive 5' by 5' grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ELMAX 14 21 Real Data variable - maximum elevation of all positive 5' by 5' grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ELMIN 22 29 Real Data variable - minimum elevation of all positive 5' by 5' grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ELNUM 30 33 Integer Data variable - number of 5' by 5' grid cells used in calculating ELAVG, ELMIN, and ELMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. ELR 34 37 Integer Data variable - classified version of the mean elevation variable (i.e., ELAVG). GL 38 41 Integer Data variable - ordinal value indicative of the resistance of the rocks to erosion. GLR 42 45 Integer Data variable - classified version of the geology variable (i.e., GL). GM 46 49 Integer Data variable - ordinal value indicative of the susceptibility of the landforms to inundation and erosion. GMR 50 53 Integer Data variable - classified version of the geomorphology variable (i.e., GM). SLR 54 61 Real Data variable - relative sea-level trend calculated from tide-gauge station measurements. SLG 62 69 Real Data variable - long-term geologic trend. This variable is 0.0 for all line segments with a relative sea-level trend value, and is included for compatibility within this series of NDPs. SLC 70 77 Real Data variable - corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable contains only values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the relative sea-level trend variable, and is included for compatibility within this series of NDPs. ----------------------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS ----------------- SLS 1 8 Real Data variable - the local uplift or subsidence trend. The relative sea- level trend corrected for the global eustatic rate of sea-level rise (i.e., 1.5 mm/year). SLYR 9 12 Integer Data variable - years of record used in estimating the sea-level trend for each 0.25° grid cell. LSR 13 16 Integer Data variable - classified version of the local subsidence trend variable (i.e., SLS). ERAVG 17 24 Real Data variable - mean long- term erosion trend for given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ERMAX 25 32 Real Data variable - maximum long-term erosion trend for a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ERMIN 33 40 Real Data variable - minimum long-term erosion trend for a given 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. ERNUM 41 44 Integer Data variable - number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in calculating ERAVG, ERMIN, and ERMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. ERR 45 48 Integer Data variable - classified version of the mean erosion/accretion variable (i.e., ERAVG). TRAVG 49 56 Real Data variable - average of the mean tide range for all gauge stations that occur within a given 0.25° grid cell (TRAVG is the difference between mean high water and mean low water in 1992); values in meters. TRMAX 57 64 Real Data variable - maximum tide range measured for all gauge stations that occurred within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1992 (this value may be the "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location); values in meters. TRLVL 65 72 Real Data variable - the average of the mean tide levels of all the gauge stations that occur within a given 0.25° grid cell (mean tide level is a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992). Values were reckoned from the West Coast Mean Low Water Datum. TRNUM 73 76 Integer Data variable - number of tide gauge stations used in calculating TRAVG, TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given 0.25° grid cell. TRR 77 80 Integer Data variable - classified version of the mean tide range variable (i.e., TRAVG). ------------------------------ THIRD LINE READS AS FOLLOWS ------------------ WHAVG 1 8 Real Data variable - 20-year mean wave height experienced within each 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. WHMAX 9 16 Real Data variable - maximum significant wave height for each 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. WHSD 17 24 Real Data variable - standard deviation of the 20-year mean wave height experienced within each 0.25° grid cell; values in meters. WHR 25 28 Integer Data variable - classified version of the maximum significant wave-height variable (i.e., WHMAX). Within WCLINE, missing data values are indicated as follows: -9999.99 - A line segment with real data values that is missing data for a given data variable. 9999 - A line segment with integer data values that is missing data for a given data variable. 0 - A line segment with missing data values for the risk variables (i.e., for variables ELR, ERR, WHR, TRR, LSR, GLR, GMR only). A value of 0.0 is a valid value for all but the risk variables. For the elevation variables 0.0 m indicates that land occurs within the given grid cell, but the maximum elevation of this land is < 1.0 m. If the data variables in a given data set, such as elevation, contain data and the "number" variable is set to zero (i.e., ELNUM, ERNUM, TRNUM, or SLYR), then the data variables for the given 0.25° grid cell have been estimated. Data Group WCPOINT: This data group contains the point data for the stations used in calculating the relative sea-level trend, long-term geologic-trend, corrected sea-level trend, local subsidence trend, mean tide range, maximum tide range, and mean tide level variables contained within data group WCGRID. Data include station names, station number, record length, latitude/longitude location, and data variable values. The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file are WCPOINT.E00 (File 16 and WCPOINT.ASC (File 17), respectively. A summary of the format used for File 17 follows: 10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID,SLLONG,SLLAT,SLR,SLG, 1 SLC,SLS,SLYR READ(5,110) SLNAME,TRLONG,TRLAT,TRAVG, 1 TRMAX,TRLVL READ(5,120) TRID,TRNAME 100 FORMAT(I5,6F8.2,I4) 110 FORMAT(A40,5F8.2) 120 FORMAT(I5,A45) The variables listed in Table 12 are listed as they appear in data group WCPOINT (File 17). Table 12. Variable formats for WCPOINT.ASC (File 17). Column Variable Variable name Start End type Variable description ID 1 5 Integer System variable - Point identification number. SLLONG 6 13 Real Data variable - longitude of the tide- gauge station used in determining the sea-level trends. SLLAT 14 21 Real Data variable - latitude of the tide- gauge station used in determining the sea-level trends. SLR 22 29 Real Data variable - relative sea-level trend calculated from tide-gauge station measurements; values are expressed in mm/year. SLG 30 37 Real Data variable - long-term geologic trend. This variable is 0.0 for all stations with a relative sea-level trend value, and is included for compatibility within this series of NDPs. SLC 38 45 Real Data variable - corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable contains values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the relative sea-level trend variable; and is included only for compatibility within this series of NDPs. SLS 46 53 Real Data variable - local uplift or subsidence trend. Relative sea-level trend corrected for the global eustatic rate of sea-level rise (i.e., 1.5 mm/year). SLYR 54 57 Integer Data variable - years of record of the tide gauge station used in determining the sea-level trends. ----------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS -------------------- SLNAME 1 40 Char Data variable - name of the tide gauge used for determining the sea-level trends. TRLONG 41 48 Real Data variable - longitude of a tide-gauge station used for determining the tide range variables. TRLAT 49 56 Real Data variable - latitude of a tide-gauge station used for determining the tide range variables. TRAVG 57 64 Real Data variable - difference between mean high water and mean low water for 1992; values in meters. TRMAX 65 72 Real Data variable - maximum tide range, maximum measured range for the gauge station in 1992 (this value may be the "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location); values in meters. TRLVL 73 80 Real Data variable - mean tide level, a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992. Values are reckoned from the West Coast Mean Low Water Datum. ------------------ THIRD LINE READS AS FOLLOWS --------------------- TRID 1 4 Integer Data variable - station number (used in the 1992 Tide Tables) of a tide- gauge station. TRNAME 5 54 Char Data variable - name of a tide-gauge station (from the 1992 Tide Tables). Within this data file, WCPOINT, missing data values are indicated with one of the following values: 0.0 or 0 - A sea-level or tide-range station that has not been assigned data values. This data group includes the calculated relative sea-level trend measurements in mm/yr for 16 tide-gauge stations (Woodworth 1995; Spencer and Woodworth 1993) and the tide table data for 410 NOAA stations (NOS 1992). The sea-level and tide-range stations each have unique data variables. When the 16 stations used for the calculated sea-level trend measurements are present, the tide range variables are 0.0 or 0. When the 410 NOAA stations are present, the sea-level variables are 0.0 or 0. Data Group WCOAST: The final data group, WCOAST (Files 20 and 21), contains a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West Coast made up of 1,262 line segments. Data in this coverage were extracted from a digitized map of the United States (originally compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey). This coastline may be overlaid onto any of the data groups previously discussed to provide locational information when plotting the data variables. The line segment identification numbers used herein are identical to the line segment identification numbers used in WCLINE.ASC. Unlike the other data groups within this data base this coverage contains no attribute values. However, such overlay commands as UNION, INTERSECT, and IDENTITY in Arc/Info (or other GISs) may be used to transfer the gridded data values to the coastal segments, thus simplifying the interpretation of any derived indices. The name of the Arc/Info coverage where the coastline resides is WCOAST.E00 (File 20), and the flat ASCII data file with this same information is in WCOAST.ASC (File 21). Since this file is line-based, the data values in WCOAST.ASC contain the line segment name, the number of points in the line, and a listing of the points that describe each line, for all 1,262 line segments that define the West Coast. The flat ASCII version of this file contains a listing of the line segments (or arcs) that describe the coast in the BNA format. An example of the format for this file is shown in Table 13. Table 13. Sample of the vector format used for WCOAST.ASC (File 21). " 1",-6 -122.7500,48.9764 -122.7500,48.9796 -122.7524,48.9832 -122.7572,48.9852 -122.7600,48.9916 -122.7656,49.0000 " 2",-11 -122.7984,48.9724 -122.7956,48.9760 -122.7944,48.9792 -122.7920,48.9820 -122.7896,48.9848 -122.7848,48.9856 -122.7824,48.9828 -122.7864,48.9808 -122.7896,48.9780 -122.7920,48.9752 -122.7916,48.9716 ... 