Information Resources for Beef Cattle

Behavior

Albright, J.L.; Arave, C.W. (1997). The Behaviour of Cattle CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 306 p., ISBN: 0-85-199196-3.

NAL Call Number: SF202.5 A43 1997

Keywords: animal production, animal welfare, dairy cattle, beef cattle, maternal and calf behavior, behavioral responses to management systems, human-cattle interactions, training cattle, social behavior, reproductive behavior, feeding behavior.

Alencar, M.M. de; Tullio, R.R.; Cruz, G.M. da; Correa, L. de A. (1996). Grazing behavior of beef cows. [Comportamento de pastejo de vacas de corte.] Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia 25 (1): 13-21, ISSN: 0100-4859.

NAL Call Number: SF1 R45

Keywords: beef cattle cows, grazing systems, animal feeding, behavior, feeding habits, feeding systems, Portuguese language, Brazil.

Apley, M. (1999). Buller syndrome in feedlot steers. The Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 21 (11): S250-S256, S264, ISSN: 0193-1903.

NAL Call Number: SF601.C66

Keywords: steers, standing reflex, sexual behavior, abnormal behavior, implantation, growth promoters, zeranol, estrogens, trenbolone, diethylstilbestrol, stress, removal, cattle feeding, social dominance.

Bailey, D.W.; Sims, P.L. (1998). Association of food quality and locations by cattle. Journal of Range Management 51 (1): 2-8.

NAL Call Number: 60.18 J82

Abstract: Twelve yearling steers were observed in an 8-arm radial maze to determine the strength of the association between food quality and spatial locations following a 0- or 30-day delay. The study was conducted using 3 qualities of feed, low (straw), medium (alfalfa pellets), and high (grain). During phase 1, all 8 arms contained dehydrated alfalfa pellets. In phase 2, steers were fed either grain or wheat straw, in 2 arms (key arms). The remaining 6 arms contained alfalfa pellets. Six steers received straw in key arms, and 6 received grain. Key arms varied among steers and were selected so a change in arm selection patterns between phases would clearly be associated with corresponding changes in food quality. Straw was placed in arms that steers selected first during phase 1, and grain was placed in arms that were selected last in phase 1. Phase 3 began after a 0- or 30-day delay following phase 2. In this phase, all arms contained alfalfa. Steers rarely reentered a previously entered arm indicating an accurate spatial memory for food location. The sequence of arm selections in phase 2 changed (P < 0.05) from the pattern established in phase 1, which demonstrated that cattle can associate food quality with spatial locations. The delay between phase 2 and 3 did not affect (P > 0.05) the selection patterns of steers that had grain in key arms, but did appear to affect the number and sequence of arm entries for steers receiving low quality food in key arms during phase 2. With no delay, steers that received straw in phase 2 did not enter key arms on the first day of phase 3, but after 30 days animals entered and consumed food in key arms. Steers with no delay entered key arms fewer (P = 0.03) times during phase 3 than steers that began 30 days later. This suggests that strength of the association between food quality and spatial locations can decline over time.

Keywords: steers, beef cattle, learning ability, spatial distribution, wheat straw, alfalfa pellets, feed grains, palatability, feeding behavior, nutritive value, memory, food preferences.

Becker, B.G.; Lobato, J.F.P. (1997). Effect of gentle handling on the reactivity of zebu crossed calves to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 53 (3): 219-224. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750 A6

Keywords: calves, crossbreds, handling, animal behavior, behavior patterns, beef production, relationships, handling, human animal relationships.

Blackshaw, J.K.; Blackshaw, A.W.; McGlone, J.J. (1997). Buller steer syndrome review. Applied Animal Behavior Science 54 (2/3): 97-108, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: cattle, steers, sexual behavior, social behavior, stress, animal welfare, economic impact, feedlots, intensive livestock farming.

Boenner, S. (1997). Development, quality and continuation of the human-farm animal-relationship during a pasturing period. [Ausbildung, Qualitaet und Fortbestand der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung im Verlauf einer Weideperiode.] In: 3. Trenthorster Kolloquium, Workshop on Rearing of Cattle with Suckler Calves (Mutterkuhhaltung) as Extensive Rearing System. Studies on Appropriate and Environmentally Friendly Animal Husbandry, Dec. 5-6, 1996 Trenthorst, Germany. [Workshop Ueber Die Haltung von Rindern Mit Saugkaelbern (Mutterkuhhaltung) Als Extensive Tierhaltungsform. Studien Zur Artgerechten Und Umweltfreundlichen Tierhaltung.] FAL: Braunschweig-Voelkenrode, Germany, pp. 164-171, Series title, Landbauforschung Voelkenrode. Sonderheft (Germany), no. 177, ISSN: 0376-0723.

NAL Call Number: 18 L2353 Suppl.

Keywords: beef cattle, cows, mothers, human animal relationships, behavior, grazing systems, extensive husbandry, Germany, European Union, German language.

Boenner, S. (1997). Mother-offspring-relationship during the pasture period with alterative herd size and formation. [Mutter-Nachkommen-Beziehung im Verlauf der Weideperiode bei sich aendernder Herdengroesse und -struktur.] In: 3. Trenthorster Kolloquium, Workshop on Rearing of Cattle with Suckler Calves (Mutterkuhhaltung) as Extensive Rearing System. Studies on Appropriate and Environmentally Friendly Animal Husbandry, Dec. 5-6, 1996 Trenthorst, Germany. [Workshop Ueber Die Haltung von Rindern Mit Saugkaelbern (Mutterkuhhaltung) Als Extensive Tierhaltungsform. Studien Zur Artgerechten Und Umweltfreundlichen Tierhaltung.] FAL: Braunschweig-Voelkenrode, Germany, pp. 203-212, Series title, Landbauforschung Voelkenrode. Sonderheft (Germany), no. 177, ISSN: 0376-0723.

NAL Call Number: 18 L2353 Suppl.

Keywords: cows, mothers, calves, maternal behavior, weight gain, growth, Germany, European Union, German language.

Boivin, X.; Garel, J.P.; Mante, A.; Le Neindre, P. (1998). Beef calves react differently to different handlers according to the test situation and their previous interactions with their caretaker. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55 (3/4): 245-257. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750 A6

Keywords: calves, handling, identification, human behavior, animal behavior, relationships, interactions, stockmen, feeding, France.

Boivin, X.; Garel, J.P.; Durier, C.; Neindre, P. Le (1998). Is gentling by people rewarding for beef calves? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61 (1): 1-12, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Abstract:The perception to petting and brushing (gentling) by man was investigated in 41 beef calves reared with twice daily sucklings under human control. At 1.5 months, they were allocated to one of three treatments. For 5 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks they were socially isolated (treatment IS, 13 calves), or with a stationary stockman who brushed the calf when it approached (treatment PR, 14) or with a stockman approaching and brushing the calf (treatment BR, 14). All of the BR calves accepted brushing easily within 5 days of treatment. All of the PR calves briefly interacted with the stockman within 3 days, but by the end of the treatment, none were interacting with the stockman. Two tests were performed on 2 consecutive days after the end of the treatments and 1 month later, in the familiar environment of the treatment procedures. The test procedure included social isolation (1 minute), isolation with the stationary stockman (1.5 minutes) and isolation with the stockman trying to stroke the calf (1.5 minutes). Few animals approached within 2 m of the stockman during the tests and BR calves tended to stay more than 4 m away from him (P = 0.1). Just after the treatment period, BR animals allowed more stroking by the stockman (P < 0.01) on the 2 days of tests and were more motionless (P < 0.01) on the first day of testing than animals from the 2 other treatments. On the second day of testing, both BR and PR calves were more motionless (P < 0.01) than IS animals. However, all the animals appeared more tolerant 1 month later and no significant difference was found at this age. Acceptance of contact such as brushing or stroking appears to be more the result of a habituation process than one of positive reinforcement.

