A.0 IntroductionA.1 Division A-Agriculture, Forestry, andFishing (SIC 01-09)A.2 Division B-Mining (SIC 10-14)A.3 Division C-Construction (SIC 15-17)A.4 Division D-Manufacturing (SIC 20-39)A.5 Division E-Transportation, Communications,Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services (SIC 40-49)A.6 Division F-Wholesale Trade (SIC 50-51)A.7 Division G-Retail Trade (SIC 52-29)A.8 Division H-Finance, Insurance, and RealEstate (SIC 60-67)A.9 Division I-Services (SIC 70-89)
In this appended section, small business industries are reviewed by industry division. For each small business industry, a description of size characteristics (number and distribution of employees and establishments) is provided as determined from the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. Information about nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses [BLS 1997c] and fatal occupational injuries [BLS 1995] is also summarized. Providing a comprehensive profile of each industry is beyond the scope of this report; however, potential hazards and health effects of concern are highlighted for some industries, and additional references are cited.
Only those small business industries identified within the major group Agricultural Services (SIC 07) were included in this investigation, as the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996] data exclude information about farm establishments. The BLS annual survey of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses also excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees. The major group, Agricultural Services, describes establishments primarily engaged in performing services for others on a contract or fee basis—soil preparation services, crop services, veterinary services, other animal services, farm labor and management services, and landscape and horticultural services. Agricultural Services contain 14 subcategories, of which four were identified as small business industries. These four industries are described below.
•Natural Gas Liquids (SIC 132) covers establishments and employees engaged in producing liquid hydrocarbons from oil and gas field extractions. This small business industry consisted of 627 establishments employing 14,288 workers in 1994. There was no breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness for this industry in 1995 [BLS 1997c], and no fatal occupational injury cases were reported in the 1994 CFOI.
•Dimension Stone (SIC 141) as an industry includes establishments that mine or quarry for dimension stone (e.g., granite, marble, sandstone, and others), and/or are involved in producing rough blocks and slabs. There were 196 such establishments employing 1,475workers in 1994. There were 300 occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, resulting in an IR of 9.1 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. No occupational fatalities were listed for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Crushed and Broken Stone (SIC 142) encompasses the activities related to Mining or Quarrying Crushed and Broken Limestone (SIC 1422), Granite (SIC 1423), and Other Stone (SIC 1429). This industry was comprised of 2,001 establishments and 37,644 employees in 1994. There were 3,600 occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995 and an IR of 5.8 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. There were 13 recorded fatal injury cases for this industry in 1994, the leading causes being transportation incidents (39%) and contact with objects and equipment (39%) [BLS1995].
•Crushed and Broken Limestone (SIC 1422) is a subcategory of SIC 142 that describes specifically the mining and quarrying of this type of stone. There were 1,316 establishments and 24,312 employees in this industry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Crushed and Broken Granite (SIC 1423) is another small business industry subcategory of SIC 142 that refers to mining and quarrying of crushed and broken granite exclusively. There were 238 establishments and 5,180 employees in this industry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Sand and Gravel (SIC 144) encompasses the activities of Operating Sand and Gravel Pits and Dredges for Use in Construction (SIC 1442) and Other Industrial Applications (SIC 1446). This small business industry consisted of 2,459 establishments and 28,552 employees in 1994. There were 1,700 work-related injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995, indicating an IR of 4.9 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. There were 8 fatal injury cases recorded for this industry in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (38%). There are concerns about the health effects of exposures to crystalline silica for workers in these industries.
•Construction Sand and Gravel (SIC 1442) is a small business industry subcategory of SIC 144 limited to products used in construction. There were 2,295 establishments and 25,501 employees associated with this industry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Industrial Sand (SIC 1446) is another small business industry subcategory of SIC 144 limited to products for industrial applications other than construction (e.g., glassmaking, molding, and abrasives). This industry was comprised of 148 establishments and 2,872 employees in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Nonmetallic Mineral Services, Except Fuels (SIC 148) is a small business mining industry that involves the removal of overburden, strip mining, and other services for non-metallic minerals for others on a contract or fee basis (e.g., geophysical exploration, boring test holes, mine development, or drainage). There were 143 establishments and 1,618 employees in this industry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were recorded for this industry during the reference period.
•Heavy Construction Other than Building Construction (SIC 16), four industries
•Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17), 17 industries
According to the definition for small business industries used for this investigation, both Building Construction (SIC15) and Special Trades Contractors (SIC 17) are small business industries at the two-digit SIC level. Within these two industries there are 17 subcategories that are small business industries. The construction small business industries are described below.
•Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17) is a group of 17 industries that collectively employ 2,871,613 workers in 398,568 establishments. Eight subcategories at the three-digit SIC level and eight subcategories at the four-digit SIC level also met the criteria for a small business industry. The number of occupational injuries and illnesses (309,600) and corresponding IR (11.1 per 100 full-time employees) for Special Trade Contractors were among the highest of all the small business industries [BLS 1997c]. This industry also had the highest number of fatal injury cases in 1994 with 592 (including 105 self-employed) [BLS 1995]. As with fatalities among SIC 15, the leading causes of fatalities for SIC 17 were falls (39%) and transportation incidents (21%), followed by contact with objects and equipment and exposure to harmful substances or environments (17% each).
•Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning (SIC 171) is a small business industry that employed 645,621 workers in 79,636 workplaces in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995 totaled 86,000 for an IR of 12.9 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1995c]. Fatal injury cases for this industry in 1994 numbered 71 (including 14 self-employed) with more than half (57%) attributed to transportation incidents. This industry ranks among the top 50 industries for average compensation cost per worker by industry for nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].
•Painting and Paperhanging (SIC 172) is a small business industry with 34,627 establishments employing 160,160 workers in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995 totaled 11,200, with an IR of 7.3 per 100 full-time workers. There were 40 fatal injury cases (9 were self-employed) recorded for this industry in 1994, the leading cause being falls (63%). In addition to the fall hazards associated with this industry, exposures to paint pigments and solvents is also an occupational health concern.
•Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering (SIC 174) is composed of three subcategories at the four-digit SIC level that include: Masonry, Stone Setting, and Other Stonework (SIC 1741); Plastering, Drywall, Acoustical, and Insulation Work (SIC 1742); and Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, and Mosaic Work (SIC 1743). Within SIC 174 there were 48,900 establishments and 397,536 employees in 1994. The industry experienced 37,300 work-related injury and illness cases with an IR of 10.8 in 1995 [BLS 1997c]. Occupational fatalities numbered 53 (11 self-employed) in 1994, with more than half (53%) due to falls and one-third (34%) due to transportation incidents.
•Masonry, Stone Setting, and Other Stone Work (SIC 1741) is a subcategory of SIC 174 that consisted of 23,550 establishments and 144,400 employees in 1994. There are no cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities recorded at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, and Mosaic Work (SIC 1743) refers to special trade workers involved in setting and installing ceramic tile, marble, and mosaic. This small business industry consisted of 5,882 establishments and 31,319 employees in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Carpentry and Floor Work (SIC 175) consists of two related special trades industries (SIC 1751 and SIC 1752) containing a total of 230,154 employees in 49,464 establishments in 1994. This industry was characterized by 20,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995 for an IR of 10.8 per 100 full-time workers. There were 31 (including 11 self-employed) work-related fatal injury cases reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. The leading cause of fatalities in this industry was falls (55%), followed by transportation incidents (23%). The following sub-categories of SIC 175 were also identified as small business industries.
•Carpentry Work (SIC 1751) describes activities such as building and installing cabinets at the job site, framing, store fixture installation, and window and door installation. In 1994, this special trade consisted of 178,713 employees in 37,468 establishments. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Floor Laying and Other Work, NEC (SIC 1752) is another subcategory of SIC 175 that comprised of special trade contractors engaged in the installation of asphalt tile, carpeting, linoleum, and resilient flooring. The industry also includes the activities of laying, scraping, and finishing parquet and other hardwood flooring. The industry employed 50,223 workers in 10,652 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) is a small business industry comprised of 215,608 employees in 28,420 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 25,600 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with one of the highest IRs among small business industries (14.8 per 100 full-time workers). Fatal injury cases for this industry in 1994 totaled 89 (including 12 self-employed); more than two-thirds were associated with falls. This industry also ranks 24th among all three-digit SIC industries based on injury and illness cost per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].
•Concrete Work (SIC 177) is a small business industry describing special trade contractors who work with concrete, Portland cement, and asphalt, primarily in the construction of private drive- and walk-ways. The industry consisted of 16,384 establishments with 26,911 employees in 1994. There were 21,800 occupational injury and illness cases recorded for this industry in 1995, resulting in an IR of 10.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injury cases numbered 34 (including 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, the leading causes being contact with objects and equipment (35%) and transportation incidents (27%). This industry ranks 39th among all three-digit SIC industries based on injury and illness cost per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].
•Water Well Drilling (SIC 178) is a small business industry comprised of 18,816 employees in 3,672 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 1,900 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, for an IR of 9.4 per 100 full-time workers. Eight work-related fatalities (including 4 self-employed) were recorded in the 1994 CFOI for this industry. The leading cause of fatalities was exposure to harmful substances or environments (63%), followed by transportation incidents (38%). The water well drilling industry ranked 32nd among all three-digit SIC industries for workers compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].
•Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) is comprised of 6 four-digit SIC industries; four are small business industries (Table 3). In 1994, SIC 179 consisted of 477,190 workers in 60,768 establishments. This industry experienced 45,700 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, for an IR of 9.6 per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injury cases numbered 182 (including 24 self-employed worker deaths) in 1994. Leading causes of fatal injuries were falls (32%), contact with objects and equipment (31 percent), and transportation incidents (20%). The four subcategories of SIC 179 that are small business industries are listed below.
