RISK COMMUNICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY CODING SYSTEM Note that category names are given first, with additional clarifying information sometimes appearing in brackets. The category codes include the text in parenthesis (if any is given), but not clarifying text occasionally present in brackets. Publication type [The code assigned is the highest that describes the publication.] 1. Discussion 2. Review 3. Case study 4. Empirical 5. Intervention Focus [The code assigned indicates the coder's judgment as to the issue or issues most emphasized. Sometimes several of these topics receive detailed attention in an article. A maximum of three focus codes were assigned to each article. If more than three topics received emphasis the code "11.Multiple" was used.] 1. Communicator 2. Audience 3. Setting 4. Channel 5. Content 6. Format 7. Outcome 8. Measurement/evaluation 9. Risk perception/comprehension 10. Decision aid 11. Multiple 12. General Communicator 0. Communicator (general) 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 3. Celebrity 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 6. Investigator/experimenter 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.) 9. Parent10. Patient/peer/community member (affected) 11. Peer/community member (not affected) 12. Unspecified 13. Other 14. Media Audience role 0. Audience role (general) 1. Health/safety professional 2. Child/Pre-teen 3. Teen 4. College student/Graduate student 5. Adult 6. Parent or prospective parent 7. Senior citizen 8. At risk/exposed-child or teen 9. At risk/exposed-adult 10. At risk/exposed-parent of child 11. At risk/exposed-senior citizen 12. Ill-child 13. Ill-adult 14. Ill-parent of ill child 15. Ill-senior citizen 16. General public 17. Other 20. Patient (general) 21. Other professionals and experts Audience gender 1. Female 2. Male Audience ethnicity 1. African-American 2. Asian 3. Caucasian 4. Hispanic 5. Native American 6. Mixed/varied/multiple 7. Other Setting 0. Setting (general) 1. Armed Forces 2. community meeting/community group 3. Focus group/small group 4. General community 5. Health care setting 6. Laboratory 7. Prison 8. Educational setting: school or university 9. Workplace 10. Other 11. Home Channels of risk communication 0. Channels (general) 1. Computer program (non-internet) 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) 3. Lecture 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 8. Small groups/focus groups 9. Telephone 10. TV 11. Video 12. Other 21. Letter 22. Community meetings/community groups 23. Audiotape 24. Product label/packaging 26. Media-general Content of risk message 0. Content (general) 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 2. Communication style 3. Definition of hazard 4. Expense of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. 0 Possible health outcomes 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard/personal control 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome 12. Time course of hazard 13. Treatability of hazard consequences 14. Other 15. Costs/barriers/losses 16. Benefits/gains 17. Skill building/instructions 18. Reminder 19. General information about hazard 20. General information about recommended action 21. Test results 22. Personalized information Form of risk information 0. Format (general) 1. Decision aid 2. Graphical display 3. Interactive 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal 6. Other 7. Oral/spoken Outcomes 0. Outcomes (general) 1. Attitude 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 6. Recall of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 11. Actual information seeking behavior 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening 14. Actual treatment behavior 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) 16. Intended information seeking behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 18. Intended testing/screening 19. Intended treatment behavior 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism) 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control 24. Community or public response 25. Policy/regulation changes 26. Corporate response 27. Information processing/decision-making process 28. Information/communication preferences Hazard 0. Hazard (general) 1. Alcohol 2. Arthritis 3. Asthma/Emphysema/Chronic lung disease 4. Automobile safety 5. Birth defects 6. 0 Cancer [Note: If a specific type of cancer was coded, the general cancer code, 6. 0 was also assigned to the publication.] 6. 1 Breast cancer 6. 2 Cervical cancer 6. 3 Ovarian cancer 6. 4 Prostate cancer 6. 5 Skin cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 6.10 Pancreatic cancer 6.11 Bladder cancer 6.12 Colon cancer 6.13 Other cancer 7. Diabetes 8. Drug abuse 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke 14. Hypothetical risk 15. Injury/safety (non-auto) 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) 17. Smoking 18. Multiple (greater than 5) 19. General, unspecified 20. Other 21. Dental issues 22. Treatment related risks 23. Food related risks 24. Menopause Methodological issues 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) 3. Other Title: Health Risk Communicator Publisher: Subcommittee on Risk Communication and Education; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Editor: Tinker, Tim; Lum, Max Mission: Periodical focusing on health risk communication principles, practices, and standards Author: Adams, W.C. Year: 1992/1993 Title: The role of media relations in risk communication Journal: Public Relations Quarterly Volume: 37 Issue: 4 Pages: 28-32 Summary Sentence: Discusses the importance of the media in risk communication and how best to interact with the media. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel Audience Role: 16. General public Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Adelswaerd, Viveka; Sachs, Lisbeth Year: 1996 Title: The meaning of 6.8: Numeracy and normality in health information talks Journal: Social Science and Medicine Volume: 43 Issue: 8 Pages: 1179-1188 Summary Sentence: Examines patients' responses to and comprehension of numerically-presented test results. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 2. Male Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 21. Test results Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Alexander, N.E.; Ross, J.; Sumner, W.; Nease, R.F.Jr.; Littenberg, B. Year: 1996 Title: The effect of an educational intervention on the perceived risk of breast cancer Journal: Journal of General Internal Medicine Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Pages: 92-97 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of a physician intervention program on women's perceived risk of breast cancer. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Arkin, Elaine B. Year: 1999 Title: Cancer risk communication: What we know Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 182-185 Summary Sentence: Outlines guidelines for "best practices" in cancer risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 12. General Communicator: 0. Communicator (general) Audience Role: 0. Audience role (general) Channels of risk communication: 0. Channels (general) Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Form of risk information: 0. Format (general) Outcomes: 0. Outcomes (general) Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Aspinwall, Lisa G. Year: 1999 Title: Persuasion for the purpose of cancer risk reduction: Understanding responses to risk communications Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 88-93 Summary Sentence: Discusses the factors that affect responses to risk messages over time and their implications for risk communication research. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 7. Outcome 8. Measurement/evaluation Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 11. Severity of outcome Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 6. Recall of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 11. Actual information seeking behavior 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Atkyns, Robert L. Year: 1987 Title: Adolescent information acquisition, locus of control, lifestyle and substance abuse: A social market segmentation for health communication effectiveness University: Temple U, PA, USA Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 47(8-A), Feb 1987, 2782. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Atman, C. J.; Bostrom, A.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, M. G. Year: 1994 Title: Designing risk communications: Completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part I Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 5 Pages: 779-788 Summary Sentence: Applies a mental model approach to communicating the risk from radon. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 12. Unspecified Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 6. Recall of message Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Atterstam, I. Year: 1995 Title: Media and risk communication Journal: Toxicology Letters Volume: 82-83 Pages: 211-213 Summary Sentence: Discusses the media's role in risk communication and how media reports affect public knowledge about and comprehension of risk. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel Audience Role: 16. General public Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Avis, N. E.; Smith, K. W.; McKinlay, J. B. Year: 1989 Title: Accuracy of perceptions of heart attack risk: What influences perceptions and can they be changed? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Volume: 79 Issue: 12 Pages: 1608-1612 Summary Sentence: Examines the relationships of demographics, perceived health status, and risk factors with perceived heart attack risk, as well as the effect of health risk appraisal feedback on perceived risk and behavior. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Babrow, Austin S.; Kasch, Chris R.; Ford, Leigh A. Year: 1998 Title: The many meanings of uncertainty in illness: Toward a systematic accounting Journal: Health Communication Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-23 Summary Sentence: Reviews several perspectives on the meaning of uncertainty in illness and discusses areas for future research on uncertainty. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 16. General public Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Baker, F. Year: 1990 Title: Risk communication about environmental hazards Journal: Journal of Public Health Policy Volume: 11 Issue: 3 Pages: 341-359 Summary Sentence: Reviews previous literature regarding environmental risk communication and advises how to implement a risk communication program. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 12. General Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Outcomes: 1. Attitude 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Ball, L. K.; Evans, G.; Bostrom, A. Year: 1998 Title: Risky business: Challenges in vaccine risk communication Journal: Pediatrics Volume: 101 Issue: 3 Pt 1 Pages: 453-458 Summary Sentence: Discusses challenges facing pediatricians and government policymakers concerning how best to communicate vaccine options and risks to parents. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content 6. Format Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 15. Costs/barriers/losses 16. Benefits/gains Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Banks, S. M.; Salovey, P.; Greener, S.; Rothman, A. J.; Moyer, A.; Beauvais, J.; Epel, E. Year: 1995 Title: The effects of message framing on mammography utilization Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Pages: 178-184 Summary Sentence: Compares the use of gain-framed versus loss-framed messages for persuading women to get mammography screenings. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal 6. Other Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Baty, Bonnie Jeanne; Venne, Vickie L.; McDonald, Jamie; Croyle, Robert T.; Halls, Corinne; Nash, Jean E.; Botkin, Jeffrey R. Year: 1997 Title: BRCA1 testing: Genetic counseling protocol development and counseling issues Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Pages: 223-244 Summary Sentence: Presents and discusses protocols for BRCA1 counseling. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 14. Other 15. Costs/barriers/losses 19. General information about hazard Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 3. Knowledge Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer 6. 3 Ovarian cancer Author: Bell, Robert A.; Cholerton, Matthew; Davison, Veronica; Fraczek, Kevin E.; Lauter, Heather Year: 1996 Title: Making health communication self-funding: Effectiveness of pregiving in an AIDS fundraising/education campaign Journal: Health Communication Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Pages: 331-352 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of amount of information and self-relevance on donations during a door-to-door AIDS fundraiser. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 14. Other 19. General information about hazard Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Benichou, J.; Gail, M. H.; Mulvihill, J. J. Year: 1996 Title: Graphs to estimate an individualized risk of breast cancer Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Pages: 103-110 Summary Sentence: Presents graphs derived from the Gail model to estimate the individualized risk of breast cancer for use in screening communications. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Benjamin, S.L.; Belluck, D.A. Year: 1990 Title: Risk feedback: An important step in risk communication Journal: American Water Works Association Journal Volume: 82 Issue: 11 Pages: 50-55 Summary Sentence: Discusses the importance of interactive communication between government agencies and the public regarding environmental contaminants. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Bental, T.; Paran, E. Year: 1990 Title: Increasing public awareness of the risk of cardiovascular disease using 'health activists' in a community health project in Israel: A feasibility study Journal: Journal of Human Hypertension Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Pages: 356-361 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of intensive training in health topics and communication skills on health activists' knowledge, attitudes, and preventive health behavior. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 5. Content Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Channels of risk communication: 3. Lecture Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 14. Other 17. Skill building/instructions 19. General information about hazard Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Binney, Stephen E.; Mason, Robert; Martsolf, Steven W.; Detweiler, John H. Year: 1996 Title: Credibility, public trust, and the transport of radioactive waste through local communities Journal: Environment and Behavior Volume: 28 Issue: 3 Pages: 283-301 Summary Sentence: Describes a survey of 28 community leaders who live along a planned radioactive waste transport route about their risk perceptions and their trust of the US Department of Energy. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 9. Telephone Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Black, W. C.; Nease, R. F., Jr.; Tosteson, A. N. Year: 1995 Title: Perceptions of breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness in women younger than 50 years of age Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute Volume: 87 Issue: 10 Pages: 720-731 Summary Sentence: Examines perceptions of personal breast cancer risk of women between 40 and 50. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Blanchard, Renee Denise Year: 1993 Title: Risk communication and individual response: Impact of 1990 revised earthquake probabilities for the San Francisco Bay Area University: U Colorado, Boulder, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 54(2-A), Aug 1993, 636. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Block, Lauren G.; Keller, Punam Anand Year: 1998 Title: Beyond protection motivation: An integrative theory of health appeals Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 28 Issue: 17 Pages: 1584-1608 Summary Sentence: Examines effects of the relevance and severity of a safe-sex risk communication on women's thoughts, fears, and intended condom use. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 17. Other Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 11. Severity of outcome 14. Other 17. Skill building/instructions Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 8. Risk perception-severity 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Bogardus, Sidney T., Jr.; Holmboe, Eric; Jekel, James F. Year: 1999 Title: Perils, pitfalls, and possibilities in talking about medical risk Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association Volume: 281 Issue: 11 Pages: 1037-1041 Summary Sentence: Discusses the challenges of communicating medical risks to patients. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 5. Content 6. Format Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes 11. Severity of outcome 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 14. Actual treatment behavior Hazard: 19. General, unspecified 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Bond, G. G. Year: 1993 Title: Dioxin: A case study Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 177-182 Summary Sentence: Presents a case study of one company's efforts to communicate chemical contamination risks to the public. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting 1. Communicator Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 12. Other 26. Media-general Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Bord, Richard J.; O'Connor, Robert E. Year: 1990 Title: Risk communication, knowledge, and attitudes: Explaining reactions to a technology perceived as risky Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 10 Issue: 4 Pages: 499-506 Summary Sentence: Assesses effects of risk message characteristics, personal attitudes, and knowledge on perceived acceptability of food irradiation. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Bord, Richard J.; O'Connor, Robert E. Year: 1992 Title: Determinants of risk perceptions of a hazardous waste site Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Pages: 411-416 Summary Sentence: Examines subjects' risk perceptions after reading a hypothetical superfund (toxic chemicals) scenario. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Borgida, Eugene; Nisbett, Richard E. Year: 1977 Title: The differential impact of abstract vs. concrete information on decisions Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 258-271 Summary Sentence: Examines the relative influence of group summaries versus individual student comments on students' course preferences. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 11. Peer/community member (not affected) Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism) Author: Bostrom, Ann Year: 1997 Title: Vaccine risk communication: Lessons from risk perception, decision making and environmental communication research Journal: Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment Volume: 8 Pages: 173-200 Summary Sentence: Discusses theoretical and empirical findings that could contribute to more effective vaccine risk communications. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 11. Multiple Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission Outcomes: 1. Attitude 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Bostrom, A.; Atman, C. J.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, M. G. Year: 1994 Title: Evaluating risk communications: Completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part II Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 5 Pages: 789-798 Summary Sentence: Examines college students' comprehension of radon risk communications using multiple evaluation methods. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 6. Recall of message 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Bottorff, Joan L.; Ratner, Pamela A.; Johnson, Joy L.; Lovato, Chris Y.; Joab, S. Amanda Year: 1998 Title: Communicating cancer risk information: The challenges of uncertainty Journal: Patient Education and Counseling Volume: 33 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-81 Summary Sentence: Reviews research on communication of cancer risk information. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 12. General Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Brody, Jane E. Year: 1999 Title: Communicating cancer risk in print journalism Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 170-172 Summary Sentence: Suggests that it is the job of the print media to correct for sensationalized and inaccurate radio and television coverage of cancer risks. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 4. Channel Communicator: 14. Media Audience Role: 16. General public Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Budescu, D.V. ; Wallsten, T.S. Year: 1985 Title: Consistency in interpretation of probabilistic phrases Journal: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Volume: 36 Pages: 391-405 Summary Sentence: Examines lay people's interpretation of probabilistic phrases (e.g., "likely" and "seldom") and consistency of these interpretations over time. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 17. Other 4. College student/Graduate student 21. Other professionals and experts Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 14. Other Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Author: Budescu, David V.; Wallsten, Thomas S. Year: 1995 Title: Processing linguistic probabilities: General principles and empirical evidence Journal: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation Volume: 32 Pages: 275-318 Summary Sentence: Reviews research on risk information presented verbally versus linguistically, discusses factors that affect how people understand imprecise linguistic terms, and challenges notion that risk information presented numerically is always more useful than the same information presented verbally. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Form of risk information: 0. Format (general) Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood Author: Budescu, David V.; Weinberg, Shalva; Wallsten, Thomas S. Year: 1988 Title: Decisions based on numerically and verbally expressed uncertainties Journal: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Pages: 281-294 Summary Sentence: Examines college students' verbal and numerical interpretations of graphical displays versus probability phrases. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Author: Buller, David B.; Borland, Ron; Burgoon, Michael Year: 1998 Title: Impact of behavioral intention on effectiveness of message features: Evidence from the Family Sun Safety Project Journal: Human Communication Research Volume: 24 Issue: 3 Pages: 433-453 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of high versus low language intensity and the use of inductive versus deductive logic in health messages promoting sun safety. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 6. Recall of message 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 5 Skin cancer Author: Burack, R. C.; Gimotty, P. A.; George, J.; Stengle, W.; Warbasse, L.; Moncrease, A. Year: 1994 Title: Promoting screening mammography in inner-city settings: A randomized controlled trial of computerized reminders as a component of a program to facilitate mammography Journal: Medical Care Volume: 32 Issue: 6 Pages: 609-624 Summary Sentence: Reports results of limited and full interventions to increase breast cancer awareness and mammography use. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 8. Small groups/focus groups 9. Telephone Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Cameron, Linda D.; Leventhal, Howard Year: 1995 Title: Vulnerability beliefs, symptom experiences, and the processing of health threat information: A self-regulatory perspective Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 25 Issue: 21 Pages: 1859-1883 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of experiencing symptoms of heart disease and receiving high or low threat health information about heart disease on perceived illness likelihood and exercise intentions. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Celuch, Kevin; Lust, John; Showers, Linda Year: 1998 Title: A test of a model of consumers' responses to product manual safety information Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 28 Issue: 5 Pages: 377-394 Summary Sentence: Examines the relationships among threat arousal, perceived efficacy of product use, and product use intentions following receipt of product manual safety information. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 7. Outcome Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 15. Injury/safety (non-auto) Author: Chalmers, K.; Thomson, K.; Degner, LF. Year: 1996 Title: Information, support and communication needs of women with a family history of breast cancer Journal: Cancer Nursing Volume: 19 Issue: 3 Pages: 204-213 Summary Sentence: Describes the information sought by women at risk for breast cancer. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 10. Patient/peer/community member (affected) Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Ethnicity: 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 12. Other 26. Media-general Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Champion, Victoria; Huster, Gertrude Year: 1995 Title: Effect of interventions on stage of mammography adoption Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 18 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-187 Summary Sentence: Examines the effectiveness of individualized interventions on mammography compliance. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 10. Other 11. Home Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Chapman, G. B.; Elstein, A. S.; Hughes, K. K. Year: 1995 Title: Effects of patient education on decisions about breast cancer treatments: A preliminary report Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 15 Issue: 3 Pages: 231-239 Summary Sentence: Compares the effects of presenting breast cancer information in a video versus booklet form on knowledge and treatment preferences. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 4. Channel 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 11. Video Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid 3. Interactive Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Chase, Gary A.; Faden, Ruth R.; Holzman, Neil A.; Chwalow, A. Judith; Leonard, Claire O.; Lopes, Cheryl; Quaid, Kimberly Year: 1986 Title: Assessment of risk by pregnant women: Implications for genetic counseling and education Journal: Social Biology Volume: 33 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 57-64 Summary Sentence: Examines pregnant women's estimates of the risk of birth defects compared to neural tube defects. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Chess, Caron; Hance, Billie Joe Year: 1988 Title: Alerting the apathetic and reassuring the alarmed: Communicating about radon risk in three communities City: Washington, DC Pages: 38 Date: August 1988 Report Number: EPA-230-08-88-036 Summary Sentence: Reviews the success of radon risk communication efforts in three very different situations and makes recommendations for future programs. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 7. Outcome Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 8. Small groups/focus groups 10. TV Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 2. Communication style 9. Preventability of hazard/personal control Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Chess, Caron; Salomone, Kandice L. Year: 1992 Title: Rhetoric and reality: Risk communication in government agencies Journal: Journal of Environmental Education Volume: 23 Issue: 3 Pages: 28-33 Summary Sentence: Compares the intentions of government agencies for communicating risk to the public with their actual practices. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Chess, Caron; Salomone, Kandice L.; Hance, Billie Jo Year: 1995 Title: Improving risk communication in government: Research priorities Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Pages: 127-135 Summary Sentence: Qualitative interviews and survey data used to explore risk communication experts' views on improving government agencies' risk communication. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 17. Other 21. Other professionals and experts Outcomes: 21. Other Author: Chess, Caron; Salomone, Kandice L.; Hance, Billie Jo; Saville, Alex Year: 1995 Title: Results of a national symposium on risk communication: New steps for government agencies Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Pages: 115-125 Summary Sentence: Discusses bringing in outside perspectives, evaluation, and communicating with diverse communities and organizations as issues that government agencies need to address to improve risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 17. Other 21. Other professionals and experts Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other Author: Chess, Caron; Saville, Alex; Tamuz, Michal; Greenberg, Michael Year: 1992 Title: The organizational links between risk communication and risk management: The case of Sybron Chemicals Inc Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Pages: 431-438 Summary Sentence: Discusses a case study of a risk communication program and presents propositions regarding risk communication and risk management. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 8. Small groups/focus groups 9. Telephone Content of risk message: 14. Other Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Clancy, C.M.; Cebul, R.D.; Williams, S.V. Year: 1988 Title: Guiding individual decisions: A randomized, controlled trial of decision analysis Journal: American Journal of Medicine Volume: 84 Issue: 2 Pages: 283-288 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of providing information on information plus individualized decision analysis on physicians' and faculty members' vaccination against Hepatitis B. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 14. Other Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) Author: Clark, S. K.; Leighton, B. L.; Seltzer, J. L. Year: 1991 Title: A risk-specific anesthesia consent form may hinder the informed consent process Journal: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-13 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of a pre-printed consent form on the amount of risk information recalled by post-operative patients. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 12. Other Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 6. Recall of message 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Clift, Elayne Year: 1990 Title: HEALTHCOM: A communication methodology for health in the Third World Journal: Health Education Research Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Pages: 99-106 Summary Sentence: Describes how the HEALTHCOM project relies on social marketing, behavior analysis, and anthropology to effectively communicate health risks to the public. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting 4. Channel Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Cline, Rebecca W.; Johnson, Sarah J.; Freeman, Kim E. Year: 1992 Title: Talk among sexual partners about AIDS: Interpersonal communication for risk reduction or risk enhancement? Journal: Health Communication Volume: 4 Issue: 1 Pages: 39-56 Summary Sentence: Examines how much college students discuss AIDS with potential sexual partners. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting 2. Audience Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Clover, K.; Redman, S.; Forbes, J.; Sanson-Fisher, R.; Callaghan, T. Year: 1996 Title: Two sequential randomized trials of community participation to recruit women for mammographic screening Journal: Preventive Medicine Volume: 25 Issue: 2 Pages: 126-134 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effectiveness of different interventions on rates of participation in community mammographic screening programs. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 4. Channel 1. Communicator Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 13. Other 15. Community group Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 8. Small groups/focus groups 10. TV 11. Video Content of risk message: 14. Other 20. General information about recommended action Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Cody, Robyn; Lee, Christina Year: 1990 Title: Behaviors, beliefs, and intentions in skin cancer prevention Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 13 Issue: 4 Pages: 373-389 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of videos (informational focus or emotional appeal) on college students' knowledge, risk perceptions, and intentions to use sunscreen. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 5 Skin cancer Author: Cohen, Alexander; Colligan, Michael J. ; Berger, Philip Year: 1985 Title: Psychology in health risk messages for workers Journal: Journal of Occupational Medicine Volume: 27 Issue: 8 Pages: 543-551 Summary Sentence: Describes guidelines for communicating workplace health threats to workers. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 12. Other Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Cohen, J.B. Year: 1996 Title: Smokers' knowledge and understanding of advertised tar numbers: Health policy implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Volume: 86 Issue: 1 Pages: 18-24 Summary Sentence: Reports results of a national survey on smokers' interpretations of tar information on cigarette packages and discusses the implications for cigarette advertising. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 12. Other 24. Product label/packaging Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 14. Other Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge Hazard: 17. Smoking Author: Connelly, Nancy A.; Knuth, Barbara A. Year: 1998 Title: Evaluating risk communication: Examining target audience perceptions about four presentation formats for fish consumption health advisory information Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 18 Issue: 5 Pages: 649-659 Summary Sentence: Evaluates four presentation formats for communicating the health risks of eating chemically contaminated Great Lakes fish. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Covello, Vincent T. Year: 1989 Title: Communicating information about the health risks of radioactive waste: A review of obstacles to public understanding. Journal: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine Volume: 65 Issue: 4 Pages: 467-482 Summary Sentence: Discusses barriers to the public's understanding of radioactive waste issues and presents suggestions for improving risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 5. Content Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Covello, Vincent T. Year: 1992 Title: Trust and credibility in risk communication Journal: Health and Environment Digest Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-3 Summary Sentence: Discusses spokesperson credibility and implications for effective risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public 17. Other 21. Other professionals and experts Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 3. Lecture 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Covello, Vincent T.; Sandman, Peter M.; Slovic, Paul Year: 1988 Title: Risk communication, risk statistics, and risk comparisons: A manual for plant managers City: Washington, DC Publisher: Chemical Manufacturers Association Number of Pages: 57 Summary Sentence: Offers guidelines to chemical plant managers for effective risk communication to both employees and community members. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 13. Other Audience Role: 16. General public 17. Other 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 8. Small groups/focus groups 10. TV Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 21. Other Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Croyle, Robert T.; Hunt, Julie R. Year: 1991 Title: Coping with health threat: Social influence processes in reactions to medical test results Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Volume: 60 Issue: 3 Pages: 382-389 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of another person's test result and reactions on subjects' perceptions of a hypothetical disease. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 3. Setting 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 14. Other 21. Test results Form of risk information: 6. Other Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Croyle, Robert T.; Lerman, Caryn Year: 1999 Title: Risk communication in genetic testing for cancer susceptibility Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 59-66 Summary Sentence: Discusses the influences of perceived vulnerability for cancer, perceived risks of genetic testing, psychological distress, and family on genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 7. Outcome 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 26. Relative Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Croyle, Robert T.; Sun, Yi-Chun; Louie, Douglas H. Year: 1993 Title: Psychological minimization of cholesterol test results: Moderators of appraisal in college students and community residents Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 12 Issue: 6 Pages: 503-507 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of information from cholesterol level tests on perceptions of cholesterol's threat to health and test accuracy. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 7. Outcome Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 21. Test results Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 8. Risk perception-severity 16. Intended information seeking behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke 20. Other Author: Curbow, B.; McDiarmid, M. A.; Breysse, P.; Lees, P. S. Year: 1994 Title: Investigation of a spontaneous abortion cluster: Development of a risk communication plan Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 26 Issue: 2 Pages: 265-275 Summary Sentence: Examines women's perceptions of the risk of spontaneous abortion caused by their work environment and recommends a risk communication plan based on these findings. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 3. Focus group/small group 9. Workplace Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 20. Other Author: Curry, S. J.; Taplin, S. H.; Anderman, C.; Barlow, W. E.; McBride, C. Year: 1993 Title: A randomized trial of the impact of risk assessment and feedback on participation in mammography screening Journal: Preventive Medicine Volume: 22 Issue: 3 Pages: 350-360 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effects of providing individualized risk factor information on screening participation. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Cvetkovich, George; Earle, Timothy C. Year: 1992 Title: Environmental hazards and the public Journal: Journal of Social Issues Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-20 Summary Sentence: Discusses issues concerning effective management of environmental hazards, including ways in which risk communication can be improved. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 5. Content Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard Outcomes: 1. Attitude 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Dake, Karl Year: 1992 Title: Myths of nature: Culture and the social construction of risk Journal: Journal of Social Issues Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Pages: 21-37 Summary Sentence: Discusses how the meaning and identification of risk is determined by society and culture. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 16. General public Channels of risk communication: 12. Other Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Davison, B.J.; Degner, L.F.; Morgan, J.R. Year: 1995 Title: Information and decision making preferences of men with prostatic cancer Journal: Oncology Nursing Forum Volume: 22 Issue: 9 Pages: 1401-1408 Summary Sentence: Examines preferences for involvement and type of information of men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Audience Gender: 2. Male Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Outcomes: 16. Intended information seeking behavior 21. Other 28. Information/communication preferences Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 4 Prostate cancer Author: de Marchi, Bruna Year: 1991 Title: The Seveso Directive: An Italian pilot study in enabling communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Pages: 207-215 Summary Sentence: Examines Italian subjects' information choices - who they prefer as a source, what style and type of message they most prefer - in connection to the Seveso Directive. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 28. Information/communication preferences Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 20. Other 44. Seveso Directive Author: Dedinsky, Mary A. Year: 1988 Title: The effects of instruction in holistic health on self-concept, anxiety, and responses of lay pastoral care ministers University: Marquette U, WI, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 48(7-A), Jan 1988, 1658. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: DeFriese, Gordon H.; Fielding, Jonathan E. Year: 1990 Title: Health risk appraisal in the 1990's: Opportunities, challenges, and expectations Journal: Annual Review of Public Health Volume: 11 Pages: 401-418 Summary Sentence: Discusses the history, use, and future outlook of health risk appraisals. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 12. General Channels of risk communication: 12. Other 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Author: Diefenbach, M.A., Weinstein, N.D., O'Reilly, J. Year: 1993 Title: Scales for assessing perceptions of health hazard susceptibility Journal: Health Education Research Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Pages: 181-192 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effectiveness of different scales for measuring perceptions of risk likelihood in terms of subjects' ratings of the scales as well as the scales' validity and reliability. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Ditto, Peter H.; Jemmott, John B.; Darley, John M. Year: 1988 Title: Appraising the threat of illness: A mental representational approach Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 7 Issue: 2 Pages: 183-201 Summary Sentence: Tests a mental model of illness threat perception with a study in which subjects were told that they tested positively or negatively for a fictitious risk factor for pancreatic disease. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 12. Other 23. Audiotape Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 16. Intended information seeking behavior Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Ditto, Peter H.; Lopez, David F. Year: 1992 Title: Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Volume: 63 Issue: 4 Pages: 568-584 Summary Sentence: Examines college students' willingness to believe a saliva test result. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 14. Other 21. Test results Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal 7. Oral/spoken Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 11. Actual information seeking behavior 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Dolan, J. G. Year: 1995 Title: Are patients capable of using the analytic hierarchy process and willing to use it to help make clinical decisions? Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 15 Issue: 1 Pages: 76-80 Summary Sentence: Examines whether patients are capable of and willing to use a computer-based decision aid that focuses on preventative measures against colon cancer. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 10. Decision aid Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 14. Other Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6.12 Colon cancer 6.13 Other cancer Author: Donohew, Lewis; Palmgreen, Philip; Lorch, Elizabeth Pugzles Year: 1994 Title: Attention, need for sensation, and health communication campaigns Journal: American Behavioral Scientist Volume: 38 Issue: 2 Pages: 310-322 Summary Sentence: Examines effects of PSA's about drug use of high versus low sensation value on an at-risk audience of high sensation seeking adolescents. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 6. Format Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.) Audience Role: 17. Other 8. At risk/exposed-child or teen Setting: 4. General community 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 7. Radio 10. TV Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 6. Other Outcomes: 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 8. Drug abuse Author: Doyle, James K. Year: 1997 Title: Judging cumulative risk Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 27 Issue: 6 Pages: 500-524 Summary Sentence: Examines college students' ratings of hazards with differing probabilities and time courses and their strategies for arriving at these estimates. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Dunwoody, Sharon Year: 1994 Title: Telling public stories about risk Editor: MacDonald, J. F. Book Title: Agricultural Biotechnology: A Public Conversation about Risk City: Ithaca, NY Publisher: National Agricultural Biotechnology Council Pages: 97-106 Summary Sentence: Discusses the role of channels in informing the public about risks and in determining whether or not the risk is relevant to them, with a focus on mass media and interpersonal channels. Publication Type 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel Channels of risk communication: 0. Channels (general) Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 28. Information/communication preferences Author: Dunwoody, Sharon; Neuwirth, Kurt Year: 1991 Title: Coming to terms with the impact of communication on scientific and technological risk judgments Editor: Wilkins, Lee; Patterson, Philip Book Title: Risky Business: Communicating issues of science, risk, and public policy City: Westport, CT Publisher: Greenwood Press Pages: 11-30 Summary Sentence: Reviews risk communication literature and argues for researchers to use clearly defined concepts when studying how information is obtained and used to make risk decisions. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 4. Channel 8. Measurement/evaluation Communicator: 12. Unspecified Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Outcomes: 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Dunwoody, Sharon; Neuwirth, Kurt; Griffin, Robert J.; Long, Marilee Year: 1992 Title: The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in "letters to friends" Journal: Journal of Language and Social Psychology Volume: 11 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 9-33 Summary Sentence: Examines how level of risk, severity of risk, presence of a risky headline and personalization of the message influenced students' perceptions of risk , worry, and mentions of risk in a letter to a friend. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 11. Severity of outcome 22. Personalized information Form of risk information: 6. Other Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) 20. Other Author: Edwards, Adrian; Matthews, Elaine; Pill, Roisin; Bloor, Michael Year: 1998 Title: Communication about risk: The responses of primary care professionals to standardizing the 'language of risk' and communication tools Journal: Family Practice Volume: 15 Issue: 4 Pages: 301-307 Summary Sentence: Examines primary care professionals' attitudes toward standardizing the language of risk communication. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content 6. Format Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Author: Edwards, Adrian; Matthews, Elaine; Pill, Roisin; Bloor, Michael Year: 1998 Title: Communication about risk: Diversity among primary care professionals Journal: Family Practice Volume: 15 Issue: 4 Pages: 296-300 Summary Sentence: Reports health professionals' concerns about communication of risk to patients. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 17. Other 20. Patient (general) Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Edwards, A.; Prior, L. Year: 1997 Title: Communication about risk--dilemmas for general practitioners. Journal: British Journal of General Practice Volume: 47 Issue: 424 Pages: 739-742 Summary Sentence: Explores the language of risk (including probability) as it pertains to improving risk communication between general practitioners and their patients. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 14. Other Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Environmental_Protection_Agency Year: 1990 Title: Hazardous substances in our environment: A citizen's guide to understanding health risks and reducing exposure City: Washington, DC Institutional Author: Environmental Protection Agency Pages: 125 Report Number: EPA 230-09-90-081 Summary Sentence: Discusses the risks of hazardous environmental substances for human health. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Erev, Ido; Cohen, Brent L. Year: 1990 Title: Verbal versus numerical probabilities: Efficiency, biases, and the preference paradox Journal: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Volume: 45 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-18 Summary Sentence: Examines subjects' preferences for rating the attractiveness of gambles numerically and verbally. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 20. Other Author: Evans, D. G. R.; Burnell, L. D.; Hopwood, P.; Howell, A. Year: 1993 Title: Perception of risk in women with a family history of breast cancer Journal: British Journal of Cancer Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 612-614 Summary Sentence: Questionnaire study examines perceptions of risk in women with a family history of breast cancer. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Evers, Kerry E.; Bishop, Carianne H.; Gerhan, Lisa S.; Weisse, Carol S. Year: 1997 Title: AIDS educator effectiveness as a function of sexual orientation and HIV status Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 27 Issue: 10 Pages: 902-914 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of an AIDS educator's sexual orientation and HIV status on college students' knowledge, risk perceptions, and behavioral intentions. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 10. Patient/peer/community member (affected) 11. Peer/community member (not affected) 13. Other Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 9. Preventability of hazard 14. Other Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Finendale, M. J. Year: 1993 Title: Beyond notification: A case study from Cloquet, Minnesota Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 153-159 Summary Sentence: Discusses the process of worker notification regarding the risk from asbestos exposure in Cloquet, Minnesota. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 4. Channel 7. Outcome 11. Multiple Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 8. Small groups/focus groups 10. TV 11. Video 12. Other 21. Letter Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 17. Smoking Author: Finkel, A. M. Year: 1995 Title: Toward less misleading comparisons of uncertain risks: The example of aflatoxin and alar Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 376-385 Summary Sentence: Examines whether comparative risk presentations are effective in conveying uncertainties. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Fischhoff, Baruch Year: 1998 Title: Why (cancer) risk communication can be hard Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 7-13 Summary Sentence: Discusses the difficulties of cancer risk communication, including the communicator's challenge of presenting a clear message and the audience's cognitive capacity to process the message. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 5. Content Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Fischhoff, Baruch Year: 1995 Title: Risk perception and communication unplugged: Twenty years of process Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Pages: 137-145 Summary Sentence: Discusses the history of risk communication, its development over the past twenty years, and suggestions for the best ways to do risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 12. General Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal 6. Other Outcomes: 8. Risk perception-severity 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) 3. Other Author: Fischhoff, Baruch Year: 1989 Title: Risk: A guide to controversy Editor: Committee on Risk Perception and Communication, National Research Council Book Title: Improving risk communication City: Washington, DC Publisher: National Academy Press Pages: Appendix C 211-319 Summary Sentence: Designed as a guide to understanding risk controversies, outlines the essential dimensions of risks for risk management and risk communication. Strategies for designing risk communications are provided. Divided into the following sections: "The science," "Science and policy," " The nature of the controversy," "Strategies for risk communication," and "Psychological principles in communication design." Publication Type 2. Review Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender: 0. Audience role (general) Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Fischhoff, B.; Bostrom, A.; Quadrel, M. J. Year: 1993 Title: Risk perception and communication Journal: Annual Review of Public Health Volume: 14 Pages: 183-203 Summary Sentence: Discusses biases in judgement that can affect risk perception, mental models of risk perception, and strategies for effective risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Fischhoff, Baruch; de Bruin, Wandi Bruine Year: 1999 Title: Fifty-fifty = 50%? Journal: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Pages: 149-163 Summary Sentence: Studied conditions under which people report the likelihood of a risk as "50%" or "fifty-fifty" when they really mean that they have no idea what to answer. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student 5. Adult Setting: 2. community meeting/community group 8. Educational setting: school or university Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Fischhoff, B.; Downs, J. S. Year: 1997 Title: Communicating foodborne disease risk Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Pages: 489-495 Summary Sentence: Discusses how risk communication research can be used to help inform consumers about foodborne diseases. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Audience Role: 16. General public Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 12. Other 24. Product label/packaging Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 20. Other 23. Food related risks Author: Fischhoff, Baruch; MacGregor, Don Year: 1983 Title: Judged lethality: How much people seem to know depends upon how much they are asked Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Pages: 229-236 Summary Sentence: Examines how lay people's lethality judgements are affected by use of different response scales. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 6. Laboratory Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Fisher, Ann Year: 1991 Title: Risk communication challenges Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Pages: 173-179 Summary Sentence: Discusses the challenges facing risk communicators and provides recommendations for increasing effectiveness. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 11. Severity of outcome Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Fisher, Ann Year: 1993 Title: Planning indoor air risk communication programs: Lessons for alerting people versus reassuring them Journal: Indoor Air Volume: 3 Pages: 57-64 Summary Sentence: Reviews research on risk communication and discusses when and how to reassure versus alert people about environmental risks. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 5. Content Channels of risk communication: 26. Media-general Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) 19. General, unspecified Author: Fisher, Ann; Chen, Ya-Chin Year: 1996 Title: Customer perceptions of agency risk communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 16 Issue: 2 Pages: 177-184 Summary Sentence: Reports results of a survey of customers' satisfaction with a government agency's risk communication practices. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV 12. Other Outcomes: 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Fisher, A.; Johnson, F. R. Year: 1990 Title: Radon risk communication research: Practical lessons Journal: Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association Volume: 40 Issue: 5 Pages: 738-739 Summary Sentence: Discusses six reasons why the public is not very concerned about radon and how to devise effective risk communications regarding radon. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 12. General Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Fisher, A.; McClelland, G. H.; Schulze, W. D.; Doyle, J. K. Year: 1991 Title: Communicating the risk from radon Journal: Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association Volume: 41 Issue: 11 Pages: 1440-1445 Summary Sentence: Contrasts two studies of homeowners' radon testing and mitigation practices in response to differing risk communication programs. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 10. TV Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Flora, June A.; Schooler, Caroline; Mays, Vickie M.; Cochran, Susan D. Year: 1996 Title: Exploring a model of symbolic social communication: The case of "Magic" Johnson Journal: Journal of Health Psychology Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Pages: 353-366 Summary Sentence: Examines male college students' and homeless males' perceptions of the credibility of celebrity and professional communications of HIV prevention messages. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American Audience Gender: 2. Male Setting: 3. Focus group/small group 8. Educational setting: school or university 10. Other Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 11. Actual information seeking behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Fong, Geoffrey T.; Rempel, Lynn A.; Hall, Peter A. Year: 1999 Title: Challenges to improving health risk communication in the 21st century Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 173-176 Summary Sentence: Discusses risk communication considerations including ways to present risk, measure effectiveness, and work more productively with mass media. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 6. Format Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 10. TV Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Forrow, Lachlan; Taylor, William C.; Arnold, Robert M. Year: 1992 Title: Absolutely relative: How research results are summarized can affect treatment decisions Journal: The American Journal of Medicine Volume: 92 Issue: 2 Pages: 121-124 Summary Sentence: Examines effects of different presentations of health information on physicians' treatment decisions. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 21. Other 14. Actual treatment behavior 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Fox, Craig R.; Irwin, Julie R. Year: 1998 Title: The role of context in the communication of uncertain beliefs Journal: Basic and Applied Social Psychology Volume: 20 Issue: 1 Pages: 57-70 Summary Sentence: Discusses six factors that influence audiences (prior beliefs, context, speakers' motivations, etc.) when updating their uncertain beliefs. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Fox, S. A.; Murata, P. J.; Stein, J. A. Year: 1991 Title: The impact of physician compliance on screening mammography for older women Journal: Archives of Internal Medicine Volume: 151 Issue: 1 Pages: 50-56 Summary Sentence: Investigates the effects of physician-patient discussions on mammography and screening practices. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Frazier, E. L.; Jiles, R. B.; Mayberry, R. Year: 1996 Title: Use of screening mammography and clinical breast examinations among Black, Hispanic, and White women Journal: Preventive Medicine Volume: 25 Issue: 2 Pages: 118-125 Summary Sentence: Examines reported mammography use by women of different race/ethnic groups. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American 3. Caucasian 4. Hispanic Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Freeman, R. C.; French, J. F. Year: 1995 Title: What is the addicts' grapevine when there's 'bad dope'? An investigation in New Jersey Journal: Public Health Reports Volume: 110 Issue: 5 Pages: 621-624 Summary Sentence: Reports survey in which drug users were asked about the channels through which they learn about severe threats to their health. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 13. Other Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission Outcomes: 3. Knowledge Hazard: 8. Drug abuse Author: Freimuth, V. S.; Mettger, W. Year: 1990 Title: Is there a hard-to-reach audience? Journal: Public Health Reports Volume: 105 Issue: 3 Pages: 232-238 Summary Sentence: Discusses alternatives to viewing audiences as "hard-to-reach" and provides recommendations for different risk communication responses. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience Communicator: 12. Unspecified Audience Role: 17. Other Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Freimuth, V. S.; Van Nevel, J. P. Year: 1993 Title: Channels and vehicles of communication: The asbestos awareness campaign Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 105-111 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of a government multi-media asbestos awareness program on the general public's knowledge and risk awareness regarding asbestos exposure. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 4. Channel Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 11. Actual information seeking behavior 21. Other Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Freudenburg, W. R.; Rursch, J. A. Year: 1994 Title: The risks of "Putting the numbers in context": A cautionary tale Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 6 Pages: 949-958 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of presenting risk likelihood information in absolute versus comparative terms on college students' attitudes toward a hazardous waste incinerator. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Frewer, L. J.; Howard, C.; Hedderley, D.; Shepherd, R. Year: 1997 Title: The elaboration likelihood model and communication about food risks Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 17 Issue: 6 Pages: 759-770 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effects of varying hazard type, source credibility, and message persuasiveness on perceived risk and level of information processing. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 3. Setting 5. Content 7. Outcome Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 14. Other Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 1. Alcohol 20. Other 23. Food related risks Author: Frewer, L. J.; Howard, C.; Hedderley, D.; Shepherd, R. Year: 1996 Title: What determines trust in information about food-related risks? Underlying psychological constructs Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 16 Issue: 4 Pages: 473-486 Summary Sentence: Describes three studies indicating that moderately accountable sources engender the most trust regarding food-related hazards. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 7. Outcome Audience Role: 16. General public Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other Hazard: 20. Other 23. Food related risks Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Gabbard-Alley, Anne S. Year: 1995 Title: Health communication and gender: A review and critique Journal: Health Communication Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Pages: 35-54 Summary Sentence: Reviews research on patient gender and health communication. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Gail, Mitchell H.; Costantino, Joseph P.; Bryant, John; Croyle, Robert; Freedman, Laurence; Helzlsouer, Kathy; Vogel, Victor Year: 1999 Title: Weighing the risks and benefits of tamoxifen treatment for preventing breast cancer Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute Volume: 91 Issue: 21 Pages: 1829-1846 Summary Sentence: Presents a risk-benefit analysis of tamoxifen treatment for preventing breast cancer and discusses the implications for explaining the risks to patients. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 14. Actual treatment behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Garte, S. J. Year: 1990 Title: Communication of relative carcinogenic risks: A quantitative approach [letter] Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 10 Issue: 4 Pages: 467-468 Summary Sentence: Proposes the use of a logarithmic scale (to denote carcinogenic risk from different sources) to aid the public's comprehension of risk. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 16. General public Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Gerbert, B.; Bleecker, T.; Saub, E. Year: 1995 Title: Risk perception and risk communication: Benefits of dentist-patient discussions Journal: Journal of the American Dental Association Volume: 126 Issue: 3 Pages: 333-339 Summary Sentence: Reports results of a survey that asked dental patients about their concerns and their risk-related discussions with their dentists. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting 7. Outcome Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 20. Other 21. Dental issues Author: Gerrard, Meg; Gibbons, Frederick X.; Reis-Bergen, Monica Year: 1999 Title: The effect of risk communication on risk perceptions: The significance of individual differences Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 94-100 Summary Sentence: Reviews studies examining the relation between risk communication and behavior change, and studies on tailoring risk communications to individuals' characteristics. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 0. Audience role (general) Content of risk message: 22. Personalized information Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Gibbons, Frederick X.; McGovern, Paul G.; Lando, Harry A. Year: 1991 Title: Relapse and risk perception among members of a smoking cessation clinic Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 42-45 Summary Sentence: Compares risk perceptions of members of a smoking cessation clinic who abstained from smoking throughout treatment with those who did not. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 3. Asthma/Emphysema/Chronic lung disease 6. 0 Cancer 6.13 Other cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Gigerenzer, G. Year: 1996 Title: The psychology of good judgement: Frequency formats and simple algorithms Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 16 Issue: 3 Pages: 273-280 Summary Sentence: Discusses why Bayesian inferences are more likely to be correct when information is presented in a frequency format than in a probability format, and suggests that reasoning can be effective even if it does not meet criteria of "rationality." Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Author: Gigerenzer, Gerd; Hoffrage, Ulrich Year: 1995 Title: How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats Journal: Psychological Review Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 684-704 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of format (probability versus frequency) on statistically naive participants' perceptions of risk likelihood. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 6. Other Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Golding, Dominic; Krimsky, Sheldon; Plough, Alonzo Year: 1992 Title: Evaluating risk communication: Narrative vs. technical presentations of information about radon Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Pages: 27-35 Summary Sentence: Examines whether a technical or narrative format is more effective in changing attitudes and increasing knowledge about radon. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 1. Communicator 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 3. Focus group/small group 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 2. Communication style 3. Definition of hazard 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal 6. Other Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 6. Recall of message 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Gots, Ronald E. Year: 1994 Title: Public versus personal risk: The challenge in environmental risk communication Journal: Technology: Journal of the Franklin Institute Volume: 331A Pages: 59-65 Summary Sentence: Suggests using a matrix approach to designing risk communications, where the matrix involves level of health concern and level of indignation or outrage. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 19. General, unspecified Author: Grady, K. E.; Lemkau, J. P.; McVay, J. M.; Reisine, S. T. Year: 1992 Title: The importance of physician encouragement in breast cancer screening of older women Journal: Preventive Medicine Volume: 21 Issue: 6 Pages: 766-780 Summary Sentence: Examines the relationship between physician encouragement and breast cancer screening among older women. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting 2. Audience Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 14. Other Outcomes: 1. Attitude 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Gray, Abby Year: 1993 Title: Health communication during fetal development: An examination of obstetrician-gynecologists' and patients' relational developmental growth stages University: Bowling Green State U, OH, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 54(3-A), Sep 1993, 734. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Gray, Philip C. R. Year: 1995 Title: Waste incineration: Controversy and risk communication Journal: European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee Volume: 45 Issue: 1 Pages: 29-34 Summary Sentence: Discusses the controversy between DuPont and the public over a proposed waste incinerator in Northern Ireland. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting 4. Channel 5. Content Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV 12. Other 22. Community meetings/community groups Outcomes: 1. Attitude 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Green, M. J.; Fost, N. Year: 1997 Title: An interactive computer program for educating and counseling patients about genetic susceptibility to breast cancer Journal: Journal of Cancer Education Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Pages: 204-208 Summary Sentence: Discusses the benefits of computer program for providing women with breast cancer information before genetic testing. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 13. Other Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 3. Knowledge Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Greening, Leilani; Chandler, Carla C. Year: 1997 Title: Why it can't happen to me: The base rate matters, but overestimating skill leads to underestimating risk Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 27 Issue: 9 Pages: 760-780 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of personal control and base rates on college students' estimates of their risk for aversive events. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 9. Preventability of hazard/personal control 14. Other Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Greening, L.; Dollinger, S.J. Year: 1992 Title: Adolescents' perceptions of lightning and tornado risks Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 22 Pages: 755-762 Summary Sentence: Examines high school students' perceptions of risk of death from lightning and tornados. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 3. Teen 8. At risk/exposed-child or teen Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 11. Actual information seeking behavior 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) Author: Griffin, R. J.; Dunwoody, S.; Zabala, F. Year: 1998 Title: Public reliance on risk communication channels in the wake of a cryptosporidium outbreak Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 18 Issue: 4 Pages: 367-375 Summary Sentence: Describes risk perceptions, demographics, worry, and use of media after a cryptosporidium outbreak in the community. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) 20. Other Author: Grimes, David M.; Snively, Gillian R. Year: 1999 Title: Patients' understanding of medical risks: Implications for genetic counseling Journal: Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume: 93 Issue: 6 Pages: 910-914 Summary Sentence: Investigates whether women can more easily understand probabilities when expressed with constant numerators (e.g., 1 in 333 versus 1 in 250) or with constant denominators (e.g., 3 in 1000 versus 4 in 1000). Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 2. Asian 3. Caucasian 4. Hispanic Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Guidotti, Tee L.; Jacobs, Philip Year: 1993 Title: The implications of an epidemiological mistake: A community's response to a perceived excess cancer risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Volume: 83 Issue: 2 Pages: 233-239 Summary Sentence: Reports public opinion and property value trends in response to an erroneous cancer risk communication. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Content of risk message: 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 1. Attitude 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other 24. Community or public response Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Hallowell, Nina; Statham, Helen; Murton, Frances Year: 1998 Title: Women's understanding of their risk of developing breast/ovarian cancer before and after genetic counseling Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Pages: 345-364 Summary Sentence: Shows how genetic risk counseling improves women's knowledge of their own risk for breast cancer. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 7. Outcome 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Hallowell, Nina; Statham, Helen; Murton, Frances; Green, Jo; Richards, Martin Year: 1997 Title: "Talking about chance": The presentation of risk information during genetic counseling for breast and ovarian cancer Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Pages: 269-286 Summary Sentence: Surveys women's preferences among different presentation formats when receiving cancer risk information from a genetic counselor. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Halpern, Diane F.; Blackman, Sonia; Salzman, Billie Year: 1989 Title: Using statistical risk information to assess oral contraceptive safety Journal: Applied Cognitive Psychology Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Pages: 251-260 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of different risk information formats on perceptions of the risk of side effects from oral contraceptives. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 5. Adult Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke 22. Treatment related risks Author: Hance, Billie J.; Chess, Caron; Sandman, Peter M. Year: 1989 Title: Setting a context for explaining risk Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Pages: 113-117 Summary Sentence: Discusses the importance of understanding community concerns, involving communities, and developing trust between the agency and community during risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 21. Other 24. Community or public response Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Editor: Handmer, John; Penning-Roswell, Edmund Year: 1990 Title: Hazards and the Communication of Risk City: Brookfield, VT Publisher: Gower Technical Number of Pages: 350 Summary Sentence: Book based on an international workshop on risk communication, with a focus on communication regarding natural disasters. Its chapters are divided into sections called "Persuading individuals," "The context of persuasion," "Assessing success," and "Programme design and implementation." Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content 8. Measurement/evaluation 11. Multiple Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender: 0. Audience role (general) Channels of risk communication: 0. Channels (general) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Hansson, Sven Ove Year: 1989 Title: Dimensions of risk Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Pages: 107-112 Summary Sentence: Discusses eight considerations in using risk comparisons. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Harding, Christina M.; Eiser, J. Richard; Kristiansen, Connie M. Year: 1982 Title: The representation of mortality statistics and the perceived importance of causes of death Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Pages: 169-181 Summary Sentence: Investigates different formats for representing statistics that influence students' impressions of causes of death. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 3. Teen Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Haug, Marie R. Year: 1996 Title: The effects of physician/elder patient characteristics on health communication Journal: Health Communication Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Pages: 249-262 Summary Sentence: Discusses the demographic factors that affect doctor-patient communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting 1. Communicator 2. Audience Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 15. Ill-senior citizen Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Hazen, G. B.; Hopp, W. J.; Pellissier, J. M. Year: 1991 Title: Continuous-risk utility assessment in medical decision making Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Pages: 294-304 Summary Sentence: Examines adults' responses under a conventional assessment protocol versus a continuous risk utility assessment protocol and argues the benefits of the latter. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 17. Other 4. College student 21. Other professionals and experts Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Helitzer-Allen, D. L.; Kendall, C. Year: 1992 Title: Explaining differences between qualitative and quantitative data: A study of chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy Journal: Health Education Quarterly Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Pages: 41-54 Summary Sentence: Uses multiple methods to evaluate the effectiveness of a health program designed to encourage pregnant women to prevent and treat malaria. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Ethnicity: 7. Other Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Henderson, Joseph; Noell, John; Reeves, Thomas; Robinson, Thomas; Strecher, Victor Year: 1999 Title: Developers and evaluation of interactive health communication applications Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Volume: 16 Issue: 1 Pages: 30-34 Summary Sentence: Discusses the importance of program evaluations in the development of successful interactive health communication software. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 13. Other Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Holtgrave, David R.; Tinsley, Barbara J.; Kay, Linda S. Year: 1995 Title: Encouraging risk reduction: A decision making approach to message design Editor: Maibach, Edward; Parrott, Roxanne Louiselle Book Title: Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public health practice City: Thousand Oaks, CA Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc. Pages: 24-40 Summary Sentence: Discusses behavioral decision making constructs and how they can be used to improve models of health behavior change and health communication. Publication Type 1. Discussion Focus: 7. Outcome Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender: 16. General public Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs 19. General, unspecified Author: Holtgrave, David R.; Tinsley, Barbara J.; Kay, Linda S. Year: 1994 Title: Heuristics, biases, and environmental health risk analysis Editor: Heath, Linda; Tindale, R. Scott Book Title: Applications of heuristics and biases to social issues City: New York, NY Publisher: Plenum Press Pages: 259-285 Series Title: Social psychological applications to social issues, Vol. 3. Summary Sentence: Discusses the possible roles of heuristics and biases in environmental risk communication and in environmental health risk analysis. Publication Type 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 6. Format Author: Holtgrave, D.R.; Weber, E.U. Year: 1993 Title: Dimensions of risk perception for financial and health risks Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 13 Issue: 5 Pages: 553-558 Summary Sentence: Compares two models of risk perception for health and financial risks. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Hopwood, Penelope Year: 1997 Title: Psychological issues in cancer genetics: Current research and future priorities Journal: Patient Education and Counseling Volume: 32 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 19-31 Summary Sentence: Discusses the psychological impact, including risk perception, of genetic testing and counseling for those at high risk for developing cancer. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Horowitz, L. G. Year: 1993 Title: Risk communication in dental practice: Responding assertively to AIDS, fear and infection control Journal: Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association Volume: 73 Issue: 3 Pages: 16-18, 65 Summary Sentence: Discusses ways to reduce fear and increase trust between dentist and patient regarding the risk of HIV. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Hoskins, Kent F.; Stopfer, Jill E.; Calzone, Kathleen A.; Merajver, Sofia D.; Rebbeck, Timothy R.; Garber, Judy E.; Weber, Barbara L. Year: 1995 Title: Assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer: A guide for clinicians Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association Volume: 273 Issue: 7 Pages: 577-585 Summary Sentence: Discusses issues of assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Houts, P. S.; McDougall, V. Year: 1993 Title: Importance of evaluating the context within which notification occurs Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 205-210 Summary Sentence: Suggests that effective health risk notification to workers requires an understanding of the context in which the message is received, including workers' preexisting attitudes and health behaviors. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 12. Other Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Huerta, Elmer E.; Macario, Everly Year: 1999 Title: Communicating health risk to ethnic groups: Reaching Hispanics as a case study Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 23-26 Summary Sentence: Advocates consideration of cultural differences in risk communication, such as "collectivist" versus "individualist" cultures, using a case study of a mass media campaign aimed at Hispanics as an example. Audience Ethnicity: 4. Hispanic Author: Hutchinson, M. Katherine; Cooney, Teresa M. Year: 1998 Title: Patterns of parent-teen sexual risk communication: Implications for intervention Journal: Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies Volume: 47 Issue: 2 Pages: 185-194 Summary Sentence: Surveys late adolescent females about sexual risk communications with their parents and their current sexual attitudes and behaviors. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 9. Parent Audience Role: 3. Teen Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 1. Attitude 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Hux, J.E., Naylor, C.D. Year: 1995 Title: Communicating the benefits of chronic preventive therapy: Does the format of efficacy data determine patients' acceptance of treatment? Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Pages: 152-157 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of presentation format (e.g. risk reduction, gain in disease free years) on outpatient's willingness to take a heart medication. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 21. Other 19. Intended treatment behavior 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Ibrekk, Harald; Morgan, M. Granger Year: 1987 Title: Graphical communication of uncertain quantities to nontechnical people Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Pages: 519-529 Summary Sentence: Compares the effectiveness of nine different graphical displays for communicating qualitative uncertainty. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Jackson, Lorraine Diana Year: 1993 Title: Health communication: An assessment of attitudes, beliefs, and reported adherence to treatment in physical medicine and rehabilitation patients University: Pennsylvania State U, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 53(12-A), Jun 1993, 4129. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Jardine, Cynthia G.; Hrudey, Steve E. Year: 1997 Title: Mixed messages in risk communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 17 Issue: 4 Pages: 489-498 Summary Sentence: Discusses particular words that may confuse the public during risk communication and ways to avoid this confusion. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 9. Preventability of hazard/personal control 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Jemmott, John B.; Ditto, Peter H.; Croyle, Robert T. Year: 1986 Title: Judging health status: Effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Volume: 50 Issue: 5 Pages: 899-905 Summary Sentence: Assesses the effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance of a disorder on perceptions of the seriousness of that disorder. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Done: coded, entered, and filed 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 8. Risk perception-severity 11. Actual information seeking behavior Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Johnson, Branden B. Year: 1993 Title: Coping with paradoxes of risk communication: Observations and suggestions Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Pages: 241-243 Summary Sentence: Critiques recommendations provided in manuals for risk communicators. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 11. Peer/community member (not affected) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Johnson, Branden B. Year: 1993 Title: "The mental model" meets "the planning process": Wrestling with risk communication research and practice Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-8 Summary Sentence: Compares cognitive (i.e., mental model) and procedural approaches to risk communication and discusses how to integrate them. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Form of risk information: 6. Other Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Johnson, E.J. ; Tversky, A. Year: 1984 Title: Representations and perceptions of risk Journal: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Volume: 113 Issue: 1 Pages: 55-70 Summary Sentence: Examines people's perceptions of risks as assessed with different response formats. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Johnson, F. Reed; Fisher, Ann Year: 1989 Title: Conventional wisdom on risk communication and evidence from a field experiment Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Pages: 209-213 Summary Sentence: Tests conventional wisdom about risk communication in a field study of radon prevalence in New York State. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public 17. Other 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 18. Intended testing/screening Author: Johnson, J. David; Meischke, Hendrika Year: 1993 Title: Differences in the evaluations of communication sources by women who have had a mammogram Journal: Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Pages: 83-101 Summary Sentence: Examines the sources of information encountered by women concerned about cancer. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 4. Channel Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.) 11. Peer/community member (not affected) 13. Other 14. Media 26. Relative Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Johnson, R. H., Jr. Year: 1999 Title: Effective presentation of radiation safety training-risk communication: An important function of radiation safety training Journal: Health Physics Volume: 76 Issue: 2 Suppl Pages: S10-S15 Summary Sentence: Presents suggestions for more effective radiation-safety training. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Kasperson, Roger E. Year: 1986 Title: Six propositions on public participation and their relevance for risk communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Pages: 275-281 Summary Sentence: Identifies ways in which risk communication programs can be improved. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting 11. Multiple Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 8. Small groups/focus groups 10. TV Outcomes: 1. Attitude 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Kasperson, Roger E.; Golding, Dominic; Tuler, Seth Year: 1992 Title: Social distrust as a factor in siting hazardous facilities and communicating risks Journal: Journal of Social Issues Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Pages: 161-187 Summary Sentence: Discusses the importance of social trust and effective risk communication in solving controversies over hazardous facility siting. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 20. Other Editor: Kasperson, Roger E.; Stallen, Pieter Jan M. Year: 1990 Title: Communicating Risks to the Public: International Perspectives Series Title: Technology, Risk, and Society: An International Series in Risk Analysis City: Dordrecht, the Netherlands Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Volume: 4 Number of Volumes: 13 (12/1985 - 01/2000) Number of Pages: 432 Summary Sentence: Part of a series called "Technology, Risks, and Society: An International Series in Risk Analysis." Volume focuses on communicating health and environmental risks to the public. The chapters are divided into sections called "Risk communication practices" and "New approaches and methods." Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 0. Communicator (general) Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Form of risk information: 0. Format (general) Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Keeney, R. L.; von Winterfeldt, D. Year: 1986 Title: Improving risk communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Pages: 417-424 Summary Sentence: Provides guidelines for improving risk communication among risk analysts, the media, and the general public. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 4. Channel Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 10. TV Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Kelly, P.T. Year: 1987 Title: Risk counseling for relatives of cancer patients: New information, new approaches Journal: Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Pages: 65-79 Summary Sentence: Discusses cancer risk analysis, a process that informs relatives of cancer patients about the biological aspects of cancer, their own cancer risk, and how to cope with a relative's diagnosis. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Kelly, P. T. Year: 1992 Title: Informational needs of individuals and families with hereditary cancers Journal: Seminars in Oncology Nursing Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Pages: 288-292 Summary Sentence: Discusses formats for presenting risk information, plus individual differences and family-specific needs regarding cancer risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 6. Format Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Kessler, Seymour; Levine, E. K. Year: 1987 Title: Psychological aspects of genetic counseling. IV. The subjective assessment of probability Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics Volume: 28 Issue: 2 Pages: 361-370 Summary Sentence: Examines perceptions of percentage versus probability statements that are or are not related to a genetic counseling situation. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 6. Parent or prospective parent Setting: 4. General community 8. Educational setting: school or university Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 21. Other Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Kirscht, John P. Year: 1989 Title: Process and measurement issues in health risk appraisal Journal: American Journal of Public Health Volume: 79 Issue: 12 Pages: 1598-1599 Summary Sentence: Brief review of health risk appraisal articles appearing in a special issue of the American Journal of Public Health. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 7. Outcome 8. Measurement/evaluation Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Kline, Mark J. Year: 1990 Title: Evaluating risk communication programs: The development of a catalogue of "quick and easy" feedback methods University: Rutgers U, Graduate School of Applied & Professional Psychology, NJ, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 50(10-B), Apr 1990, 4773. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Kong, Augustine; Barnett, G. Octo; Mosteller, Frederick; Youtz, Cleo Year: 1986 Title: How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability Journal: New England Journal of Medicine Volume: 315 Issue: 12 Pages: 740-744 Summary Sentence: Assesses the numerical interpretations given by health professionals to different verbal probability expressions. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 17. Other 20. Patient (general) Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Kramer, Barnett S. Year: 1999 Title: Matching strength of message to strength of evidence: A discussion Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 85-87 Summary Sentence: Discusses cancer screening counseling and stresses the importance of including information about the strength of the scientific evidence in favor of and against screening. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Setting: 5. Health care setting Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes 15. Costs/barriers/losses Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Kreps, Gary L.; O'Hair, Dan; Clowers, Marsha Year: 1994 Title: The influences of human communication on health outcomes Journal: American Behavioral Scientist Volume: 38 Issue: 2 Pages: 248-256 Summary Sentence: Discusses the importance of health communication and its link to health outcomes. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 7. Outcome 12. General Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Kreuter, Matthew W. Year: 1999 Title: Dealing with competing and conflicting risks in cancer communication Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 27-35 Summary Sentence: Describes knowledge about communicating about multiple competing risks and suggests future research directions. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome 9. Risk perception/comprehension Content of risk message: 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Kreuter, Matthew W.; Strecher, Victor J. Year: 1995 Title: Changing inaccurate perceptions of health risk: Results from a randomized trial Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Pages: 56-63 Summary Sentence: Identifies risk perception biases of adult patients before and after receiving individualized risk feedback. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 7. Outcome Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult 17. Other 20. Patient (general) Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 6. Recall of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 4. Automobile safety 6. 0 Cancer 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Kulik, James A.; Mahler, Heike I. Year: 1987 Title: Health status, perceptions of risk, and prevention interest for health and nonhealth problems Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-27 Summary Sentence: Compares risk perceptions of healthy and ill college students. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult 13. Ill-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting 8. Educational setting: school or university Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 11. Actual information seeking behavior Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Lakey, J. Year: 1998 Title: Informing the public about radiation--the messenger and the message: 1997 G. William Morgan Lecture Journal: Health Physics Volume: 75 Issue: 4 Pages: 367-374 Summary Sentence: Discusses communicator style and the message content in the context of radiation risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 3. Lecture Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 14. Other 19. General information about hazard Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Lantz, P. M.; Stencil, D.; Lippert, M. T.; Beversdorf, S.; Jaros, L.; Remington, P. L. Year: 1995 Title: Breast and cervical cancer screening in a low-income managed care sample: The efficacy of physician letters and phone calls [published erratum appears in Am J Public Health 1995 Aug;85(8 Pt 1):1063] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Volume: 85 Issue: 6 Pages: 834-836 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of a physician reminder letter and follow-up phone call on low-income women's breast and cervical cancer screening behavior. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 4. Channel Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 9. Telephone 12. Other 21. Letter Content of risk message: 14. Other 18. Reminder Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer 6. 2 Cervical cancer Author: Lapham, Sandra C.; Henley, Eric; Kleyboecker, Kim Year: 1993 Title: Prenatal behavioral risk screening by computer among Native Americans Journal: Family Medicine Volume: 25 Issue: 3 Pages: 197-202 Summary Sentence: Evaluates an interactive computer behavioral risk screening and education program for pregnant women. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Ethnicity: 5. Native American Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 1. Alcohol 5. Birth defects 8. Drug abuse Author: Lash, A. A.; Kumekawa, E. S.; Becker, C. E. Year: 1993 Title: Evaluating the clarity of research reports written for research subjects Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 211-219 Summary Sentence: Studies research participants' knowledge before and after receiving information on solvent exposure. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 7. Possible health outcomes 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Lerman, C.; Lustbader, E.; Rimer, B.; Daly, M.; Miller, S.; Sands, C.; Balshem, A. Year: 1995 Title: Effects of individualized breast cancer risk counseling: A randomized trial Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute Volume: 87 Issue: 4 Pages: 286-292 Summary Sentence: Compares the effects of a standardized program of individualized breast cancer risk counseling to those of a program of general health risk information. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 14. Other 19. General information about hazard Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Lerman, C.; Narod, S.; Schulman, K.; Hughes, C.; Gomez-Caminero, A.; Bonney, G.; Gold, K.; Trock, B.; Main, D.; Lynch, J.; Fulmore, C.; Snyder, C.; Lemon, S. J.; Conway, T.; Tonin, P.; Lenoir, G.; Lynch, H. Year: 1996 Title: BRCA1 testing in families with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer. A prospective study of patient decision making and outcomes [see comments] Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association Volume: 275 Issue: 24 Pages: 1885-1892 Summary Sentence: Identifies predictors of obtaining cancer screening test results and participation in a testing program. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content 7. Outcome Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 8. Small groups/focus groups 9. Telephone Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 21. Test results Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 13. Actual testing/screening 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 19. Intended treatment behavior 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer 6. 3 Ovarian cancer Author: Lerman, Caryn; Rimer, Barbara K.; Engstrom, Paul F. Year: 1991 Title: Cancer risk notification: Psychosocial and ethical implications Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology Volume: 9 Issue: 7 Pages: 1275-1282 Summary Sentence: Reviews research on worker notification and cancer genetics to examine the psychosocial impact of cancer risk notification. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Lerman, Caryn; Schwartz, Marc D.; Lin, Ting Hsiang; Hughes, Chanita; et al. Year: 1997 Title: The influence of psychological distress on use of genetic testing for cancer risk Journal: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Volume: 65 Issue: 3 Pages: 414-420 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of individual difference variables (demographics, objective risk, and worry) and an education session on at-risk adults' decisions to have BRAC1 testing (hereditary breast ovarian cancer). Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard consequences 14. Other 15. Costs/barriers/losses 17. Skill building/instructions Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Lerman, Caryn; Schwartz, Mark D.; Miller, Suzanne M.; Daly, Mary; Sands, Colleen; Rimer, Barbara K. Year: 1996 Title: A randomized trial of breast cancer risk counseling: Interacting effects of counseling, educational level, and coping style Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Pages: 75-83 Summary Sentence: Compare an individualized counseling program with a general health education program in terms of reducing levels of distress about breast cancer. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content 6. Format Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 3. Interactive 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Leventhal, Howard; Kelly, Kim; Leventhal, Elaine A. Year: 1999 Title: Population risk, actual risk, perceived risk, and cancer control: A discussion Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 81-85 Summary Sentence: Discusses the difficulties involved in using population risk to estimate personal risk, and suggests using a self-regulatory framework to understand perceptions of personal vulnerability. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 0. Audience role (general) Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Levine, Jeffrey Year: 1999 Title: Risky business--Communicating scientific findings to the public Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 163-166 Summary Sentence: Discusses reasons that health risks are often misrepresented in the media and difficulties overcoming misrepresentations. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 4. Channel Communicator: 0. Communicator (general) 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 14. Media Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Leviton, L. C.; Chen, H. T.; Marsh, G. M.; Talbott, E. O. Year: 1993 Title: Evaluation issues in the Drake Chemical Workers Notification and Health Registry Study Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 197-204 Summary Sentence: Examines a worker notification program and uses it to illustrate evaluation issues in risk communication. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel 7. Outcome Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 9. Telephone 10. TV 12. Other 21. Letter Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6.13 Other cancer 6.11 Bladder cancer Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Liberman, Akiva; Chaiken, Shelly Year: 1992 Title: Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Volume: 18 Issue: 6 Pages: 669-679 Summary Sentence: Exposes high- or low-threat messages to subjects for whom the message is relevant or not relevant and examines how such messages are processed. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 2. Comprehension of message 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 1 Breast cancer 20. Other Author: Lieberman, Debra Year: 1992 Title: The computer's potential role in health education Journal: Health Communication Volume: 4 Issue: 3 Pages: 211-225 Summary Sentence: Discusses the role of computer technology in the delivery of health education. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Outcomes: 3. Knowledge Author: Lipkus, Isaac M.; Biradavolu, Monica; Fenn, Kathryn; Keller, Punam; Rimer, Barbara K. Year: 2000 Title: Informing women about their breast cancer risks: Truth and consequences Journal: Health Communication Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Summary Sentence: Tests effects of personalized information about absolute risk versus comparative risk for breast cancer on accuracy of risk perceptions, emotional response to the message, and intended mammography use. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 14. Other 22. Personalized information Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Lipkus, Isaac M.; Crawford, Yancey; Penn, Kathryn; Biradavolu, Monica; Binder, Ruth Ann; Marcus, Al; Mason, Mondi Year: 1999 Title: Testing different formats for communicating colorectal cancer risk Journal: Journal of Health Communication Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Pages: 311-324 Summary Sentence: Investigates effects of information about the likelihood of colorectal cancer compared to other cancers and information about risk factors for colorectal cancer on absolute risk perceptions, intended screening, and other responses. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6.12 Colon cancer Author: Lipkus, Isaac M.; Holland, J.G. Year: 1999 Title: The visual communication of risk Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 149-163 Summary Sentence: Discusses the use of visual displays in risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 6. Format 8. Measurement/evaluation Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Lippman-Hand, A.; Fraser, F. C. Year: 1979 Title: Genetic counseling: provision and reception of information Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Pages: 113-127 Summary Sentence: Qualitative interview data was used to examine parents' understanding of their risk of having a child with birth defects. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Lippman-Hand, A.; Fraser, F. C. Year: 1979 Title: Genetic counseling - The postcounseling period: 1. Parents' perceptions of uncertainty Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics Volume: 4 Issue: 1 Pages: 51-71 Summary Sentence: Interviews prospective parents about their interpretations of risk information provided in genetic counseling. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 4. Channel 7. Outcome Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 10. At risk/exposed-parent of child Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Llewellyn-Thomas, H.A.; Williams, J.I.; Levy, L.; Naylor, C.D. Year: 1996 Title: Using a trade-off technique to assess patients' treatment preferences for benign prostatic hyperplasia Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 16 Issue: 3 Pages: 262-282 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effectiveness of a decision aid for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 10. Decision aid Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Audience Gender: 2. Male Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid Outcomes: 19. Intended treatment behavior Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: MacGregor, D. G.; Slovic, P.; Morgan, M. G. Year: 1994 Title: Perception of risks from electromagnetic fields: A psychometric evaluation of a risk-communication approach Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 5 Pages: 815-828 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of a brochure about electromagnetic fields and associated risks on risk perceptions and attitudes. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 20. Other Author: Mahler, Heike I. M.; Fitzpatrick, Betsy; Parker, Patricia; Lapin, Angela Year: 1997 Title: The relative effects of a health-based versus an appearance-based intervention designed to increase sunscreen use Journal: American Journal of Health Promotion Volume: 11 Issue: 6 Pages: 426-429 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of appearance-focused or health-focused slide-show on participants' intentions to use and actual use of sunscreen. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 12. Other Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 5 Skin cancer Author: Maibach, Edward Year: 1999 Title: Cancer risk communication--What we need to learn Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 179-181 Summary Sentence: Discusses research priorities in the field of risk communication, including understanding underlying processes of risk communication, theory-based research in real-world contexts, and fostering adoption of "best practices" in cancer risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 8. Measurement/evaluation 11. Multiple Audience Role: 0. Audience role (general) Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 0. Channels (general) Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Maibach, E.; Holtgrave, D. R. Year: 1995 Title: Advances in public health communication Journal: Annual Review of Public Health Volume: 16 Pages: 219-238 Summary Sentence: Discusses how social marketing, risk communication, behavioral decision theory, entertainment education, media advocacy, and interactive decision support systems can be used in health communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel Audience Role: 16. General public Channels of risk communication: 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Maisels, M. J.; Haynes, B.; Conrad, S.; Chez, R. A. Year: 1983 Title: Circumcision. The effect of information on parental decision making. Journal: Pediatrics Volume: 71 Issue: 3 Pages: 453-455 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effects of providing prospective mothers with information about the risks of circumcision. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Malenka, D. J.; Baron, J. A.; Johansen, S.; Wahrenberger, J. W.; Ross, J. M. Year: 1993 Title: The framing effect of relative and absolute risk Journal: Journal of General Internal Medicine Volume: 8 Issue: 10 Pages: 543-548 Summary Sentence: Compares patients preference for treatment information (for a hypothetical disease) presented using relative versus absolute terms. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 12. Other Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 19. Intended treatment behavior Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Mandel, I. D. Year: 1994 Title: Communicating science to our patients and the public Journal: Journal of the American College of Dentists Volume: 61 Issue: 2 Pages: 24-28 Summary Sentence: Provides guidelines for communicating dental information to the general public. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 3. Lecture Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 20. Other 21. Dental issues Author: Marcus, Alfred C. Year: 1999 Title: New directions for risk communication research: A discussion with additional suggestions Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 35-42 Summary Sentence: Suggests new directions for research on risk communication, including research on strategies to increase risk perception accuracy, the sociology of risk communication, and the effectiveness of risk communication as a strategy to change behavior. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 8. Measurement/evaluation 11. Multiple Setting: 11. Home Channels of risk communication: 0. Channels (general) Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Outcomes: 0. Outcomes (general) Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Marcus, A. C.; Crane, L. A. Year: 1998 Title: A review of cervical cancer screening intervention research: Implications for public health programs and future research Journal: Preventive Medicine Volume: 27 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-31 Summary Sentence: Reviews research on cervical cancer intervention programs with an emphasis on channels of communication. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 4. Channel Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 9. Telephone 10. TV 12. Other 22. Community meetings/community groups Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6.Cancer 6. 2 Cervical cancer Author: Marris, C.; Langford, I.; Saunderson, T.; O'Riordan, T. Year: 1997 Title: Exploring the "psychometric paradigm": Comparisons between aggregate and individual analyses Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Pages: 303-312 Summary Sentence: Studies lay people's risk perceptions, comparing an aggregate level of analysis with an individual level of analysis. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 10. Other 11. Home Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Mazur, D. J.; Hickam, D. H. Year: 1991 Title: Patients' interpretations of probability terms Journal: Journal of General Internal Medicine Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Pages: 237-240 Summary Sentence: Compares patients' preferences for numerical versus qualitative presentations of medical risk information. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: McCallum, D. B. Year: 1995 Title: Risk communication: A tool for behavior change Journal: NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) Research Monograph Volume: 155 Pages: 65-89 Summary Sentence: Presents a how-to guide on effective risk communication including establishing goals, understanding the risk and target audience, improving message delivery, and evaluating effectiveness. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 4. Channel 12. General Outcomes: 1. Attitude 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: McCallum, David B.; Hammond, Sharon L.; Covello, Vincent T. Year: 1991 Title: Communicating about environmental risks: How the public uses and perceives information sources Journal: Health Education Quarterly Volume: 18 Issue: 3 Pages: 349-361 Summary Sentence: Reports survey results assessing community members' regard for risk information sources and channels. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 4. Channel 3. Setting Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.) 11. Peer/community member (not affected) 13. Other 14. Media Audience Role: 5. Adult Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 6. Recall of message Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Branstetter, Ann D.; O'Donnell, Susan M.; Jacobson, Kimberly; Quinlan, Kathryn B. Year: 1998 Title: A descriptive study of breast cancer worry Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 21 Issue: 6 Pages: 565-579 Summary Sentence: Describes the thoughts and concerns regarding breast cancer of women with and without a family history of breast cancer. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 5. Adult 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 11. Video Content of risk message: 14. Other 17. Skill building/instructions Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Branstetter, Ann Dyche; Schroeder, Dawn M.; Glasgow, Russell E. Year: 1996 Title: What is the relationship between breast cancer risk and mammography screening? A meta-analytic review Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 15 Issue: 6 Pages: 423-429 Summary Sentence: Presents a meta-analysis of the relationships between the risk perceptions of women with and without a family history of breast cancer and their breast cancer screening. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome Audience Role: 5. Adult 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Thiesse-Duffy, Ellyn; Wilson, Paula Year: 1992 Title: Coping with medical diagnosis: The effects of at-risk versus disease labels over time Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 22 Issue: 17 Pages: 1340-1355 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of test results on mood, risk perceptions, and preventive behavior regarding gum disease. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 14. Other 21. Test results Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 11. Actual information seeking behavior 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 20. Other 21. Dental issues Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Tulloch, Heather E. Year: 1999 Title: Cancer screening decisions Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 52-58 Summary Sentence: Reviews factors that influence adherence to cancer screening, including physician prompts, perceived cancer risk, cancer worry, and costs and benefits of screening. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 7. Outcome Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Content of risk message: 15. Costs/barriers/losses Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: McDaniels, T.; Axelrod, L.; Slovic, P. Year: 1995 Title: Characterizing perception of ecological risk Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 5 Pages: 575-588 Summary Sentence: Examines perceptions of risk to the natural environment. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Outcomes: 1. Attitude 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) Author: McLeroy, Kenneth R. Year: 1989 Title: Issues in risk communication Journal: Health Education Research Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-171 Summary Sentence: Discusses challenges and goals of risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: McMahan, Shari; Witte, Kim; Meyer, Jon a Year: 1998 Title: The perception of risk messages regarding electromagnetic fields: Extending the extended parallel process model to an unknown risk Journal: Health Communication Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Pages: 247-259 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of low and high threat risk messages about electromagnetic fields on attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Melvin, Robert Douglas Year: 1993 Title: The communication of risk: A grounded model University: U Denver, CO, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 54(5-A), 1993, 1596. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Meyerowitz, B. E. Year: 1993 Title: Assessing quality of life when planning and evaluating worker notification programs: Two case examples Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 221-227 Summary Sentence: Presents two case studies of the psychological outcomes of medical risk notifications. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Michie, Susan; French, David; Allanson, Abi; Bobrow, Martin; Marteau, Theresa M. Year: 1997 Title: Information recall in genetic counselling: A pilot study of its assessment Journal: Patient Education and Counseling Volume: 32 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 93-100 Summary Sentence: Examines the accuracy of Genetic counselor's summary letters of counseling sessions have better recall of different parts of the session. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 7. Outcome Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 6. Other 7. Oral/spoken Outcomes: 6. Recall of message Hazard: 19. General, unspecified 20. Other Author: Mitchell, J. V. Year: 1992 Title: Perception of risk and credibility at toxic sites Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Pages: 19-26 Summary Sentence: Studies risk perceptions of agency and residential groups involved in Superfund planning and their views of the credibility of information sources. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Morgan, M. G.; Fischhoff, B. ; Bostrom, A.; Lave, L.; Atman, C.J. Year: 1992 Title: Communicating risk to the public Journal: Environmental Science and Technology Volume: 26 Issue: 11 Pages: 2048-2056 Summary Sentence: Describes the development of radon information brochures designed to fill in gaps in lay people's mental models. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 7. Possible health outcomes 12. Time course of hazard Outcomes: 3. Knowledge Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) 6. 9 Lung cancer Editor: Morris, Louis A.; Mazis, Michael B.; Barofsky, Ivan Year: 1980 Title: Banbury Report 6: Product Labeling and Health Risks Series Title: Banbury Report Series City: Cold Spring Harbor, NY Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Number of Pages: 328 Summary Sentence: Book based on a conference on product labeling and health risks, with sections entitled "Labeling case studies," "Labeling as a communication device," and "Labeling as a social policy." It contains specific recommendations for effectively communicating risks through product labels. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 13. Other Channels of risk communication: 24. Product label/packaging Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Mossman, K. L. Year: 1996 Title: Radiation risk communication in human subjects research [letter; comment] Journal: Health Physics Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 749-750 Summary Sentence: Letter to the editor discussing most acceptable formats to use to explain radiation risks in human research. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Mullet, E.; Duquesnoy, C.; Raiff, P.; Fahrasmane, R.; Namur, E. Year: 1993 Title: The evaluative factor of risk perception Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 23 Pages: 1594-1605 Summary Sentence: Identifies an evaluative factor in perceived risk that is independent of dread and knowledge and that predicts subjects' demands for risk control legislation. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 21. Other Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Myers, R. E.; Trock, B. J.; Lerman, C.; Wolf, T.; Ross, E.; Engstrom, P. F. Year: 1990 Title: Adherence to colorectal cancer screening in an HMO population Journal: Preventive Medicine Volume: 19 Issue: 5 Pages: 502-514 Summary Sentence: Examines psychological predictors of adherence to colorectal cancer screening and offers recommendations for risk communicators. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6.12 Colon cancer Author: Myrick, Roger Year: 1998 Title: In search of cultural sensitivity and inclusiveness: Communication strategies sued in rural HIV prevention campaigns designed for African Americans Journal: Health Communication Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 65-85 Summary Sentence: Examines health communication strategies in HIV prevention programs designed for African-Americans in rural Alabama. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel 5. Content Audience Role: 16. General public Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 11. Video Content of risk message: 14. Other Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other 24. Community or public response Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: National_Cancer_Institute Year: 1998 Title: How the public perceives, processes, and interprets risk information: Findings from focus group research with the general public City: Bethesda, MD Institutional Author: National Cancer Institute Pages: 57 Date: June, 1998 Summary Sentence: The Office of Cancer Communication examined how adults perceive, process, and interpret cancer risk information via focus groups. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 28. Information/communication preferences Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer 6. 5 Skin cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer Author: National_Research_Council Year: 1989 Title: Improving risk communication City: Washington, DC Publisher: National Academy Press Number of Pages: xvii, 332 ISBN: 0-309-03946-0 (hardcover), 0-309-03943-6 (paperback) Summary Sentence: A broad overview of risk communication with particular attention to communication goals, context, policy, conflict, and uncertainty. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Audience Role: 0. Audience Role (general) Setting: 0. Setting (general) Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Outcomes: 0. Outcomes (general) Hazard: 0. Hazard (general) Author: Naylor, C.D.; Chen, E.; Strauss, B. Year: 1992 Title: Measured enthusiasm: Does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine Volume: 117 Issue: 11 Pages: 916-921 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of formats for presenting risk likelihood on health professionals' estimates of treatment effectiveness for heart disease. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Setting: 5. Health care setting Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke Author: Needleman, C. Year: 1993 Title: Worker notification: Lessons from the past Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-23 Summary Sentence: Discusses six landmark worker notification studies from the 1970's and 1980's to identify ways of improving risk communication. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 3. Setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Content of risk message: 14. Other 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 17. Smoking Author: Needleman, C. Year: 1993 Title: Social aspects of high-risk notification among chromium-exposed workers Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 113-123 Summary Sentence: Reports results of a survey of workers who received risk information about their chromium exposure. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 6. Recall of message 11. Actual information seeking behavior 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6.13 Other cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Neil, N.; Malmfors, T.; Slovic, P. Year: 1994 Title: Intuitive toxicology: Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks Journal: Toxicologic Pathology Volume: 22 Issue: 2 Pages: 198-201 Summary Sentence: Reports survey of experts and lay people concerning opinions about chemical toxicology. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Ng, K. L.; Hamby, D. M. Year: 1997 Title: Fundamentals for establishing a risk communication program Journal: Health Physics Volume: 73 Issue: 3 Pages: 473-482 Summary Sentence: Provides recommendations for effective risk communication programs. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 4. Channel 11. Multiple Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 8. Small groups/focus groups 9. Telephone 10. TV 11. Video Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Nisbett, Richard E.; Fong, Geoffrey T.; Lehman, Darrin R.; Cheng, Patricia W. Year: 1987 Title: Teaching reasoning Journal: Science Volume: 238 Issue: 4827 Pages: 625-631 Summary Sentence: Proposes that reasoning regarding logic and statistics can be taught and supports this proposition with data on college students and adults. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 5. Adult Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 21. Other Author: Noell, John; Ary, Dennis; Duncan, Terry Year: 1997 Title: Development and evaluation of a sexual decision-making and social skills program: "The choice is yours--preventing HIV/STDs." Journal: Health Education and Behavior Volume: 24 Issue: 1 Pages: 87-101 Summary Sentence: Presents and tests the effectiveness of a series of interactive video programs designed to reduce HIV/STD risk behaviors. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 4. Channel Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 2. Child/Pre-teen 3. Teen Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American 3. Caucasian 4. Hispanic Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: O'Brien, Paul William Year: 1993 Title: Aftershock warnings following the Loma Prieta earthquake: A theoretical assessment University: Colorado State U, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 53(9-A), Mar 1993, 3374. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: O'Connor, A.; Tugwell, P.; Wells, G.; Elmslie, T. Year: 1995 Title: Do decision aids help postmenopausal women considering preventive hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (abstract) Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 15 Issue: 4 Pages: 433 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of a decision aid on post-menopausal women's feelings of knowledge, certainty, costs/benefits, and conflict regarding decisions about hormone replacement therapy. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 10. Decision aid Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Decision aid 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, or handouts 12. Other 23. Audiotape Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 14. Other Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 20. Other 24. Menopause Author: O'Connor, Annette M.; Fiset, Valerie; DeGrasse, Catherine ; Graham, Ian D.; Evans, William; Stacey, Dawn ; Laupacis, Andreas; Tugwell, Peter Year: 1999 Title: Decision aids for patients considering options affecting cancer outcomes: Evidence of efficacy and policy implications Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 67-80 Summary Sentence: Reviews research documenting the efficacy of decision aids and makes policy and research recommendations. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension 10. Decision aid Audience Role: 20. Patient (general) Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 14. Other 15. Costs/barriers/losses 16. Benefits/gains 20. General information about recommended action Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid Outcomes: 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 14. Actual treatment behavior 21. Other 28. Information/communication preferences Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: O'Connor, A. M.; Pennie, R. A.; Dales, R. E. Year: 1996 Title: Framing effects on expectations, decisions, and side effects experienced: The case of influenza immunization [published erratum appears in J Clin Epidemiol 1997 Jun;50(6):747-8] Journal: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology Volume: 49 Issue: 11 Pages: 1271-1276 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of positive or negative framing of a vaccination message on patients' decisions to get an influenza vaccine. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 6. Other 7. Oral/spoken Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 13. Actual testing/screening 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) 22. Treatment related risks Author: O'Connor, A. M.; Perrault, D. J. Year: 1995 Title: Importance of physician's role highlighted in survey of women's breast screening practices Journal: Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique Volume: 86 Issue: 1 Pages: 42-45 Summary Sentence: Examines breast cancer screening attitudes, knowledge, and intentions. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 9. Telephone Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: O'Connor, Annette M.; Tugwell, Peter; Wells, George A.; Elmslie, Tom; Jolly, Elaine; Hollingworth, Garry; McPherson, Ruth; Bunn, Helen; Graham, Ian; Drake, Elizabeth Year: 1998 Title: A decision aid for women considering hormone therapy after menopause: Decision support framework and evaluation Journal: Patient Education and Counseling Volume: 33 Issue: 3 Pages: 267-279 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of a hormone replacement therapy decision aid on post-menopausal women's knowledge, expectations, certainty, and intentions to use this therapy. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 10. Decision aid Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 12. Other 23. Audiotape Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 19. Intended treatment behavior Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: O'Connor, A. M.; Tugwell, P.; Wells, G. A.; Elmslie, T.; Jolly, E.; Hollingworth, G.; McPherson, R.; Drake, E.; Hopman, W.; Mackenzie, T. Year: 1998 Title: Randomized trial of a portable, self-administered decision aid for postmenopausal women considering long-term preventive hormone therapy Journal: Medical Decision Making Volume: 18 Issue: 3 Pages: 295-303 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of a decision aid versus an informational pamphlet on post-menopausal women's decision regarding hormone replacement therapy. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 11. Video Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: O'Hair, Dan Year: 1989 Title: Dimensions of relational communication and control during physician--patient interactions Journal: Health Communication Volume: 1 Issue: 2 Pages: 97-115 Summary Sentence: Examines communication among physician-patient dyads using the relational communication framework. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 17. Other 20. Patient (general) Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Oppenheim, P.I.; Sotiropoulos, G.; Baraff, L.J. Year: 1994 Title: Incorporating patient preferences into practice guidelines: Management of children with fever without source Journal: Annals of Emergency Medicine Volume: 24 Issue: 5 Pages: 836-841 Summary Sentence: Examines parents' treatment preferences when their young children have a fever without a source. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent 14. Ill-parent of ill child Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 4. Expense of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 19. Intended treatment behavior 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) Author: Osei, E. K.; Amoh, G. E.; Schandorf, C. Year: 1997 Title: Risk ranking by perception Journal: Health Physics Volume: 72 Issue: 2 Pages: 195-203 Summary Sentence: Reports survey data on Ghana residents' ranking of different technological risks and summarized some of the main factors that influence people's risk perceptions. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Owens, R.G.; Ashcroft, J.J.; Leinster, S.J.; Slade, P.D. Year: 1987 Title: Informal decision analysis with breast cancer patients: An aid to psychological preparation for surgery Journal: Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Pages: 23-33 Summary Sentence: Examines the use of "informal decision analysis" on women's decisions and feelings toward breast cancer treatment. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 14. Other 16. Benefits/gains Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Page, Stephen D. Year: 1994 Title: Indoor radon: A case study in risk communication Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Suppl Pages: 15-18 Summary Sentence: Discusses the challenges of risk communication, including how to choose the environmental risks to focus on. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 12. General Audience Role: 16. General public Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 3. Definition of hazard 9. Preventability of hazard 14. Other Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6-6. Other cancer 6-9. Lung cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Editor: Parrott, Roxanne Louiselle; Condit, Celeste Michelle Year: 1996 Title: Evaluating women's health messages: A resource book City: Thousand Oaks, CA Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc. Number of Pages: xiv, 445 ISBN: 0-7619-0056-X (hardcover), 0-7619-0057-8 (paperback) Summary Sentence: Overview of practices and challenges in communication about women's reproductive health. The book is organized into sections covering different approaches to communication (e.g., the social support framework, the campaign perspective), and within the sections each chapter deals with a specific reproductive health issue (e.g., prenatal care, cervical cancer). Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 12. General Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender: 1. Female Hazard: 20. Other Author: Patrick, Kevin Year: 1999 Title: Prevention, public health, and interactive health communication Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Volume: 16 Issue: 1 Pages: 46-47 Summary Sentence: Introduces articles on interactive health communication stimulated by the activities of the Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel 12. General Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 16. General public Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Pavlova, M. T. Year: 1993 Title: Superfund and one community program Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 183-189 Summary Sentence: Discusses a case study of a risk communication and notification program. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Paystrup, Patricia Year: 1994 Title: The wolf at Yellowstone's door: Extending and applying the cultural approach to risk communication to an endangered species recovery plan controversy University: Purdue U, IN, USA Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences. Vol 54(9-A), 1994, 3252. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Pearn, J.H. Year: 1973 Title: Patients' subjective interpretation of risks offered in genetic counseling Journal: Journal of Medical Genetics Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Pages: 129-134 Summary Sentence: Discussion of patients' understanding of genetic risks, in particular risk of birth defects, and the effects of factors such as severity, time, and personality on comprehension. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Perloff, R. M.; Pettey, G. Year: 1991 Title: Designing an AIDS information campaign to reach intravenous drug users and sex partners Journal: Public Health Reports Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 460-463 Summary Sentence: Describes a multimedia campaign aimed at educating IV drug users about the etiology and prevention of AIDS and offers suggestions about effective risk communication. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 12. Other Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 11. Actual information seeking behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Peters, R. G. Year: 1996 Title: A study of the factors determining perceptions of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: The importance of overcoming negative stereotypes Journal: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 442-447 Summary Sentence: Examines trust and perceived credibility of industry, government, and citizen groups in environmental risk communication. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting 1. Communicator Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Peters, R. G.; Covello, V. T.; McCallum, D. B. Year: 1997 Title: The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: An empirical study Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 17 Issue: 1 Pages: 43-54 Summary Sentence: Examines trust and perceived credibility of industry, government, and citizen groups in environmental risk communication. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Pistella, Christine L. Young; Bonati, Frank A. Year: 1998 Title: Communication about sexual behavior among adolescent women, their family and peers Journal: Families in Society Volume: 79 Issue: 2 Pages: 206-211 Summary Sentence: Surveys female adolescent patients in a family planning clinic about their communications with family, and peers concerning reproductive health. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting 4. Channel Communicator: 9. Parent 11. Peer/community member (not affected) Audience Role: 3. Teen Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs 20. Other Author: Quaid, K.A.; Faden, R.R.; Vining, E.P.; Freeman, J.M. Year: 1990 Title: Informed consent for a prescription drug: Impact of disclosed information on patient understanding and medical outcomes Journal: Patient Education and Counseling Volume: 15 Pages: 249-259 Summary Sentence: Examines relationships between providing full information about a seizure drug and patients' anxiety, recall, and risk perceptions. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult 10. At risk/exposed-parent of child Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 14. Other 16. Benefits/gains Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 6. Recall of message 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Raghubir, Priya; Menon, Geeta Year: 1998 Title: AIDS and me, never the twain shall meet: The effects of information accessibility on judgments of risk and advertising effectiveness Journal: Journal of Consumer Research Volume: 25 Issue: 1 Pages: 52-63 Summary Sentence: Manipulates the accessibility of information about causes of AIDS to examine impacts on risk perception and responses to a safe sex advertisement. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 12. Unspecified Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Ethnicity: 2. Asian Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 10. TV Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission Outcomes: 1. Attitude 7. Risk perception-likelihood 11. Actual information seeking behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Rakowski, William; Ehrich, Beverly; Goldstein, Michael G.; Rimer, Barbara K.; Pearlman, Deborah N.; Clark, Melissa A.; Velicer, Wayne F.; Woolverton, Hugh, III Year: 1998 Title: Increasing mammography among women aged 40-74 by use of a stage-matched, tailored intervention Journal: Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory Volume: 27 Issue: 5 Pt 1 Pages: 748-756 Summary Sentence: Compares ability of a tailored intervention matched to women's stage-of-adoption to increase mammography use to that of nonmatched interventions. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 9. Preventability of hazard 22. Personalized information Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Ratzan, Scott C.; Payne, J. Gregory; Massett, Holly A. Year: 1994 Title: Effective health message design: The America Responds to AIDS campaign Journal: American Behavioral Scientist Volume: 38 Issue: 2 Pages: 294-309 Summary Sentence: Discusses a model of health communication (COAST) and uses it to analyze a mass media campaign on AIDS. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting 4. Channel Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Regan, Michael J.; Desvousges, William H. Year: 1990 Title: Communicating environmental risks: A guide to practical evaluations City: Washington, DC Institutional Author: Environmental Protection Agency Report Number: EPA 230-01-91-001 Summary Sentence: Presents a step-by-step practical guide on how to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation Audience Role: 17. Other 21. Other professionals and experts Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Renner, Britta Year: 1999 Title: Psychological effects of health risk communication URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~prague/brahms/mexico.htm Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of expectations and cholesterol test results on perceived severity of risk and perceived pressure to change behavior. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 7. Other Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 21. Test results Outcomes: 8. Risk perception-severity 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke 20. Other Author: Renz, Mary Ann Year: 1992 Title: Communicating about environmental risk: An examination of a Minnesota county's communication on incineration Journal: Journal of Applied Communication Research Volume: 20 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-18 Summary Sentence: Discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the communication process that occurred in Winona County, Minnesota when the public was deciding on a proposed incinerator. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other 24. Community or public response Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Reynolds, Kim D.; West, Stephen G.; Aiken, Leona S. Year: 1990 Title: Increasing the use of mammography: A pilot program Journal: Health Education Quarterly Volume: 17 Issue: 4 Pages: 429-441 Summary Sentence: Evaluates two programs designed to increase mammography use. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 11. Severity of outcome 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Outcomes: 11. Actual information seeking behavior 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Richards, M. P. M.; Hallowell, N.; Green, J. M.; Murton, F.; Statham, H. Year: 1995 Title: Counseling families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: A psychosocial perspective Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling Volume: 4 Issue: 3 Pages: 219-233 Summary Sentence: Discusses key elements of genetic counseling. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer 6. 2 Cervical cancer Author: Rimer, B. K. Year: 1995 Title: Putting the "informed" in informed consent about mammography [editorial; comment] Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute Volume: 87 Issue: 10 Pages: 703-704 Summary Sentence: Discusses controversies involving mammography screening. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Rohrmann, Bernd Year: 1992 Title: The evaluation of risk communication effectiveness Journal: Acta Psychologica Volume: 81 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-192 Summary Sentence: Discusses taxonomies for risk communications and prescribes appropriate evaluation procedures. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Rohrmann, Bernd Year: 1990 Title: Analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of risk communication programs Journal: Studies on Risk Communication Volume: 17 Pages: 1-26 Summary Sentence: Advises researchers how to conduct content, process, and outcome evaluations of risk communication efforts. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Rook, Karen S. Year: 1987 Title: Effects of case history versus abstract information on health attitudes and behaviors Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 17 Issue: 6 Pages: 533-553 Summary Sentence: Compares the influence of health information presented in abstract versus case study forms on women's attitudes, affect, and behavioral intentions regarding osteoporosis. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community 5. Health care setting 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 20. Other 25. Osteoporosis Author: Rothert, Marilyn L.; Holmes-Rovner, Margaret; Rovner, David; Kroll, Jill; Breer, Lynn; Talarczyk, Geraldine; Schmitt, Neal; Padonu, Georgia; Wills, Celia Year: 1997 Title: An educational intervention as decision support for menopausal women Journal: Research in Nursing and Health Volume: 20 Issue: 5 Pages: 377-387 Summary Sentence: Compares the effectiveness of three intervention formats used to inform women about menopause and hormone replacement therapy. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format 10. Decision aid Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Channels of risk communication: 3. Lecture 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 7. Possible health outcomes 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 14. Actual treatment behavior 21. Other 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks 24. Menopause 25. Osteoporosis Author: Rothman, Alexander J.; Kiviniemi, Marc T. Year: 1999 Title: Treating people with information: An analysis and review of approaches to communicating health risk information Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 44-51 Summary Sentence: Reviews risk communication and risk perception literature to evaluate different approaches to risk communication and the criteria used to identify effective messages. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 6. Format 8. Measurement/evaluation Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Rothman, Alexander J.; Salovey, Peter Year: 1997 Title: Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing Journal: Psychological Bulletin Volume: 121 Issue: 1 Pages: 3-19 Summary Sentence: Discusses and reviews literature on the framing of persuasive health messages as benefits or as costs. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Setting: 4. General community 6. Laboratory 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 15. Costs/barriers/losses 16. Benefits/gains Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 6. Other Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 19. Intended treatment behavior 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Rothman, Alexander J.; Salovey, Peter; Antone, Carol; Keough, Kelli; Martin, Chloe Drake Year: 1993 Title: The influence of message framing on intentions to perform health behaviors Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Volume: 29 Issue: 5 Pages: 408-433 Summary Sentence: Tests the effects of positively versus negatively framed messages about skin cancer on attitudes toward prevention and detection. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Audience Ethnicity: 3. Caucasian Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 2. Communication style 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal 6. Other Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 11. Actual information seeking behavior 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 5 Skin cancer Author: Rowan, F. Year: 1996 Title: The high stakes of risk communication Journal: Preventive Medicine Volume: 25 Issue: 1 Pages: 26-29 Summary Sentence: Discusses the difficulties of risk communication and offers two examples (oxygenate in gasoline and public smoking). Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 10. TV Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 14. Other 19. General information about hazard Outcomes: 1. Attitude 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 17. Smoking Author: Rowan, Katherine E. Year: 1994 Title: Why rules for risk communication are not enough: A problem-solving approach to risk communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Pages: 365-374 Summary Sentence: Presents a problem-solving approach to more effective risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 5. Content Audience Role: 16. General public Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Royak-Schaler, Renee; Cheuvront, Brian; Wilson, Kenneth R.; Williams, Claudia M. Year: 1996 Title: Addressing women's breast cancer risk and perceptions of control in medical settings Journal: Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Pages: 185-199 Summary Sentence: Studies African American and white women's risk perceptions of breast cancer, and the implications of these perceptions for health practitioners who want to provide accurate and sensitive information about prevention and screening. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American 3. Caucasian Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Russell, Cristine Year: 1999 Title: Implications for improving risk communications through various channels: A discussion Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 177-178 Summary Sentence: Reviews problems and promising developments in cancer risk communication through various channels, focusing on mass media. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 4. Channel Communicator: 0. Communicator (general) 14. Media Channels of risk communication: 0. Channels (general) 1. Computer program (non-internet) 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV 26. Media-general Form of risk information: 0. Format (general) Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Ryan, Michael; Dunwoody, Sharon; Tankard, James Year: 1991 Title: Risk information for public consumption: Print media coverage of two risky situations Journal: Health Education Quarterly Volume: 18 Issue: 3 Pages: 375-390 Summary Sentence: Examines the content and approaches used by the print media to explain two risk situations. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 13. Other 14. Media Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6-6. Other cancer 6.10 Pancreatic cancer 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Salovey, Peter; Birnbaum, Deborah Year: 1989 Title: Influence of mood on health-relevant cognitions Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Volume: 57 Issue: 3 Pages: 539-551 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of a mood induction on college students' health beliefs, health expectations, and perceived vulnerability. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Outcomes: 1. Attitude 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) 20. Other Author: Salovey, Peter; Schneider, Tamera R.; Apanovitch, Anne Marie Year: 1999 Title: Persuasion for the purpose of cancer risk reduction: A discussion Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 119-122 Summary Sentence: Discusses factors likely to moderate the relationship between health cognition and health behaviors, and briefly reviews the persuasion literature and its application to cancer risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 0. Communicator (general) Audience Role: 0. Audience role (general) Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Sandman, Peter M.; Salomone, Kandice L.; Chess, Caron Year: 1990 Title: What does the public need to know about environmental risk and how they should be told Pages: 114 Summary Sentence: Presents survey results concerning the attitudes of environmental advocates, educators, and government officials regarding what the public needs to know and how they should be told about environmental risk. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting 5. Content Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional 17. Other 21. Other professionals and experts Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 1. Attitude 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Sandman, Peter M.; Weinstein, Neil D.; Miller, Paul Year: 1994 Title: High risk or low: How location on a "risk ladder" affects perceived risk Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Pages: 34-45 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of a risk ladder presentation format on radon and asbestos risk perceptions. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Santos, S. L. Year: 1995 Title: The role of risk communication in environmental decision-making [corrected and republished article originally printed in Cent Eur J Public Health 1994;2 Suppl:77-9] Journal: Central European Journal of Public Health Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Pages: 107-109 Summary Sentence: Discusses the importance of involving the public in environmental decision-making and presents three case studies and a how-to guide for effective risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 21. Other 24. Community or public response Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Santos, S. L.; Covello, V. T.; McCallum, D. B. Year: 1996 Title: Industry response to SARA Title III: Pollution prevention, risk reduction, and risk communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 16 Issue: 1 Pages: 57-66 Summary Sentence: Reports industry responses to environmental legislation that required them to report hazardous chemicals to the community. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 2. Business/corporation/commercial group Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 9. Workplace 10. Other Outcomes: 21. Other 26. Corporate response Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Schinke, Steven P.; Schilling, Robert F.; Gilchrist, Lewayne D. Year: 1986 Title: Prevention of drug and alcohol abuse in American Indian youths Journal: Social Work Research and Abstracts Volume: 22 Issue: 4 Pages: 18-19 Summary Sentence: Assesses drug and alcohol knowledge and behavior changes of Native American youth following a prevention program. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 7. Outcome Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 13. Other Audience Role: 2. Child/Pre-teen Audience Ethnicity: 5. Native American Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 7. Possible health outcomes 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 1. Alcohol 8. Drug abuse Author: Schmidt, F.N.; Gifford, R. Year: 1989 Title: A dispositional approach to hazard perception: Preliminary development of the Environmental Appraisal Inventory Journal: Journal of Environmental Psychology Volume: 9 Pages: 57-67 Summary Sentence: Examines adults' perceptions of threat to self, threat to environment, and personal control concerning environmental risks. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 7. Done: coded, entered, and filed Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 16. General public Outcomes: 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 21. Other 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) Author: Schulte, P. A.; Boal, W. L.; Friedland, J. M.; Walker, J. T.; Connally, L. B.; Mazzuckelli, L. F.; Fine, L. J. Year: 1993 Title: Methodologic issues in risk communications to workers Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 3-9 Summary Sentence: Discusses issues related to the content, process, and evaluation of worker risk notification. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content 8. Measurement/evaluation 12. General Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Schwartz, L. M.; Woloshin, S.; Black, W. C.; Welch, H. G. Year: 1997 Title: The role of numeracy in understanding the benefit of screening mammography Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine Volume: 127 Issue: 11 Pages: 966-972 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of women's numeracy and the format of risk information on the accuracy of women's risk judgments regarding benefits of mammography. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 14. Other 16. Benefits/gains Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Schwartz, Lisa M.; Woloshin, Steven; Welch, H. Gilbert Year: 1999 Title: Risk communication in clinical practice: Putting cancer into context Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 124-133 Summary Sentence: Suggests three-part approach to improving cancer risk communication consisting of office-based tools for physicians, patient education, and guidelines for risk communicators. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 4. Channel 7. Outcome Communicator: 0. Communicator (general) 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 14. Media Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Shaklee, Harriet; Fischhoff, Baruch Year: 1990 Title: The psychology of contraceptive surprises: Cumulative risk and contraceptive effectiveness Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 20 Issue: 5 Pt 2 Pages: 385-403 Summary Sentence: Examines young adults' perceptions of short and long term contraceptive risks. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 5. Adult Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Sherman, Steven J.; Cialdini, Robert B.; Schwartzman, Donna F.; Reynolds, Kim D. Year: 1985 Title: Imagining can heighten or lower the perceived likelihood of contracting a disease: The mediating effect of ease of imagery Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Pages: 118-127 Summary Sentence: Examined the relationship between ease of imagining symptoms and likelihood estimates for disease. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Shiloh, Shoshana; Berkenstadt, Michal Year: 1992 Title: Lay conceptions of genetic disorders Editor: Evers-Kiebooms, Gerry; Fryns, Jean-Pierre Book Title: Psychosocial Aspects of Genetic Counseling City: New York, NY Publisher: Wiley-Liss Volume: 28 Number of Volumes: 1 Pages: 191-200 Series Title: Birth defects: Original articles series, Vol. 28, No. 1. Summary Sentence: Examines the conceptions held by the general public about genetic disorders and their effects on the genetic counseling process. Publication Type 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Author: Shiloh, S.; Sagi, M. Year: 1989 Title: Effect of framing on the perception of genetic recurrence risks Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics Volume: 33 Issue: 1 Pages: 130-135 Summary Sentence: Examines how the way risks are framed influence the subjects assessment of genetic risks. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 6. Laboratory Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Siegrist, Michael Year: 1997 Title: Communicating low risk magnitudes: Incidence rates expressed as frequency versus rates expressed as probability Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 17 Issue: 4 Pages: 507-510 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of presenting rates as frequencies versus probabilities on willingness to pay for safer treatments. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 19. Intended treatment behavior Hazard: 14. Hypothetical risk Author: Siero, Sjef; Kok, Gerjo; Pruyn, Jean Year: 1984 Title: Effects of public education about breast cancer and breast self-examination Journal: Social Science and Medicine Volume: 18 Issue: 10 Pages: 881-888 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect four persuasive messages about breast self-examination (BSE) on women's knowledge, attitudes, intentions to, and actual BSE behavior. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 11. Severity of outcome 14. Other 17. Skill building/instructions Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Silka, Linda; Albright, Linda Year: 1983 Title: Intuitive judgments of rate change: The case of teenage pregnancies Journal: Basic and Applied Social Psychology Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Pages: 337-352 Summary Sentence: Examines the extent to which information about population size is taken into account in estimating teenage pregnancy rates from frequency data. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 14. Other Hazard: 20. Other Author: Simons-Morton, B. G.; Donohew, L.; Crump, A. D. Year: 1997 Title: Health communication in the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use Journal: Health Education and Behavior Volume: 24 Issue: 5 Pages: 544-554 Summary Sentence: Discusses the role of health communication in the prevention of substance abuse, different approaches to health communication, and four programs that target minority audiences. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 12. General Audience Role: 3. Teen Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 1. Alcohol 8. Drug abuse 17. Smoking Author: Skinner, C. S.; Strecher, V. J.; Hospers, H. Year: 1994 Title: Physicians' recommendations for mammography: Do tailored messages make a difference? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Volume: 84 Issue: 1 Pages: 43-49 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effects of receiving individualized breast cancer information in a letter from a physician on women's recall and screening behavior. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 10. Other 11. Home Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 22. Personalized information Form of risk information: 6. Other Outcomes: 6. Recall of message 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Slovic, Paul Year: 1986 Title: Informing and educating the public about risk Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Pages: 403-415 Summary Sentence: Discusses the limitations of risk assessment, limitations of public understanding, various formats of presenting risk, and the media's role in risk communication as obstacles to effective risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 6. Format Audience Role: 16. General public Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 10. TV Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Slovic, Paul Year: 1987 Title: Perception of risk Journal: Science Volume: 236 Issue: 4799 Pages: 280-285 Summary Sentence: Discusses the implications of public response to hazards on policy-making and risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Slovic, P.; Fischhoff, B.; Lichtenstein, S. Year: 1978 Title: Accident probabilities and seat belt usage: A psychological perspective Journal: Accident Analysis and Prevention Volume: 10 Issue: 4 Pages: 281-285 Summary Sentence: Discusses how seat belt use is more influenced by probability than by severity of consequences and how people do not voluntarily protect themselves from low probability risks. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 4. Automobile safety Author: Slovic, Paul; Fischhoff, Baruch; Lichtenstein, Sarah Year: 1981 Title: Informing the public about the risks from ionizing radiation Journal: Health Physics Volume: 41 Issue: 4 Pages: 589-598 Summary Sentence: Discusses challenges regarding communicating radiation risk to the public and examines the effect of an educational brochure on adults' risk perceptions. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 5. Adult 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other 25. Policy/regulation changes Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Slovic, Paul; Kraus, Nancy; Covello, Vincent T. Year: 1990 Title: What should we know about making risk comparisons? Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Pages: 389-392 Summary Sentence: Discusses problems in presenting the comparison of unrelated risk to the public and presents an empirical study to support this argument. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 3. Setting 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 8. Risk perception-severity 21. Other 24. Community or public response Hazard: 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 18. Multiple (greater than 5) 20. Other Author: Slovic, Paul; Malmfors, Torbjoern; Krewski, Daniel; Mertz, C. K.; Neil, Nancy; Bartlett, Sheryl Year: 1995 Title: Intuitive toxicology. II. Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks in Canada Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 6 Pages: 661-675 Summary Sentence: Examines toxicologists' and the general public's attitudes and beliefs regarding chemical risks. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 1. Attitude 8. Risk perception-severity 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 21. Other Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Smith, V. Kerry; Desvousges, William H.; Johnson, F. Reed; Fisher, Ann Year: 1990 Title: Can public information programs affect risk perceptions? Journal: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Pages: 41-59 Summary Sentence: Examines how different risk presentation formats influence homeowners' perceptions of radon and provides recommendations for radon risk communication. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 2. Communication style 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal 6. Other Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Snyder, Leslie B. Year: 1987 Title: Learning and acting in a health communication campaign: Teaching rural women to prevent infant dehydration through diarrheal disease control in The Gambia, West Africa University: Stanford U, CA, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 47(9-A), Mar 1987, 3228. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Spivey, G. H. Year: 1991 Title: Health risk communication--a view from within industry Journal: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology Volume: 44 Issue: Suppl 1 Pages: 63S-67S Summary Sentence: Discusses ethical considerations and problem areas regarding the epidemiologist's role in risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Spunt, B. S.; Deyo, R. A.; Taylor, V. M.; Leek, K. M.; Goldberg, H.I.; Mulley, A.G. Year: 1996 Title: An interactive videodisc program for low back pain patients Journal: Health Education Research Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Pages: 535-541 Summary Sentence: Reports patients' evaluations of an interactive videodisc program designed to provide information about lower back surgery. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 4. Channel Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 3. Interactive Outcomes: 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Stanbury, M.; Solice-Sample, G.; Pescatore, J. Year: 1993 Title: Asbestos disease risk communication conducted by the New Jersey Department of Health Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 97-104 Summary Sentence: Examines adults' attitudes toward a mailed information packet about asbestos risk on their decision to seek legal and medical advice. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 5. Adult 13. Ill-adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 14. Other Outcomes: 1. Attitude 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 11. Actual information seeking behavior 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Stefanek, M.E. Year: 1990 Title: Counseling women at high risk for breast cancer Journal: Oncology Volume: 4 Issue: 1 Pages: 27-38 Summary Sentence: Suggests that breast cancer risk counseling should highlight the benefits of early detection, and should include individualized risk information and an assessment of a woman's breast self-exam technique. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 5. Health care setting Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) 16. Benefits/gains 17. Skill building/instructions Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Stone, Eric R.; Yates, J. Frank; Parker, Andrew M. Year: 1997 Title: Effects of numerical and graphical displays on professed risk-taking behavior Journal: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Pages: 243-256 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of numerical versus varying graphical displays of risk likelihood on college students' willingness to buy the safer product. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 4. Automobile safety 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease) Author: Stone, Eric R.; Yates, J. Frank; Parker, Andrew M. Year: 1994 Title: Risk communication: Absolute versus relative expressions of low-probability risks Journal: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Volume: 60 Issue: 3 Pages: 387-408 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of presenting risk information in terms of incidence rates versus relative risks on college students' intentions to buy the safer product. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Stone, J. A. Year: 1993 Title: Content of notification: Exposure to the pesticide chlordimeform Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 93-95 Summary Sentence: Provides recommendations for the content of worker notifications of chemical exposure risks. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 12. Unspecified Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 7. Possible health outcomes 12. Time course of hazard 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Stoto, M. A.; Evans, G.; Bostrom, A. Year: 1998 Title: Vaccine risk communication Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Pages: 237-239 Summary Sentence: Summarizes issues raised at a medical workshop designed to discuss risk communication about childhood vaccines. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Setting: 3. Focus group/small group 10. Other Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid 3. Interactive 6. Other Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 6. Recall of message Hazard: 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Strecher, Victor J.; Greenwood, Todd; Wang, Catharine; Dumont, Dana Year: 1999 Title: Interactive multimedia and risk communication Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 134-139 Summary Sentence: Discusses the benefits of interactive multimedia in delivering risk information and tailoring it to individuals. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) 2. Internet (listserves, web pages) Content of risk message: 22. Personalized information Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid 2. Graphical display 3. Interactive Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other 27. Information processing/decision-making process Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Strecher, Victor J.; Kreuter, Matthew W.; Kobrin, Sarah C. Year: 1995 Title: Do cigarette smokers have unrealistic perceptions of their heart attack, cancer, and stroke risks? Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 18 Issue: 1 Pages: 45-54 Summary Sentence: Compares risk perceptions of smokers with those of nonsmokers. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 3. Teen Setting: 5. Health care setting Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke 17. Smoking Author: Sutherland, H.J.; Lockwood, G.A.; Tritchler, D.L.; Sem, F.; Brooks, L.; Till, J.E. Year: 1991 Title: Communicating probabilistic information to cancer patients: Is there "noise" on the line? Journal: Social Science and Medicine Volume: 32 Issue: 6 Pages: 725-731 Summary Sentence: Examines cancer patients' interpretations of probability words (e.g., "always", "never"). Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel 5. Content Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 1. Computer program (non-internet) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Sutton, Stephen; Hallett, Robert Year: 1988 Title: Understanding the effects of fear-arousing communications: The role of cognitive factors and amount of fear aroused Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Pages: 353-360 Summary Sentence: Employees' risk perceptions, affect, confidence in their ability to quit and intention to quit smoking were assessed after they watched a videotape about the risks of smoking. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control Hazard: 17. Smoking Author: Sutton, Stephen; Hallett, Robert Year: 1989 Title: Understanding seat-belt intentions and behavior: A decision-making approach Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 19 Issue: 15 Pt 1 Pages: 1310-1325 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of an educational videotape on employee's intentions to use and actual seat-belt use. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 11. Video Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 4. Automobile safety Author: Sutton, Stephen R.; Eiser, J. Richard Year: 1984 Title: The effect of fear-arousing communications on cigarette smoking: An expectancy-value approach Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-33 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of an anti-smoking videotape on employee's risk perceptions, intentions to quit smoking, and quitting behavior. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 4. Channel 5. Content 7. Outcome 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 10. Patient/peer/community member (affected) Audience Role: 5. Adult 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6-6. Other cancer 6-9. Lung 17. Smoking Author: Sutton, Stephen R.; Eiser, J. Richard Year: 1990 Title: The decision to wear a seat belt: The role of cognitive factors, fear and prior behaviour Journal: Psychology and Health Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Pages: 111-123 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of a pro-seatbelt videotape on employees' fear, risk perceptions, and intentions to use seatbelts. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 4. Automobile safety Author: Sutton, Vickie V. Year: 1990 Title: Perceptions of local emergency planning committee members' responsibility for risk communication and a proposed model risk communication program for local emergency planning committees under SARA, Title III University: U Texas, Dallas, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 50(7-B), Jan 1990, 2825. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Svenson, Ola Year: 1988 Title: Mental models of risk, communication, and action: Reflections on social amplification of risk. Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Pages: 199-200 Summary Sentence: Discusses social amplification of risk as a concept linking risk communication and people's perceptions of risks. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 16. General public Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Tankard, James W. Jr. Year: 1987 Title: Quantitative graphics in newspapers Journal: Journalism Quarterly Volume: Summer/Autumn Pages: 406-415 Summary Sentence: Identifies common problems in newspaper graphics that hinder effective risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 6. Format Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Taplin, Stephen H.; Anderman, Carolyn; Grothaus, Lou; Curry, Susan; Montano, Daniel Year: 1994 Title: Using physician correspondence and postcard reminders to promote mammography use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Volume: 84 Issue: 4 Pages: 571-574 Summary Sentence: Evaluates the effects of sending recommendation letters, signed by either the primary physician or the program director, and reminder postcards on mammography participation. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 1. Communicator 4. Channel Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 14. Other 15. Costs/barriers/losses 16. Benefits/gains 18. Reminder 20. General information about recommended action Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 1 Breast cancer Author: Tattersall, M. H.; Butow, P. N.; Griffin, A. M.; Dunn, S. M. Year: 1994 Title: The take-home message: Patients prefer consultation audiotapes to summary letters Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology Volume: 12 Issue: 6 Pages: 1305-1311 Summary Sentence: Compares cancer patients' preferences for information presented via audiotape or in a letter from their physician. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 4. Channel Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 12. Other 21. Letter 23. Audiotape Content of risk message: 11. Severity of outcome 13. Treatability of hazard consequences 14. Other 19. General information about hazard Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 6. Recall of message 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Thornton, J. G.; van den Borne, M. P.; de Bruijn, A. J. Year: 1996 Title: Risk communication: The patient's view Journal: Early Human Development Volume: 47 Issue: Suppl Pages: S13-S17 Summary Sentence: Discusses how to present risk information during prenatal screening so that parents can make well-informed decisions. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content 6. Format Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 5. Birth defects Author: Tilden, J.; Hanrahan, L. P.; Anderson, H.; Palit, C.; Olson, J.; Kenzie, W. M. Year: 1997 Title: Health advisories for consumers of Great Lakes sport fish: Is the message being received? Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives Volume: 105 Issue: 12 Pages: 1360-1365 Summary Sentence: Studies of behavioral responses to risk communications regarding consumption of contaminated fish in the Great Lakes Region. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 7. Outcome Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 1. Attitude 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Tillett, S.; Sullivan, P. Year: 1993 Title: Asbestos screening and education programs for building and construction trades unions Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 143-152 Summary Sentence: Discusses implementation of an asbestos risk communication program, emphasizing the role of the unions in promoting participation. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.) Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 9. Workplace Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 8. Small groups/focus groups 11. Video Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 13. Actual testing/screening 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Timmermans, D. R. M.; Politser, P.; Wakker, P. P. Year: 1995 Title: Aggregation, rationality, and risk communication: Three current debates in medical decision making Editor: Caverni, Jean-Paul; Bar-Hillel, Maya Book Title: Contributions to decision making--I. City: Amsterdam, the Netherlands Publisher: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers Pages: 111-117 Summary Sentence: Summarizes a workshop which focused on the role of expected utility theory in medical decision making. Publication Type 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender: 1. Health/safety professional 20. Patient (general) Setting: 5. Health care setting Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 13. Actual testing/screening 14. Actual treatment behavior Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Tinker, T.; Lewis-Younger, C.; Isaacs, S.; Neufer, L.; Blair, C. Year: 1995 Title: Environmental health risk communication: A case study of the Chattanooga Creek site Journal: Journal of the Tennessee Medical Association Volume: 88 Issue: 9 Pages: 343-349 Summary Sentence: Describes implementation of a risk information program to a targeted audience. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting 4. Channel 6. Format Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional 8. At risk/exposed-child or teen 9. At risk/exposed-adult Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 8. Small groups/focus groups Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 3. Interactive 5. Text-verbal 6. Other Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Editor: Tinker, Tim L.; Pavlova, Maria T.; Gotsch, Audrey R.; Arkin, Elaine Bratic Year: 1998 Title: Communicating Risk in a Changing World City: Solomons Island, MD Publisher: The Ramazzini Institute/OEM Press Number of Pages: 197 ISBN: ISBN 1-883595-20-7 Summary Sentence: Book based on a 1996 symposium focusing on environmental risk communication, with particular attention to the role of the media and educational strategies. Contains sections called "Risk perceptions and models for risk communication" and "Challenges, prospects, history and ethics." Each section includes state-of-the-art papers, case studies, and discussions. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 4. Channel 9. Risk perception/comprehension Channels of risk communication: 0. Channels (general) Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 15. Injury/safety (non-auto) Author: Treadwell, D. F. Year: 1994 Title: AIDS communication: What predicts health professionals' decisions? Journal: International Quarterly of Community Health Education Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Pages: 165-186 Summary Sentence: Examines the perspectives taken by health professionals in designing AIDS communication programs targeted toward college students. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 5. Health care setting 8. Educational setting: school or university Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 5. Likelihood-absolute 9. Preventability of hazard Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Tsao, Chien-chung Year: 1990 Title: Health communication: The relationship of the immune system to relaxation, music, imagery and emotional affect University: Temple U, PA, USA. Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 50(11-A), May 1990, 3537. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Author: Valente, Thomas W.; Saba, Walter P. Year: 1998 Title: Mass media and interpersonal influence in a reproductive health communication campaign in Bolivia Journal: Communication Research Volume: 25 Issue: 1 Pages: 96-124 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of a large-scale reproductive health campaign and interpersonal influence on attitudes, knowledge, and behavior change on community residents in Bolivia. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 4. Channel 7. Outcome Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting 11. Peer/community member (not affected) Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 7. Other Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 7. Radio 10. TV Content of risk message: 14. Other 19. General information about hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 6. Recall of message 11. Actual information seeking behavior 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 20. Other Author: Van der Pligt, J.; Midden, Cees J. Year: 1990 Title: Chernobyl: Four years later: Attitudes, risk management and communication Journal: Journal of Environmental Psychology Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Pages: 91-99 Summary Sentence: Examines public attitudes and opinion processes regarding nuclear energy, public reactions to nuclear accidents, and how risk is communicated regarding nuclear energy. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Outcomes: 1. Attitude 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 20. Other Author: Van Eijndhoven, Josee C. M.; Weterings, Rob A. P. M.; Worrell, Cor W.; de Boer, Joop; van der Pligt, Joop; Stallen, Pieter-Jan M. Year: 1994 Title: Risk communication in the Netherlands: The monitored introduction of the EC "post-Seveso" Directive Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Pages: 87-96 Summary Sentence: Discusses the process and evaluation of implementing the Seveso directive (notifying the public of risk) in two regions of the Netherlands. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 3. Setting 7. Outcome 12. General Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 16. General public Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 8. Small groups/focus groups Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: van Zuuren, F. J. Year: 1997 Title: The standard of neutrality during genetic counseling: An empirical investigation Journal: Patient Education and Counseling Volume: 32 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 69-79 Summary Sentence: Analyzes verbal communications between genetic counselors and their clients and discusses the implications of counselors' attitudes. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 1. Communicator Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude Hazard: 5. Birth defects 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Vaughan, Elaine Year: 1995 Title: The significance of socioeconomic and ethnic diversity for the risk communication process Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-180 Summary Sentence: Discusses the need for risk communication to consider the larger socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural context. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 17. Other Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 2. Communication style Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Velicer, Christine M.; Knuth, Barbara A. Year: 1994 Title: Communicating contaminant risks from sport-caught fish: The importance of target audience assessment Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 5 Pages: 833-841 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of a previously released advisory on a diverse population's knowledge, risk perceptions, and precautionary behavior regarding contaminated fish. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 3. Teen 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 1. Attitude 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Vernon, Sally W. Year: 1999 Title: Risk perception and risk communication for cancer screening behaviors: A review Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 101-119 Summary Sentence: Reviews research examining the relationships between risk perceptions and cancer screening behaviors. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Verplanken, Bas Year: 1991 Title: Persuasive communication of risk information: A test of cue versus message processing effects in a field experiment Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Volume: 17 Issue: 2 Pages: 188-193 Summary Sentence: Assesses effects of source credibility in risk communicators for producing attitude change. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 1. Communicator 3. Setting Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 1. Attitude 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Verplanken, Bas Year: 1990 Title: A persuasion approach to risk communication: Theory and empirical evidence Editor: Borcherding, Katrin; Larichev, Oleg I. Book Title: Contemporary issues in decision making. City: Amsterdam, the Netherlands Publisher: North-Holland Pages: 291-303 Summary Sentence: Utilized the Elaboration Likelihood Model to experimentally investigate the role of source credibility, the persistence of attitude change, and the beliefs-attitude-intention consistency in risk communication. Publication Type 5. Intervention Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 11. Multiple Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) 4. Expert/researcher/scientist 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Setting: 4. General community Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Viscusi, W. Kip; Magat, Wesley A.; Huber, Joel Year: 1986 Title: Informational regulation of consumer health risks: An empirical evaluation of hazard warnings Journal: The RAND Journal of Economics Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Pages: 351-365 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of product labels differing in the amount and prominence of risk information on precautionary behavior. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 10. Other Channels of risk communication: 12. Other 24. Product label/packaging Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 9. Preventability of hazard Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Vlek, Charles A. J. Year: 1995 Title: Understanding, accepting and controlling risks: A multistage framework for risk communication Journal: European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee Volume: 45 Issue: 1 Pages: 49-56 Summary Sentence: Discusses the handling of societal risks through effective, well-planned risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 12. General Communicator: 12. Unspecified Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 4. Expense of hazard Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Waage, H. P.; Vatten, L. J.; Opedal, E.; Hilt, B. Year: 1997 Title: Smoking intervention in subjects at risk of asbestos-related lung cancer Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Volume: 31 Issue: 6 Pages: 705-712 Summary Sentence: Examines the effectiveness of an intervention program for smokers at increased risk for lung cancer. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 8. At risk/exposed-child or teen Audience Gender: 2. Male Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6.13 Other cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 17. Smoking Author: Wagner, E. H.; Barrett, P.; Barry, M. J.; Barlow, W.; Fowler, F. J., Jr. Year: 1995 Title: The effect of a shared decisionmaking program on rates of surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Pilot results Journal: Medical Care Volume: 33 Issue: 8 Pages: 765-770 Summary Sentence: Examines the effects of an interactive decision aid on prostate treatment preferences. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 10. Decision aid Communicator: 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting Audience Role: 13. Ill-adult Audience Gender: 2. Male Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 1. Decision aid 3. Interactive Outcomes: 19. Intended treatment behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 4 Prostate cancer Author: Walker, Vern R. Year: 1995 Title: Direct inference, probability, and a conceptual gulf in risk communication Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 5 Pages: 603-609 Summary Sentence: Discusses how differences in the conceptual frameworks of scientists and the general public can lead to misunderstandings and gaps in risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 3. Setting 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 16. General public 17. Other 21. Other professionals and experts Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 7. Risk perception-likelihood 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 21. Other Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Webler, Thomas; Rakel, Horst; Renn, Ortwin; Johnson, Branden Year: 1995 Title: Eliciting and classifying concerns: A methodological critique Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 15 Issue: 3 Pages: 421-436 Summary Sentence: Presents a scheme for classifying expert and community concerns, illustrated with an example of a public participation program in which citizens considered land application of municipal sewage sludge. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 7. Outcome Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 17. Other 16. General public Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 3. Lecture 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 8. Small groups/focus groups 11. Video Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 7. Possible health outcomes 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes Form of risk information: 3. Interactive 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation Hazard: 8. Drug abuse Author: Weinstein, Neil; Klein, William M. Year: 1996 Title: Unrealistic optimism: Present and future Journal: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology Volume: 15 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-8 Summary Sentence: Discusses research on unrealistic optimism and its relation to risk perception. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 21. Other Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Weinstein, Neil D. Year: 1999 Title: What does it mean to understand a risk? Evaluating risk comprehension Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. Issue: 25 Pages: 15-20 Summary Sentence: Discusses those attributes that are essential to full comprehension of a risk, including outcome severity, absolute and relative probabilities, controllability and factors that influence individual susceptibility. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Content of risk message: 0. Content (general) Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Weinstein, Neil D. Year: 1987 Title: Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a community-wide sample Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 10 Issue: 5 Pages: 481-500 Summary Sentence: Adults' beliefs about their personal risk relative to peers' risk for a variety of health hazards reveal consistent optimistic biases. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Weinstein, Neil D. Year: 1984 Title: Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 3 Issue: 5 Pages: 431-457 Summary Sentence: Investigates the determinants of optimistic biases about health and safety risk, including risk controllability and specific categories of risk factors. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Weinstein, Neil D. Year: 1993 Title: Persuasive conversations between friends about health and safety precautions Journal: Health Education Quarterly Volume: 20 Issue: 3 Pages: 347-360 Summary Sentence: Assesses the content and effect of persuasive messages between friends about adopting precautionary health and safety behaviors. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 3. Setting 5. Content Communicator: 11. Peer/community member (not affected) Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 6. Recall of message 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Weinstein, Neil D. Year: 1998 Title: Accuracy of smokers' risk perceptions Journal: Annals of Behavioral Medicine Volume: 20 Issue: 2 Pages: 135-140 Summary Sentence: Reviews research on smokers' risk perceptions to determine whether smokers recognize their risk of contracting smoking-induced illnesses. Publication Type: 2. Review Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Hazard: 17. Smoking Author: Weinstein, N.D.; Diefenbach, M.A. Year: 1997 Title: Percentage and verbal category measures of risk likelihood Journal: Health Education Research Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Pages: 139-141 Summary Sentence: Compared a percentage scale with a verbally labeled scale for eliciting risk likelihood judgements. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 6. Format Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Methodological Issues: 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats) Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Klein, William M. Year: 1995 Title: Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Pages: 132-140 Summary Sentence: Describes four studies that attempt to reduce people's tendency to believe that their own risk is less than that of others. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 1. Alcohol 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Kolb, Kathryn; Goldstein, Bernard D. Year: 1996 Title: Using time intervals between expected events to communicate risk magnitudes Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 16 Issue: 3 Pages: 305-308 Summary Sentence: Investigates the effects of presenting risk probabilities in terms of the expected time intervals between illness occurrences in a specific population. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 12. Time course of hazard Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Lyon, Judith E.; Sandman, Peter M.; Cuite, Cara L. Year: 1998 Title: Experimental evidence for stages of health behavior change: The precaution adoption process model applied to home radon testing Journal: Health Psychology Volume: 17 Issue: 5 Pages: 445-453 Summary Sentence: Uses a stage theory of precaution adoption to design interventions to encourage home radon testing. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 2. Audience 5. Content Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 11. Video Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 4. Expense of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 13. Treatability of hazard consequences 14. Other 20. General information about recommended action Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 11. Actual information seeking behavior 13. Actual testing/screening 16. Intended information seeking behavior 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Sandman, Peter M. Year: 1993 Title: Some criteria for evaluating risk messages Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Pages: 103-114 Summary Sentence: Seven criteria are presented for evaluating the public's comprehension of risk messages, with examples from radon risk communication. Publication Type: 1. Review Focus: 8. Measurement/evaluation Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 5. Adult Setting: 10. Other 11. Home Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 11. Severity of outcome Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 2. Comprehension of message 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants) 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) 20. Other Methodological Issues: 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication) Author: Weinstein, N. D.; Sandman, P. M.; Hallman, W. K. Year: 1994 Title: Testing a visual display to explain small probabilities [letter] Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 14 Issue: 6 Pages: 895-897 Summary Sentence: Tests the usefulness of visual displays to communicate small probabilities. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 8. Educational setting: school or university Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 20. Other 22. Treatment related risks Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Sandman, Peter M.; Roberts, Nancy E. Year: 1990 Title: Determinants of self-protective behavior: Home radon testing Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume: 20 Issue: 10 Pt 1 Pages: 783-801 Summary Sentence: Examines the influence of threat, remediation ease, and home risk factors in a mailed brochure on at-risk homeowner's decisions to test for radon. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Audience Role: 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission 3. Definition of hazard 5. Likelihood-absolute 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) 9. Preventability of hazard 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 13. Actual testing/screening 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Weterings, Rob A.; Van Eijndhoven, Josee C. Year: 1989 Title: Informing the public about uncertain risks Journal: Risk Analysis Volume: 9 Issue: 4 Pages: 473-482 Summary Sentence: Examines the way authorities communicated soil pollution risks to exposed Dutch residents, and discusses the problems with the content of the messages, namely a lack of probability information about health outcomes. Publication Type: 3. Case study Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 1. Authority figure (non-expert) Audience Role: 17. Other 9. At risk/exposed-adult Setting: 2. Community meeting/community group Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission Form of risk information: 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism) Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure Author: Wiatrowski, W. A.; Giles, E. R.; Cooke, E. P. Year: 1996 Title: Development of a system to evaluate and communicate radiation risk Journal: Health Physics Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 111-117 Summary Sentence: Describes a system to explain the radiation risks of voluntary participation in studies using positron emission technology. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 5. Content 6. Format Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) Author: Wilson, R.; Crouch, E. A. C. Year: 1987 Title: Risk assessment and comparisons: An introduction Journal: Science Volume: 236 Issue: 4799 Pages: 267-270 Summary Sentence: Discusses the difficulty of understanding risk probabilities and how comparing and contrasting hazards may make their probabilities easier to grasp. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 9. Risk perception/comprehension Content of risk message: 3. Definition of hazard 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards) Hazard: 19. General, unspecified Author: Witte, Kim Year: 1993 Title: Generating Effective Risk Messages: How scary should your risk communication be? Journal: Communication Yearbook Volume: 18 Pages: 229-254 Summary Sentence: Presents a theory to determine the optimal level of "scariness" in risk messages. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 7. Outcome Content of risk message: 14. Other Methodological Issues: 3. Other Author: Witte, Kim; Berkowitz, Judy M.; Lillie, Janet McKeon; Cameron, Kenzie A.; Lapinski, Maria Knight; Liu, Wen-Ying Year: 1998 Title: Radon awareness and reduction campaigns for African Americans: A theoretically based evaluation Journal: Health Education and Behavior Volume: 25 Issue: 3 Pages: 284-303 Summary Sentence: Evaluates different radon-awareness campaigns with African-American focus groups. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 4. Channel 5. Content Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 5. Adult 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Ethnicity: 1. African-American Setting: 3. Focus group/small group Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 12. Other Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 7. Possible health outcomes 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 11. Severity of outcome 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 2. Graphical display 4. Text-numerical 5. Text-verbal Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray) 6. 0 Cancer 6. 9 Lung cancer Author: Witte, Kim; Peterson, Tarla R.; Vallabhan, Shalini; Stephenson, Michael T.; Plugge, Carol D.; Givens, Vonda K.; Todd, Jay D.; Becktold, Melissa G.; Hyde, Mary Kay; Jarrett, Robin Year: 1992 Title: Preventing tractor-related injuries and deaths in rural populations: Using a persuasive health message framework in formative evaluation research Journal: International Quarterly of Community Health Education Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Pages: 219-251 Summary Sentence: Examines farmers' attitudes, fear, risk perception, self-efficacy and actual/intended use of safety procedures and used this information to formulate more effective risk communications. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 2. Audience 9. Risk perception/comprehension Audience Role: 17. Other 5. Adult Outcomes: 1. Attitude 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment 28. Information/communication preferences Hazard: 15. Injury/safety (non-auto) Author: Wolf, A. M.; Philbrick, J. T.; Schorling, J. B. Year: 1997 Title: Predictors of interest in prostate-specific antigen screening and the impact of informed consent: what should we tell our patients? Journal: American Journal of Medicine Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 308-314 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of information about prostate-specific antigen screening on men's interest in the screening. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Gender: 2. Male Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard consequences Form of risk information: 6. Other 7. Oral/spoken Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood 8. Risk perception-severity 18. Intended testing/screening 21. Other 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 4 Prostate cancer Author: Wolf, A.M.D.; Nasser, J.F.; Wolf, A.M.; Schorling, J.B. Year: 1996 Title: The impact of informed consent on patient interest in prostate-specific antigen screening Journal: Archives of Internal Medicine Volume: 156 Issue: 2 Pages: 1333-1336 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of information about prostate cancer screening read to subjects on adult males' interest. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content Communicator: 4. Expert/researcher/scientist Audience Role: 5. Adult Audience Ethnicity: 6. Mixed/varied/multiple Audience Gender: 2. Male Setting: 5. Health care setting Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk) 13. Treatability of hazard 14. Other 15. Costs/barriers/losses 16. Benefits/gains Form of risk information: 6. Other 7. Oral/spoken Outcomes: 18. Intended testing/screening Hazard: 6. 0 Cancer 6. 4 Prostate cancer Author: Wright, R. Year: 1994 Title: Risk communication: How to answer tough patient questions Journal: Journal of the American Dental Association Volume: 125 Issue: 8 Pages: 1131-1137 Summary Sentence: Discusses ways dentists can allay patients' fears including communicating clearly, building trust, and taking the patient's perspective. Publication Type: 1. Discussion Focus: 1. Communicator 2. Audience 3. Setting Audience Role: 1. Health/safety professional Channels of risk communication: 4. One-on-one (face-to-face) Content of risk message: 2. Communication style 14. Other 15. Costs/barriers/losses 16. Benefits/gains Outcomes: 4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 8. Risk perception-severity 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk Hazard: 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs Author: Yamagishi, Kimihiko Year: 1997 Title: When a 12.86% mortality is more dangerous than 24.14%: Implications for risk communication Journal: Applied Cognitive Psychology Volume: 11 Issue: 6 Pages: 495-506 Summary Sentence: Examines differences in risk perceptions caused by varying the formats used to present risk information. Publication Type: 4. Empirical Focus: 6. Format 9. Risk perception/comprehension Communicator: 6. Investigator/experimenter Audience Role: 4. College student/Graduate student Setting: 6. Laboratory Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires Content of risk message: 5. Likelihood-absolute Form of risk information: 4. Text-numerical Outcomes: 7. Risk perception-likelihood Hazard: 18. Multiple (greater than 5) Author: Zimicki, S.; Hornik, R. C.; Verzosa, C. C.; Hernandez, J. R.; de Guzman, E.; Dayrit, M.; Fausto, A.; Lee, M. B.; Abad, M. Year: 1994 Title: Improving vaccination coverage in urban areas through a health communication campaign: The 1990 Philippine experience Journal: Bulletin of the World Health Organization Volume: 72 Issue: 3 Pages: 409-422 Summary Sentence: Examines the effect of a mass-media campaign in the Philippines on mothers' knowledge about vaccination for measles and actual vaccination rates. Publication Type: 5. Intervention Focus: 5. Content 7. Outcome Communicator: 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI) Audience Role: 6. Parent or prospective parent Audience Gender: 1. Female Setting: 4. General community Channels of risk communication: 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine) 7. Radio 10. TV 12. Other Content of risk message: 7. Possible health outcomes 9. Preventability of hazard 11. Severity of outcome 14. Other 18. Reminder Outcomes: 3. Knowledge 6. Recall of message 13. Actual testing/screening Hazard: 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)