Boivin, X.; Garel, J.P.; Neindre, P. le (1996). The importance of rearing management at a young age and artificial weaning on the establishment of the human-animal relationship in beef cattle and goats. [Importance du mode d’elevage dans le jeune age ou lors du sevrage sur l’establissement des relations homme-animal chez les bovins allaitants et chez les caprins.] In: 3emes rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants Paris, France, 4 et 5 decembre 1996 Institut l'Elevage: Paris, France, pp. 245-248, ISBN: 2-841-48-022-4.

Keywords: beef cattle, goats, behavior, management, young animals, animal welfare, weaning, feeding, French language.

Burrow, H.M.; Corbet, N.J. (2000). Genetic and environmental factors affecting temperament of zebu and zebu, derived beef cattle grazed at pasture in the tropics. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51 (1): 155, 162.ISSN: 0004-9409.

NAL Call Number: 23 Au783

Keywords: Zebu, breed, steers, heifers, bull calves, genetics, environmental effects, temperament, behavior, flight speed, genetic factors, selection, tropical pasture grazing, Australia.

Burrow, H.M.; Shorthose, W.R.; Stark, J.L. (1999). Relationships between temperament and carcass and meat quality attributes of tropical beef cattle. In: Rising to the Challenge, Breeding for the 21st Century Customer. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Mandurah, Western Australia, 4th-7th July 1999, Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics: Armidale, Australia, pp. 227-230, ISBN: 0-9586299-0-0.

Keywords: weanling beef calves, yearlings, animal behavior, temperament, flight speed score, weighing crush, meat quality, carcass quality,

Burrow, H.M. (1998). The effects of inbreeding on productive and adaptive traits and temperament of tropical beef cattle. Livestock Production Science 55 (3): 227-243, ISSN: 0301-6226.

NAL Call Number: SF1 L5

Keywords: Zebu, breed, inbreeding, growth, fertility, disease resistance, growth, fertility, feed conversion efficiency, adaptive traits, resistance to cattle ticks, gastrointestinal helminths, buffalo flies and heat stress, meat quality, temperament, flight speed, carcass composition, body weight, performance, tropics, parasites, adaptation, Australia.

Burrow, H.M. (1997). Measurements of temperament and their relationships with performance traits of beef cattle. Animal Breeding Abstracts 65 (7): 477-495, ISSN: 0003-3499.

NAL Call Number: 241 IM72RA

Keywords: beef breeds, breed differences, temperament, standardized scoring system, relationships, performance, traits, evaluation, meat quality, behavior, heritability, breeding, growth, milk yield, carcasses, disease resistance, reviews.

Buskirk, D.D.; Zanella, A.J.; Harrigan, T.M.; Van Lente, J.L.; Gnagey, L.M.; Kaercher, M.J. (2003). Large round bale feeder design affects hay utilization and beef cow behavior. Journal of Animal Science 81 (1) 109-115, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Keywords: feeding, feeding behavior, aggressiveness, agonistic behavior, efficiency, performance evaluation, feed dispensers.

Chirase, N.K.; Greene, L.W.; Graham, G.D.; Avampato, J.M. (2001). Influence of clostridial vaccines and injection sites on performance, feeding behavior, and lesion size scores of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 79 (6): 1409-1415.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Abstract: Several clostridial vaccines are currently being used in the beef cattle industry. Of greatest concern is altering the location and route of administration of these vaccines to reduce injection-site lesions while maintaining seroconversion. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of clostridial vaccines and injection sites on the performance, feeding behavior, and lesion size scores of beef steers. In Exp.1, 80 crossbred beef steers (BW 237 +/- 3.2 kg) were allotted randomly into five groups and given 14d to adapt to the feed and individual feed intake-monitoring devices (Pinpointer devices) before starting the study. Each group was assigned randomly to one of the following vaccination treatments: 1) control (sterile saline water), 2) Alpha-7 Ear (A7E), 3) Alpha-7 Prescapula (A7P), 4) Vision-7 Prescapula (V7P), and 5) Ultrabac-7 Prescapula U7P). All vaccines were injected s.c. in the ear or prescapular region, and injection sites were palpated on d 0 and 28 (Exp. 1) and on d 63 and 91 (Exp. 2). The protocol for Exp. 2 was exactly the same as for Exp. 1 except treatments included control, A7P, Alpha-CD Ear(ACDE), Alpha-CD Prescapula (ACDP), Fortress-7 Prescapula (F7P), and V7P. Also, control and steers receiving F7P and V7P were revaccinated on d 63 and palpated on d 91. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that the A7E and U7P steers had a feed intake lower (P < 0.01) than all other treatment groups. The ADG of the A7P and A7E steers were not different (P > 0.05) from those of the control steers. The gain:feed ratio of the A7E steers was 41% higher (P < 0.01) than that of the V7P steers (Exp. 1). The results of Exp. 2 indicated that the control, ACDP, and V7P steers had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than all other treatment groups, sizes differed by vaccine and injection site in both experiments. These data suggest that vaccinating beef steers s.c. in the ear produced gain: feed ratios and lesion size scores that were similar to prescapular vaccinations. However, more research is required to determine the immune response but the gain:feed ratios were not different (P > 0.05) among all treatment groups. Lesion of vaccinating cattle in the ear.

Keywords: steers, clostridium, spatial variation, vaccines, performance, feeding behavior, lesions, size, feed intake, subcutaneous injection, ears, application date, live weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, immune response.

Cote, S. (In Progress). Stockmanship: Powerful Tool for Grazing Management United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho

Keywords: beef cattle, handling, behavior, grazing management tool, moving cattle, low stress, reduced disease incidence, increased productivity.

Cowan, J.B. (1997) Safety around beef cattle. In: Safety and Health in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Langley, R.L., McLymore, R.L., Meggs, W.J., and Roberson, G.T, eds., Government Institutes, Inc.: Rockville, USA, pp. 291-313, ISBN: 0-86587-552-9.

NAL Call Number: RC965 A5 S24 1997

Keywords: trauma, beef cattle, handling, animal behavior, human injuries, occupational hazards, health and safety at work.

Deswysen, A.G.; Dutilleul, P.; Fischer, V.; Campbell, C.P. (1997). Quantitative analysis of nycterohemeral eating and ruminating patterns in beef cattle fed pelleted concentrates with or without supplemental roughage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77 (3): 375-384, ISSN: 0008-3984.

NAL Call Number: 41.8 C163

Keywords: Hereford steers, breed, quantitative analysis, eating, patterns, concentrates, roughage, timothy hay, feeding behavior, rumination, pelleted feeds, mastication, lucerne pellets, time spent eating.

Dobicki, A. (2000). Variability in behavioral hierarchy of mixed beef cattle herd grazing mountainous pasture. [Zmiennosc behawioralnej hierarchii w mieszanym stadzie bydla miesnego wypasanego na pastwisku gorskim.] Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu. Konferencje 375 (24): 211-218, ISSN: 1232-3071.

Keywords: mixed breeds, suckler cows, behavior, rank, distance, dominance, submissiveness, herd dynamics, grazing, pasture systems, highlands, computer software, Polish language.