•Glass and Glazing Work (SIC 1793) is a small business industry comprised of 4,529 establishments and 31,997 employees in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Excavation Work (SIC 1794) includes persons and establishments engaged in digging foundations, performing incidental concrete work, grading (except for transportation thoroughfares), and general excavation and loading. This industry consisted of 18,768establishments with 93,383 employees in 1994. This industry experienced 47 fatal injury cases (including 8 self- employed persons) in 1994. The leading causes of fatalities were contact with objects and equipment (53%) and transportation incidents (36%). A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Wrecking and Demolition Work (SIC 1795) includes activities such as breaking concrete for streets and highways, dismantling steel oil tanks (except oil field work), and demolition and wrecking of buildings or other structures (except marine). This small business industry employed 11,615 workers in 945 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Special Trade Contractors, NEC (SIC 1799) covers a broad range of construction activities including construction of swimming pools and fences, erection and installation of ornamental metal work, house moving, shoring work, waterproofing, dampproofing, fireproofing, sandblasting, and steam cleaning of building exteriors. This industry employed 214,386 workers in 27,869 establishments in 1994. There were 46 fatal injury cases (including 10 self-employed persons) in SIC 1799 in 1994, the leading causes being contact with objects and equipment (24%), exposure to harmful substances or environments (24%), and transportation incidents (20%). A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
In 1995, the Manufacturing Division experienced 2.1 million nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses. The division recorded 789 fatal injuries (including 69 self-employed persons) in the 1994 CFOI. Of these fatalities, 188 (24%) occurred in small business industries. Descriptions of the 21 small business industries in the Manufacturing Division are provided below.
•Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077) describes the production of animal oils, including fish oil and other marine animal oils and fish and animal meal. This small business industry employed 35,110 workers in 1,702 establishments in 1994. One hundred percent of the employees in this industry work in establishments with fewer than 100 persons. There were 1,500 work-related injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with the highest IR among small business industries (17.1 cases per 100 full-time workers). A breakdown of occupational fatality cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Manufactured Ice (SIC 2097) describes establishments primarily involved in manufacturing ice for sale. In 1994, 552 such establishments existed employing 4,454 workers. One hundred percent of the employees in this industry work in establishments with fewer than 100 persons. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Fur Goods (SIC 237) includes establishments that manufacture coats and other clothing, accessories, and trimmings made of fur. This industry consisted of only 686 employees in 161 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Logging (SIC 241) describes establishments engaged in cutting timber and in producing rough, round, hewn, or riven primary forest or wood raw materials, or in producing wood chips in the field. This industry employed 84,624 workers in 13,962 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 7,700 occupational injury and illness cases with an IR of 10.5 in 1995. There were 130 fatal injury cases (including 39 self-employed workers) in this industry in 1994. The leading cause of fatalities was contact with objects and equipment (79%), followed by transportation incidents (19%). In 1994, NIOSH issued an ALERT publication entitled Request for Assistance in Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Loggers [NIOSH 1994]. In addition to this document, NIOSH has also performed fatality assessment and control evaluations in response to fatalities in this field [NIOSH 1993a,b]. In an analysis of fatal injury risk by industry in the United States, the logging industry was determined to have the highest lifetime (45-year work life) injury risk (47/1,000 full-time workers) of any industry [Fosbroke et al. 1997]. Among all three-digit SIC industries, logging ranks number one based on costs for workers compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].
•Special Products Sawmills, NEC (SIC 2429) is a small business industry comprised of 177 workplaces and 1,714 employees in 1994, 100% of whom work in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. It is one of three industries within the larger category of Sawmills and Planing Mills (SIC 242) and the only small business industry in the group. Information on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities were not reported separately for Specialty Product Sawmills, but the three-digit group experienced 35 fatalities (including four self-employed workers) in 1994, the leading cause being contact with objects and equipment (60%).
•Wood Containers (SIC 244) is comprised of three subcategories that include Nailed and Lock Corner Wood Boxes and Shook (SIC 2441), Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC2448), and Wood Containers, NEC (SIC 2449). Only the first two subcategories are also small business industries. The manufacture of wood containers in 1994 employed 42,069workers in 2,546 establishments. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995 totaled 8,200, with one of the highest IRs among small business industries (17.1 cases per 100 full-time workers). There were six reported fatalities for SIC 244 in 1994, four of which were associated with exposure to harmful substances or environments.
•Nailed and Lock Corner Wood Boxes and Shook (SIC 2441) is a small business industry involved in the manufacture of lumber or plywood boxes and shook for nailed and lock corner boxes. This industry had 299 workplaces and 5,152 employees in 1994. Information on occupational injury and illness cases and fatalities was not reported separately for SIC 2441.
•Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448) is a small business manufacturing industry comprised of 2,009 workplaces and 31,920 employees in 1994. This industry experienced 6,200 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, and also had one of the highest IRs among small business industries (16.7 per 100 full-time workers). Information was not available on fatalities at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Wood Preserving (SIC 2491) is a small business manufacturing industry that includes establishments engaged in treating wood, sawed or planed in other establishments, with creosote or other preservatives to prevent decay and to protect against fire and insects. This industry contained 474 workplaces and 11,218 employees in 1994. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.
•Industrial Gases (SIC 2813) describes establishments engaged in the manufacture of industrial gases in compressed, liquid, and solid forms, including acetylene, argon, carbon dioxide, dry ice, helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and oxygen. This industry had 600 establishments and 7,789 employees in 1994, 92% of whom worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. Industrial gases experienced 600 injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.
•Fertilizers, Mixing Only (SIC 2875) is a small business industry comprised of 458 establishments and 7,400 employees engaged in mixing fertilizers from purchased fertilizer materials. This industry experienced 1,000 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 10.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.
•Printing Ink (SIC 2893) employed 12,262 workers in 1994 in 518 establishments engaged in the manufacture of gravure ink, screen process ink, and lithographic ink. SIC 2893 had 1,200 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 8.0 per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994. Printing ink is the only small business industry among the five industries that comprise the group Miscellaneous Chemical Products (SIC 289). For this industry group at the three-digit SIC level, there have traditionally been problems of skin disorders and diseases associated with dermal exposures to chemicals.
•Asphalt Paving Mixtures and Blocks (SIC 2951), comprised of 1,073 establishments with 11,065 workers in 1994, is the only small business industry within the major group of Petroleum Refining and Related Industries (SIC 29). There were 1,300 occupational injury and illness cases in SIC 2951 in 1995, with an IR of 9.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994. For workers in the petroleum manufacturing industries, there is concern for exposure to carcinogens and coke dust [Lee et al. 1986; Lipscomb and Lee 1983].
•Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (SIC 327) consists of five subcategories that include Concrete Block and Brick (SIC 3271); Concrete Products, Except Block and Brick (SIC 3272); Ready-Mixed Concrete (SIC 3273); Lime (SIC 3274); and Gypsum Products (SIC 3275). In 1994, SIC 327 had 9,350 establishments with 173,474 employees. There were 26,600 work-related injury and illness cases associated with this industry in 1995, with an IR of 12.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. This industry experienced 24 fatal occupational injuries in 1994, the major causes being transportation incidents (50%) and contact with objects and equipment (33%).
The following two subcategories of SIC 327 are also small business industries.
•Ready-Mixed Concrete (SIC 3273) covers establishments engaged in manufacturing Portland cement concrete that is delivered to a purchaser in a plastic and unhardened state. There were 5,058 such establishments in 1994 that employed 81,214 workers. This industry reported 12,200 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 11.7cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.
•Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328), employing 12,097 workers in 931establishments in 1994, describes the cutting, shaping, and finishing of granite, marble, limestone, slate, and other stone for building and miscellaneous uses. There were 1,200 occupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 9.6cases per 100 full-time workers. Six fatal occupational injuries occurred in this industry in 1994. Causes of fatalities were not specified [BLS 1995]. Among all three-digit SIC industries, Cut Stone and Stone Products ranks 12th based on workers' compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996]. In this industry, there are concerns about the health effects of exposures to airborne silica and other dusts.
•Industrial Patterns (SIC 3543), covering establishments engaged in manufacturing foundry cores and patterns, is the only small business industry among the nine subcategories comprising the group Metalworking Machinery and Equipment (SIC 354). This industry employed 7,824 workers in 651 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, NEC (SIC 3599) is a small business industry with 271,999 employees in 23,073 establishments engaged in manufacturing machinery and equipment and parts such as amusement park equipment and flexible metal hose and tubing. This industry experienced 32,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 12.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatalities reported for the three-digit category of Miscellaneous Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment (SIC359) in 1994 totaled 13, the leading causes being contact with objects and equipment (31%) and falls (31%). A breakdown of fatal occupational injuries was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Marking Devices (SIC 3953) is a small business industry comprised of 623 establishments and 8,077 employees engaged in manufacturing rubber and metal hand-stamps, dies, seals, steel letters and figures, and stencils for use in painting or marking. There were 500 injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 6.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. A breakdown of fatal occupational injuries was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
Within the Transportation and Public Utility Industries Division, 12 small business industries were identified (6 at the three-digit SIC level and 6 at the four-digit SIC level). Of these, one is a subcategory of a larger small business industry (i.e., Travel Agencies [SIC 4724] within Passenger Transportation Arrangement [SIC472]). Descriptions of the 12 small business industries in the Transportation and Public Utilities Division are provided below.
•Bus Charter Service, Except Local (SIC 4142) consisted of 885 establishments and 18,106 employees in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period. SIC 4142 makes up more than half of the employment total for the three-digit SIC level group of Bus Charter Service (SIC 414) that experienced 1,500 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995 and an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers.