16. Listing of the FORTRAN Data Retrieval Programs This section lists the five FORTRAN data retrieval programs provided by CDIAC with this data base. Each program is designed to read and write the contents of one of the five flat ASCII data files. The first program (WCGRID.FOR, File 2) is designed to read and print the file WCGRID.ASC (File 5). c********************************************************* c* fortran program to read and write wcgrid.asc (file 5) * c********************************************************* integer nlin integer id, elnum, gl, gm, slyr, ernum, trnum real elavg, elmax, elmin, slr, slg, slc, sls real eravg, ermax, ermin, travg, trmax, trlvl real whavg, whmax, whsd c********************************************************* c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output * c********************************************************* nlin=0 open(unit=5,file='wcgrid.asc',readonly,status='old') open(unit=6,file='wcgrid.out',status='new') c********************************************************* c* read/write the grid cell id and the 22 data variables * c********************************************************* 10 read(5,100,end=999) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum, 1 gl, gm, slr, slg, slc, sls, slyr read(5,110) eravg, ermax, ermin, ernum, travg, 1 trmax, trlvl, trnum, whavg, whmax, whsd if (nlin.gt.32) nlin=0 if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,120) if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,130) nlin=nlin+1 write(6,105) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum, 1 gl, gm, slr, slg, slc, sls, slyr write(6,115) eravg, ermax, ermin, ernum, travg, 1 trmax, trlvl, trnum, whavg, whmax, whsd 20 continue go to 10 100 format (i5,3f8.2,3i4,4f8.2,i4) 105 format (1x,i5,3f8.2,3i4,4f8.2,i4) 110 format (3f8.2,i4,3f8.2,i4,3f8.2) 115 format (1x,3f8.2,i4,3f8.2,i4,3f8.2) 120 format (4x,'id',1x,'elavg',3x,'elmax',3x,'elmin',1x, 1 'elnum',2x,'gl',2x,'gm',1x,'slr',5x,'slg',5x,'slc', 1 5x,'sls',4x,'slyr') 130 format (2x,'eravg',3x,'ermax',3x,'ermin',1x,'ernum', 1 1x,'travg',3x,'trmax',3x,'trlvl',1x,'trnum',1x, 1 'whavg',3x,'whmax',3x,'whsd') c*********************************************************** c***** close files and exit ****** c*********************************************************** 999 close(unit=5) close(unit=6) stop end The second FORTRAN program (WCRISK.FOR, File 6) is designed to read and print the file WCRISK.ASC (File 9). c********************************************************* c* fortran program to read and write wcrisk.asc (file 9) * c********************************************************* integer nlin integer id, elr, glr, gmr, lsr, err, trr, whr c********************************************************* c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output * c********************************************************* nlin=0 open(unit=5,file='wcrisk.asc',readonly,status='old') open(unit=6,file='wcrisk.out',status='new') c********************************************************* c* read/write the grid cell id and the 7 risk variables * c********************************************************* 10 read(5,100,end=999) id, elr, glr, gmr, lsr, 1 err, trr, whr if (nlin.gt.63) nlin=0 if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,110) nlin=nlin+1 write(6,105) id, elr, glr, gmr, lsr, 1 err, trr, whr 20 continue go to 10 100 format (i5,7i4) 105 format (1x,i5,7i4) 110 format (4x,'id',1x,'elr',1x,'glr',1x,'gmr',1x, 1 'lsr',1x,'err',1x,'trr',1x,'whr') c*********************************************************** c***** close files and exit ****** c*********************************************************** 999 close(unit=5) close(unit=6) stop end The third FORTRAN program (WCLINE.FOR, File 10) is designed to read and print the file WCLINE.ASC (File 13). c********************************************************** c* fortran program to read and write wcline.asc (file 13) * c********************************************************** integer nlin integer id, elnum, gl, gm, slyr, ernum, trnum integer elr, glr, gmr, lsr, err, trr, whr real elavg, elmax, elmin, slr, slg, slc, sls real eravg, ermax, ermin, travg, trmax, trlvl real whavg, whmax, whsd c********************************************************* c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output * c********************************************************* nlin=0 open(unit=5,file='wcline.asc',readonly,status='old') open(unit=6,file='wcline.out',status='new') c************************************************************ c* read/write the line segment id and the 29 data variables * c* including the 22 original and 7 risk data variables * c************************************************************ 10 read(5,100,end=999) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum, 1 elr, gl, glr, gm, gmr, slr, slg, slc read(5,110) sls, slyr, lsr, eravg, ermax, ermin, 1 elnum, err, travg, trmax, trlvl, trnum, trr read(5,120) whavg, whmax, whsd, whr if (nlin.gt.32) nlin=0 if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,130) if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,140) if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,150) nlin=nlin+1 write(6,105) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum, 1 elr, gl, glr, gm, gmr, slr, slg, slc write(6,115) sls, slyr, lsr, eravg, ermax, ermin, 1 ernum, err, travg, trmax, trlvl, trnum, trr write(6,125) whavg, whmax, whsd, whr 20 continue go to 10 100 format (i4,3f8.2,6i4,3f8.2) 105 format (i4,3f8.2,6i4,3f8.2) 110 format (f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4) 115 format (f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4) 120 format (3f8.2,i4) 125 format (3f8.2,i4) 130 format (2x,'id',2x,'elavg',2x,'elmax',2x,'elmin', 1 1x,'elnum',2x,'elr',2x,'gl',2x,'glr',1x,'gm', 1 2x,'gmr',4x'slr',5x,'slg',5x,'slc') 140 format (3x,'sls',2x,'slyr',1x,'slr',3x,'eravg',2x,'ermax', 1 2x,'ermin,1x,'ernum',1x,'err',3x,'travg', 1 2x,'trmax',2x,'trlvl',1x,'trnum',1x,'trr') 150 format ('whavg',3x,'whmax',3x,'whsd',5x,'whr') c*********************************************************** c***** close files and exit ****** c*********************************************************** 999 close(unit=5) close(unit=6) stop end The fourth FORTRAN program (WCPOINT.FOR, file 14) is designed to read and print the file WCPOINT.ASC (File 17). c*********************************************************** c* fortran program to read and write wcpoint.asc (file 17) * c*********************************************************** integer nlin integer id, slyr, trid real sllong, sllat, slr, slg, slc, sls real trlong, trlat, travg, trmax, trlvl character slname*40, trname*45 c*********************************************************** c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output * c*********************************************************** nlin=0 open(unit=5,file='wcpoint.asc',readonly,status='old') open(unit=6,file='wcpoint.out',status='new') c*********************************************************** c* read/write the point id and the 15 station variables * c*********************************************************** 10 read (5,100,end=999) id, sllong, sllat, slr, slg, 1 slc, sls, slyr read(5,110) slname, trlong, trlat, travg, 1 trmax, trlvl, read(5,120) trid, trname if (nlin.gt.32) nlin=0 if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,130) if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,140) if (nline.eq.0) write (6,150) nlin=nlin+1 write(6,105) id, sllong, sllat, slr, slg, 1 slc, sls, slyr write(6,115) slname, trlong, trlat, travg, 1 trmax, trlvl, write(5,125) trid, trname 20 continue go to 10 100 format (i5,6f8.2,i4) 105 format (i5,6f8.2,i4) 110 format (a40,5f8.2) 115 format (a40,5f8.2) 120 format (i4,a50) 125 format (i4,a50) 130 format (4x,'id',2x,'sllong',3x,'sllat',5x,'slr', 1 5x,'slg',5x,'slc',5x,'sls',1x,'slyr',1x,'slname') 140 format (3x,'trlong',3x,'trlat',3x,'travg',3x,'trmax', 1 3x,'trlvl',1x,'trid',1x,'trname') 150 format ('trid',1x,'trname') c*********************************************************** c***** close files and exit ****** c*********************************************************** 999 close(unit=5) close(unit=6) stop end The last FORTRAN program (WCOAST.FOR, File 18) is designed to read and print the file WCOAST.ASC (File 21). c********************************************************** c* fortran program to read and write wcoast.asc (file 21) * c********************************************************** character id*6, name*7 character comma integer i, num, nlin real long, lat c********************************************************* c* open files for input/output * c********************************************************* open(unit=5,file='wcoast.asc',readonly,status='old') open(unit=6,file='wcoast.out',status='new') c********************************************************* c* read/write the line segment id and x,y coordinates * c********************************************************* 10 nlin=0 read(5,100,end=999) id,comma,num if (comma.eq.'-') num=num*-1 if (comma.eq.',') then name=id//',' else name=id//' ' end if write(6,130) write(6,110) name, num c******************************************************** c* read and print x,y coordinates for the line * c******************************************************** do 20 i = 1, num*-1 if (nlin.gt.77) nlin=0 if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,140) nlin=nlin+1 read (5,120) long,comma,lat write (6,125) long,comma,lat 20 continue go to 10 100 format (a6,a1,i6) 110 format (a7,i6) 120 format (f9.4,a1,f8.4) 130 format (1x,'name , number') 140 format (1x,'longitude,latitude') c*********************************************************** c***** close files and exit ****** c*********************************************************** 999 close(unit=5) close(unit=6) stop end 17. Listing of the SAS Data Retrieval Programs This section lists the five SAS data retrieval programs provided by CDIAC with this data base. Each program is designed to read and write the contents of one of the five flat ASCII data files. The first program (WCGRID.SAS, File 3) is designed to read and print the file WCGRID.ASC (File 5). options ls=80 ps=70; data wcgrid; infile 'wcgrid.asc'; input id 5. (elavg elmax elmin) 8.2 (elnum gl gm) (4.) (slr slg slc sls) (8.2) slyr 4. / (eravg ermax ermin) (8.2) ernum 4. (travg trmax trlvl) (8.2) trnum 4. (whavg whmax whsd) (8.2); proc print noobs; run; The second SAS program (WCRISK.SAS, File 7) is designed to read and print the file WCRISK.ASC (File 9). options ls=80 ps=70; data wcrisk; infile 'wcrisk.asc'; input id 5. (elr glr gmr lsr err trr whr) (4.); proc print noobs; run; The third SAS program (WCLINE.SAS, File 11) is designed to read and print the file WCLINE.ASC (File 13). options ls=80 ps=70; data wcline; infile 'wcline.asc'; input id 4. (elavg elmax elmin) (8.2) (elnum elr gl glr gm gmr) (4.) (slr slg slc) (8.2) / sls 8.2 (slyr lsr) (4.) (eravg ermax ermin) (8.2) (ernum err) (4.) (travg trmax trlvl) (8.2) (trnum trr) (4.) / (whavg whmax whsd) (8.2) whr 4.; proc print; run; The fourth SAS program (WCPOINT.SAS, File 15) is designed to read and print the file WCPOINT.ASC (File 17). options ls=80 ps=70; data wcpoint; infile 'wcpoint.asc'; input id 5. (sllong sllat slr slg slc sls) (8.2) slyr 4. / slname $ 40. (trlong trlat travg trmax trlvl) (8.2) / trid 4. trname $ 50.; proc print; run; The fifth SAS program (File 19) is designed to read and print the file WCOAST.ASC (File 21). options ls=80 ps=70; data wcoast; file 'wcoast.lst'; infile 'wcoast.asc' dlm=','; input id $ num1 @; put @1 'ID' @9 'number of points' @30 'Longitude' @47 'Latitude'; put @1 name @15 num @; num = num1 * -1; array long{197}; array lat{197}; do i = 1 to num; input long{i} lat{i}; put @30 long{i} 9.4 @45 lat{i} 9.4; end; run; 18. Partial Listings of the Flat ASCII Data Files This section lists the first and last five data lines of each of the of the flat ASCII data files provided with this data base. Sample listing of WCGRID.ASC (file 5). 1-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 3-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 4-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 5-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 .......... 2716-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 2717-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 2718-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 2719-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 2720-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 Sample listing of WCRISK.ASC (File 9). 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .......... 2711 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2712 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2713 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2714 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2715 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2716 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2717 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2718 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2719 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2720 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sample listing of WCLINE.ASC (File 13). 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 5 345 42250 4 0.69 0.00 0.69 -0.81 0 2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 0 8.60 8.60 5.25 2 5 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 0 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 5 345 42127 5 0.69 0.00 0.69 -0.81 0 2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 0 8.60 8.60 5.25 2 5 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 0 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 5 370 42340 3 0.69 0.00 0.69 -0.81 0 2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 0-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999 0 -9999.99-9999.99-9999.99 0 .......... 1260 122.00 205.00 0.00 4 1 370 42259 4 2.24 0.00 2.24 0.74 87 2 0.43 2.50 -0.70 9 3 5.63 5.90 3.98 4 4 2.50 7.70 1.00 5 1261 122.00 205.00 0.00 4 1 330 52129 5 2.24 0.00 2.24 0.74 87 2 0.43 2.50 -0.70 9 3 5.63 5.90 3.98 4 4 2.50 7.70 1.00 5 1262 122.00 205.00 0.00 4 1 330 59999 0 2.24 0.00 2.24 0.74 87 2 0.43 2.50 -0.70 9 3 5.63 5.90 3.98 4 4 2.50 7.70 1.00 5 Sample listing of WCPOINT.ASC (file 17). 