Eng, K. (1997). Research addresses behavior, restricted intake on performance. Feedstuffs 69 (20): 19, 28.

NAL Call Number: 286.81 F322

Keywords: heifers, steers, temperament, lambs, unrestricted feeding, feed intake, performance.

Fehmi, J.S.; Karn, J.F.; Ries, R.E.; Hendrickson, J.R.; Hanson, J.D. (2002). Cattle grazing behavior with season-long free-choice access to four forage types. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 78 (1): 29-42, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: beef cattle, steers, grazing, sown grasslands, bromus inermis, agropyron desertorum, elymus smithii, botanical composition, rangelands, feeding preferences, seasonal variation, grazing intensity, continuous grazing, rotational grazing, spatial variation, native range, North Dakota.

Fell, L.R.; Colditz, I.G.; Walker, K.H.; Watson, D.L. (1999). Associations between temperament, performance and immune function in cattle entering a commercial feedlot. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39 (7): 795-802.

NAL Call Number: 23 Au792

Keywords: feedlots, animal behavior, performance, immune response, weaning, identification, prediction, finishing, steers, handling, blood chemistry, hydrocortisone, live weight gain, morbidity, leukocytes, lymphocyte transformation, interferon, neutrophils, natural killer cells, IGa, igm, peroxidases, lymphocytes.

Fisher, A.D.; Morris, C.A.; Matthews, L.R. (2000). Cattle behaviour: comparison of measures of temperament in beef cattle. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 60: 214-217, ISSN: 0370-2731.

NAL Call Number: 49.9 N483

Keywords: temperament, animal behavior, measurement, tests.

Fjerdingby, N.; Waage, S. (2003). Comparison of two methods for the dehorning of calves. [Sammenligning av to metoder for avhorning av kalv.] Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 115 (1): 7-15, ISSN: 0332-5741.

NAL Call Number: 41.8 N81

Keywords: calves, Norwegian Red, breed, crossbred, dehorning, electrical hot-iron tool, Leister-Ghibli, hot-air gun, comparison, sedative, local anaesthetic, plasma cortisol, behavioral testing, human contact test, discomfort, pain, Norwegian language.

Fordyce, G.; Fitzpatrick, L.A.; Cooper, N.J.; Doogan, V.J.; Faveri, J. de; Holroyd, R.G. (2002). Bull selection and use in northern Australia. 5. Social behaviour and management. Animal Reproduction Science 71 (1/2): 81-99, ISSN: 0378-4320.

NAL Call Number: QP251.A5

Keywords: behavior, breeding, animal husbandry, Brahman, breed, crossbreds, bulls, calf production, calves, conception rate, extensive husbandry, male fertility, mating systems, paternity, DNA typing, performance testing, reproduction, reproductive performance, selection, sire evaluation, social behavior, Australia.

Gauly, M.; Mathiak, H.; Erhardt, G. (2002). Genetic background of behavioural and plasma cortisol response to repeated short-term separation and tethering of beef calves. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 119 (6): 379-384, ISSN: 0931-2668.

NAL Call Number: 442.8 Z35

Keywords: beef cattle, beef breeds, German Simmental, German Angus, blood chemistry, behavior, breed differences, calves, genetic effects, heritability, hydrocortisone, sex differences, stress, stress response, temporary calf removal, tethering.

Gauly, M.; Mathiak, H.; Kraus, M.; Hoffmann, K.; Erhardt, G. (2001). Difference in temperament of beef cattle regarding breed and sex. [Rasse- und Geschlechtsunterschiede im Temperament von Kalbern in Mutterkuhhaltung.] Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 108 (5): 206-210, ISSN: 0341-6593.

NAL Call Number: 41.8 D482

Keywords: calves, cows, bulls, Aberdeen-Angus, German Simmental, breed differences, sex differences, behavior, temperament, handling, German language.

Gazzola, C.; Jeffery, M.R.; White, D.H.; Hill, R.A.; Reid, D.J. (2002). Effect of delayed castration on the growth rate, behaviour and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration of beef cattle on tropical pasture. Animal Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 75 (1): 41-47, ISSN: 1357-7298.

NAL Call Number: SF1.A56.

Keywords: beef cattle, breed differences, behavior, castration, age at castration, estradiol, growth promoting implants, growth rate, insulin-like growth factor, liveweight gain, carcass fat, Australia.

Gibb, D.J.; Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S.; Stookey, J.M.; McKinnon, J.J.; Godson, D.L.; Wiedmeier, R.D.; McAllister, T.A. (2000). Effect of a trainer cow on health, behavior, and performance of newly weaned beef calves. Journal of Animal Science 78 (7): 1716-1725, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Keywords: cows, trainer, beef calves, weaned, behavior, performance, health, feeding patterns, haptoglobin, leukotoxin antibody, body weight gain, rectal temperature.

Golda, J.; Kohoutek, A. (2002). Utilization of grasslands by agrotechnical and management practices for efficient beef cattle and suckler cows husbandry. [Vyuziti drnoveho pudniho fondu pratotechnickymi a pratoutilizacnimi postupy pro efektivni chov skotu bez trzni produkce mleka.] Vyzkum v Chovu Skotu 44 (2): 17-18, ISSN: 0139-7265.

Abstract: This article summarizes the main objectives and stages of a project which aims to assess the utilization of pastures and permanent meadows by cattle in less favourable production areas in the Czech Republic. The project includes especially: 1) evaluation of different grass and clover mixtures, 2) assessment of optimal grass varieties in order to extend the grazing period, 3) evaluation of the effect of grazed grasslands on the landscape formation, 4) assessment of botanical diversity of permanent grasslands, 5) evaluation of different grazing methods, 6) monitoring cattle behaviour, 7) economical analyses.

Keywords: beef cattle, suckler cows, heifers, feed grasses, meadows, pasture improvement, grazing, soil amendments, yield factors, behavior, feeding habits, feeds, grasses, natural resources, nonrenewable resources, Czech language, Czech Republic.

Goonewardene, L.A.; Price, M.A.; Okine, E.; Berg, R.T. (1999). Behavioral responses to handling and restraint in dehorned and polled cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64 (3): 159-167. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750 A6

Keywords: calves, polled condition, horns, dairy cattle, beef cattle, restraint of animals, cattle husbandry, animal behavior.

Gottardo, F.; Fregolent, G.; Preciso, S.; Cozzi, G.; Ragno, E.; Bianchi, C.; Mazzini, C.; Andrighetto, I. (2002). Welfare of beef cattle. [Il benessere dei bovini allevati per la produzione di carne.] Informatore Agrario 58 (6): 35-39, ISSN: 0020-0689.

NAL Call Number: 281.8 IN32

Keywords: animal welfare, beef cattle, standards, EC Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, stress, housing, feed access, aggressive behavior, diet, health, loading, unloading, Italian language, Italy.