•Bus Terminal and Service Facilities (SIC 417) employed 182 workers in 35 workplaces in 1994. Workers in this industry operate bus terminals and provide maintenance for motor vehicle passenger transportation; these establishments are not operated by companies that also furnish motor vehicle passenger transportation. All of these workplaces had fewer than 100 workers, and more than 63% had fewer than 20 workers (Table 3). Occupational injury and illness and fatalities were not reported at the three-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Farm Product Warehousing and Storage (SIC 4221) is the only small business industry among four subcategories that comprise Public Warehousing and Storage (SIC 422). SIC 4221 had 567 workplaces and 6,052 employees in 1994, more than 81% of whom were in workplaces with fewer than 100 employees (Table 3). A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Trucking Terminal and Joint Terminal Maintenance Facilities for Motor Freight Transportation (SIC 423) is a small business industry that describes establishments engaged in the operation of terminal facilities used by highway-type property carrying vehicles. There is some discrepancy between the County Business Patterns data and the SOII data concerning this industry: according to the County Business Patterns, there were 52 such establishments employing 533 employees in 1994. However, in the 1995 SOII, this industry was estimated to have an average employment of 4,400, with a reported 600 injury and illness cases and an IR of 14.9 per 100 full-time workers. Seven fatalities were reported for this industry in 1994, 43% of these due to transportation incidents.
•Ferries (SIC 4482) employed 1,606 workers in 117 workplaces in 1994 for operating vessels in the transportation of passengers or vehicles. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period. In the larger category of Water Transportation of Passengers (SIC 448), there were 30 fatalities in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (50%), followed by exposure to harmful substances or environments (30%). The IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in SIC 448 was 11.0 cases per 100 full-time workers.
•Marinas (SIC 4493) is a small business industry that includes operation of yacht and boat yards, marine basins, and other marinas where boat slips are rented and other boat services such as cleaning and repair are performed. There were 3,763 such facilities employing 18,496 workers in 1994, 99% of whom worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, with 73% in establishments with fewer than 20 workers, and 47% in establishments with fewer than 10 employees. Occupational injury and illness and fatalities were not reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Pipelines, NEC (SIC 4619) is a small business industry comprised of 59 establishments and 264 employees in 1994 engaged in the pipeline trans- portation of commodities, except crude petroleum, refined products of petroleum, and natural gas. All employees worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers; more than 73% worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers; and more than 47% worked in establishments with fewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Passenger Transportation Arrangement (SIC 472) is a small business industry comprised of the following three subcategories: Travel Agencies (SIC 4724); Tour Operators (SIC 4725); and Arrangement of Passenger Transportation, NEC (SIC 4729). This industry employed 207,423 workers in 32,160 establishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995 totaled 1,700, with an IR of less than 1 case per 100,000 workers. Occupational fatalities for SIC 472 totaled 13 (including 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, with 39% of these associated with transportation incidents and another 39% associated with assaults and violent acts.
•Travel Agencies (SIC 4724) is a small business industry comprised of establishments furnishing travel information and acting as agents in arranging tours, transportation, rental of cars, and lodging for travelers. There were 28,118 travel agencies employing 162,795 workers in 1994; 87% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Freight Transportation Arrangement (SIC 473) covers establishments engaged in furnishing shipping information and acting as agents in arranging transportation for freight and cargo. This small business industry employed 117,767 workers in 13,388 establishments in 1994. There were 9,300 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases reported for SIC 473 in 1995, with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Ten occupational fatalities were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI; 80% were associated with transportation incidents.
•Irrigation Systems (SIC 497) describes the activities of water distribution or operating supply systems and impounding reservoirs for irrigation. In 1994, this industry consisted of 325 establishments and 1,673 employees. Cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities were not reported for this industry during the reference period.
For this investigation, 45 subcategories of Wholesale Trade were identified as small business industries: 9 at the three-digit SIC-level, 36 at the four-digit SIC-level, and 25 of which are subcategories of a larger small business industry. These small business industries within the Wholesale Trade are described below.
•Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts (SIC 5013) is a small business wholesale trade industry that employed 274,902 workers in 27,140 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Tires and Tubes (SIC 5014) consisted of 3,930 establishments and 47,053 employees in 1994 engaged in the wholesale distribution of tires and tubes for passenger and commercial vehicles. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Motor Vehicle Parts, Used (SIC 5015) was comprised of 6,976 establishments and 42,485 employees in 1994 involved with the distribution at wholesale or retail of used motor vehicle parts. Nearly all (98%) of the employees in this industry worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, with 76% in establishments with fewer than 20 workers and 48% in workplaces with fewer than 10 workers. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Furniture and Homefurnishings (SIC 502) is a small business industry comprised of two subcategories, Furniture (SIC 5021) and Homefurnishings (SIC 5023); both are also small business industries. Furniture and Homefurnishings employed 169,461 persons in 16,267 establishments in 1994. Work-related injuries and illnesses in 1995 totaled 9,200, with an IR of 6.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. Six fatal occupational injuries within this industry were recorded in the 1994 CFOI. The causes of the fatalities were not specified.
•Furniture (SIC 5021) refers to establishments primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of household furniture, office furniture, and furniture for public parks and buildings. This industry employed 72,037 workers in 7,197 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Homefurnishings (SIC 5023) is the second subcategory of SIC 502 and refers to establishments engaged in the wholesale distribution of homefurnish- ings and housewares such as antiques, china, glassware, lamps, draperies, linens, and floor coverings. This industry consisted of 8,824 establishments with 97,024 employees in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Lumber and Other Construction Materials (SIC 503) consists of 4 four-digit SIC industries; all are small business industries. The industry designated by SIC 503 employed a total of 232,555 workers in 20,473 workplaces in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases reported by the industry in 1995 numbered 24,900, with an IR of 10.5cases per 100 full-time workers. The industry experienced 25 fatal occupational injuries in 1994, the leading causes being transportation incidents (48%), contact with objects and equipment (20%), and exposure to harmful substances or environments (20%). A breakdown of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit level for the following subcategories in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI.
•Lumber, Plywood, Millwork, and Wood Panels (SIC 5031), which employed 122,835 workers in 8,604 establishments in 1994, describes establishments primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of rough, dressed, and finished lumber; plywood; reconstituted wood fiber products; doors, windows, and their frames; and wood fencing.
•Brick, Stone, and Related Construction Materials (SIC 5032) consisted of 4,618 establishments with 35,532 employees in 1994; 97% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. This small business industry involves the wholesale distribution of stone, cement, lime, construction sand and gravel, asphalt, and concrete mixtures.
•Roofing, Siding, and Insulation Materials (SIC 5033) is a small business wholesale industry with 2,902 workplaces and 33,514 employees in 1994.
•Construction Materials, NEC (SIC 5039) is a small business industry with 3,982 workplaces and 39,930 employees in 1994. This industry involves the wholesale distribution of mobile homes and of Construction Materials, NEC, including prefabricated buildings and glass.
•Commercial Equipment, NEC (SIC 5046) is one of seven subcategories of Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies (SIC 504). The only small business industry within SIC 504, Commercial Equipment, NEC employed 45,117 workers in 5,039 establishments in 1994. These establishments are primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of commercial machines and equipment such as food service equipment, partitions, lockers, store fixtures, electrical signs, and shelving. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.
•Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum (SIC 505) consists of two small- business wholesale trade industries that collectively employ 144,449 employees in 11,137 workplaces. The industry recorded 18,300 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 12.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. Eight fatal occupational injuries occurred in 1994; half were attributed to contact with objects or equipment.
The following two small business industries are subcategories of SIC 505. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit level for these subcategories in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI.
•Coal and Other Minerals and Ores (SIC 5052) is a small business industry employing 5,557 workers in 766 establishments in 1994. This industry involves the wholesale distribution of coal and coke, metal ores, and crude nonmetallic minerals, except crude petroleum.
•Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring Supplies, and Construction Materials (SIC 5063) is one of four subcategories of Electrical Goods (SIC 506). This small business industry employed 195,300 workers in 18,264 establishments in 1994. These establishments perform wholesale distribution of electrical power equipment. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit level for this industry in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Electrical Goods (SIC 506), there were 6 fatal occupational injuries in 1994 (4 associated with transportation incidents) and an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers.
•Hardware, Plumbing, and Heating Equipment (SIC 507) is comprised of four subcategories; three are also small business industries. In 1994, there were 254,822 employees and 24,808 establishments in SIC 507. Work- related injury and illness cases for this wholesale trade industry totaled 17,800 in 1995, with an IR of 6.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Nine fatal occupational injuries occurred in this industry in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (67%). The following three small business industries are subcategories of SIC 507. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.
•Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies (Hydronics) (SIC 5074) is a small business wholesale industry that employed 92,224 workers in 9,341 workplaces in 1994.
•Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Supplies (SIC 5075) consisted of 5,506 establishments and 49,661 employees in 1994 engaged in wholesale distribution of furnaces, air pollution control equipment, and air-conditioning equipment.
•Refrigeration Equipment and Supplies (SIC 5078) employed 12,152 workers in 1,421 establishments in 1994 engaged in the wholesale distribution of refrigeration equipment and supplies.
•Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies (SIC 508) is a small business industry comprised of six subcategories; four are also small business industries. This specialty wholesale industry was responsible for employing 707,226 workers in 73,344 establishments in 1994. With a total of 54,800 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, SIC 508 had an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 28 work-related fatalities recorded in the 1994 CFOI for this industry; 57% were due to transportation incidents, and 25% were due to contact with objects and equipment.
The following four small business industries are subcategories of SIC 508. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC level for these subcategories in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI.
•Industrial Machinery and Equipment (SIC 5084) is a small business industry with 29,854 workplaces and 268,073 employees in 1994. This industry is involved in the wholesale distribution of equipment such as conveyor systems, industrial cranes, elevators, derricks, and cement making machinery.
•Industrial Supplies (SIC 5085) is a small business wholesale industry with 153,968 employees in 15,678 workplaces in 1994. Types of supplies included in this category are abrasives, barrels, bottles, drums, gaskets, hose, industrial fittings, rope, and twine.
•Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies (SIC 5087) is a small business industry with 7,392 workplaces and 65,316 employees in 1994. Establishments in this industry are engaged in wholesale distribution of equipment and supplies for barber shops, beauty parlors, power laundries, drycleaning plants, upholsterers, undertakers, and related personal service establishments.