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 -117.23 32.78 5.50 2.80 3.90 415CROWN POINT MISSION BAY 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 -117.23 32.77 5.40 2.80 3.80 413QUIVIRA BASIN MISSION BAY 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 -117.12 32.67 5.90 3.00 4.30 411NATIONAL CITY SAN DIEGO BAY .......... 424 -122.75 48.12 1.98 0.00 1.98 0.48 21 PORT TOWNSEND WA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 425 -124.62 48.37 -1.61 0.00 -1.61 -3.11 56 NEAH BAY WA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 426 -123.00 48.55 1.12 0.00 1.12 -0.38 58 FRIDAY HARBOR WA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 Sample listing of WCOAST.ASC (file 21). " 1", -6 -122.7500,48.9764 -122.7500,48.9796 -122.7524,48.9832 -122.7572,48.9852 -122.7600,48.9916 -122.7656,49.0000 " 2", -11 -122.7984,48.9724 -122.7956,48.9760 -122.7944,48.9792 -122.7920,48.9820 -122.7896,48.9848 -122.7848,48.9856 -122.7824,48.9828 -122.7864,48.9808 -122.7896,48.9780 -122.7920,48.9752 -122.7916,48.9716 .......... "1262", -4 -117.1372,32.5800 -117.1372,32.5784 -117.1368,32.5716 -117.1332,32.5612 19. Verification of Data Transport: Flat ASCII Data Files. The gridded coastal hazards data base and the original point data may be read using the FORTRAN or SAS input/output routines provided. After these files are loaded onto the system it should be verified that the files have not been corrupted during transport. To do this, some or all of the statistics or characteristics presented in the following tables should be generated. These statistics were obtained for WCGRID, WCRISK, WCLINE, WCPOINT, and WCOAST using the SAS statistical package (i.e., with PROC MEANS); however, these statistics may be duplicated using other statistical packages or computer languages. These statistics are presented only as a tool to ensure proper reading of the four flat ASCII data files and should not be construed as either a summary of the data or as an indicator of trends in the data. Table 14. Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCGRID.ASC (File 5). Variable N Mean Std. dev. Minimum Maximum ID 2720 1360.50 785.34 1.00 2720.00 ELAVG 2720 -9197.86 2738.93 -9999.99 885.00 ELMAX 2720 -9193.41 2754.40 -9999.99 920.00 ELMIN 2720 -9202.52 2722.85 -9999.99 850.00 ELNUM 2720 9208.89 1.21 0.00 9999.00 GL 2720 9324.84 2467.59 110.00 9999.00 GM 2720 9401.81 2188.90 1110.00 9999.00 SLR 2720 -9308.74 2441.09 -9999.99 4.39 SLG 2720 -9308.81 2440.89 -9999.99 0.00 SLC 2720 -9308.74 2441.09 -9999.99 4.39 SLS 2720 -9308.84 2440.72 -9999.99 2.89 SLYR 2720 -9308.23 3.82 0.00 9999.00 ERAVG 2720 -9628.67 1891.19 -9999.99 5.46 ERMAX 2720 -9628.65 1891.27 -9999.99 10.00 ERMIN 2720 -9628.68 1891.12 -9999.99 3.70 ERNUM 2720 9628.05 2.22 0.00 9999.00 TRAVG 2720 -9440.77 2298.98 -9999.99 14.60 TRMAX 2720 -9440.76 2299.03 -9999.99 15.00 TRLVL 2720 -9462.96 2255.31 -9999.99 10.80 TRNUM 2720 9440.38 0.94 0.00 9999.00 WHAVG 2720 -9521.94 2134.18 -9999.99 2.80 WHMAX 2720 -9521.71 2135.23 -9999.99 8.10 WHSD 2720 -9522.00 2133.91 -9999.99 1.30 Table 15. Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCRISK.ASC (File 9). Variable N Mean Std. dev. Minimum Maximum ID 2720 1360.50 785.34 1.00 2720.00 ELR 2720 0.19 0.83 0.00 5.00 GLR 2720 0.24 0.93 0.00 5.00 GMR 2720 0.20 0.81 0.00 5.00 LSR 2720 0.19 0.75 0.00 5.00 ERR 2720 0.11 0.56 0.00 5.00 TRR 2720 0.25 1.05 0.00 5.00 WHR 2720 0.22 1.01 0.00 5.00 Table 16. Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCLINE.ASC (File 13). Variable N Mean Std. dev. Minimum Maximum ID 1262 631.50 364.45 1.00 1262.00 ELAVG 1262 150.21 174.59 0.00 885.00 ELMAX 1262 204.71 214.32 0.00 920.00 ELMIN 1262 93.52 140.47 0.00 850.00 ELNUM 1262 4405.33 4957.99 1.00 9999.00 ELR 1262 2.13 1.75 1.00 5.00 GL 1262 398.19 1020.53 110.00 9999.00 GLR 1262 3.36 1.23 0.00 5.00 GM 1262 1506.37 916.87 1110.00 9999.00 GMR 1262 2.93 1.38 0.00 5.00 SLR 1262 -38.38 628.52 -9999.99 4.29 SLG 1262 -39.62 628.44 -9999.99 0.00 SLC 1262 -38.38 628,52 -9999.99 4.39 SLS 1262 -39.87 628.43 -9999.99 2.89 SLYR 1262 47.01 628.27 0.00 9999.00 LSR 1262 1.90 0.62 0.00 4.00 ERAVG 1262 -4397.81 4965.53 -9999.99 5.46 ERMAX 1262 -4397.58 4965.73 -9999.99 10.00 ERMIN 1262 -4398.04 4965.33 -9999.99 3.70 ERNUM 1262 4405.33 4957.99 1.00 9999.00 ERR 1262 1.61 1.48 0.00 5.00 TRAVG 1262 -2054.45 4049.01 -9999.99 14.60 TRMAX 1262 -2054.25 4049.11 -9999.99 15.00 TRLVL 1262 -2056.19 4048.12 -9999.99 10.80 TRNUM 1262 2062.74 4044.28 1.00 9999.00 TRR 1262 3.66 1.92 0.00 5.00 WHAVG 1262 -2985.69 4579.90 -9999.99 2.80 WHMAX 1262 -2982.29 4582.11 -9999.99 8.10 WHSD 1262 -2986.58 4579.31 -9999.99 1.30 WHR 1262 3.32 2.21 0.00 5.00 Table 17. Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCPOINT.ASC (File 17). Variable N Mean Std. dev. Minimum Maximum ID 426 213.50 123.12 1.00 426.00 SLLONG 426 -4.58 23.10 -124.62 0.00 SLLAT 426 1.50 7.70 0.00 48.55 SLR 426 0.05 0.38 -1.61 4.39 SLG 426 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SLC 426 0.05 0.38 -1.61 4.39 SLS 426 -0.01 0.28 -3.11 2.89 SLYR 426 -2.23 12.69 0.00 140.00 TRLONG 426 -117.87 23.36 -125.13 0.00 TRLAT 426 40.62 9.51 0.00 49.00 TRAVG 426 -86.84 966.27 -9999.99 15.00 TRMAX 426 -465.57 2118.64 -9999.99 8.60 TRLVL 426 -300.27 1722.93 -9999.99 11.00 TRID 426 783.81 280.03 0.00 1277.00 Table 18. Characteristics and size, in bytes and 512-byte blocks, of WCOAST.ASC (File 21). Number of Size in Size in lines/arcs bytes blocks 1262 310,752 607 20. Verification of Data Transport: Arc/Info Export Files The five Arc/Info export files were created in Arc/Info, Version 7.0.3, using the EXPORT command with the COVER and NONE options. Each export file contains an entire coverage and its associated INFO data files in a fixed-length, uncompressed format. The exported coverages are in a GEOGRAPHIC projection, which is a spherical reference system that locates positions using latitude and longitude coordinates that are stored in decimal degrees. As a result of this, the reference grids in which the data are stored are not uniform in size or area. After loading the Arc/Info export files onto a system, the user should verify that the files have been correctly transported. To verify the integrity of the files, the size of the export files and (after importing the data into Arc/Info) the total number of INFO data records in each coverage should be compared with those presented in Table 18. If the file sizes differ from those presented by > 1 byte or the number of INFO data records do not match those shown in Table 18, then the coverage may have been corrupted in transport. The Arc/Info .E00 files may be imported into the user's Arc/Info system using the IMPORT command with the COVER option. The IMPORT command will automatically recognize that the export file is in an uncompressed format (files should be EXTERNALIZED after being imported [e.g., ARC> external WCGRID]). Table 19. File size and number of attribute records in each Arc/Info export file. Export file Tape file File size Arc/Info Number of name number (bytes) coverage type records WCGRID.E00 4 2,923,400 Polygon 2,721 WCRISK.E00 8 1,874,584 Polygon 2,721 WCLINE.E00 12 1,211,476 Arc/Line 1,262 WCPOINT.E00 16 214,242 Point 426 WCOAST.E00 20 651,721 Arc/Line 1,262 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: THE DATA GROUPS, A QUICK REFERENCE THE DATA GROUPS: A QUICK REFERENCE The following provides a listing and description of the data variables and other pertinent information for each of the five data groups. The Arc/Info version of these files, contain several additional variables. These additional variables are system variables. For data groups WCGRID and WCRISK, the system variables AREA, PERIMETER, COVERNAME# [i.e., cover name pound sign, an internal polygon, point, or line identification number (e.g., WCGRID#, WCPOINT#, and WCLINE# respectively)], and COVERNAME-ID [i.e., cover name dash identification number, an external polygon, point, or line identification number (e.g. WCGRID-ID, WCPOINT- ID, and WCLINE-id respectively)]. The external identification number is present in both the export (.E00) and ASCII (.ASC) files and is used to identify the 0.25° by 0.25° grid cell, point, or 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment to which the data record belongs. (1) Data Group WCGRID: Gridded polygon data for 22 data variables from the following data sets: elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trend, shoreline displacement(erosion/accretion), tidal range, and wave heights. (A value of -9999.99 or 9999 indicates no data are available for the given data cell for a given data variable.) Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for each 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude grid cell on the U.S. West Coast. File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCGRID.E00 (File 4) ASCII file name is WCGRID.ASC (File 5). Data Variables ELAVG - Average elevation calculated from all positive 5' by 5' grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ELMAX - Maximum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ELMIN - Minimum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ELNUM - Number of 5' by 5' grid cells used in calculating ELAVG, ELMIN, and ELMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. GL - Ordinal value indicating the type and resistance of the rocks within a given 0.25° grid cell to erosion through physical and chemical weathering. GM - Ordinal value indicating the type and susceptibility of the landforms within a given 0.25° grid cell to inundation and erosion. SLR - Relative sea-level trend within a given 0.25° grid cell; values are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. SLG - Geologic trend variable. In this data base this variable is 0.0 for all 0.25° grid cells with a relative sea-level trend value, and 9999.99 for all grid cells without a relative sea-level trend value. This data variable has been included to ensure compatibility between the data bases in this series of NDPs (i.e., NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and NDP-043C). See Appendix D for additional geologic trends based on long-term geologic data from raised marine terraces and 14C data. SLC - Corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable contains values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the relative sea-level trend variable; and is included for compatibilty within this series of NDPs. Some long-term geologic trends are listed in Appendix D. SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data and corrected for the global eustatic sea-level trend (i.e., 1.50); values are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. SLYR - Number of years of record used in estimating the sea-level trend for each 0.25° grid cell (grid cells in which tide-gauge stations do not occur have been assigned a zero value.) Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. ERAVG - Average of the mean long-term erosion trend values for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ERMAX - Maximum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ERMIN - Minimum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ERNUM - Number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells (i.e., format of original data source) used in calculating ERAVG, ERMIN, or ERMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. TRAVG - Average of the mean-tide-range values for all tide stations occurring within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide range is the difference in height between mean high water and mean low water for 1992). Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. TRMAX - Maximum tide range measured for all gauge stations that occurred within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1992 (this value may be the "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location). Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. TRLVL - Average of the mean-tide-level values for all tide stations occurring within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide level is a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992). Values are reckoned from chart datum, are expressed in meters, and are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. TRNUM - Number of tide-gauge stations used in calculating TRAVG, TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given 0.25° grid cell. Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. WHAVG - 20-year mean wave height calculated for each 0.25° grid cell: values expressed in meters. WHMAX - Maximum significant wave height for each 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. WHSD - Standard deviation of the mean wave heights experienced within each 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. (2) Data Group WCRISK: Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk variables. The risk variables contain values ranging from 0 to 5. A value of zero indicates no data are available for a given data variable, for a given grid cell. When the value for a given variable is greater than zero, the value indicates the relative risk of each 0.25° grid cell to inundation or erosion, with 5 indicating the greatest risk. Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for each 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude grid cell on the U.S. West Coast. File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCRISK.E00 (File 12) ASCII file name is WCRISK.ASC (File 13). Data Variables ELR - Classified version of the mean elevation data variable (i.e., ELAVG). GLR - Classified version of the geology data variable (i.e., GL). GMR - Classified version of the geomorphology data variable (i.e., GM). LSR - Classified version of the local subsidence trend data variable (i.e., SLS). ERR - Classified version of the mean erosion/accretion data variable (i.e., ERAVG). TRR - Classified version of the mean-tide-range data variable (i.e., TRAVG). WHR - Classified version of the maximum significant wave-height variable (i.e., WHMAX). (3) Data Group WCLINE: 1: 2,000,000 digitized line segment data for the 22 original and 7 relative risk data variables from each of the seven data sets (i.e., elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trend, shoreline displacement, tidal range, and wave heights). A value of - 9999.99 or 9999 indicates no data are available for the given data cell for a given data variable.) Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for each line segment that describes the U.S. West Coast. File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCLINE.E00 (File 12) ASCII file name is WCLINE.ASC (File 13). Data Variables ELAVG - Average elevation calculated from all positive 5' by 5' grid cells within a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ELMAX - Maximum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ELMIN - Minimum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ELNUM - Number of 5' by 5' grid cells used in calculating ELAVG, ELMIN, and ELMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. ELR - Classified version of the mean elevation data variable (i.e., ELAVG). GL - Ordinal value indicating the type and resistance of the rocks within a given region to erosion through physical and chemical weathering. GLR - Classified version of the geology data variable (i.e., GL). GM - Ordinal value indicating the type and susceptibility of the landforms within a given region to inundation and erosion. GMR - Classified version of the geomorphology data variable (i.e., GM). SLR - Relative sea-level trend within a given 0.25° grid cell; values are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. SLG - Geologic trend variable. In this data base this variable is 0.0 for all 0.25° grid cells with a relative sea-level trend value, and 9999.99 for all grid cells without a relative sea-level trend value. This data variable has been included to ensure compatibility among the NDPs in this series (i.e., NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and NDP-043C). See Appendix D for additional geologic trends based on long-term geologic data from raised marine terraces and 14C data. SLC - Corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable contains values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the relative sea-level trend variable; and is included only for compatibility within this series of NDPs. Some long-term geologic trends are listed in Appendix D. SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data and corrected for the global eustatic sea-level trend (i.e., 1.50); values are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. SLYR - Number of years of record used in estimating the sea-level trend for each 0.25° grid cell (grid cells in which tide-gauge stations do not occur have been assigned a zero value.) Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. LSR - Classified version of the local subsidence trend data variable (i.e., SLS). ERAVG - Average of the mean long-term erosion trend values for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ERMAX - Maximum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ERMIN - Minimum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. ERNUM - Number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells (i.e., format of original data source) used in calculating ERAVG, ERMIN, or ERMAX for a given 0.25° grid cell. ERR - Classified version of the mean erosion/accretion data variable (i.e., ERAVG). TRAVG - Average of the mean-tide-range values for all tide stations occurring within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide range is the difference in height between mean high water and mean low water for 1992). Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. TRMAX - Maximum tide range measured for all gauge stations that occurred within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1992 (this value may be the "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location). Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. TRLVL - Average of the mean-tide-level values for all tide stations occurring within a given 0.25° grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide level is a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992). Values are reckoned from chart datum, are expressed in meters, and are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. TRNUM - Number of tide-gauge stations used in calculating TRAVG, TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given 0.25° grid cell. Data values are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT. TRR - Classified version of the mean-tide-range data variable (i.e., TRAVG). WHAVG - 20-year mean wave height calculated for each 0.25° grid cell: values expressed in meters. WHMAX - Maximum significant wave height for each 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. WHSD - Standard deviation of the mean wave heights experienced within each 0.25° grid cell; values expressed in meters. WHR - Classified version of the maximum significant wave-height variable (i.e., WHMAX). (4) Data Group WCPOINT: Point data for the stations used in constructing the sea- level trend and tidal-range data sets. (Missing data values are indicated by the value 0.0 for real numbers, 0 for integers, and blank spaces [i.e., ' '] for station names.) Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for each point (i.e., station) on the U.S. West Coast. File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCPOINT.E00 (File 16) ASCII file name is WCPOINT.ASC (File 17). Data Variables SLLONG - Longitude of the tide-gauge station used for determining the sea-level trend variables. SLLAT - Latitude of the given tide-gauge station used for determining the sea-level trend variables. SLR - Relative sea-level trend for the tide-gauge station; values expressed in mm/year. SLG - Geologic trend variable. In this data base this variable is 0.0 for all 0.25° grid cells with a relative sea-level trend value, and 9999.99 for all grid cells without a relative sea-level trend value. This data variable has been included to ensure compatibility among the NDPs in this series (i.e., NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and NDP-043C). See Appendix D for additional geologic trends based on long-term geologic data from raised marine terraces and 14C data. SLC - Corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable contains values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the relative sea-level trend variable; and is included only for compatibility within this series of NDPs. Some long-term geologic trends are listed in Appendix D. SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data and corrected for the global eustatic sea-level trend (i.e., 1.50); values are expressed in mm/year. SLYR - Period of record in years of the tide-gauge station used for determining the sea-level trend variables. SLNAME - Station name of the tide-gauge station used for determining the sea- level trend variables. TRLONG - Longitude of the tide-gauge station used for determining the tide-range variables. TRLAT - Latitude of the given tide-gauge station used for determining the tide-range variables. TRAVG - Difference (i.e., range) in height between mean high water and mean low water in 1992; values expressed in meters. TRMAX - Difference (i.e., range) in height between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide in 1992 (this value may be the "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location); values expressed in meters. TRLVL - Mean tide level is a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992; values expressed in meters. Values are reckoned from chart datums (i.e., the West Coast Mean Low Water Datum). TRID - Station number (as given in the 1992 Tide Tables) of the given tide gauge station used in determining the tide-range variables. TRNAME - Station name (as given in the 1992 Tide Tables) of the given tide gauge station used in determining the tide-range variables. (5) Data Group WCOAST: 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West Coast. Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file containing the latitude-longitude coordinates of line segments that describe the U.S. West Coast. File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCOAST.E00 (File 20) ASCII file name is WCOAST.ASC (File 21). Data Variables Unlike the other data groups within this data base, this coverage contains line segments (or arcs) that are used to describe the West Coast. The coastline provided has no data variables associated with the line segments. However, simple overlay commands (such as INTERSECT or IDENTITY) in Arc/Info may be used to transfer the gridded data values to the coastal segments, thus simplifying the interpretation of any derived indices. The segment identification numbers match those used in the flat ASCII file WCLINE.ASC. APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS Glossary of Terms Used in the Geologic Classification The following listing defines the terms that appear in the geologic classification system shown in Table 1. The codes used in the classification system are shown in parentheses. When the classification number given contains an "X" (e.g., 1XX) it is implied that the definition is valid for all subsets of the given geologic feature. This list defines only those rock types mentioned within Table 1 and should not be construed as a comprehensive set of geologic definitions. IGNEOUS ROCK (1XX) - Rock that has crystallized from a silicate melt at high temperatures (i.e., 900 to 1600oC). VOLCANIC (EXTRUSIVE) ROCK (OLD=11X) (NEW=4XX) - Igneous rock that has reached the Earth's surface as a result of eruptive processes in a molten or partially molten state. Since these rocks tend to cool rapidly they are usually fine-grained. ANDESITE (110) - Grayish fine-grained volcanic rock composed of oligoclase/andesine (plagioclase feldspar), with lesser amounts of hornblende, biotite, or pyroxene. Potassium feldspar and quartz compose less than 10% of the total mineral content (plutonic equivalent is quartz diorite). BASALT (110) - Dark fine-grained volcanic rock consisting of labradorite (plagioclase feldspar) and augite (pyroxene), with minor olivine (plutonic equivalent is gabbro). RHYOLITE (110) - Light fine-grained volcanic rock composed essentially of alkali feldspar and quartz, with minor biotite occasionally present (plutonic equivalent is granite). PLUTONIC (INTRUSIVE) ROCK (13X) - Igneous rock which has crystallized from molten material (magma) at depth and has reached the Earth's surface through uplift and erosion. Because cooling is generally slower, these rocks are coarser-grained than their volcanic equivalents. METAMORPHIC ROCK (15X) - Rock derived from preexisting materials (either igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) when recrystallization occurs under higher temperatures, pressures, and shear stresses than normally exist at the Earth's surface. GNEISS (150) - Metamorphic rock that exhibits alternating bands of lighter minerals (quartz, feldspars) and darker minerals (biotite, hornblende, pyroxene). QUARTZITE (150) - Metamorphic rock composed essentially of quartz. It results from high-grade metamorphism of a quartz-rich sandstone in which recrystallization of silica has produced a tough, hard rock with interlocking quartz grains. SCHIST (150) - Metamorphic rock characterized by a layered or foliated appearance (schistosity) cause by the planar alignment of platy minerals, such as mica together with quartz, and minor amounts of other minerals, like garnet. SERPENTINITE (150) - Green to greenish-yellow rock composed chiefly of the mineral serpentine, derived from metamorphism of iron-magnesium-rich igneous rocks. SEDIMENTARY ROCK (2XX) - Rock consisting of weathered or eroded fragments of preexisting rocks that have been cemented together as a result of chemical cementation, compression, or precipitation. SHALE (210) - Sedimentary rock consisting of very fine-grained particles ( 0.004 mm) composed chiefly of clay minerals. It is distinguished from mudstone, by its ability to split into thin layers. SILTSTONE (220) - Sedimentary rock consisting of fine-grained particles in the size range of 0.004 to 0.062 mm. Composed chiefly of clays and fine-grained quartz with mica. SANDSTONE (230) - Fine to medium-grained sedimentary rock with particles in the size range between 0.062 to 2.0 mm. Typically composed of quartz, feldspars, and rock fragments, which are cemented together by silica, calcite, iron oxide, or clay. The hardness or strength of this rock depends largely on the nature and extent of the cement. CONGLOMERATE (240) - Coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of boulders to granule-sized particles (>2.0 mm), which are cemented together by silica, calcite, iron oxide, or clay. The hardness or strength of this rock depends largely on nature of the cement. LIMESTONE (250) - Carbonate rock that can consist either of fragmental material, including fossils, pellets, etc., or a chemical precipitate. EOLIANITE (260) - Layer of wind-blown beach sand often cemented by deposition of calcium carbonate. Tends to occur above the mean tide level in warm climates. UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS (3XX) - Fragmented materials that are derived from the chemical and mechanical weathering process or from chemical precipitation and that have not yet undergone cementation and induration into a consolidated rock. MUD, CLAY (310) - Very fine-grained particles ( 0.004 mm) of clay and quartz. SILT (320) - Fine-grained particles ( 0.062 mm) of clay, quartz, and mica. SAND (330) - Fine- to medium-grained particles (2.0 to 0.062 mm) of quartz, feldspar, other heavy minerals, and rock fragments. GRAVELS, CONGLOMERATES (340) - Coarse-grained rock fragments (> 2.0 mm), usually rounded to some degree, depending on the amount of transportation before the fragments came to rest. GLACIAL TILL (350) - Unsorted materials, ranging in size from fine-grained "rock flour" to large boulders, deposited by glaciers (also known as glacial drift). CALCAREOUS SEDIMENT (360) - Very fine-grained to fine-grained carbonate sediment, which can be fragmental or chemically precipitated. LAVA (410) - Geologically recent volcanic rock that has formed by extrusion of molten magma to the Earth's surface as a sheet or flow. ASH, TEPHRA (420) - Tephra is the general term for all fragmental volcanic materials ejected through a surface-reaching vent. Ash is unconsolidated, fine- grained ejected material (coarser-grained fragments are called bombs, scoria, pumice, etc.). CORAL REEF (500) - Mass of calcareous material consisting of the skeletal structures of corals, growing in situ, as well as coralline debris and chemically precipitated material. Reefs are generally built of coral, but calcareous algae and shells contribute to the reef structure in many areas. Glossary of Terms Used in the Geomorphic Classification The following list defines landforms and gives their associated classification values (shown in Table 2 on page 16). The terms are defined on the basis of the descriptions found in Bird (1984), Pethick (1984), Ritter (1986), Schwartz (1982), and Shepard and Wanless (1971). When the actual classification number contains an "X" (e.g., 222X) in the last digit, it is implied that the description is valid for all subsets of the given feature. ALLUVIAL PLAIN SHORELINE (221X) - Intersection of broad alluvial slope, located at the base of a mountain range, with the ocean. These alluvial plains may also occur on delta coasts (222X) or outwash plains (231X). BARRIER COASTS (212X) - In its most general sense, a barrier refers to accumulations of sand or gravel lying above high tide along a coast. These barriers may be partially or fully detached from the mainland. A barrier beach (2121) is a narrow strip of beach with a single ridge and often foredunes. A barrier island (2122) is completely surrounded by water and usually has multiple ridges, dunes, and salt marshes on the landward side of the island. It usually encloses a body of water known as a lagoon. Although barrier islands are the most common feature off the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, they constitute 10% - 15% of the rest of the world's shorelines. A bay barrier (2123) is a beach barrier built across an embayment and is found in areas with low tide ranges, and high to moderate wave energies. BEACH (21XX) - A beach is generally made up of sand, cobbles, or boulders and is defined as the portion of the coastal area that is directly affected by wave action and that is terminated inland by a sea cliff, a dune field, or the presence of permanent vegetation and seaward at the breaker/plunge point (the active portion of this zone varies based on wave and tide conditions). BEACH ROCK (2112) - Cementation of beach sand by CaCO3 in intertidal zones. Confined to warm climates. CLIFFED COASTS (11XX) - Coasts with cliffs and other abrupt changes in slope at the ocean land interface. Cliffs indicate marine erosion and imply that the sediment supply of the given coastal segment is low. The cliffs height depends upon the topography of the hinterland, lithology of the area, and climate. COASTAL PLAIN (211X) - Sedimentary deposits formed on a trailing-edge coast. Trailing-edge coasts are often associated with barrier beach systems and are commonly subject to subsidence. CORAL REEF COASTS (241X, 242X) - Shoal water area built up by secretions of CaCO3 by coral, marine algae, and other marine organisms. Reefs may form either fringing reefs that surround the shore or barrier reefs that grow at some distance from the coast and protect the coast from large waves. CUSPATE FORELAND (2126) - Seaward projection of accumulated unconsolidated marine sand or gravel, bounded on both sides by wave-dominated coasts (indicates convergence of currents in a low-tide environment). DELTA (222X) - Accumulations of fine-grained sedimentary deposits at the mouth of a river. The sediment is accumulating faster than wave erosion and subsidence can remove it. These are associated with mud flats (2224) and salt marshes (2225). DROWNED KARST (1500) - Terrain with distinctive characteristics of relief and drainage arising from a high degree of rock solubility that was submerged at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation period (i.e., geologic substrate that is made of highly soluble, usually carbonate, rock). ESTUARY COAST (133X) - Tidal mouth of a river or submerged river valley. Often defined to include any semi-enclosed coastal body of water diluted by freshwater, thus includes most bays. The estuaries are subjected to tidal influences with sedimentation rates and tidal ranges such that deltaic accumulations are absent. Also, estuaries are associated with relatively low-lying hinterlands, mud flats (1334), and salt marshes (1335). FJORD (122X) - Narrow steep-walled, U-shaped, partially submerged glacial valley. FIARD (123X) - Glacially eroded inlet located on low-lying rocky coasts (other terms used include sea inlets, fjardur, and firth). ICE COAST (1400) - Coast bordered by glaciers. LAGOON (225X) - A shallow water body separated from the open sea by sand islands (e.g., barrier islands) or coral reefs. MANGROVE SWAMP (245X) - Coasts with tree vegetation of subtropical/tropical origin located on muddy, peaty substrates. Occur in coastal regions with low wave energies that are located in tropical and subtropical climates (occupies same ecological niche as salt marsh in temperate zones). MUD FLATS - Located in areas with fine-grained sediments at low ends of the intertidal zone and are exposed at low tide. Found in estuaries (1334), deltaic environments (2224), and areas with marine/fluvial deposits (2254). OUTWASH PLAIN (231X) - A river deposition coast. Deposits are derived from meltwater from the front of a glacier. Grades from gravel near the glacier edge to sand farther away. Other types of glacial deposits include moraines (2320), composed of poorly sorted till, and drumlins (2330), hills sculpted by glaciers, that are composed of well-sorted till. SALT MARSH - Salt-tolerant vegetation that colonizes the intertidal zones of estuaries (1335), deltas (2225), and lagoons (2255). Located on slightly higher elevations than mud flats, and vegetation zonation reflects subtle changes in elevation. SPIT (2127) - Curved or hooked depositional feature formed by longshore drift. Often has salt marshes on landward side and beach ridges marking former positions of the shoreline. Very mobile landform. VOLCANIC COASTS (25XX) - Coasts dominated by volcanic landforms. The coasts may be built up of lava flows (251X), ash flows (252X), peninsular and island volcanoes, or calderas (253X). Often may be flanked by coral reefs (241X) if the volcano has become submerged. References Bird, E. C. F. 1984. Coasts. Basil Blackwell Publishing, New York, New York. Pethick, J. 1984. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. Edward Arnold Publishers, London, England. Ritter, D. F. 1986. Process Geomorphology. William Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Schwartz, M. L. (ed.). 1982. The Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal Environments. Hutchinson & Ross Publishing, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Shepard, F. P. and H. R. Wanless. 1971. Our Changing Coastline. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York. APPENDIX C: DATA LISTING OF GEOLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC DATA DATA LISTING OF THE GEOLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC DATA OF EACH LINE SEGMENT THAT OCCURRED WITHIN EACH COASTAL GRID CELL The geologic and geomorphic data contained within this data base were originally obtained for 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments. These line segments ranged in length from 93 m to 88.7 km and averaged 5.8 km in length. When plotted, these line segments are equivalent to those found in the line- based data groups within this NDP. When gridded, more than one line segment often occurred within a coastal grid cell. When this situation occurred, the geologic or geomorphic code with the greatest total shore length within the grid cell was assigned to the entire grid cell. For example, if grid cell number 396 contained two line segments, the first having geomorphic code 2255 and covering 36.86% of the shore length within the grid cell, and the other having geomorphic code 2450 and covering 63.14% of the total shore length within the grid cell, then geomorphic code 2450 was assigned to the grid cell, along with its corresponding risk value of 3. To help the data user determine how this selection process may have affected the gridded data, the following tables were constructed. Table C-1 illustrates the geologic data. It contains the identification number of each coastal grid cell, the occurring geology codes, the shore length (in meters) in each occurring geologic code, the percent of shore line with the occurring geologic code, and the risk value of the geologic code. Table 1, in part 1 of this document, defines each geologic classification code while Table 4 illustrates the relative risk value assignment. Table C-2 illustrates the geomorphic data. It contains the identification number of each coastal grid cell, the occurring geomorphic codes, the shore length (in meters) of each occurring geomorphic code, the percent of shoreline with each code, and the risk value of the geomorphic code. Table 2 defines each geomorphic code and Table 5 shows the ranking system used for assigning the relative risk values. TABLE C-1. GEOLOGIC DATA GRID CELL GEOLOGIC LENGTH COASTLINE RISK NUMBER CODE (M) PERCENTAGE VALUE 115 270 6680.09 100.00 3 116 270 9288.21 12.82 3 116 330 18525.38 25.57 5 116 370 44626.46 61.60 4 150 110 22299.44 91.41 1 150 330 2096.10 8.59 5 151 110 36229.99 92.91 1 151 270 845.41 2.17 3 151 370 1918.61 4.92 4 155 270 17850.06 59.53 3 155 330 4036.00 13.46 5 155 370 8097.03 27.01 4 156 270 1293.70 10.95 3 156 330 2157.56 18.26 5 156 370 8366.17 