Grandin, T. (2001). Cattle vocalizations are associated with handling and equipment problems at beef slaughter plants. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71 (3): 191-201, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Abstract: Vocalization of cattle in commercial slaughter plants is associated with observable aversive events such as prodding with electric prods, slipping in the stunning box, missed stuns, sharp edges on equipment or excessive pressure from a restraint device. A total of 5806 cattle were observed during handling and stunning in 48 commercial slaughter plants in the United States, Canada and Australia during the calendar year of 1999. Each animal was scored as either a vocalizer or a nonvocalizer. In 20 plants (42%), 0-1% of the cattle vocalized, in 12 plants (25%) 2-3% vocalized, in 12 plants (25%) 4-10% vocalized and in four plants (8%) more than 10% vocalized. In three plants repeated use of an electric prod on 95% or more of the cattle that balked and refused to move was associated with vocalization percentages of 17, 16 and 12%. In five plants, the percentage of cattle that vocalized was reduced by making modifications to plant equipment. Reducing the voltage on a rheostat controlled electric prod reduced the vocalization percentage from 7 to 2% in the first plant. In three other plants, the incidence of cattle backing up and balking was reduced by illuminating a dark entrance or adding a false floor to a conveyor restrainer. A false floor eliminates the visual cliff effect. The percentage of cattle that vocalized was reduced from 8 to 0%, 9 to 0% and 17 to 2%. Since balking was reduced, electric prod use was also reduced. In the fifth plant, reduction of the pressure exerted by a neck restraint reduced the percentage of cattle that vocalized from 23 to 0%. In the five plants where modifications were made, a total of 379 cattle were observed prior to equipment modifications and 342 after modification. The mean percentage of cattle that vocalized was 12.8% before the modifications and 0.8% after the modifications (P < 0.001). Vocalization scoring can be used to identify handling and equipment problems that may compromise animal welfare.

Keywords: abattoirs, commercial slaughter plants, behavior, animal welfare, stress, vocalization, aversive events, prodding with electric prods, slipping in the stunning box, missed stuns, sharp edges on equipment, excessive pressure from a restraint device, facility and equipment modifications, proper lighting, false floors, reduced voltage of electric prod, Australia, Canada, USA. Copyright© 2003, CAB International

Grandin, T. (1999). Easy tips for low stress cattle handling. Large Animal Practice 20 (5): 28, 30-33.

NAL Call Number: SF601 B6

Keywords: beef cattle, dairy cattle, handling, transport, stress, trauma, milk, milking, reproduction, techniques, immune response.

Grignard, L.; Boivin, X.; Boissy, A.; Neindre, P. le (2001). Do beef cattle react consistently to different handling situations? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71 (4): 263-276, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: animal behaviour, heifers, Limousin (cattle breed), genetic variation, handling, isolation, restraint of animals, human presence, reaction to humans.

Grignard, L.; Boissy, A.; Boivin, X.; Garel, J.P.; Le Neindre, P. (2000). The social environment influences the behavioural responses of beef cattle to handling. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 68 (1): 1-11. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750 A6

Keywords: calves, cattle breeds, Limousine temperament, handling, stress, social environment, social behavior, animal behavior, docility test, fearfulness, visual stimuli, handling.

Guetter, O. (1997). Person to animal relationship with a suckler cow herd. [Untersuchungen zur Mensch-Tier-Beziehung an einer Mutterkuhherde.] In: 3. Trenthorster Kolloquium, Workshop on Rearing of Cattle with Suckler Calves (Mutterkuhhaltung) as Extensive Rearing System. Studies on Appropriate and Environmentally Friendly Animal Husbandry, Dec. 5-6, 1996 Trenthorst, Germany. [Workshop Ueber Die Haltung von Rindern Mit Saugkaelbern (Mutterkuhhaltung) Als Extensive Tierhaltungsform. Studien Zur Artgerechten Und Umweltfreundlichen Tierhaltung.] FAL: Braunschweig-Voelkenrode, Germany, pp. 240-242, Series title, Landbauforschung Voelkenrode. Sonderheft (Germany), no. 177, ISSN: 0376-0723.

NAL Call Number: 18 L2353 Suppl.

Keywords: beef cattle, cows, mothers, human animal relationships, free range husbandry, extensive husbandry, Germany, European Union, German language.

Hartmann, J.; Schlichting, M.; Langholz, H.J. (1996). Studies on improving beef testing systems on station. 2. Automation of feeding of standardized test diet. [Untersuchungen zur Weiterentwicklung der Stationsprufung auf Fleischleistung beim Rind. 2. Automatisierung der Futterung einer Standardprufdiat] Archiv fur Tierzucht 39 (2): 107-119, ISSN: 0003-9438.

NAL Call Number: 49 AR23

Keywords: bulls, housing systems, automation, transponders, equipment, floors, straw, litter, slatted floors, behavior, feed intake, estimation, automatic feed dispensers, German language.

Hassoun, P. (2002). Cattle feeding behaviour at pasture: A methodology related to on farm measurements. Animal Research 51 (1): 35-41.

Abstract: In order to study the effects of herbage allowance on cattle behaviour activities on the farm, some methodological aspects had to be defined. Two sets of observations have been conducted on farm using a beef suckler herd containing 24 cows and managed in a rotational grazing system including a total of 6 paddocks. Behaviour activities were recorded on two successive paddocks. In set 1, the herd activities were recorded every 5 min in daylight and 15 min at night for the first two days on the two paddocks. In set 2, ten cows were individually identified among the same herd. On the first and the last day on the two paddocks, daylight activities were recorded with 5-min frequencies. From these individual observations, total grazing and ruminating duration were calculated, simulating records every 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. In set 1,76% of the total grazing and 28% of the total ruminating activities occurred in daylight. Grazing started at dawn and finished at dusk. In set 2, grazing activity followed the same pattern as in set 1 in daylight. Whatever the frequency of the records, grazing and ruminating time were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. However the 10 min frequency gave fewer and lower individual differences than the 15 and 20 min frequencies, compared to the original record (5 min). It is concluded that visual observations of cattle managed in a rotational grazing system can be readily undertaken at the farm level with 5 to 20 min frequencies.

Hemsworth, P.H.; Price, E.O.; Borgwardt, R. (1996). Behavioural responses of domestic pigs and cattle to humans and novel stimuli. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 50 (1): 43-56, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: pigs, beef cattle, handling, responses, stimuli, novel objects, previous exposure, animal behavior, human approach tests.

Hirata, M.; Iwamoto, T.; Otozu, W.; Kiyota, D. (2002). The effects of recording interval on the estimation of grazing behavior of cattle in a daytime grazing system. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15 (5): 745-750, ISSN: 1011-2367.

NAL Call Number: SF55.A78A7

Keywords: beef cattle, beef cows, calves, grazing systems, animal behavior, data collection, errors, techniques, estimation, paspalum notatum, rumination, grazing.

Howery, L.D.; Bailey, D.W.; Ruyle, G.B.; Renken, W.J. (2000). Cattle use visual cues to track food locations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67 (1/2): 1-14. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750 A6

Keywords: foraging, memory, learning ability, spatial variation, visual stimuli, feeding preferences, feeding behavior, feed intake, individual characteristics.

Ingrand, S.; Agabriel, J.; Dedieu, B.; Lassalas, J. (2001). Effects of reducing access to food on intake and feeding behaviour of loose-housed dry Charolais cows. Animal Research 50 (2): 145-148.

Keywords: Charolais cows, breed, food intake, feeding behavior, hay ad libitum, feeding from mangers, nutritional requirements.

Ingrand, S. (2000). Feeding behaviour, intake and performance in beef cattle managed in group. [Comportement alimentaire, quantites ingerees et performances des bovins conduits en groupe.] Productions Animales 13 (3): 151-163, ISSN: 0990-0632.

NAL Call Number: SF1.P77

Keywords: feeding habits, livestock management, nutritional requirements, nutrient intake, animal performance, behavior, physiological requirements, French language.