•Sporting and Recreational Goods and Supplies (SIC 5091) is one of 5 four-digit SIC industries contained in Miscellaneous Durable Goods (SIC 509). In 1994, SIC 5091 employed 56,056 workers in 5,730 establishments engaged in wholesale distribution of sporting goods and accessories. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four digit-level for this subcategory during the reference period. In the larger category of SIC 509, there were 36 fatal occupational injuries (including 6 self-employed workers) in 1994 and a nonfatal occupational injury and illness IR of 8.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.
•Scrap and Waste Materials (SIC 5093) describes establishments engaged in assembling, breaking up, sorting, and wholesale distributing of scrap and waste materials. There were 9,079 such establishments in 1994, with 102,395 workers. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this subcategory of SIC 509 in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.
•Industrial and Personal Service Paper (SIC 5113) describes the wholesale distribution of wrapping and other coarse paper, paperboard, and converted paper and related disposable plastics products, such as bags, boxes, dishes, eating utensils, napkins, and shipping supplies. There were 5,388 establishments with 67,972 employees in this industry in 1994. No breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities at the four-digit SIC-level for this subcategory was provided in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Paper and Paper Products (SIC 511), there were 6 fatalities in 1994 (4 associated with transportation incidents) and an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses of 4.9 cases per 100 full-time workers.
•Piece Goods, Notions, and Other Dry Goods (SIC 5131) is a small- business wholesale industry consisting of 52,100 employees in 5,827 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this category in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Apparel, Piece Goods and Notions (SIC 513), there were no occupational fatalities recorded for 1994 and an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 4.6 per 100full-time workers.
•Fish and Seafoods (SIC 5146) is a small business wholesale industry that employed 29,511 workers in 3,223 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this category in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Groceries and Related Products (SIC 514), comprised of 9 four-digit SIC industries, there were 39 fatal occupational injury cases in 1994 (70% were due to transportation incidents) and an IR for work-related injury and illness of 11.6 cases per 100 full-time workers.
•Farm-Product Raw Materials (SIC 515) consists of 3 four-digit wholesale industries; all are also small business industries. As a group, the three industries employed 104,274 workers in 11,142 establishments in 1994. In 1995, the industry experienced 6,700 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases, with an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 20 work-related fatal injuries in this industry in 1994; 35% were related to transportation incidents, and 25% attributed to contact with objects or equipment.
The following three small business industries are subcategories of SIC 515. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.
•Livestock (SIC 5154) is a small business wholesale industry with 2,372 workplaces and 31,127 employees in 1994; 99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees.
•Farm Product Raw Materials, NEC (SIC 5159) is a small business wholesale industry with 1,717 workplaces and 14,688 employees in 1994. Examples of materials covered by this industry include hops, horses, unprocessed peanuts, furs, pelts, skins, wool, and raw cotton.
•Chemicals and Allied Products (SIC 516) is a small business wholesale trade industry comprised of two subcategories that are also small business industries. Within SIC 516, there were 150,985 employees in 14,436 establishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry totaled 8,100 in 1995, with an IR of 5.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatalities recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. The following two small business industries are subcategories of SIC 516. A breakdown of occupational injuries and illness was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in the 1995 SOII, and there were no fatalities recorded by the 1994 CFOI.
•Plastic Materials and Basic Forms and Shapes (SIC 5162) is a small business industry that involves wholesale distribution of plastic materials, film, sheets, rods, tubes, and other basic forms and shapes. In 1994, this industry employed 35,112 persons in 3,524 establishments.
•Chemicals and Allied Products, NEC (SIC 5169) is a small business industry involving the wholesale distribution of chemicals and allied products such as acids, industrial and heavy chemicals, dyestuffs, industrial salts, rosin, and turpentine. In 1994, 115,680 workers were employed in 10,695 establishments in this industry.
•Petroleum and Petroleum Products (SIC 517) consists of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories; both are also small business industries. This small business wholesale industry employed 162,814 workers in 14,636 establishments in 1994. The occupational injury and illness case total for this industry was 9,300 in 1995, with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. This industry experienced 14 fatal occupational injuries in 1994; 70% were linked to transportation incidents. The following two small business industries are subcategories of SIC 517. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.
•Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals (SIC 5171) describes establishments engaged in the wholesale distribution of crude petroleum and petroleum products, including liquefied petroleum gas, from bulk liquid storage facilities. There were 10,562 such establishments in 1994, employing 124,661 workers.
•Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers, Except Bulk Stations and Terminals (SIC 5172) includes wholesale distributors of bottled petroleum products such as kerosene, lubricating oils and greases, aircraft fueling services, and petroleum brokers. This industry employed 37,663 persons in 3,864 establishments in 1994.
•Farm Supplies (SIC 5191) is a small business wholesale industry consisting of 16,835 workplaces and 145,383 employees in 1994. There are no data on injury, illness and fatality cases reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC519), which consists of 6 four-digit SIC industries including SIC 5191, there were 24 fatal injury cases (including four self-employed workers) recorded in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for nonfatal work-related injury and illnesses for SIC 519 in 1995 was 8.1 cases per 100 full-time workers.
•Flowers, Nursery Stock, and Florists Supplies (SIC 5193) is a small- business wholesale industry with 4,277 workplaces and 47,618 employees in 1994. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI. This industry is 1 of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in Farm Supplies (SIC 5191).
•Paints, Varnishes, and Supplies (SIC 5198) is a small business wholesale industry with 3,544 workplaces and 29,051 employees in 1994. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. This industry is 1 of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in Farm Supplies (SIC 5191).
•Nondurable Goods, NEC (SIC 5199) is a small business wholesale industry with 17,778 workplaces and 117,097 employees in 1994. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. This industry is 1 of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in Farm Supplies (SIC 5191).
•Hardware Stores (SIC 525) describes retail establishments that specialize in basic hardware items, such as tools, builders hardware, paint and glass, housewares, and household appliances. In 1994, there were 18,827 such establishments with 140,019 employees; 98% worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. This retail industry experienced 7,100 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 5.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were four fatal occupational injury cases recorded for Hardware Stores in the 1994 CFOI. Causes of the fatalities were not specified.
•Retail Nurseries; Lawn and Garden Supply Stores (SIC 526) is a small business retail industry with 11,017 workplaces and 72,757 employees in 1994; 98% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. There were 5,000 work-related nonfatal injury and illness cases for SIC 526 in 1995, with an IR of 6.7 per 100 full-time workers. No fatal injuries were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Mobile Home Dealers (SIC 527) is a small business industry that involves the retail sale of new and used mobile homes, parts, and equipment. In 1994, there were 4,294 establishments in this industry and 28,632 employees. Work-related injury and illness cases among mobile home dealers totaled 2,200 in 1995, with an IR of 6.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were seven fatal occupational injury cases reported for SIC 527 in the 1994 CFOI. Causes were not specified.
•Variety Stores (SIC 533) is a small business industry consisting of retail establishments specializing in a variety of merchandise in the low and popular price ranges. There were 13,197 such establishments in 1994, employing 106,709 workers. This industry experienced 9,000 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 8.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Meat and Fish (Seafoods) Markets, Including Freezer (SIC 542) is a small business industry consisting of 44,536 employees in 8,480 establishments in 1994. Work-related nonfatal injury and illness cases in this industry totaled 1,600 in 1995, with an IR of 4.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Among all three-digit SIC-level industries, Meat and Fish Markets (SIC 542) ranks 28th based on workers compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996]. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Fruit and Vegetable Markets (SIC 543) is a small business industry specializing in the retail sale of fresh fruits and vegetables. There were 3,108 such establishments in 1994 employing 17,268 workers. This industry reported 1,200 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI. Historically, skin disorders and allergies have been health concerns associated with this industry.
•Candy, Nut, and Confectionary Stores (SIC 544) is a small business retail industry consisting of 4,940 establishments and 27,829 employees in 1994; more than 99% worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees; 87% were in shops smaller than 20employees. In 1995, there were 900 occupational injury and illness cases recorded for this industry, with an IR of 4.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545), referring specifically to the retail sale of butter, cheese, packaged ice cream, milk ,and other dairy products, is a small business industry comprised of 2,338 establishments and 8,967 employees in 1994. All Dairy Products Stores in 1994 were smaller than 100 employees; more than 82% of all employees were found in establishments with fewer than 20 workers; and 61% of all workers were employed in stores with fewer than 10 employees (Table 3). An estimated 500 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases occurred in SIC 545 in 1995, with an IR of 4.7 per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Miscellaneous Food Stores (SIC 549) is another small business food industry that involves the retail sale of specialized foods such as eggs, poultry, health foods, spices, herbs, coffee, and tea. There were 9,316 such food stores in 1994, employing 46,362 employees; more than 97% worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. This industry experienced 1,800 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.6 per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for SIC 549 in the 1994.
•Motor Vehicle Dealers (Used Only) (SIC 552) is a small business retail industry consisting of 19,569 establishments and 72,847 employees in 1994; nearly two-thirds work in places with fewer than 10 employees. This industry experienced 1,700 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 10 fatal work injuries in this industry in 1994, 60% of these related to transportation incidents.
•Auto and Home Supply Stores (SIC 553) describes establishments that specialize in the retail sale of new automobile tires, batteries, and other automobile parts and accessories. These establishments frequently sell home appliances, radios, and television sets as well. In 1994, there were 294,733 persons employed in this industry in 41,338 establishments. Nearly all (99%) employees worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees, and 78% worked in stores with fewer than 20 employees. There were 33,300 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 9.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 16 fatal work injuries in SIC 553 in 1994, the leading causes being transportation incidents (50%) and assaults and violent acts (38%).
•Gasoline Service Stations (SIC 554) is a small business industry consisting of 99,250stations and 692,240 employees in 1994; more than 96% work in stations with fewer than 100 employees; half work in places with fewer than 10 employees. In 1995, the Gasoline Service Station industry experienced 23,700 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, with an IR of 4.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 54 (including 4 self-employed workers) fatal work injury cases recorded for SIC 554 in 1994; 80% of these were due to assaults and violent acts, and 15% were due to transportation incidents.