70.80 4 186 110 7510.64 100.00 1 187 110 14308.05 100.00 1 190 110 12684.22 74.68 1 190 330 4300.43 25.32 5 195 270 4467.14 14.10 3 195 370 14057.03 44.37 4 195 9999 13158.13 41.53 0 226 110 10056.39 100.00 1 227 110 5554.16 100.00 1 228 110 8134.42 100.00 1 230 270 21044.37 93.39 3 230 370 1489.38 6.61 4 231 110 9655.93 16.45 1 231 130 13087.20 22.30 1 231 270 29191.34 49.74 3 231 370 3446.95 5.87 4 231 9999 3309.91 5.64 0 234 270 21560.05 70.34 3 234 370 9091.45 29.66 4 235 270 10771.71 100.00 3 271 130 3343.24 12.55 1 271 270 10431.73 39.17 3 271 370 12857.70 48.28 4 272 330 16417.62 66.52 5 272 370 8262.54 33.48 4 273 130 1685.73 3.49 1 273 270 13115.41 27.15 3 273 330 18614.44 38.54 5 273 370 14886.52 30.82 4 274 270 1000.04 100.00 3 304 110 1484.21 4.09 1 304 130 873.44 2.40 1 304 270 24488.00 67.42 3 304 370 9477.20 26.09 4 305 110 7620.18 29.92 1 305 270 11175.52 43.88 3 305 370 6672.36 26.20 4 306 110 9919.95 52.54 1 306 270 8960.80 47.46 3 311 130 3830.46 9.77 1 311 270 4145.39 10.57 3 311 330 24589.62 62.70 5 311 370 6650.28 16.96 4 312 330 5300.59 20.09 5 312 370 21083.14 79.91 4 343 110 11852.87 30.68 1 343 270 17438.78 45.13 3 343 330 6912.55 17.89 5 343 370 2434.45 6.30 4 344 110 1781.52 6.11 1 344 270 27382.02 93.89 3 345 110 18385.29 59.55 1 345 130 1711.54 5.54 1 345 270 4723.63 15.30 3 345 370 6052.82 19.61 4 346 110 20719.01 64.49 1 346 270 6014.97 18.72 3 346 370 2892.34 9.00 4 346 9999 2500.24 7.78 0 347 110 13865.95 69.39 1 347 330 6117.93 30.61 5 348 270 7426.48 14.62 3 348 330 38901.36 76.57 5 348 370 4252.26 8.37 4 348 9999 227.25 0.45 0 349 110 2622.15 10.17 1 349 270 11002.10 42.68 3 349 370 12156.14 47.15 4 350 270 16428.01 67.20 3 350 330 3722.60 15.23 5 350 370 4294.22 17.57 4 351 330 1546.08 100.00 5 383 270 27311.49 100.00 3 384 270 23637.05 100.00 3 385 270 20009.05 79.28 3 385 370 5229.37 20.72 4 386 270 7767.44 30.92 3 386 370 17349.99 69.08 4 387 270 11066.67 39.61 3 387 330 6101.16 21.84 5 387 370 10768.80 38.55 4 422 110 2975.50 7.86 1 422 270 28228.91 74.59 3 422 330 6642.26 17.55 5 423 270 220.06 100.00 3 462 110 6350.42 11.75 1 462 130 3145.16 5.82 1 462 270 17140.61 31.72 3 462 330 27400.52 50.71 5 501 110 2198.84 12.41 1 501 270 815.58 4.60 3 501 370 10106.95 57.06 4 501 9999 4590.90 25.92 0 502 110 3611.43 10.56 1 502 270 5535.42 16.18 3 502 330 20605.63 60.23 5 502 370 4458.00 13.03 4 540 270 5615.50 100.00 3 541 270 15276.29 31.44 3 541 330 11943.56 24.58 5 541 370 14455.30 29.75 4 541 9999 6910.60 14.22 0 579 110 1009.53 7.70 1 579 130 1992.84 15.19 1 579 270 8713.75 66.42 3 579 370 1402.40 10.69 4 580 270 25272.74 86.75 3 580 370 3861.11 13.25 4 619 130 5569.02 16.01 1 619 270 25228.14 72.54 3 619 370 3982.66 11.45 4 657 270 8413.70 100.00 3 658 110 2298.50 6.70 1 658 130 8986.31 26.19 1 658 270 20752.43 60.47 3 658 370 2279.38 6.64 4 659 270 550.73 100.00 3 697 110 1108.92 3.43 1 697 130 16.69 0.05 1 697 150 943.56 2.91 2 697 270 9960.83 30.77 3 697 330 1078.51 3.33 5 697 370 19261.41 59.50 4 737 110 851.35 1.53 1 737 130 16481.49 29.64 1 737 270 3528.83 6.35 3 737 330 25167.48 45.26 5 737 370 9300.73 16.73 4 737 9999 276.12 0.50 0 738 370 2764.81 100.00 4 776 270 17070.32 96.63 3 776 370 594.59 3.37 4 777 330 22313.58 53.02 5 777 370 19771.45 46.98 4 778 370 8624.33 100.00 4 815 270 22204.84 87.51 3 815 370 3170.61 12.49 4 816 270 11756.02 100.00 3 855 270 11211.95 33.72 3 855 370 22038.56 66.28 4 856 370 26813.02 100.00 4 857 370 5233.75 100.00 4 894 130 6418.09 49.56 1 894 270 2600.38 20.08 3 894 330 2964.98 22.90 5 894 370 966.74 7.47 4 895 130 3105.62 6.24 1 895 270 13504.94 27.15 3 895 330 7241.05 14.56 5 895 370 25891.66 52.05 4 896 370 65568.02 100.00 4 932 270 1699.64 100.00 3 933 130 5505.05 36.41 1 933 270 7612.32 50.35 3 933 370 2001.29 13.24 4 934 270 33020.63 84.61 3 934 330 6006.41 15.39 5 935 130 3304.45 2.81 1 935 270 61174.40 52.10 3 935 370 52931.45 45.08 4 936 370 4420.84 100.00 4 939 370 2524.24 100.00 4 972 270 948.87 100.00 3 973 130 31735.86 28.45 1 973 270 40984.64 36.74 3 973 330 24268.76 21.75 5 973 370 10553.03 9.46 4 973 9999 4018.26 3.60 0 974 370 10016.15 100.00 4 975 270 17937.22 18.66 3 975 370 78167.45 81.34 4 976 270 28433.13 43.04 3 976 370 37623.17 56.96 4 977 370 99615.00 100.00 4 978 370 123383.02 100.00 4 979 370 15736.66 100.00 4 1012 130 1590.32 1.96 1 1012 270 43453.27 53.47 3 1012 330 28365.42 34.91 5 1012 370 7851.50 9.66 4 1013 270 9964.62 93.88 3 1013 330 649.63 6.12 5 1050 270 2031.20 100.00 3 1051 270 34463.82 100.00 3 1052 270 2563.95 100.00 3 1090 270 30898.03 84.14 3 1090 370 5824.21 15.86 4 1129 270 1713.89 24.77 3 1129 370 5205.90 75.23 4 1130 270 101.64 0.43 3 1130 370 23306.71 99.57 4 1169 270 13889.31 44.97 3 1169 330 231.16 0.75 5 1169 370 16767.17 54.28 4 1209 270 16252.18 53.90 3 1209 330 6450.42 21.39 5 1209 370 7449.83 24.71 4 1248 270 963.74 100.00 3 1249 270 32686.37 100.00 3 1287 270 10195.06 100.00 3 1288 270 32940.84 100.00 3 1327 270 30148.16 100.00 3 1367 270 2590.88 8.28 3 1367 330 24495.04 78.26 5 1367 370 4212.45 13.46 4 1368 330 10798.95 47.02 5 1368 370 12165.96 52.98 4 1408 330 41403.97 63.35 5 1408 370 23952.61 36.65 4 1448 150 8577.19 26.82 2 1448 270 15189.12 47.50 3 1448 330 3515.40 10.99 5 1448 370 4698.48 14.69 4 1488 150 4790.49 16.78 2 1488 270 7805.96 27.34 3 1488 330 15954.30 55.88 5 1528 270 25276.71 46.90 3 1528 330 28621.60 53.10 5 1568 270 11453.60 22.48 3 1568 330 39505.15 77.52 5 1607 130 1736.40 5.60 1 1607 150 2184.02 7.04 2 1607 270 22447.36 72.39 3 1607 330 4641.11 14.97 5 1608 330 4837.61 100.00 5 1647 270 10613.16 27.10 3 1647 330 28543.86 72.90 5 1686 370 2211.27 100.00 4 1687 130 3513.65 11.05 1 1687 270 20220.26 63.57 3 1687 330 5008.62 15.75 5 1687 370 3064.67 9.64 4 1726 370 22775.15 100.00 4 1727 330 8696.41 100.00 5 1767 270 4321.96 14.83 3 1767 330 19766.14 67.84 5 1767 370 5048.78 17.33 4 1807 270 22507.69 30.21 3 1807 330 25451.26 34.16 5 1807 370 24556.65 32.96 4 1807 9999 1999.80 2.68 0 1808 270 20956.98 52.35 3 1808 330 1169.33 2.92 5 1808 370 17904.11 44.73 4 1847 330 2712.04 100.00 5 1848 270 46906.11 63.93 3 1848 330 26459.46 36.07 5 1849 270 15009.45 100.00 3 1888 270 19204.36 33.13 3 1888 330 31997.86 55.20 5 1888 370 6769.38 11.68 4 1928 110 16906.96 52.92 1 1928 330 12621.22 39.50 5 1928 370 2421.27 7.58 4 1968 110 9839.46 21.26 1 1968 130 3456.82 7.47 1 1968 270 32974.57 71.26 3 2008 110 10766.80 21.11 1 2008 270 40242.54 78.89 3 2009 270 13391.00 100.00 3 2048 110 10640.42 28.59 1 2048 270 959.97 2.58 3 2048 330 19838.93 53.31 5 2048 370 5771.69 15.51 4 2088 110 10219.15 66.95 1 2088 270 3142.16 20.59 3 2088 370 1901.85 12.46 4 2089 110 6044.94 9.94 1 2089 270 10351.76 17.03 3 2089 330 26465.72 43.53 5 2089 370 17933.56 29.50 4 2128 110 112.38 100.00 1 2129 110 13624.07 23.14 1 2129 270 4336.24 7.37 3 2129 330 28053.64 47.66 5 2129 370 12850.59 21.83 4 2169 110 4921.88 6.98 1 2169 270 17987.99 25.50 3 2169 330 26183.28 37.12 5 2169 370 21447.93 30.40 4 2209 110 7784.48 22.15 1 2209 270 18240.69 51.90 3 2209 330 9120.68 25.95 5 2248 330 3058.16 100.00 5 2249 110 4968.76 5.89 1 2249 270 14467.02 17.14 3 2249 330 30160.33 35.72 5 2249 370 34830.13 41.26 4 2250 270 12189.67 21.54 3 2250 370 44400.71 78.46 4 2251 110 14835.29 22.00 1 2251 270 8149.44 12.08 3 2251 370 44461.54 65.92 4 2288 110 11888.03 20.56 1 2288 270 4303.73 7.44 3 2288 330 34780.43 60.15 5 2288 370 6850.46 11.85 4 2289 110 4975.29 5.99 1 2289 130 2189.78 2.64 1 2289 270 39212.87 47.25 3 2289 370 36617.77 44.12 4 2290 110 13133.12 50.74 1 2290 270 6070.31 23.45 3 2290 370 6680.41 25.81 4 2291 110 1639.48 11.61 1 2291 370 12482.57 88.39 4 2328 330 39755.95 82.90 5 2328 370 8199.08 17.10 4 2329 110 4178.44 5.16 1 2329 270 470.14 0.58 3 2329 370 76266.68 94.26 4 2368 330 40644.01 50.92 5 2368 370 39178.74 49.08 4 2408 330 17064.64 37.26 5 2408 370 28730.84 62.74 4 2412 345 69526.26 100.00 4 2413 345 164886.03 100.00 4 2414 345 90515.48 100.00 4 2447 110 1969.81 6.53 1 2447 270 21833.32 72.37 3 2447 370 6364.55 21.10 4 2448 370 5481.99 100.00 4 2452 110 8772.45 13.40 1 2452 345 56707.14 86.60 4 2453 345 99894.36 100.00 4 2454 345 129866.39 100.00 4 2455 345 93634.72 93.92 4 2455 370 6062.63 6.08 4 2487 270 10926.71 36.97 3 2487 370 18627.94 63.03 4 2492 110 11031.68 68.71 1 2492 345 5023.09 31.29 4 2493 110 26019.69 33.97 1 2493 345 50584.41 66.03 4 2494 110 3331.77 2.02 1 2494 345 161394.35 97.98 4 2495 345 50201.87 73.31 4 2495 370 18276.48 26.69 4 2526 270 23039.97 79.17 3 2526 370 6063.08 20.83 4 2527 270 9447.74 100.00 3 2533 110 13897.57 31.37 1 2533 345 30403.52 68.63 4 2534 110 8259.71 7.48 1 2534 270 4032.59 3.65 3 2534 345 98199.52 88.87 4 2535 345 63948.22 100.00 4 2536 345 6263.40 100.00 4 2565 270 2380.59 100.00 3 2566 110 1952.53 5.91 1 2566 230 2289.03 6.93 3 2566 270 19140.03 57.92 3 2566 345 8520.52 25.78 4 2566 370 1145.15 3.47 4 2567 270 1806.37 100.00 3 2568 270 22529.85 100.00 3 2569 270 20146.49 100.00 3 2570 110 6455.94 30.59 1 2570 270 1697.11 8.04 3 2570 345 5700.90 27.01 4 2570 370 7253.71 34.37 4 2571 270 6413.53 22.71 3 2571 345 21821.37 77.29 4 2572 110 1146.13 2.15 1 2572 270 9685.60 18.15 3 2572 345 42546.83 79.71 4 2573 110 5513.28 7.24 1 2573 270 18822.70 24.72 3 2573 345 51808.11 68.04 4 2574 110 10820.44 7.23 1 2574 270 21276.35 14.21 3 2574 345 117590.91 78.56 4 2575 345 99540.58 99.59 4 2575 370 410.11 0.41 4 2576 345 4919.91 22.67 4 2576 370 16779.74 77.33 4 2605 270 723.43 100.00 3 2606 110 2236.99 5.47 1 2606 230 3837.19 9.38 3 2606 270 27202.92 66.47 3 2606 370 7647.95 18.69 4 2607 270 21276.53 100.00 3 2608 270 1851.11 100.00 3 2612 270 14093.54 81.50 3 2612 345 3198.97 18.50 4 2613 110 2525.17 4.53 1 2613 270 3831.04 6.88 3 2613 345 49352.07 88.59 4 2614 130 9690.60 7.78 1 2614 270 1902.62 1.53 3 2614 345 110375.23 88.57 4 2614 370 2650.95 2.13 4 2615 270 4284.63 12.95 3 2615 345 12686.86 38.36 4 2615 370 16104.05 48.69 4 2652 130 5508.25 4.69 1 2652 270 97635.00 83.12 3 2652 345 14323.42 12.19 4 2653 130 17861.96 10.69 1 2653 270 94148.06 56.34 3 2653 345 30984.76 18.54 4 2653 9999 24126.22 14.44 0 2654 130 14880.36 11.23 1 2654 270 37691.74 28.44 3 2654 345 76584.02 57.79 4 2654 370 2807.53 2.12 4 2654 9999 558.32 0.42 0 2655 270 13855.87 49.11 3 2655 345 2565.38 9.09 4 2655 370 11792.40 41.80 4 2692 370 15319.38 100.00 4 2693 270 11343.78 26.63 3 2693 345 31248.38 73.37 4 2694 345 29315.98 86.09 4 2694 370 4738.29 13.91 4 2695 345 1180.53 100.00 4 TABLE C-2. GEOMORPHOLOGIC DATA GRID CELL GEOMORPHIC LENGTH COASTLINE RISK NUMBER CODE (M) PERCENTAGE VALUE 115 1120 6108.50 91.44 2 115 2259 571.59 8.56 4 116 1120 8626.03 11.91 2 116 2129 15755.53 21.75 5 116 2259 45911.24 63.38 4 116 9999 2147.26 2.96 0 150 1110 8064.36 33.06 3 150 1120 15558.34 63.78 2 150 1130 772.84 3.17 1 151 1110 10863.11 27.86 3 151 1111 3185.13 8.17 4 151 1120 6318.33 16.20 2 151 1130 18627.44 47.77 1 155 1120 6135.11 20.46 2 155 1121 16804.69 56.05 3 155 2121 6678.53 22.27 5 155 2259 364.75 1.22 4 156 2259 11817.42 100.00 4 186 1110 7510.64 100.00 3 187 1110 11117.06 77.70 3 187 2127 3190.98 22.30 5 190 1110 13515.57 79.58 3 190 1120 3469.06 20.42 2 195 1111 30870.26 97.44 4 195 1121 812.04 2.56 3 226 1110 10056.39 100.00 3 227 1110 5554.16 100.00 3 228 1120 8134.42 100.00 2 230 1130 22533.76 100.00 1 231 1130 58691.32 100.00 1 234 1111 17986.85 58.68 4 234 1121 12664.66 41.32 3 235 1111 10714.78 99.47 4 235 1121 56.93 0.53 3 271 1120 14979.89 56.25 2 271 2219 11652.77 43.75 4 272 2219 24680.16 100.00 4 273 1121 15099.28 31.26 3 273 2129 6152.45 12.74 5 273 2219 7617.26 15.77 4 273 2259 19433.11 40.23 4 274 1121 1000.04 100.00 3 304 1110 5779.23 15.91 3 304 1111 1757.53 4.84 4 304 1120 27626.31 76.06 2 304 9999 1159.76 3.19 0 305 1110 7987.73 31.36 3 305 1120 2657.60 10.44 2 305 1130 11978.63 47.03 1 305 1131 2844.09 11.17 2 306 1130 18880.74 100.00 1 311 1111 13133.38 33.49 4 311 1119 5757.23 14.68 3 311 1120 8828.79 22.51 2 311 2211 5324.26 13.58 5 311 2219 6172.09 15.74 4 312 2219 26383.74 100.00 4 343 1110 25948.09 67.16 3 343 1111 11569.71 29.94 4 343 2127 1120.83 2.90 5 344 1111 9928.21 34.04 4 344 1120 19235.34 65.96 2 345 1120 9856.13 31.92 2 345 1130 21017.14 68.08 1 346 1120 4950.05 15.41 2 346 1130 22023.37 68.55 1 346 1131 5153.14 16.04 2 347 1130 13865.95 69.39 1 347 2211 5073.86 25.39 5 347 2219 1044.07 5.22 4 348 1130 7980.19 15.71 1 348 2127 4517.43 8.89 5 348 2211 23185.45 45.63 5 348 2219 4569.39 8.99 4 348 2259 10327.64 20.33 4 348 9999 227.25 0.45 0 349 1110 3392.95 13.16 3 349 1111 5672.18 22.00 4 349 1130 7074.98 27.44 1 349 1131 9640.30 37.39 2 350 1121 8726.81 35.70 3 350 1130 3968.74 16.24 1 350 1131 7448.48 30.47 2 350 2211 4300.80 17.59 5 351 2211 1546.08 100.00 5 383 1110 15457.55 56.60 3 383 1120 3413.54 12.50 2 383 1130 8440.40 30.90 1 384 1111 17973.20 76.04 4 384 1130 5663.85 