Ingrand, S.; Agabriel, J.; Dedieu, B.; Lassalas, J. (2000). Effects of within-group homogeneity of physiological state on individual feeding behaviour of loose-housed Charolais cows (beef cow). [Effets de l'homogeneite intra-lot des stades physiologiques sur le comportement alimentaire de vaches Charolaises conduites en stabulation libre [vache allaitante, alimentation en groupe.] Annales de Zootechnie 49 (1): 15-27, ISSN: 0003-424X.

NAL Call Number: 49 F84

Keywords: cows, beef cattle, housing, feed intake, behavior, feeding habits.

Ingrand, S.; Agabriel, J.; Lassalas, J.; Dedieu, B. (1999). How group feeding influences intake level of hay and feeding behaviour of beef cows. Annales de Zootechnie 48 (6): 435-444, ISSN: 0008-424X.

NAL Call Number: 49 F84

Keywords: beef cattle, beef cows, group effect, behaviour, feeding behavior, hay, dry matter, feed intake, nutrition programs, housing, loose housing, milk, milk yield, management, nutrient requirements, winter, cow housing, French language.

Ingrand, S.; Agabriel, J.; Lassalas, J. (1997). Individual feeding vs group feeding for Charolais cows. [Comportement d'ingestion de vaches Charolaises conduites a l'attache ou en stabulation libre.] In: Proceedings of the 4. meeting “Rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants”. Paris (France), December 4 and 5 1997 [4. Rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants. Paris (France), les 4 et 5 decembre 1997] Institut de l'Elevage: Paris, France, p.91, ISBN: 2-84148-026-7.

Keywords: cows, housing, tethered stalls, hay, feed intake, feeding habits, feeds, husbandry methods, behavior, French language, France.

Jago, J.G.; Matthews, L.; Bass, J.J.; Knight, T.W. (1996). A comparison of two methods of castration on post, pubertal beef cattle and their effect on behaviour, growth and ultimate pH. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 56 (0): 394-397, ISSN: 0370-2731.

NAL Call Number: 49.9 N483

Keywords: bulls, steers, pubertal, effects of surgical and immunocastration, sexual behavior, aggressive behavior, plasma testosterone growth, slaughter, meat quality, hot carcass weight, pH, body weight, carcass weight, carcass composition.

Kiley-Worthington, M.; Randle, H.D. (1999). The criteria for ethologically and ecologically raised beef. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 16 (4): 369-380, ISSN: 0144-8765.

NAL Call Number: S605.5 B5

Abstract: The problems of beef production, including concerns about animal welfare, undesirable environmental effects, inability to be economically viable without subsidies from the public purse, and, recently, in the light of the B.S.E. crisis, possible concern for public health, are discussed. The criteria for improved animal welfare, including reduced behavioural restriction, are examined in order to work towards developing “ethologically sound” environments. The criteria for assessing the ecological effect of the beef producing enterprise are also outlined. One suggested way of reducing environmental and animal welfare problems is the production of suckled beef on ecological farms if this can be economic.

Keywords: beef production, animal welfare, behavioral restriction, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, public health concerns, profitability, environmental impact, animal husbandry, meat production, UK. Copyright© 2003, CAB International

Kiley-Worthington, M.; Randle, H.D. (1999). The practicalities and economics of ethologically and ecologically raised double suckled beef. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 16 (4): 381-393, ISSN: 0144-8765.

NAL Call Number: S605.5 B5

Abstract: It is widely believed that beef production fulfilling the majority of the criteria for ethological and ecological husbandry is less productive and less economic than conventional beef production. It is commonly believed that organic ethologically and ecologically sound beef production must rely on premium prices. The management, production and economic performance from 1990 to 1996 of a herd of double suckling South Devon cattle on an ecological farm within the Dartmoor National Park, U.K., indicates that animal welfare, ecological, public health and aesthetic concerns can be dramatically reduced, and that this can be accompanied by better economic performance than on conventional suckler systems. The management system is outlined and its strengths and weaknesses assessed.

Keywords: South Devon, breed, economic analysis, profitability, ethics, nature conservation, sustainability, organic farming, animal welfare, suckling, animal husbandry, farm management, public health, animal behavior, beef production, England.

Kosako, T.; Imura, T. (2000). Effects of early training and rearing conditions on the movability of Japanese black cattle using ropes. Animal Science Journal 71 (7): 75-81, ISSN: 1344-3941.

NAL Call Number: SF1 A542

Keywords: calves, breed, Japanese Black, behavior, early training, training to lead, handling, rearing techniques, human interaction, Japanese language.

Kosako, T.; Imura, T. (1999). Behavioral characteristics of Japanese black calves [Bos taurus] during leading training in the first seven days after birth. Animal Science Journal 70 (10): 415-420, ISSN: 1344-3941.

NAL Call Number: SF1 A542

Keywords: calves, breed, Japanese Black, social behavior, training, training to lead, human interaction, Japanese language.

Kosako, T.; Imura, T. (1999). Effect of handling treatment during three days after birth on the subsequent reaction to humans in Japanese black calves (Bos taurus). Animal Science Journal 70 (10): 409-414, ISSN: 1344-3941.

NAL Call Number: SF1 A542

Keywords: calves, breed, Japanese Black, social behavior, training, training to lead, human interaction, Japanese language.

Kosako, T.; Imura, T. (1999). Effect of housing conditions and human contact on temperament of Japanese black calves. Animal Science Journal 70 (9): 205-210, ISSN: 1344-3941.

NAL Call Number: SF1 A542

Keywords: animal housing, handling, meat animals, Japanese language, Japan.

Ksiksi, T.; Laca, E.A. (2000). Can social interactions affect food searching efficiency of cattle? The Rangeland Journal 22 (2): 235-242.

NAL Call Number: SF85.4 A8A97

Keywords: social behavior, feeding behavior, grazing, learning, foraging, uniform grazing patterns.

Laca, E.A.; WallisDeVries, M.F. (2000). Acoustic measurement of intake and grazing behaviour of cattle. Grass and Forage Science: The Journal of the British Grassland Society 55 (2): 97-104.

NAL Call Number: 60.19 B773

Keywords: steers, grazing, animal behavior, feed intake, feeding behavior, acoustics, mastication, grass sward, cutting, height, setaria pumila, plant height, nitrogen fertilizers, application rates, sounds, prediction, estimation, chewing sounds.

Landaeta-Hernandez, A.J.; Yelich, J.V.; Lemaster, J.W.; Fields, M.J.; Tran, T.; Chase, C.C., Jr.; Rae, D.O.; Chenoweth, P.J. (2002). Environmental, genetic and social factors affecting the expression of oestrus in beef cows. Theriogenology 57 (4): 1357-1370, ISSN: 0093-691X.

NAL Call Number: QP251.A1T5

Keywords: cows, breed differences, Senepol, Brahman, behavior, social dominance, estrus prostaglandins, reproductive behavior, mounting, estrus synchronization, environmental factors, temperature, humidity, subtropical environments, Florida; USA.

Lanier, J.L.; Grandin, T.; Green, R.; Avery, D.; McGee, K. (2001). A note on hair whorl position and cattle temperament in the auction ring. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73 (2): 93-101, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: auction ring behavior, behavioral scoring, calm, agitated, relationship to facial hair patterns, temperament, breed differences, Bos taurus beef breeds, Bos indicus beef breeds, Holsteins, Colorado, Texas.