•Boat Dealers (SIC 555) employed 28,925 persons in 1994 in 4,778 establishments; all were smaller than 100 employees. Work-related injury and illness cases in 1995 totaled 1,800 for SIC 555, with an IR of 5.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatal occupational injury cases were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Recreational Vehicle Dealers (SIC 556), describing establishments engaged in the retail sale of new and used motor homes, recreational trailers, and campers, employed 25,593 persons in 2,850 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 2,200 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 9.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this SIC 556 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Motorcycle Dealers (SIC 557) consisted of 3,605 workplaces and 24,984 employees in 1994, more than 98% of whom were in places with fewer than 100 employees and 78% in establishments smaller than 20 employees. This industry experienced 700 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Automotive Dealers, NEC (SIC 559) is a small business industry engaged in the retail sale of automotive vehicles, utility trailers, and automotive equipment and supplies such as snowmobiles, dunebuggies, go-carts, and aircraft. In 1994, there were 936 establishments and 4,357 employees in this industry; all were in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 559 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Mens and Boys Clothing and Accessory Stores (SIC 561) employed 106,542 persons in 14,646 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 2,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were indicated for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Womens Clothing Stores (SIC 562) consisted of 47,715 stores employing 419,793 persons in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for this industry totaled 6,900 in 1995, with an IR of 3.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Womens Accessory and Specialty Stores (SIC 563) consisted of 8,291 stores and 45,485 employees in 1994. Nearly all (98%) employees were in stores with fewer than 100 workers, with 90% in stores with fewer than 20 workers and 60% in stores with fewer than 10 employees. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 563 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Childrens and Infants Wear Stores (SIC 564) employed 38,368 persons in 5,264 establishments in 1994. This industry recorded 700 nonfatal work injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 2.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Shoe Stores (SIC 566) consisted of 34,795 establishments and 184,533 employees in 1994; 91% were in stores with fewer than 20 employees, and 71% were in stores with fewer than 10 workers. There were 4,000 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Miscellaneous Apparel and Accessory Stores (SIC 569) numbered 9,458 establishments with 47,451 employees in 1994. This industry experienced 1,800 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Home Furniture and Homefurnishings Stores (SIC 571) is a small business industry comprised of 4 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small business industries. SIC 571 employed 451,368 persons in 66,783 establishments in 1994. This retail industry experienced 30,900 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injury cases in 1994 totaled 16 (including 7 self-employed persons) for this industry, the leading causes being assaults and violent acts (69%) and transportation incidents (25%).
•Furniture Stores (SIC 5712), engaged in the retail sale of household furniture, included 32,828 establishments in 1994 with 252,493 employees. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5712 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Floor Covering Stores (SIC 5713) is a small business retail industry with 14,165 workplaces and 72,792 employees in 1994; more than 98% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half worked in places with fewer than 10employees. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5713 in the 1994 CFOI. For workers in this industry who may incidentally perform installation, health concerns include developing musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to solvents as a result of laying floor coverings [Evans and Wilcox 1978].
•Drapery, Curtain, and Upholstery Stores (SIC 5714) is a small business retail industry consisting of 2,670 establishments and 10,867 employees in 1994; all worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5714 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Miscellaneous Homefurnishings Stores (SIC 5719) includes establishments engaged in the retail sale of miscellaneous homefurnishings such as kitchen ware; bedding and linen; brooms and brushes; lamps, mirrors and pictures; and window shades. This industry employed 114,772 workers in 16,813 stores in 1994. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5719 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Household Appliance Stores (SIC 572) is a small business retail industry comprised of 9,642 workplaces and 60,676 employees in 1994. Nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 totaled 5,200 for this industry, with an IR of 7.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for SIC 572 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Radio, Television, and Computer Stores (SIC 573), a small business retail industry, contains 4 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small business industries. This industry group employed 135,170 persons in 16,901 stores in 1994. There were 10,500 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 3.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. SIC 573 experienced 15 fatal injury cases (including 5 self-employed workers) in 1994, most due to assaults and violent acts (60%) and the remainder related to transportation incidents (40%).
•Radio, Television, and Consumer Electronics Stores (SIC 5731) employed 135,170 persons in 16,901 stores in 1994. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5731 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Computer and Computer Software Stores (SIC 5734) is a small business retail industry consisting of 7,479 stores and 47,635 employees in 1994. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5734 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Record and Prerecorded Tape Stores (SIC 5735) included 8,714 establishments that employed 135,170 persons in 1994; 98% worked in stores with fewer than 100 persons. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed specifically for SIC 5735 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Musical Instrument Stores (SIC 5736) is a small business retail industry consisting of 4,138 stores and 24,916 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry, and the fatal injury cases for SIC 573 do not specify cases by four-digit SIC-level in the 1994 CFOI.
•Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) is a small business industry comprised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories, both of which are small businesses. Within SIC581, which includes retail establishments selling prepared foods and drinks for consumption on the premises, there were 449,089 establishments with 6,928,226 employees in 1994. This group experienced 379,200 work-related injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 7.6 per 100 full-time employees. SIC 581 was second only to the major group of Special Trades Contractors (SIC 17) in the total number of work-related fatalities with 181 (including 33 self-employed workers); 75% of these were due to assaults and violent acts.
•Eating Places (SIC 5812) is a small business industry that employed 6,476,992 workers in 367,205 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 119 fatal injury cases in 1994 (including 21 self-employed workers); 73% were due to assaults and violent acts. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry.
•Drinking Places (SIC 5813), a subcategory of the small business industry designated by SIC 581, includes establishments primarily engaged in the retail sale of alcoholic drinks (i.e., beer, ale, wine, and liquor) for consumption primarily on the premises. In 1994, there were 52,874 such establishments with 310,238 employees; 95% were in establishments with fewer than 100 workers. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry. There were 38fatal work injuries (including 11 self-employed workers) recorded for Drinking Places in 1994, 92% of these were attributed to assaults and violent acts.
•Drug Stores and Proprietary Stores (SIC 591), engaged primarily in the retail sale of prescription drugs, proprietary drugs, and non-prescription medicines, employed 583,486 persons in 45,676 stores in 1994. This industry recorded 13,300 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Seven fatal work injuries occurred in Drug Stores in 1994, with 57% of these due to transportation incidents.
•Liquor Stores (SIC 592) included 29,554 establishments with 128,727 employees in 1994; nearly all (99%) worked in stores with fewer than 100 workers, and two-thirds were in stores with fewer than 10 employees. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases reported for Liquor Stores totaled 2,000 in 1995, with an IR of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 22 fatal injuries (including 12 self-employed workers) that occurred in this industry in 1994; all were attributed to assaults and violent acts.
•Used Merchandise Stores (SIC 593) is a small business retail industry involving the retail sale of used merchandise, antiques, and secondhand goods. This industry was comprised of 21,622 stores and 111,719 employees in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for SIC 593 totaled 3,600 in 1995, with an IR of 4.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 22 fatal work injury cases (including 7 self-employed workers) in Used Merchandise Stores in 1994, the leading cause being assaults and violent acts (77%).
•Miscellaneous Shopping Goods Stores (SIC 594) is a small business industry with 9 four-digit subcategories; all are also small business industries. In 1994, these miscellaneous retail stores numbered 126,594 and employed 785,116 persons. Among all types of Miscellaneous Shopping Goods Stores, a total of 26,200 nonfatal injury and illness cases occurred in 1995, with an IR of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 19 fatal injury cases (including 11 self-employed workers) recorded for this industry in 1994, 90% due to assaults and violent acts.
•Sporting Goods Stores and Bicycle Shops (SIC 5941) consisted of 24,456 stores and 157,121 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities were listed specifically for SIC 5941 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Book Stores (SIC 5942) consisted of 13,520 stores and 102,380 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities were listed specifically for SIC 5942 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Stationery Stores (SIC 5943) employed 23,081 workers in 4,179 stores in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5943 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Jewelry Stores (SIC 5944) consisted of 26,995 stores and 141,748 employees in 1994, 86% of whom worked in stores with fewer than 20 persons. A breakdown of nonfatal work injuries and illnesses and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS surveys.
•Hobby, Toy, and Game Shops (SIC 5945) employed 93,976 workers in 10,402workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5945 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Camera and Photographic Supply Stores (SIC 5946) consisted of 2,958 stores and 17,704 employees in 1994; all worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5946 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Gift, Novelty, and Souvenir Shops (SIC 5947) employed 179,249 persons in 34,402 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5947 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Luggage and Leather Goods Stores (SIC 5948) included 1,921 stores and 11,031 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5948 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Sewing, Needlework, and Piece Goods Stores (SIC 5949) consisted of 7,497 stores with 58,579 employees in 1994, 98% of whom worked in stores smaller than 100 employees. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5949 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Direct Selling Establishments (SIC 5963) is a small business industry within the larger category of Nonstore Retailers (SIC 596). Direct Selling Establishments involve the retail sale of merchandise by telephone, by house-to-house canvass, or from trucks, wagons, or other temporary locations. There were 13,207 such establishments with 119,526 employees in 1994. While a breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases or fatal injury cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period, the larger category of Nonstore Retailers (SIC 596) had an IR of 7.4 nonfatal injury and illness cases per 100 workers in 1995. SIC 596 recorded 32 fatal injury cases (including 22 self-employed workers) in 1994; 63% were due to transportation incidents, and the remainder were due to assaults and violent acts.
•Fuel Dealers (SIC 598) contains 3 four-digit subcategories; all are small business industries. In 1994, Fuel Dealers included 11,142 establishments with 89,262 employees. There were 7,400 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 8.0 per 100 full-time workers. Ten fatal injury cases occurred in this industry in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (40%). The subcategories of SIC 598 are described below.