23.96 1 385 1111 16832.91 66.70 4 385 1120 343.95 1.36 2 385 2121 8061.57 31.94 5 386 1111 12140.14 48.33 4 386 1120 4774.96 19.01 2 386 1130 931.77 3.71 1 386 2121 7270.56 28.95 5 387 1121 8120.94 29.07 3 387 1130 12842.95 45.97 1 387 2219 6972.75 24.96 4 422 1110 11577.39 30.59 3 422 1120 17404.72 45.99 2 422 2211 8864.55 23.42 5 423 1120 220.06 100.00 2 462 1110 10347.52 19.15 3 462 1120 10125.70 18.74 2 462 2211 33563.51 62.11 5 501 1130 13121.36 74.08 1 501 9999 4590.90 25.92 0 502 1111 8774.21 25.65 4 502 1121 6072.73 17.75 3 502 1130 1879.02 5.49 1 502 1131 5653.10 16.52 2 502 2211 11831.43 34.58 5 540 1120 5615.50 100.00 2 541 1110 7232.53 14.89 3 541 1111 5565.80 11.46 4 541 1120 10576.50 21.77 2 541 1130 629.94 1.30 1 541 2121 8372.75 17.23 5 541 2250 15323.36 31.54 4 541 9999 884.88 1.82 0 579 1110 11871.78 90.50 3 579 1130 1246.72 9.50 1 580 1110 9399.01 32.26 3 580 1120 2294.94 7.88 2 580 1121 17439.90 59.86 3 619 1130 34779.82 100.00 1 657 1120 6.01 0.07 2 657 1130 8407.69 99.93 1 658 1130 34316.63 100.00 1 659 1130 550.73 100.00 1 697 1120 10948.46 33.82 2 697 1130 21421.44 66.18 1 737 1110 17882.84 32.16 3 737 1111 8312.55 14.95 4 737 1130 2387.86 4.29 1 737 1335 8168.42 14.69 3 737 2211 18578.20 33.41 5 737 9999 276.12 0.50 0 738 1335 2764.81 100.00 3 776 1110 15884.52 89.92 3 776 1119 1780.39 10.08 3 777 1111 7622.01 18.11 4 777 1119 9104.69 21.63 3 777 1335 2264.04 5.38 3 777 2211 23094.30 54.88 5 778 1335 8624.33 100.00 3 815 1110 18197.50 71.71 3 815 1120 3357.93 13.23 2 815 1121 3820.01 15.05 3 816 1110 2993.79 25.47 3 816 1120 8762.23 74.53 2 855 1110 848.90 2.55 3 855 1111 20839.37 62.67 4 855 1121 11562.24 34.77 3 856 1335 26813.02 100.00 3 857 1335 5233.75 100.00 3 894 1110 912.35 7.05 3 894 1111 6791.05 52.44 4 894 1130 5246.79 40.52 1 895 1110 1545.93 3.11 3 895 1111 7241.05 14.56 4 895 1120 6683.80 13.44 2 895 1130 1072.41 2.16 1 895 1339 33200.07 66.74 4 896 1335 39414.94 60.11 3 896 1339 26153.08 39.89 4 932 1110 1104.13 64.96 3 932 1130 595.50 35.04 1 933 1120 8767.59 57.99 2 933 1121 600.62 3.97 3 933 1130 5677.34 37.55 1 933 9999 73.11 0.48 0 934 1110 5043.62 12.92 3 934 1111 3351.30 8.59 4 934 1120 17583.62 45.05 2 934 2121 5350.77 13.71 5 934 2250 7697.73 19.72 4 935 1111 6430.51 5.48 4 935 1120 13968.09 11.90 2 935 1330 33900.55 28.87 4 935 1339 56562.29 48.17 4 935 9999 6548.84 5.58 0 936 1339 4420.84 100.00 4 939 1330 2524.24 100.00 4 972 1110 948.87 100.00 3 973 1110 29997.69 26.89 3 973 1111 7191.99 6.45 4 973 1121 6677.75 5.99 3 973 1330 64920.76 58.19 4 973 2121 2505.72 2.25 5 973 9999 266.64 0.24 0 974 1330 10016.15 100.00 4 975 1120 2170.48 2.26 2 975 1330 83512.28 86.90 4 975 1339 10421.89 10.84 4 976 1120 7940.54 12.02 2 976 1330 58115.76 87.98 4 977 1330 99615.00 100.00 4 978 1330 123383.02 100.00 4 979 1330 15736.66 100.00 4 1012 1110 45875.77 56.46 3 1012 1111 6055.96 7.45 4 1012 1330 8114.86 9.99 4 1012 2121 7628.78 9.39 5 1012 2250 12651.40 15.57 4 1012 9999 933.72 1.15 0 1013 1110 10614.24 100.00 3 1050 1110 2031.20 100.00 3 1051 1110 34463.82 100.00 3 1052 1110 2563.95 100.00 3 1090 1110 31095.94 84.68 3 1090 2111 5626.30 15.32 5 1129 1110 6919.79 100.00 3 1130 1110 21109.49 90.18 3 1130 2111 2298.85 9.82 5 1169 1110 25485.50 82.51 3 1169 2111 5402.13 17.49 5 1209 1110 5648.08 18.73 3 1209 1130 18754.96 62.20 1 1209 2111 5749.38 19.07 5 1248 1130 963.74 100.00 1 1249 1130 32686.37 100.00 1 1287 1130 10195.06 100.00 1 1288 1130 30103.73 91.39 1 1288 1131 2837.11 8.61 2 1327 1130 30148.16 100.00 1 1367 1130 5915.90 18.90 1 1367 2127 2662.12 8.51 5 1367 2221 22720.35 72.59 5 1368 2127 3871.20 16.86 5 1368 2250 19093.70 83.14 4 1408 1110 29004.54 44.38 3 1408 2127 922.98 1.41 5 1408 2250 35429.07 54.21 4 1448 1110 22657.38 70.85 3 1448 2121 9322.81 29.15 5 1488 1110 6961.21 24.38 3 1488 1111 15809.98 55.38 4 1488 1120 5779.56 20.24 2 1528 1110 3955.34 7.34 3 1528 1111 17884.98 33.18 4 1528 1120 24431.60 45.33 2 1528 1330 7626.42 14.15 4 1568 1110 10898.14 21.39 3 1568 1111 33887.84 66.50 4 1568 2121 1573.77 3.09 5 1568 2250 4599.00 9.02 4 1607 1111 5022.88 16.20 4 1607 1120 14817.25 47.78 2 1607 1121 11168.76 36.02 3 1608 1111 4837.61 100.00 4 1647 1120 9840.68 25.13 2 1647 1121 19059.65 48.67 3 1647 1130 10256.69 26.19 1 1686 1110 2210.24 99.95 3 1686 1111 1.03 0.05 4 1687 1110 477.99 1.50 3 1687 1111 3431.98 10.79 4 1687 1120 22206.75 69.82 2 1687 1121 5690.48 17.89 3 1726 1110 7320.90 32.14 3 1726 1111 15454.25 67.86 4 1727 1110 8696.41 100.00 3 1767 1110 19395.55 66.57 3 1767 2111 9741.32 33.43 5 1807 1110 1483.87 1.99 3 1807 1120 15103.19 20.27 2 1807 1330 21529.55 28.89 4 1807 2121 7379.02 9.90 5 1807 2127 7307.75 9.81 5 1807 2250 19712.21 26.45 4 1807 9999 1999.80 2.68 0 1808 1330 36035.63 90.02 4 1808 2250 3994.80 9.98 4 1847 2121 2712.04 100.00 5 1848 1330 42939.09 58.53 4 1848 1331 7865.73 10.72 5 1848 2121 22560.75 30.75 5 1849 1330 15009.45 100.00 4 1888 1330 28611.49 49.35 4 1888 2121 25537.79 44.05 5 1888 2127 3822.31 6.59 5 1928 1110 3326.64 10.41 3 1928 1130 13725.62 42.96 1 1928 1330 4148.31 12.98 4 1928 2121 9931.02 31.08 5 1928 2127 817.85 2.56 5 1968 1110 5486.34 11.86 3 1968 1111 16574.41 35.82 4 1968 1130 7035.56 15.21 1 1968 1330 17174.52 37.12 4 2008 1110 3173.79 6.22 3 2008 1111 19878.19 38.97 4 2008 1330 22142.99 43.41 4 2008 2111 5814.37 11.40 5 2009 1330 13391.00 100.00 4 2048 1110 10640.42 28.59 3 2048 1111 15731.89 42.28 4 2048 2127 2212.78 5.95 5 2048 2250 8625.91 23.18 4 2088 1111 2281.10 14.95 4 2088 1120 2460.34 16.12 2 2088 1130 10521.73 68.94 1 2089 1110 5716.40 9.40 3 2089 1130 417.76 0.69 1 2089 1330 17817.88 29.31 4 2089 2111 23560.18 38.75 5 2089 2121 13283.74 21.85 5 2128 1120 112.38 100.00 2 2129 1120 12273.62 20.85 2 2129 1330 3714.66 6.31 4 2129 2111 21199.53 36.01 5 2129 2127 4485.78 7.62 5 2129 2220 3909.34 6.64 5 2129 2250 13281.63 22.56 4 2169 1130 1915.27 2.72 1 2169 1330 37707.50 53.45 4 2169 2111 4077.44 5.78 5 2169 2121 10210.38 14.47 5 2169 2122 8984.36 12.74 5 2169 2127 5266.01 7.47 5 2169 2220 2380.11 3.37 5 2209 1111 6820.96 19.41 4 2209 1120 22387.54 63.70 2 2209 1130 887.83 2.53 1 2209 2121 5049.51 14.37 5 2248 2127 3058.16 100.00 5 2249 1330 54496.28 64.55 4 2249 2121 22132.04 26.21 5 2249 2127 7797.93 9.24 5 2250 1330 56590.38 100.00 4 2251 1330 67446.28 100.00 4 2288 1111 14618.41 25.28 4 2288 1330 3763.50 6.51 4 2288 2122 4813.20 8.32 5 2288 2250 34627.54 59.89 4 2289 1330 40329.10 48.59 4 2289 2250 42666.61 51.41 4 2290 1330 25883.85 100.00 4 2291 1330 14122.04 100.00 4 2328 2121 2522.00 5.26 5 2328 2127 9024.26 18.82 5 2328 2250 36408.77 75.92 4 2329 1330 55739.71 68.89 4 2329 2250 25175.56 31.11 4 2368 1330 18618.07 23.32 4 2368 2121 30166.38 37.79 5 2368 2127 2558.66 3.21 5 2368 2250 20560.67 25.76 4 2368 2255 7918.98 9.92 3 2369 1330 31994.72 81.85 4 2369 2250 7092.59 18.15 4 2408 1111 13447.65 29.36 4 2408 2121 15142.00 33.06 5 2408 2250 9220.90 20.13 4 2408 2255 7984.92 17.44 3 2412 1220 69526.26 100.00 1 2413 1220 164886.03 100.00 1 2414 1220 85288.17 94.22 1 2414 2349 5227.32 5.78 3 2447 1110 6202.54 20.56 3 2447 1111 17628.86 58.44 4 2447 1130 6336.28 21.00 1 2448 1111 5481.99 100.00 4 2452 1220 65479.59 100.00 1 2453 1220 99894.36 100.00 1 2454 1220 117288.46 90.31 1 2454 2340 5781.45 4.45 3 2454 2349 6796.48 5.23 3 2455 1220 52850.65 53.01 1 2455 2340 5167.61 5.18 3 2455 2349 41679.08 41.81 3 2487 1111 16152.31 54.65 4 2487 1120 13402.34 45.35 2 2492 1220 16054.77 100.00 1 2493 1220 76604.10 100.00 1 2494 1220 164726.12 100.00 1 2495 1220 10830.94 15.82 1 2495 2349 57647.41 84.18 3 2526 1110 11004.20 37.81 3 2526 1111 13667.21 46.96 4 2526 1120 4431.64 15.23 2 2527 1120 9447.74 100.00 2 2533 1220 44301.09 100.00 1 2534 1220 102678.76 92.93 1 2534 2340 7813.06 7.07 3 2535 1220 7356.95 11.50 1 2535 2340 27842.27 43.54 3 2535 2349 28749.00 44.96 3 2536 2349 6263.40 100.00 3 2565 1110 2380.59 100.00 3 2566 1110 19404.50 58.72 3 2566 1111 13642.75 41.28 4 2567 1221 1806.37 100.00 2 2568 1220 22529.85 100.00 1 2569 1220 20146.49 100.00 1 2570 1220 8322.17 39.43 1 2570 2220 12785.48 60.57 5 2571 1220 7534.84 26.69 1 2571 1229 6572.00 23.28 1 2571 2127 9627.86 34.10 5 2571 2220 4500.21 15.94 5 2572 1220 12816.61 24.01 1 2572 2127 22315.55 41.81 5 2572 2220 18246.41 34.18 5 2573 1220 70758.58 92.93 1 2573 2340 5385.53 7.07 3 2574 1220 47177.51 31.52 1 2574 2340 102510.19 68.48 3 2575 2220 7790.65 7.79 5 2575 2340 92160.04 92.21 3 2576 2340 19302.17 88.95 3 2576 2349 2397.47 11.05 3 2605 1120 723.43 100.00 2 2606 1110 2426.01 5.93 3 2606 1111 11296.12 27.60 4 2606 1120 13642.19 33.33 2 2606 1220 8436.07 20.61 1 2606 1221 5124.66 12.52 2 2607 1220 17551.72 82.49 1 2607 1221 3724.93 17.51 2 2608 1220 1427.92 77.14 1 2608 1221 423.08 22.86 2 2612 1230 17292.50 100.00 1 2613 1230 54395.72 97.64 1 2613 2340 1312.53 2.36 3 2614 1110 29287.28 23.50 3 2614 1230 7237.32 5.81 1 2614 2220 1515.76 1.22 5 2614 2340 86579.05 69.47 3 2615 2220 23928.82 72.35 5 2615 2340 9146.72 27.65 3 2652 1230 117466.68 100.00 1 2653 1220 3284.94 1.97 1 2653 1230 163836.05 98.03 1 2654 1110 9851.29 7.43 3 2654 1130 11353.53 8.57 1 2654 1230 61801.84 46.64 1 2654 2127 9424.45 7.11 5 2654 2220 896.93 0.68 5 2654 2250 83.42 0.06 4 2654 2340 39110.49 29.51 3 2655 1130 9835.34 34.86 1 2655 2220 4511.54 15.99 5 2655 2250 10081.92 35.73 4 2655 2340 3784.86 13.41 3 2692 2340 15319.38 100.00 3 2693 1230 11343.78 26.63 1 2693 2127 3764.30 8.84 5 2693 2250 6616.55 15.53 4 2693 2340 20867.53 48.99 3 2694 2127 4027.58 11.83 5 2694 2220 2903.22 8.53 5 2694 2250 3258.98 9.57 4 2694 2254 3725.70 10.94 5 2694 2340 20138.78 59.14 3 2695 2340 1180.53 100.00 3 APPENDIX D: GEOLOGIC TRENDS SUPPLEMENT Correction of relative sea-level trends for vertical land motions, U.S. West Coast Vivien Gornitz, November 1996 Introduction On the West Coast, the procedure employed for correcting the relative sea-level data from tide-gauges for geologic factors caused by vertical land motions differs from that used on the U.S. East Coast (Gornitz and White, 1992). There, Holocene paleosealevel indicators were used to calculate a long-term geologic trend variable (p. 20 of this NDP; Gornitz and Seeber, 1990). However, along the West Coast, Holocene paleosealevel indicators are found only in a small number of marshes and bays, where they record at least a half dozen discrete seismic events (Atwater, 1987; Atwater et al., 1991; Darienzo et al., 1994), but do not yield a continuous sea-level curve. On the other hand, late Quaternary (i.e. 125,000 years) raised marine terraces, which occur along much of the West Coast, integrate the permanent uplift caused by multiple earthquake cycles over the last few hundred thousand years. Thus, raised terrace data can be used to derive a long-term average uplift trend. Knowing the present elevation and age of at least one raised terrace, and the paleosealevel position at that time relative to the present mean sea level, one can calculate an average long-term uplift rate (Lajoie et al., 1991). Information on uplift rates along the West Coast from various sources has been compiled in Table 1 and Figure 1 of this appendix. Relative Sea-Level Trends (SLR) Sea-level data for the U.S. West Coast are obtained from 16 tide-gauge stations with at least 20 years of records (although some records may contain discontinuities; Woodworth, 1995; Spencer and Woodworth, 1993). The sea-level trends are derived by fitting a linear least-squares regression line to the time series of mean annual sea-level elevations for each of the 16 tide-gauge stations (Table 2; Fig. 2). The average relative sea-level trend for the West Coast is 1.39 ±1.48 mm/yr. This value indicates the prevalence of global sea-level rise and land subsidence, although the high variability points to the presence of localized uplift (negative relative sea-level trends) in some areas, particularly in Neah Bay, WA, Astoria, OR, and Crescent City, CA. The spatial pattern of relative sea-level changes is consistent with geodetic surveys (Mitchell et al., 1994). The much higher rates of subsidence or uplift from recent relative sea-level data (Table 2; Fig. 2) as compared with long-term geologic trends derived from the raised marine terraces from the same localities (Table 1; Fig. 1), indicates accumulated interseismic strain and points to potential earthquake hazards (Mitchell et al., 1994). Long-term Geologic Trends (SLG) The coastal region north of the Mendocino triple junction, California, marked by the convergence of three tectonic plates (e.g., the North American, Pacific, and Juan de Fuca--Gorda Plates), is characterized by oblique, offshore crustal subduction, with convergence rates of 30-50 mm/yr. In contrast, the coast to the south of the triple junction is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip motion (up to 56 mm/yr) associated with the San Andreas fault system. Despite this pronounced difference in tectonic style of deformation, raised Quaternary marine terraces indicate uplift along most of the West Coast, both north and south of the triple junction, except where active transverse structures deform the coast (Goldfinger et al., 1992), often producing subsidence (Table 1). On the whole, late Quaternary uplift rates along the Pacific Coast from Washington to California are low ( 0.6mm/yr; Table 1), except in the vicinity of the Mendocino triple junction, the Ventura anticline and Cape Blanco. Correction of Relative Sea-Level Trends Sea-level data recorded on West Coast tide gauges include long-term geologic trends of tectonic and possible glacio-isostatic origin, as well as more recent neotectonic motions (interseismic uplift; Mitchell et al., 1994), and the mean global eustatic component of 1-2 mm/yr attributed to worldwide warming over the last 100 years (Houghton et al., 1996). The relative sea-level trend, in mm/yr, at any tide-gauge station can be expressed as: (1) SLR = SLG + I + E + Ts where: SLR = Recent sea-level curve from the tide-gauge data. SLG = Long-term geologic trend (late Quaternary 125,000 years), recording uplift from raised marine terrace data, or subsidence from Holocene marsh data. To conform with the signs used for relative sea-level trends, the geologic trend is taken as positive for land subsidence and negative for land uplift. Note that this convention is opposite to that used by geologists and geodesists. I = Glacio-isostatic component (uplift, as in Canada; subsidence, as along the U.S. East Coast). E = Recent ( 100-150 years) global eustatic component, taken here as 1.5 mm/yr (after Houghton et al., 1996). Ts = Short-term land movements, including neotectonic motions (interseismic deformation) and anthropogenic- induced subsidence, such as caused by withdrawal of subsurface gas, oil, or groundwater. The local uplift or subsidence trend (SLS) is the difference between the relative sea-level trend recorded by the tide-gauges (SLR) and the mean global eustatic trend of 1.5 mm/yr. (2) SLS = SLR - 1.5 The SLS term is a composite of long-term tectonic (SLG) and isostatic components (I), as well as more recent neotectonic motions (Ts). The corrected sea-level trend (SLC) for each tide-gauge is the difference between the relative sea-level trend (SLR), the long-term geologic trend (SLG), and the glacial isostatic trend (I). (3) SLC = SLR - SLG - I Glacial isostatic trends (I) (estimated from the ICE-3G model of Tushingham and Peltier, 1991; Douglas, 1991) are not available for all of the tide-gauge stations in Table 2. Furthermore, the residual isostatic motions predicted by the ICE-3G model are not in agreement with geological field observations which suggest little or no isostatic movements within the last 6000-7000 years in the Pacific Northwest (Mathews et al., 1970; Dethier et al., 1995). An improved glacial isostatic model, ICE- 4G (Peltier, 1994), has not yet been applied to the tide-gauge data. For these reasons, no isostatic corrections will be made to this data base, and I is assumed to be zero. Thus, SLC = SLR- SLG. In passive plate margin settings, such as the U.S. East Coast, the corrected sea-level trend (SLC) provides an approximation of the recent eustatic sea-level rise, but on the tectonically-active West Coast, this term may still include a recent neotectonic component, Ts. Satellite-based geodetic techniques, such as GPS, are being used to resolve the inherent ambiguity between sea-level variations and vertical crustal motions, by establishing the absolute land motion with respect to the earth's center (Baker, 1993). These space-geodetic methods will yield an independent measure of the total vertical motion, including Ts. Lacking such data, one may estimate the neotectonic trend, Ts, by assuming a value for the eustatic sea-level trend (here taken as 1.5 mm/yr), and subtracting it from SLC. (4) Ts = SLC - 1.5 References Atwater, B.F., 1987. Science, 236, 942-944. Atwater, B.F., et al., 1991. Nature, 353, 156-158. Baker, T.F., 1993. Glob. & Planet. Change, 8, 149-159. Bucknam, R.C. and Barnhard, T.P., 1989. EOS, 70 (43), 1332. Byrne, R. et al., 1994. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 26(7), 530. Darienzo, M.E. and Peterson, C.D., 1990. Tectonics, 9, 1-22. Darienzo, M.E., et al., 1994. J. Coast. Res., 10, 850-876. Dethier, D.P., et al., 1995. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1288-1303. Douglas, B., 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6981-6992. Goldfinger, C., et al., 1992. Geology, 20, 141-144. Gornitz, V. and Seeber, L., 1990. Tectonophys., 178, 127-150. Gornitz, V.M. and White, T.W., 1990. A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. East Coast, ORNL/CDIAC-45, NDP-043A. Hanson, K.L. et al., 1994. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 292, 45-71. Houghton, J.T., et al., eds., 1996. Climate Change 1995--the Science of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., Chap. 7, Changes in Sea Level, pp. 359-405. Kelsey, H.M. and Bockheim, J.G., 1994. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 840-854. Kelsey, H.M. et al., 1994. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,245-12,255. Kelsey, H.M. et al., 1996. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 843-860. Kennedy, G.L. et al., 1995. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 27(6), 375. Kern, J.P., 1977. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 1553-1566. Lajoie, K.R. and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., 1982. GSA Abstr. with Prog. 14(4), 179. Lajoie, K.R. et al., 1982. In: Neotectonics in Southern California, Geol. Soc. Am. Cord. Section. 78th Annual Meeting, Guidebook, J.D. Cooper, compiler, pp. 43-51. Lajoie, K.R., et al., 1991. In: Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Decade of North Americal Geology, v. K-2, R.B. Morrison, ed., pp. 190-214. Mathews, W.H., et al., 1970. Can. J. Earth. Sci., 7, 690-702. Mayer, L., 1987. In: Cenozoic Basin Development of Coastal California, R.V. Ingersoll and W.G. Ernst, eds., Prentice-Hall, Inc. N.J., pp. 299-320. McInelly, G. W. and Kelsey, H.M., 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6699-6713. McKittrick, M.A., 1988. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 20 (3), 214. Merritts, D. and Bull, W.B., 1989. Geology, 17, 1020-1024. Mitchell, C.E., et al., 1994. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,257-12,277. Muhs, D.R. et al., 1987. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 19, 780-781. Muhs, D.R., et al., 1989. Quat. Int. 1, 19-34. Muhs, D.R., et al., 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6685-6698. Peltier, W.R., 1994. Science, 265, 195-201. Phipps, J.B. and Peterson, C., 1989. EOS, 70(43), 1332. Sherrod, B.L. and Leopold, E.B., 1995. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 27(6), 365. Shlemon, R.J., 1979. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 11, 127. Spencer, N.E. and Woodworth, P. L., 1993. Data Holdings of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (Nov. 1993), Birkenhead, U.K., 81p. Tushingham, A.M. and Peltier, W.R., 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4497-4523. Woodworth, P.L., 1995. PSMSL Annual Report for 1995. Wells, L.E., et al., 1994. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 26(7), 530. West, D.O. and McCrumb, D.R., 1988. Geology, 16, 169-172 Table 1. Long-term geologic trends (SLG), U.S. West Coast, in mm/yr. Period Land Motion (yrs X Locality Latitude Longitude mm/yr 1000) References --------------------------------------------------------------------- Restoration 47 30N 122 30W -4.1 1.7 Bucknam and Point, Bain- Barnhard, 1989. bridge Is. Restoration 47 30N 122 30W -6.4 1.1 Sherrod and Point, Bain- Leopold, 1995. bridge Is. La Push 47 55N 124 38W -0.5 82 West and McCrumb, 1988. Kalaloch 47 35N 124 25W -0.3 82 West and McCrumb, 1988. Near Cape 47 30N 124 20W -0.8 82 West and Elizabeth McCrumb, 1988. Pt. Grenville 47 18N 124 15W -0.4 82 West and McCrumb, 1988. Average 48 00N 124 30W -0.4 ±0.2 82 West and uplift 45 00N 123 30W McCrumb, 1988. Grays Harbor 46 50N 124 10W 1-2 6.0 Phipps and Peterson, 1989. Netarts Bay 45 27N 123 56W 1.1-1.3 3.3-3.8 Darienzo and Peterson, 1990. Siletz Bay- 44 50N 124 00W -0.18 80 Kelsey et al., 1996. Otter Rock Otter Rock- 44 39N 124 04W -0.67 80-105 Kelsey et al., 1996. Yaquina Bay South of 44 30N 124 04W -0.12 105 Kelsey et al., 1996. Yaquina Bay Central 45 00N 124 00W -0.34 80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994. Oregon coast 44 30N 124 00W Central 44 30N 124 00W -0.05 80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994. Oregon coast 44 00N 124 00W Central 44 00N 124 00W -0.03 80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994. Oregon coast 43 30N 124 15W Central 43 30N 124 15W -0.23 80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994. Oregon coast 43 00N 124 30W Central 43 00N 124 30W -0.26 80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994. Oregon coast 42 30N 124 30W Central 42 30N 124 30W -0.30 80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994. Oregon coast 42 00N 124 30W Cape Arago 43 19N 124 24W -0.54 to 80-105 McInelly and -0.7 Kelsey, 1990. Coquille Point 43 07N 124 26W -0.75 80 Muhs et al., 1990. Cape Blanco 42 50N 124 34W -1.10 80-105 Muhs et al., 1990. Cape Ferralo 42 05N 124 20W -0.76 80-125 Kelsey and Bockheim, 1994. Harbor 42 01N 125 15W -0.12 125 Kelsey and Bockheim, 1994. Cape 40 30N 124 15 W -2.9 to 100 Merritts and Bull, 1989. Mendocino -3.4 Randall-Big 40 15N 124 13W -4.0 100 Merritts and Bull, Flat 1989. Pt. Delgada 40 00N 124 00W -1.2 100 Merritts and Bull, 1989. Bruhel Point- 39 30N 123 45W -0.4 100 Merritts and Bull, 1989. Fort Bragg Point Cabrillo 39 15N 123 45W -0.31 102 Lajoie et al., 1991. Point Arena 38 56N 123 45W -0.35 to 80 Muhs et al., 1990. -0.52 Petaluma 38 05N 122 30W 1.5 1.5-2.0 Byrne et al., 1994. marsh North San 37 40N 122 30W 1.5 7.0 Wells et al., 1994. Francisco Bay Greyhound 37 00N 122 05W -0.25 124 Lajoie et al., 1991. Rock Molino Creek 36 59N 122 04W -0.21 124 Lajoie et al., 1991. Majors Creek 36 58N 122 03W -0.17 124 Lajoie et al., 1991. Monterey 36 35N 121 57W -0.16 to 103 McKittrick, 1988. Peninsula -0.20 San Simeon 35 39N 121 11W -0.12 to 120 Hanson et al., 1994. -0.27 Cayucos 35 28N 120 54W 0.0 120 Hanson et al., 1994. Morro Bay 35 24N 120 50W < 0.0 120 Hanson et al., 1994. Point 35 15N 120 55W -0.19 to 120 Hanson et al., 1994. Buchon -0.20 Point San 35 12N 120 50W -0.06 120 Hanson et al., 1994. Luis Shell Beach 35 12N 120 40W -0.11 120 Hanson et al., 1994. Pismo 35 10N 120 37W -0.12 120 Hanson et al., 1994. Beach-Arroyo Grande Goleta 34 26N 119 50W -0.4 to 40-60 Lajoie et al., 1982. -4.1 Goleta-- 34 26N 120 15W -0.4 to 85-120 Lajoie et al., 1982. Point -0.6 Conception Carpinteria-- 34 25N 119 31W 0.0 to 40-60 Lajoie et al., 1982. Pitas Point -10.0 Ventura 34 15N 119 18W -1.7 to 85-105 Lajoie et al., 1982. -2.0 Pacific 34 04N 118 30W -0.7 120 Lajoie et al., 1982. Palisades Point Dume 34 00N 118 45W -0.2 120 Lajoie et al., 1982. Los Angeles 33 55N 118 15W 1.5 106 Mayer, 1987. Venice Plain 33 50N 118 21W -0.19 124 Lajoie et al., 1991. Redondo Beach-- El Segundo San Pedro, 33 45N 118 19W -0.33 120 Muhs et al., 1989. Cabrillo Fault San Pedro 33 44N 118 20W -0.21 124 Lajoie et al., 1991. Laguna 33 32N 117 45W -0.02 125 Shlemon, 1979. Beach Dana Point 33 28N 117 40W -0.26 125 Shlemon, 1979. San Onofre 33 24N 117 34W -0.10 125 Shlemon, 1979. San Nicolas 33 15N 119 30W -0.22 120 Muhs et al., 1987. Island San Onofre 32 57N 117 15W -0.19 to 118 Lajoie et al., 1991. Bluff-Torrey -0.21 Pines San Clemente 32 55N 118 30W -0.13 127 Kennedy et al., 1995. Island Soledad Mt. 32 50N 117 16W -0.34 118 Lajoie et al., 1991. Point Loma 32 40N 117 15W -0.21 118 Lajoie et al., 1991. Table 2. Relative sea-level trends, U.S. West Coast. Length of Sea-Level STATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE Record (yr) Trend (mm/yr) Friday Harbor 48 33N 123 00W 58 1.12 Neah Bay 48 22N 124 37W 56 -1.61 Port Townsend 48 07N 122 45W 21 1.98 Seattle 47 36N 122 20W 96 2.01 Astoria 46 13N 123 46W 68 -0.60 South Beach 44 38N 124 03W 22 4.39 Crescent City 41 45N 124 12W 60 -0.72 San Francisco 37 48N 122 28W 140 1.37 Alameda 37 46N 122 18W 54 0.77 Monterey 36 36N 121 53W 21 3.11 Port San Luis 35 10N 120 45W 45 1.24 Santa Monica 34 01N 118 30W 53 1.98 Los Angeles 33 43N 118 16W 70 0.85 Newport Beach 33 36N 117 53W 35 1.65 La Jolla 32 52N 117 15W 65 2.42 San Diego 32 43N 117 10W 87 2.24 Lats/Lons in degrees and minutes. Data from Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Sept. 1996.