Lanier, J.L.; Grandin, T.; Green, R.D.; Avery, D.; McGee, K. (2000). The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament. Journal of Animal Science 78 (6): 1467-1474, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Abstract: Casual observations indicated that some cattle are more sensitive to sudden movement or intermittent sound than other cattle. Six commercial livestock auctions (5 located in Colorado and 1 in Texas, USA) during the summer of 1998, and a total of 1636 cattle were observed to assess the relationship between breed, sex, and temperament score on the response to sudden, intermittent visual and sound stimuli, such as the ringman swinging his arm for a bid and the sound of him briefly yelling a bid. 74% of the cattle were British and European breeds (Bos taurus, Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Simmental and their crosses) and 21.4% were Holsteins. 93 Bos indicus cattle consisted of Brahman, Watusi and crosses with Bos taurus breeds. A 4-point temperament score was used to score each animal while it was in the ring. The scores used were (1) walks and (or) stands still, with slow, smooth body movements, (2) continuously walks or trots, and vigilant, (3) gait is faster than a trot (runs even a couple of steps), with fast, abrupt, jerky, movements, and very vigilant, and (4) hits the ring fence, walls, partitions, or people with its head. Animals were observed for flinches, startle responses, or orientation toward sudden, intermittent sounds, motions, and tactile stimulation, such as being touched with a cane or plastic paddle. Holsteins were more sound-sensitive (P=0.02) and touch-sensitive (P<0.01) than beef cattle. Sensitivity to sudden, intermittent stimuli (e.g., sound, motion, and touch) increased as temperament score (excitability) increased. Cattle with a temperament score of 1 were the least sensitive to sudden, intermittent movement and sound and those with a temperament score of 4 were the most sensitive (P<0.01). This same relationship was sometimes observed for touch but was not statistically significant. Motion-sensitive cattle were more likely than nonsensitive cattle to score a temperament rating of 3 or 4 (P<0.01). Steers and heifers were more motion-sensitive than the older bulls and cows (P=0.03). Beef cattle urinated (P<0.01, n=1581) and defaecated (P<0.01, n=1582) more often in the ring than did dairy cattle. Cattle that became agitated during handling in an auction ring were the individuals that were most likely to be startled by sudden, intermittent sounds and movements. Reactivity to sudden, intermittent stimuli may be an indicator of an excitable temperament.

Keywords: steers, heifers, bulls, cows, sex differences, British and European breeds (Bos taurus, Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Simmental and their crosses), Holsteins, Bos indicus (Brahman, Watusi and crosses), breed differences, animal behaviour, aution ring, defaecation, gait, handling, head, heifers, movement, orientation, responses, sounds, stimulation, stimuli, temperament score, urination, animal welfare, reaction time, Colorado, Texas. Copyright© 2003, CAB International

Le Neindre, P.; Boivin, X.; Trillat, G. (1996). Reactions of Limousine cattle to handling. [Reactions des bovins limousins lors des manipulations.] Comptes Rendus de l’Academie d’Agriculture de France 82 (2): 71-80, ISSN: 0989-6988.

NAL Call Number: S5 C65

Keywords: Limousine, breeds, domestication, husbandry methods, behavior, genetic variation, French language, France.

Lehr, A. (1997). Etho-physiological reactions in mother cows and their calves during the peripartal period. [Verhaltensphysiologische Reaktionen bei Mutterkuehen und ihren Kaelbern im peripartalen Zeitraum.] In: 3. Trenthorster Kolloquium, Workshop on Rearing of Cattle with Suckler Calves (Mutterkuhhaltung) as Extensive Rearing System. Studies on Appropriate and Environmentally Friendly Animal Husbandry, Dec. 5-6, 1996 Trenthorst, Germany. [Workshop Ueber Die Haltung von Rindern Mit Saugkaelbern (Mutterkuhhaltung) Als Extensive Tierhaltungsform. Studien Zur Artgerechten Und Umweltfreundlichen Tierhaltung.] FAL: Braunschweig-Voelkenrode, Germany, pp. 138-148, Series title, Landbauforschung Voelkenrode. Sonderheft (Germany), no. 177, ISSN: 0376-0723.

NAL Call Number: 18 L2353 Suppl.

Keywords: beef cattle cows, mothers, calves, behavior, heart rate, movement, parturition, Germany, European Union, German language.

Mathew, S.R.; McCaughey, W.P.; Kennedy, A.D.; Lewis, N.J.; Crow, G.H. (1999). Electronic monitoring of mounting behavior in beef cattle on pasture. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 40 (11): 796-798.

NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224

Keywords: beef cows, monitoring, automation, sexual behavior, estrus, detection, detectors, artificial insemination, conception rate, pregnancy rate.

Matthes, H.D.; Jentsch, W.; Derno, M.; Pilz, K.; Bittner, G. (1997). Behaviour of cattle with different adaptive states at different management systems and environmental temperatures. [Verhalten adaptationsdifferenzierter Rinder bei unterschiedlicher Haltung und verschiedenen Umgebungstemperaturen.] In: 3. Trenthorster Kolloquium, Workshop on Rearing of Cattle with Suckler Calves (Mutterkuhhaltung) as Extensive Rearing System. Studies on Appropriate and Environmentally Friendly Animal Husbandry, Dec. 5-6, 1996 Trenthorst, Germany. [Workshop Ueber Die Haltung von Rindern Mit Saugkaelbern (Mutterkuhhaltung) Als Extensive Tierhaltungsform. Studien Zur Artgerechten Und Umweltfreundlichen Tierhaltung.] FAL: Braunschweig-Voelkenrode, Germany, pp. 110-124, Series title, Landbauforschung Voelkenrode. Sonderheft (Germany), no. 177, ISSN: 0376-0723.

NAL Call Number: 18 L2353 Suppl.

Keywords: environmental temperature, thermoregulation, cold, heat, stress, behavior, body temperature, heart rate, rumination, movement, feed intake, rumen digestion, Germany, European Union, German language.

Meyer, B.D.; Apley, M.D.; Imerman, P.M. (2002). Comparison of serum steroidal hormone concentrations in buller steers, riders, and uninterested penmates. Investigation of sickness, body weight, feed bunk status, and implant condition during buller occurrence. Bovine Practitioner 36 (1): 27-32, ISSN: 0524-1685.

NAL Call Number: SF779.5 A1B6

Abstract: Live weight; rectal temperature (on days one and 3); implant condition; feed bunk condition; and serum hormone concentrations of trenbolone, trenbolone acetate, testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol 17 beta (on days one and 3) were measured in rider steers (n=17), buller steers (n=6) and control steers (n=18) at the time of bulling activity. Day one was considered the day of initial bulling activity. Liveweight at the time of bulling did not differ between groups (p=0.99), nor did rectal temperature at the time of bulling or the rectal temperature on day 3 post-bulling (p=0.93, p=0.80). There was a significant relationship between liveweight at the time of bulling activity and day one rectal temperature (p=0.002); however, the relationship between liveweight at the time of bulling and day 3 rectal temperature was not significant (p=0.31). The condition of growth hormone implants at the time of bulling did not differ between groups (p=0.27). Day one serum estradiol 17 beta concentration was significantly different between groups (p=0.05). The four steers that had detected (and quantified) levels of estradiol 17 beta on day one were riders; on the other hand, one buller and one control steer had detected (not quantified) levels of estradiol 17 beta on day one. The available data suggest that rider steers may have elevated levels of estradiol 17 beta as compared to bullers and non-involved pen mates at the time of bulling activity. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that the rider steer should be scrutinized as closely as the buller steer in future studies.

Keywords: aggressive behavior, body temperature, bulls, estradiol, liveweight, mating behaviour, progesterone, steers, temporal variation, testosterone, trenbolone, buller steer syndrome. Copyright 2003, CAB International.