•Fuel Oil Dealers (SIC 5983) is a small business industry consisting of establishments engaged in the retail sale of fuel oil. This industry had 4,859 workplaces and 45,632 employees in 1994. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•Liquified Petroleum (Bottled Gas) Dealers (SIC 5984) is a small business retail industry with 5,940 workplaces and 42,705 employees; more than 99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 82% worked in places with fewer than 20 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, or fatalities was not available for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•Fuel Dealers, NEC [5989) is a small business industry describing establishments engaged in the retail sale of coal, wood, or other fuels, NEC. This industry employed 876 persons in 309 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•Retail Stores, NEC (SIC 599) is a small business industry comprised of 5 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are small business industries. SIC 599 employed 421,359 persons in 90,164 establishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry totaled 12,000 in 1995, with an IR of 3.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. Retail Stores, NEC recorded 26 fatal injury cases (including 11 self-employed workers) in 1994; the leading causes were assaults and violent acts (58%) and transportation incidents (31%). Subcategories of SIC 599 are described below.
•Florists (SIC 5992), specializing in the retail sale of cut flowers and growing plants, included 26,757 workplaces and 120,354 employees in 1994; 99% work in places with fewer than 100 employees and more than 60% work in places with fewer than 10employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•Tobacco Stores and Stands (SIC 5993) is a small business industry specializing in the retail sale of cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, and smokers supplies. There were 1,655 such stores with 7,146 employees in 1994; more than 95% worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•News Dealers and Newsstands (SIC 5994), specializing in the retail sale of newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals, consisted of 2,310 establishments and 9,247 employees in 1994; nearly two-thirds worked in stores with fewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC- level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•Optical Goods Stores (SIC 5995) consisted of 14,318 establishments and 73,120 employees in 1994 engaged in the retail sale of eyeglasses and contact lenses to prescription for individuals. Nearly all (99%) employees in this industry worked in stores with fewer than 100 workers, with 76% in stores with fewer than 20 workers. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•Miscellaneous Retail Stores, NEC (SIC 5999) describes establishments engaged in retail sale of specialized lines of merchandise such as artists supplies, orthopedic and artificial limbs, rubber stamps, pets, religious goods, and monuments and tombstones. There were 210,825 persons employed in 44,558 such retail stores in 1994. More than half (54%) of the employees in this industry were in establishments with fewer than 10 workers, and 97% were in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.
•Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Services (SIC 641) is a major group comprised of only 1four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 6411) designated by the same industry name. This industry is comprised of agents primarily representing one or more insurance carriers or performing the placement of insurance contracts with carriers. In 1994, there were 123,998 such establishments employing 661,685 persons. This industry experienced 7,600 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IR among small business establishments of 1.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Eleven fatal injury cases occurred in SIC 641 in 1994; 54% were attributed to transportation incidents.
•Real Estate Operators and Lessors (SIC 651) consisted of 99,852 establishments with 483,250 employees in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for this industry totaled 32,100 in 1995, with an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 31 fatal work injury cases (including 4 self-employed workers) among Real Estate Operators and Lessors in 1995; the leading causes were assaults and violent acts (45%), followed by contact with objects and equipment (16%), exposure to harmful substances or environments (16%), and falls (13%).
•Title Abstract Offices (SIC 654) includes establishments engaged in searching real estate titles. There were 4,881 such establishments with 42,593 employees in 1994. Nonfatal work injury and illness cases for SIC 654 totaled 200 in 1995, with one of the lowest recorded IRs among small business industries of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Land Subdividers and Developers (SIC 655) is a small business industry comprised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories; 1 is also a small business industry. SIC 655 employed 106,235 workers in 16,912 workplaces in 1994. This industry experienced 7,300 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Cemetery Subdividers and Developers (SIC 6553), a subcategory of SIC 655, is a small business industry engaged in subdividing real property into cemetery lots and in developing the property for resale on their own account. This industry employed 43,929 persons in 6,263 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry or the broader category of SIC 655 in the 1994 CFOI.
•Oil Royalty Traders (SIC 6792) is a small business industry that consisted of 698 establishments with 2,436 employees in 1994; all worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry or the broader category of SIC 679 in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for nonfatal injury and illness cases for the broader category of Miscellaneous Investing (SIC679) was 1.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.
•Investors, NEC (SIC 6799) is a small business industry that includes commodity contract pool operators, investment clubs, venture capital companies, and commodity contract trading companies. There were 4,975 such establishments employing 23,261employees in 1994. A breakdown of injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry or the broader category of SIC 679 in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for the broader category of Miscellaneous Investing (SIC 679) was 1.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.
•Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) is a small business industry comprised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories; both are also small business industries. In 1994, there were 6,645 Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks employing 31,418 persons. This industry experienced 3,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 10.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. Seven occupational fatality cases occurred in this industry in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (71%).
•Sporting and Recreational Camps (SIC 7032) is a small business industry with 3,018 workplaces and 15,238 employees; 92% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees; over half worked in places with fewer than 20 employees. The BLS did not report nonfatal occupational injury and illness data for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1995. Likewise, a breakdown was not available of the 7 fatalities that occurred in SIC 703 among the 2 four-digit SIC subcategories.
•Recreational Vehicle Parks and Campsites (SIC 7033) is a small business industry that employed 16,173 persons in 3,611 workplaces in 1994. The BLS did not report nonfatal occupational injury and illness data for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1995, and a breakdown was not available of the 7 fatalities that occurred in SIC 703 among the 2 four-digit SIC subcategories.
•Laundering, Cleaning, and Garment Services (SIC 721) is composed of 8 four-digit SIC industries; 5 are also small business industries. In 1994, the industry employed 433,926 workers in 56,536 establishments. SIC 721 experienced 26,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 13 fatal work injury cases in 1994; 39% were attributed to assaults and violent acts. Among the health concerns for workers in this industry are the potential health effects of exposures to and other solvents. The five subcategories of SIC 721, for which there are no individual data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities in the BLS data at the four-digit SIC-level, are described below.
•Garment Pressing and Cleaners Agents (SIC 7212) are establishments engaged in providing laundry and drycleaning services but which have the laundry and drycleaning work done by others. There were 3,159 such establishments with 12,159 employees in 1994; more than 98% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers; 82% worked at workplaces with fewer than 20 workers; and 63% worked at sites with fewer than 10 employees.
•Coin-Operated Laundries and Drycleaning (SIC 7215) describes establishments that provide coin-operated or similar self-service laundry and drycleaning equipment for use on the premises or in apartments, dormitories, and similar locations. In 1994, there were 12,906 such establishments with 47,458 employees; 97% were in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, and 69% were at sites with fewer than 10 employees.
•Drycleaning Plants, Except Rug Cleaning (SIC 7216) is a small business industry with 22,024 establishments and 165,823 employees in 1994; 97% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees; and 67% worked in places with fewer than 20 employees.
•Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning (SIC 7217) is a small business industry consisting of 8,289 workplaces and 39,576 employees in 1994; 97% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees; and 45% worked in places with fewer than 10 employees.
•Laundry and Garment Services, NEC (SIC 7219) is a small business industry comprised of establishments engaged in furnishing laundry and garment services such as repair, alteration, and storage of apparel and providing diaper services. In 1994, there were 3,665 such establishments with 20,353 employees.
•Photographic Studios, Portrait (SIC 722) is a small business industry comprised of 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7221) designated by the same name. This industry, which includes establishments engaged in still or video portrait photography for the general public, employed 74,990 persons in 12,436 establishments in 1994. There were 1,600 occupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Beauty Shops (SIC 723) is a small business service industry comprised of 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7231) designated by the same name. In 1994, there were 82,478 Beauty Shops with 388,925 employees; more than 99% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 persons; and 56% worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees. In 1995, this industry experienced 5,000 work injury and illness cases, with a relatively low IR among small business industries of 1.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatalities recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Barber Shops (SIC 724) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7241) designated by the same name. In 1994, there were 4,629 Barber Shops with 14,237 employees; more than 100% were employed in shops with fewer than 100 workers; and 71% were employed in shops with fewer than 10 workers. There is no listing of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for Barber Shops in the BLS data for 1995; however, there were 5 fatal occupational injury cases in Barber Shops in 1994, all of which occurred as a result of assaults or violent acts.
•Shoe Repair Shops and Shoeshine Parlors (SIC 725) is a small business industry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory designated by the same name. In 1994, this industry included 2,438 workplaces and 6,109 employees; more than 96% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers; and 76% worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees. The BLS data does not list nonfatal injury and illness data for this industry in 1995. Likewise, there are no occupational fatalities reported for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI. Occupational hazards historically associated with this industry include exposures to dyes and repetitive motion that can lead to musculoskeletal disorders.
•Funeral Services and Crematories (SIC 726) is a small business industry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7261) designated by the same name. In 1994, this industry was comprised of 15,912 establishments with 93,562 employees; 98% in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers and 80% in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees. This industry experienced 2,400 nonfatal injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. No occupational fatalities were reported for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI. Occupational hazards identified for this industry include exposure to formaldehyde and infectious agents [Seitz and Decker 1992] and musculoskeletal disorders and stress.
•Miscellaneous Personal Services, NEC (SIC 7299) is a small business industry engaged in providing personal services such as babysitting, blood pressure testing, costume rental, dating services, tanning salons, tattoo parlors, and other personal services NEC. In 1994, there were 17,296 such establishments with 97,224 employees. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, in the broader category of Miscellaneous Personal Services (SIC 729) there was a work injury and illness IR of 1.7 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995 and 6 fatal injury cases in 1994; 83% were due to assaults and violent acts.
•Outdoor Advertising Services (SIC 7312) is a small business industry specializing in the preparation of poster displays and painted and electric displays on billboards, panels, bulletins, and frames, principally outdoors. There were 1,251 such establishments with 12,589 employees in 1994. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys. Working on billboards and with other types of outdoor advertising is associated with increased risk for falls and electrocutions. NIOSH has investigated 5 fatal injuries associated with outdoor advertising [Bradee et al. 1995; Conroy et al. 1989; Manwaring et al. 1991; Pettit et al. 1985a, 1985b]. NIOSH also conducted a health hazard evaluation of billboard painters exposed to solvents [McManus 1984].
•Adjustment and Collection Services (SIC 7322) is a small business industry specializing in the collection or adjustment of claims, other than insurance. In 1994, this service industry employed 76,016 persons in 5,649 establishments. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Commercial Photography (SIC 7335) is a small business service industry engaged in providing commercial photography services for advertising agencies, publishers, and other business and industrial users. There were 3,964 such establishments with 16,321 employees in 1994; more than half worked in places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Commercial Art and Graphic Design (SIC 7336) is a small business industry consisting of 12,401 establishments with 53,026 employees in 1994; 96% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Secretarial and Court Reporting Services (SIC 7338) is a small business industry with 7,349 workplaces and 32,968 employees; 92% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities were reported for this specific industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Disinfecting and Pest Control Services (SIC 7342) is a small business service industry consisting of 10,716 workplaces with 76,208 employees in 1994; 97% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Miscellaneous Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 735) is composed of 3 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small business industries. In 1994, this industry employed 215,956 employees in 25,138 workplaces. Occupational injury and illness cases for the industry totaled 16,100 in 1995, with an IR of 7.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. SIC 735 recorded 14 fatal injury cases in 1994; 57% were due to transportation incidents. The four-digit SIC subcategories of this industry, for which there are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys, are described below.
•Medical Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 7352) is a small business industry consisting of 3,292 workplaces and 33,313 employees.
•Heavy Construction Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 7353) is a small business industry specializing in the renting or leasing of equipment such as bulldozers, cranes, earth moving equipment, and other heavy construction equipment. In 1994, there were 3,661 such establishments with 37,253 employees.
•Equipment Rental and Leasing, NEC (SIC 7359) is a small business industry specializing in the rental or leasing of equipment NEC, such as airplanes, appliances, furniture, party supplies, vending machines, and electrical equipment. In 1994, this industry employed 143,828 persons in 17,564 establishments.
•Computer Rental and Leasing (SIC 7377) is a small business service industry that employed 7,780 persons in 812 establishments in 1994. There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Truck Rental and Leasing, No Drivers (SIC 7513) is a small business industry consisting of 4,577 workplaces and 37,421 employees in 1994; more than half worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. There were no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Utility trailer and recreational vehicle rental (SIC 7519) is a small business industry consisting of 479 workplaces and 1,989 employees; all worked in places with fewer than 100 employees; and more than two-thirds worked in places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Automobile Parking (SIC 752) is a small business service industry comprised of 1four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7521) designated by the same name. In 1994, this industry consisted of 8,879 establishments with 58,475 employees. Automobile Parking recorded 2,900 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Automotive Repair Shops (SIC 753) is comprised of 7 four-digit SIC subcategories describing automobile repair industries; all have been identified as small business industries (Table 3). In 1994, Automotive Repair Shops numbered 133,335 with 557,862 employees, 97% were in shops with fewer than 100 workers, 87% worked in shops with fewer than 20 workers, and 64% worked in the smallest shops with fewer than 10 employees. This industry experienced 35,400 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 6.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 61 fatal work injuries (including 28 self-employed workers) that occurred in Automotive Repair Shops in 1994; the causes were assaults and violent acts (34%), contact with objects and equipment (28%), fires and explosions (13%), exposure to harmful substances or environments (10%), and transportation incidents (10%). A breakdown of injury, illness, and fatality cases was not available in the BLS data among the following subcategories of Automotive Repair Shops.
•Top, Body, Upholstery Repair Shops, and Paint Shops (SIC 7532) is a small business industry with 35,030 shops and 177,811 employees in 1994; more than 98% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees.
•Automotive Exhaust System Repair Shops (SIC 7533), a small business industry, had 5,502 shops and 24,720 employees in 1994; all worked in shops with fewer than 100employees and 82% in shops with fewer than 10 employees.
•Tire Retreading and Repair Shops (SIC 7534) is a small business industry consisting of 1,913 shops and 14,050 employees in 1994; 92% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees.
•Automotive Glass Replacement Shops (SIC 7536) is a small business industry comprised of 4,938 shops and 22,786 employees in 1994; all worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and nearly two-thirds worked in places with fewer than 10employees.
•Automotive Transmission Repair Shops (SIC 7537) is a small business industry with 6,391 shops and 25,578 employees in 1994; more than 99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, 93% worked in shops with fewer than 20 workers, and 77% worked in the smallest shops with fewer than 10 workers.
•General Automotive Repair Shops (SIC 7538) is a small business industry primarily engaged in the activities of gasoline and diesel truck engine repair, except industrial trucks. This industry included 68,419 shops and nearly 250,000 employees in 1994; 99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, 89% worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees, and 70% worked in places with fewer than 10 employees.
•Automotive Repair Shops, NEC (SIC 7539) is a small business industry engaged in specialized Automotive Repair, NEC, such as fuel service (carburetor repair), brake relining, front-end and wheel alignments, and radiator repair. In 1994, this industry had 9,931 shops and 41,687 employees; 99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 69% worked in places with fewer than 10 employees.
•Automotive Services, Except Repair (SIC 754) is a small business industry comprised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories, both are small business industries also. In 1994, this industry included 24,299 establishments employing 184,328 persons; 96% were in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers. This industry group experienced 12,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. SIC 754 recorded 14 fatal occupational injury cases in 1994, nearly two-thirds (64%) were due to transportation incidents. A breakdown of injury, illness, and fatality cases was not available in the BLS data among the following four-digit SIC subcategories of SIC 754.
•Carwashes (SIC 7542) is a small business industry that includes establishments engaged in washing, waxing, polishing and/or detailing cars, buses, and trucks. In 1994, there were 12,197 such Carwashes with 106,719 employees; 95% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees.
•Automotive Services, Except Repair and Carwashes (SIC 7549) is a small business industry consisting of establishments providing automotive services such as emissions testing, diagnostic centers, lubricating service, towing, rustproofing, window-tinting, and do-it-yourself garages. In 1994, there were 11,704 such automotive service shops with 77,119 employees; 97% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 79% worked in places with fewer than 20 employees.
•Radio and Television Repair Shops (SIC 7622) is a small business industry comprised of 5,611 shops and 28,384 employees in 1994; 94% worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and nearly two-thirds (64%) worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys; however, the broader category of Electrical Repair Shops (SIC 762) experienced an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995. SIC 762 also recorded 9 fatal occupational injury cases (including 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, two-thirds were due to exposure to harmful substances or environments.
•Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Service and Repair Shops (SIC 7623), also a subcategory of SIC 762, is a small business industry that included 3,687 shops and 24,160 employees in 1994. More than half of these employees worked in shops with fewer than 20 workers. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys. Electrocution is a potential hazard associated with the Electrical Repair Industries. NIOSH has investigated a fatal injury of a refrigerator repair worker [Smithetal. 1992].
•Watch, Clock, and Jewelry Repair (SIC 763) is a small business industry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7631) designated by the same name. This industry consisted of 1,642 shops and 5,140 employees in 1994; more than 95% worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 72% were employed in shops with fewer than 10 employees. There are no data on injury, illness and fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys.
•Reupholstery and Furniture Repair (SIC 764) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7641) designated by the same name. In 1994, this industry included 6,735 establishments with 21,796 employees; more than 97% were in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 69% worked in shops with fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 1,000 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 5.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatal injury cases reported for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Miscellaneous Repair Shops and Related Services (SIC 769) is a small business industry comprised of 3 four-digit SIC industries; all are also small business industries. In 1994, this industry included 42,189 repair shops with 257,741 employees; 90% in shops with fewer than 100 employees, and 59% in shops with fewer than 20 employees. This industry reported 19,700 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 9.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were also 29 fatal injury cases (including 11 self-employed workers) that occurred in Miscellaneous Repair Shops in 1994; the causes being contact with objects and equipment (24%), fires and explosions (21%), assaults and violent acts (21%), and transportation incidents (21%). There was no breakdown of injury, illness, and fatality cases in the BLS data among the following four-digit SIC subcategories of SIC 769.
•Welding Repair (SIC 7692) is a small business industry that includes welding shops and establishments engaged in brazing and welding repair of cracked castings. In 1994, there were 5,714 such welding repair shops with 25,305 employees; more than 94% worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and more than half in shops with fewer than 10 employees. Burns and exposures to fumes generated during welding operations are among the occupational hazards associated with this industry.
•Armature Rewinding Shops (SIC 7694) is a small business industry involving rewinding armatures, coil winding, electric motor repair, hermetics repair, and rebuilding motors (not automotive). In 1994, this included 2,332 shops and 25,021 employees, more than 81% of whom worked in places with fewer than 100 employees.
•Repair Shops and Related Services, NEC (SIC 7699) is a small business industry comprised of establishments primarily engaged in specialized repair services such as bicycle repair, leather goods repair, lock and gun repair, musical instrument repair, septic tank cleaning, farm machinery repair, furnace cleaning, motorcycle repair, tank truck cleaning, taxidermists, tractor repair, and typewriter repair. In 1994, this industry of diverse repair shops and services included 34,136 establishments employing 207,396 employees; 89% worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 59% worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees.
•Services Allied to Motion Picture Distribution (SIC 7829) is a small business industry that includes establishments primarily engaged in performing auxiliary services to motion picture distribution, such as film delivery service, film purchasing and booking agencies, and film libraries. In 1994, this industry had 188 establishments with 1,099 employees; all worked in workplaces with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Motion Picture Distribution and Allied Services (SIC 782), there was an IR for injuries and illnesses of 2.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.