Nakanishi, Y.; Shigemori, K.; Yanagita, K.; Mieno, M.; Manda, M. (1998). Behavioural and growth effect of oral administration of rumen protected tryptophan on weanling beef calves. Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture: Kagoshima University 34: 89-95, ISSN: 0453-0853.

NAL Call Number: 107.6 K114

Keywords: calves, Japanese Black, breed, oral administration, tryptophan, weaning, behavior, lying, locomotion, agonistic interactions, social behavior, vocalizations, play, growth, feed conversion efficiency, amino acids, application methods, Japan.

Nowakowski, P. (1996). Technical and ecological considerations on mixed grazing: a review. [Aspekty technologiczno-ekologiczne wykorzystania uzytkow zielonych przy wypasie mieszanym: przeglad literatury.] Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu. Konferencje 291: 159-170, ISSN: 1232-3071.

Keywords: cattle, sheep, goats, pastures, feeding systems, mixed grazing, review, animal groupings, social bonds, behavior, stocking density, Polish language, Poland.

Petherick, J.C.; Holroyd, R.G.; Doogan, V.J.; Venus, B.K. (2002). Productivity, carcass and meat quality of lot-fed Bos indicus cross steers grouped according to temperament. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42 (4): 389-398., ISSN: 0816-1089.

NAL Call Number: 23 Au792

Keywords: steers, beef cattle, carcass quality, meat quality, performance, temperature, feedlots, liveweight, body condition, feed intake, handling, fearfulness, prediction, liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, pH, stress.

Phillips, C. (2002). Cattle Behaviour and Welfare: Second Edition Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK, 264p., ISBN: 0-632-05645-2.

NAL Call Number: SF202.5 P45 2002

Keywords: play behavior, social behavior, nutritional behavior, reproductive behavior, resting behavior, locomotion, adaptation, perception, cognition, selective breeding, welfare, human animal relationship, welfare, measuring welfare, welfare of dairy cows, disease, hunger, malnutrition, milking, housing, tail docking, welfare of beef cattle and draft oxen, housing, pasture, dystocia, welfare of calves, calf behavior, housing, handling, veal calves, welfare of cattle during transport, marketing, slaughter, stunning, ritual slaughter.

Phillips, C.J.C.; Johnson, P.N.; Arab, T.M. (1997). The effect of supplementary light during winter on the growth, body composition and behaviour of steers and heifers. Animal Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 65 (2): 173-181.

NAL Call Number: SF1 A56

Keywords: steers, heifers, photoperiod, body weight, live weight gain, carcass weight, dressing percentage, feed intake, dry matter, feed conversion, body condition, conformation, blood serum, prolactin, animal behavior, sexual behavior, lean, body fat.

Price, E.O.; Adams, T.E.; Huxsoll, C.C.; Borgwardt, R.E. (2003). Aggressive behavior is reduced in bulls actively immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Journal of Animal Science 81 (2): 411-5, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to compare the frequency of aggressive behavior’s in beef bulls actively immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone relative to contemporary nonimmunized control bulls and surgically castrated steers. Eight males were assigned to each of these treatments in each of 4 yr. Immunized males were treated with a GnRH-keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (KLH) conjugate at approximately 4 mo of age. A secondary (booster) immunization was administered at 12 mo. Steers were castrated at 4 mo of age. Animals in each treatment in each year were housed as a single group prior to testing. At approximately 16 mo of age, each group of eight animals was placed in a 10- x 16-m enclosure for 20 min on five occasions at 2 to 3 d intervals. An observer recorded butts initiated by each animal as well as participation in bouts of sparring. Relative to control bulls, immunocastration reduced the frequency of butts initiated (P < 0.05) and participation in sparring bouts (P < 0.05) to levels typically observed in steers (P > 0.05). These observations indicate that active immunization against GnRH reduces the incidence of aggressive behavior in male beef cattle and are consistent with our postulate that immunoneutralization of GnRH is an effective alternative to surgical castration in the management of beef cattle.

Keywords: bulls, castrations, immunocastration, alternative to surgical castration, aggressive behavior, butts.

Price, E.O.; Harris, J.E.; Borgwardt, R.E.; Sween, M.L.; Connor, J.M. (2003). Fenceline contact of beef calves with their dams at weaning reduces the negative effects of separation on behavior and growth rate. Journal of Animal Science 81 (1): 116-121, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that fence line contact between beef calves and cows at weaning reduces indices of behavioral distress and associated temporary reductions in weight gain. One hundred Angus/Hereford-cross calves were randomly assigned to five treatments for 7 d in each of 3 yr to determine the effect of different weaning techniques on their behavior and subsequent growth. Treatments were 1) fenceline separation from dams on pasture (F-P), 2) total separation from dams on pasture (S-P), 3) total separation from dams in a drylot (corral) preconditioned to hay (S-D-P), 4) total separation from dams in a drylot not preconditioned to hay (S-D-NP), and 5) nonweaned controls on pasture (C-P). At the end of the 7-d postweaning period, all calves were placed on pasture in large groups. Calves were weighed weekly for 10 wk. In the days following weaning, F-P and C-P calves spent more time eating (grazing or eating hay) than S-P and S-D-NP calves (P < 0.05). The S-P calves spent more time walking (pacing) than calves in the other four treatments (P < 0.05), which did not differ. The S-P calves also spent less time lying down than C-P, F-P, and S-D-P calves (P < 0.05), S-P and S-D-NP calves did not differ in lying time. The F-P calves vocalized less than S-P and S-D-NP calves (P < 0.05). In general, treatment differences were greatest during the first 3 d following weaning with d 2 (20 to 30 h after weaning) showing the greatest disparity. The F-P calves spent approximately 60% of their time within 3 m of the fence separating them from their dams during the first 2 d following weaning, whereas F-P cows spent about 40% of their time within 3 m of the fence during this period. Postweaning cumulative body weight gains of the F-P calves were greater than the gains recorded for the calves in the three totally separated treatments (which did not differ). The F-P calves gained 95% more weight than the average calf in the three totally separated treatments in the first 2 wk and were still heavier at 10 wk (21.4 vs 11.0 kg, respectively, at 2 wk and 50.0 vs 38.2 kg, respectively, at 10 wk, P < 0.05). It was concluded that providing fenceline contact between beef calves and cows for 7 d following weaning reduces behavioral indices of distress seen in the totally separated calves. In addition, fenceline contact with dams at weaning minimizes losses in weight gain in the days following separation. Totally separated calves did not compensate for these early losses in weight gain even after 10 wk.

Prichard, W. (2000). Cattle Handling: Leading the Way Forward Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust (NFST): Uckfield, UK, 31p., ISBN: 1-901801-62-4.

Keywords: handling, beef cattle, dairy cattle, USA, New Zealand, Australia, Irish Republic.

Reinhardt, V. (2002). Artificial weaning of calves: benefits and costs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5 (3): 247-251, ISSN: 1088-8705.

NAL Call Number: QL55 H8

Keywords: husbandry, welfare, beef cattle, calves, cost benefit analysis, weaning.

Schaffer, D.; Borell, E. von; Laube, R.B. (1999). Cow-calf-relationships in a beef suckler cow herd. [Die Mutter-Kind-Beziehung in der Mutterkubhaltung.] Archiv fur Tierzucht 42 (3): 225-233, ISSN: 0003-9438.