•Motion Picture Theaters, Except Drive-ins (SIC 7832) is a small business industry engaged in the indoor exhibition of motion pictures. In 1994, this industry consisted of 6,155 theaters with 108,358 employees; more than 96% worked in theaters with fewer than 100 employees. There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Motion Picture Theaters (SIC 783), there was an IR for occupational injuries and illnesses of 4.6 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.
•Drive-In Motion Picture Theaters (SIC 7833), the other subcategory of SIC 783, is a small business industry comprised of commercially-operated theaters engaged in the outdoor exhibition of motion pictures. This industry included 435 drive-in theaters with 3,195 employees in 1994, more than 80% of whom were employed in theaters with fewer than 100 employees. There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.
•Video Tape Rental (SIC 784) is a small business industry primarily engaged in renting recorded video tapes and disks to the general public for personal or household use. In 1994, there were 21,562 video tape rental stores with 144,644 employees; 98% worked in stores with fewer than 100 workers, and more than two-thirds worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees. This industry recorded 1,100 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 1.3 per 100 full-time workers. There were also 7 fatal occupational injury cases in this industry in 1994, all related to assaults and violent acts.
•Dance Studios, Schools, and Halls (SIC 791) is a small business industry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7911) designated by the same name. In 1994, this industry consisted of 5,255 establishments employing 24,430 persons; 98% worked in studios or halls with fewer than 100 employees, 83% were in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees, and 57% were in workplaces smaller than 10 employees. This industry recorded 100 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IR among small business industries of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatal injury cases were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Bowling Centers (SIC 793) is a small business industry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7933) designated by the same name. In 1994, there were 5,855 Bowling Centers (also referred to as lanes or alleys) employing 92,962 persons; more than 96% worked in centers with fewer than 100 employees. This industry recorded 2,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatal injury cases recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.
•Physical Fitness Facilities (SIC 7991) is a small business industry that includes establishments engaged in operating reducing and other health clubs, spas, and similar facilities featuring exercise and other active physical fitness conditioning, whether or not on a membership basis. In 1994, there were 9,813 such facilities with 154,692 employees; more than 82% were in establishments with fewer than 100 workers. There were no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.
•Public Golf Courses (SIC 7992), is a small business industry, that included 4,021 establishments with 47,993 employees in 1994; more than 89% worked at courses with fewer than 100 workers. There were no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.
•Coin-operated Amusement Devices (SIC 7993) is a small business industry that includes establishments engaged in operating coin-operated amusement devices, either in their own or in other places of business. In 1994, there were 4,722 establishments with 31,418 employees in SIC 7993; 90% were in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, and nearly two-thirds were in workplaces with fewer than 20 workers. There were no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.
•Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Medicine (SIC 801) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8011) designated by the same name. This industry consists of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of M.D. and engaged in the practice of general or specialized medicine and surgery. In 1994, there were 198,538 such offices and clinics with 1,621,384 employees. Employees of these offices experienced 37,900 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 11 fatal injury cases recorded for this industry in 1994, 55% as the result of assaults and violent acts and 36% due to transportation incidents.
•Offices and Clinics of Dentists (SIC 802) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8021) designated by the same name. This industry is comprised of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of D.M.D. or D.D.S. (or D.D.Sc.) and engaged in the practice of general or specialized dentistry, including dental surgery. In 1994, there were 110,559 dental offices and clinics employing 594,259 persons; 99% worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, 92% were in offices with fewer than 20 employees, and 66% were in the smallest offices with fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 10,100 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 6fatal occupational injury cases (including 4 self-employed persons) that occurred in dental offices and clinics in 1994. Five were attributed to assaults and violent acts. Occupational hazards for workers in this industry include exposures to nitrous oxide and mercury, as well as musculoskeletal disorders.
•Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Osteopathy (SIC 803) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8031) designated by the same name. This industry includes establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of D.O. and engaged in the practice of general or specialized osteopathic medicine and surgery. In 1994, there were 8,385 such offices with 48,908 employees; 99% worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, and 83% worked in offices with fewer than 20 workers. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.
•Offices of Other Health Practitioners (SIC 804), a small business industry, is comprised of 4 four-digit SIC subcategories that are also small business industries. Offices of other health practitioners numbered 79,002 in 1994 with 314,788 employees; 95% worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, and 64% worked in offices with fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 6,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 1.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatalities recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. A breakdown of the work injuries and illnesses was not available among the following subcategories of SIC 804 in the BLS data.
•Offices and Clinics of Chiropractors (SIC 8041) is a small business industry that includes establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of D.C. and engaged in the practice of chiropractic medicine. In 1994, there were 28,768 chiropractic offices employing 89,121 persons; more than 99% worked in offices with fewer than 100employees, 96% worked in offices with fewer than 20 employees, and 83% worked in the smallest offices with fewer than 10 workers.
•Offices and Clinics of Optometrists (SIC 8042) is a small business industry comprised of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of O.D. and engaged in the practice of optometry. In 1994, there were 17,080 such offices with 72,027 employees; 99% worked in offices with fewer than 100 workers, 93% worked in offices with fewer than 20 workers, and 73% worked in offices with fewer than 10 workers.
•Offices and Clinics of Podiatrists (SIC 8043) is a small business industry comprised of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of D.P. and engaged in the practice of podiatry. In 1994, there were 7,981 podiatry offices with 26,805 employees; all worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, 97% were in offices with fewer than 20 employees, and 83% were in offices with fewer than 10 employees.
•Offices and Clinics of Health Practitioners, NEC (SIC 8049), a small business industry, includes establishments of the following health practitioners: acupuncturists, audiologists, Christian Science practitioners, dental hygienists, dieticians, hypnotists, midwives, nurses, occupational therapists, paramedics, clinical psychologists, speech pathologists, and other health practitioners NEC. In this industry of diverse health disciplines, there were 24,817 offices in 1994 with 126,300 employees; 88% were in offices with fewer than 100, and nearly two-thirds were in offices of fewer than 20 employees.
•Dental Laboratories (SIC 8072) is a small business industry with 7,417 workplaces and 39,309 employees in 1994; 96% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 47% worked in places with fewer than 10 employees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry at the four-digit level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Medical and Dental Laboratories (SIC807), there was an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 4.8 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995. SIC 807 also recorded 4 fatal work injury cases in 1994, all due to transportation incidents.
•Schools and Educational Services, NEC (SIC 829) is a small business industry of establishments engaged in offering educational courses and services NEC, including: music, drama, language, and short-term examination preparatory schools, student exchange programs, and vocational counseling. In 1994, there were 14,927 such schools and services employing 119,070 persons; 84% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. This industry recorded 2,800 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 10 fatal occupational injury cases that occurred in this industry in 1994; 80% were due to transportation incidents.
•Child Day Care Services (SIC 835), a small business industry, contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC8351) designated by the same name. This industry is comprised of establishments engaged in the care of infants or children or in providing prekindergarten education where medical care or delinquency correction is not a major element. In 1994, there were 51,191 child day care service establishments with 526,000 employees; 95% were in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half were in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. Workers in this industry experienced 14,800 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 5 fatal occupational injury cases recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI, the leading cause being transportation incidents (60%).
•Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations (SIC 863), a small business industry, contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8631) designated by the same name. This industry includes membership organizations of workers for the improvement of wages and working conditions. In 1994, these organizations totaled 19,264 and employed 171,996 persons, 82% of these in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, and more than half in workplaces with fewer than 20 workers. There were no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases for this industry reported in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader major group of Membership Organizations (SIC 86), there was an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.9 cases per 100 full-time workers.
•Religious Organizations (SIC 866), a small business industry, contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8661) designated by the same name. This industry includes establishments of religious organizations operated for worship, religious training or study, government or administration of an organized religion, or for promotion of religious activities. In 1994, this industry was comprised of 146,527 establishments employing 1,265,938 persons; 82% of these in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, and nearly half in establishments smaller than 20 workers. Employees in this industry experienced 2,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 27 fatal occupational injuries recorded that occurred among Religious Organizations in 1994, the leading causes being transportation incidents (56%) and assaults and violent acts (19%).
•Architectural Services (SIC 8712) is a small business industry comprised of establishments that provide architectural engineering services such as residential and commercial building design. In 1994, there were 18,295 establishments providing Architectural Services and employing 126,421 persons; 86% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, 54% worked in establishments with fewer than 20 employees, and 35% worked in establishments with fewer than 10 workers. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Engineering, Architectural, and Surveying Services (SIC 871), there was an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses of 2.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995. SIC 871, which contains 3 four-digit subcategories, also experienced 35 fatal work injury cases in 1994. The leading causes were transportation incidents (80%) and exposure to harmful substances or environments (11%).
•Surveying Services (SIC 8713) is a small business industry of establishments engaged in providing professional land, water, and aerial surveying services. In 1994, there were 8,870 establishments providing Surveying Services and employing 49,752 employees; more than 96% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, 71% worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers, and 47% worked in establishments with fewer than 10 employees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, there is information for the broader category of SIC 871, described above in Architectural Services.
•Public Relations Services (SIC 8743) is a small business industry of establishments engaged in the preparation of materialswritten or spoken designed to influence the general public or other groups in promoting the interests of their clients. In 1994, there were 5,404 such establishments with 30,305 employees; more than 82% worked in places with fewer than 100 workers, and more than 86% worked in places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Management and Public Relations Services (SIC 874), there was an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.0 cases per 100 full-time workers. In SIC 874, which contains 5 four-digit SIC subcategories including SIC 8743, there were also 18 fatal work injury cases in 1994; 80% were due to transportation incidents.
•Services, NEC (SIC 899), a small business industry, contains 1 three-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 899) and 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8999), both of which are also designated by the same name. This industry includes the following services, NEC: authors, lecturers, radio commentators, song writers, weather forecasters, writers, and artists working on their own account. In 1994, this industry of diverse services included 14,632 establishments employing 85,030 persons; more than 82% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, and more than 46% worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. There were 900 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Among the Services, NEC, there were 7 fatal occupational injury cases recorded in the 1994 CFOI, 71% were due to transportation incidents.