NAL Call Number: 49 AR23

Abstract: A beef suckler herd (25 cows, 23 calves) was observed on pasture for cow-calf behaviour. There were 20 suckling positions (with 1, 2 or 3 calves suckling per cow) during 299 sucklings. The incidence of cross-suckling and the diversity of suckling positions were higher than those in the literature, indicating that there was disruption to the bonding between the cow and its calf during calving. The cows preferred parallel lying positions along the periphery of the pasture. It is suggested that farmers should design pastures to meet animal welfare needs and that regular observation of the herd should be incorporated into the farm management scheme.

Keywords: cows, calves, animal behavior, suckler herds, maternal behaviour, bonding, suckling, beef cows, pastures, animal welfare, beef cattle, German language, Germany.Copyright© 2003, CAB International

Schmutz, S.M.; Stookey, J.M; Winkelman-Sim, D.C.; Waltz, C.S.; Plante, Y.; Buchanan, F.C. (2001). A QTL study of cattle behavioral traits in embryo transfer families. The Journal of Heredity 92 (3): 290-292.

NAL Call Number: 442.8 Am3

Abstract: Two behavioral traits, temperament and habituation, were measured in 130 calves from 17 full-sib families which comprise the Canadian Beef Cattle Reference Herd. Using variance components, heritability was calculated as 0.36 for temperament and 0.46 for habituation. Genotyping of 162 microsatellites at approximately 20 cM intervals allowed the detection of six quantitative trait loci (QTL) for behavior traits on cattle chromosomes 1, 5, 9, 11, 14, 15.

Keywords: quantitative traits, loci, heritability, genetics, husbandry, animal behavior, temperament, habituation.

Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S.; Stookey, J.M.; Crowe, T.G.; Genswein, B.M.A. (1998). Comparison of image analysis, exertion force, and behavior measurements for use in the assessment of beef cattle responses to hot-iron and freeze branding. Journal of Animal Science 76 (4): 972-979.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Abstract: Thirty-three steers (328 +/- 2 kg) from a total of 300 animals were randomly selected for a comparison of techniques designed to quantify the behavioral response to painful procedures. The steers were randomly assigned to freeze-branding, (F), hot-iron branding (H), and sham branding (S) treatments. The responses of all steers were videotaped to quantify the amount and intensity of head movements during branding. In addition, the force that steers exerted on the headgate and squeeze chute during branding was recorded using strain gauges and load cells. Behaviors believed to be indicative of pain (tail-flicking, kicking, falling, and vocalizing) were also recorded during branding. These techniques were compared for their effectiveness in measuring behavioral responses of steers during branding. Hot-iron-branded steers had greater maximum and average head movement distances and velocities than F or S steers (P < .05), and F steers only had greater maximum values than S animals (P < .05). The maximum exertion forces obtained from headgate load cells were also greater in H than in For S steers (P < .05); however, no differences were observed between H and F treatments for squeeze load cell or headgate strain gauge data. Hot-iron-branded steers had the greatest incidence of tail-flicks, kicks, falls in the chute, and vocalizations, and S steers had the least. Results indicate that H steers experienced more discomfort at the time of branding than F and S steers, whereas F steers experienced more discomfort than shams. Image analysis was a superior technique for detecting treatment differences compared with exertion force measurements and frequency counts of tail-flicks, kicks, falls, and vocalization during branding.

Keywords: steers, branding, pain, responses, image processing, video recordings, forces, strain gauges, transducers, animal behavior, animal welfare.

Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S.; Stookey, J.M.; Passille, A.M.; de Rushen, J. (1997). Comparison of hot-iron and freeze branding on cortisol levels and pain sensitivity in beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77 (3): 369-374, ISSN: 0008-3984.

NAL Call Number: 41.8 C163

Keywords: yearling heifers, mixed breeds, Hereford, Charolais, Angus, Shorthorn, branding, pain, hydrocortisone, stress, discomfort, animal welfare, identification, hot-iron branding, freeze branding, burns.

Sederstrom, R.; Mayntz, M.; Sender, G. (2002). Effect of afterstimulation on milk yield and fat composition in beef cattle: A form of honest begging? Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science 52 (4):161-166, ISSN: 0906-4702.

NAL Call Number: S3 A27

Keywords: Hereford, breed, blood serum fatty acids, essential fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, afterstimulation, calf suckling behavior, honest begging, milk fat composition, milk yield.

Sekine, J.; Izawa, S.; Matsumoto, T.; Hai, J.; Takatori, H.; Yamasaki, Y.; Oura, R.; Hishinuma, M. (1999). A study on changes in the blood vitamin A and cortisol levels and behavioral pattern of fattening Japanese black steers. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture: Tottori University 35: 7-13, ISSN: 0082-5360.

NAL Call Number: 107.6 T643

Keywords: blood levels, vitamin A, retinol, glucocorticoids, adrenal cortex hormones, animal feeding, daily weight gain, behavior, stress, social behavior.

Sekine, J.; Jin, H.; Oura, R.; Hishinuma, M. (1998). Effect of kinds of forage on feed intake and time spent for eating and rumination of Japanese black cows. Animal Science and Technology 69 (9): 865-869, ISSN: 0918-2365.

NAL Call Number: 49 N62

Keywords: feed intake, hay, rice straw, crop residues, digestion, eating disorders, rumination, behavior, agricultural wastes, Japan.

Seman, D.H.; Stuedemann, J.A.; Hill, N.S. (1999). Behavior of steers grazing monocultures and binary mixtures of alfalfa and tall fescue. Journal of Animal Science 77 (6): 1402-1411.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Abstract: Spectral analysis was used to relate dietary quality and herbage species to the behavior of grazing steers. Four .3-ha paddocks were established with either ‘AU-Triumph’ tall fescue (F; Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), “Apollo” alfalfa (A; Medicago sativa L.), 1/3 fescue and 2/3 alfalfa (2/3A), or 2/3 fescue and 1/3 alfalfa (1/3A). Each paddock was stocked with 10 to 16 steers and defoliated in 5 d. Three steers on each paddock carried vibracorders to monitor grazing time. Daily forage samples were taken in 10-cm layers and weighed. Esophageal extrusa were collected from fistulated steers to measure diet quality. Daily grazing time did not differ (P = .37) among treatments; however, steers grazing mixtures grazed numerically longer (1.4 h/d) than steers on monocultures. Spectral analysis revealed that steers grazing A and 2/3A had many daily meals of short duration, but steers grazing 1/3A and F consumed three meals daily at 8-h intervals. Throughout the 4.67-d grazing period, quality of the diet linearly declined in crude protein and herbage digestibility, linearly increased in neutral detergent fiber and cellulose, and exhibited quadratic changes in lignin and ash. For most quality values, the tall fescue monoculture differed from the others (P < .05). Steers selected diets with similar quality for the A, 2/3A, and 1/3A treatments. This study illustrates how differences in forage diets alter grazing behavior of steers.

Keywords: steers, pastures, botanical composition, selective grazing, festuca arundinacea, medicago sativa, forage, feeding frequency, duration, sward destruction, grazing intensity, stand density, rotational grazing.

Seo, T.; Sato, S.; Kosaka, K.; Sakamoto, N.; Tokumoto, K.; Katoh, K. (1998). Development of tongue-playing in artificially reared calves: effects of offering a dummy-teat, feeding of short cut hay and housing system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56 (1): 1-12, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: Japanese Black calves, breed, stress, plasma ACTH, hydrocortisone, corticotropin, effects, feeding, hay, housing, group versus individual, animal behaviour, weaning, exploratory behavior, abnormal behavior, grooming, displacement behavior, sucking, tongue playing, teats, dummy teat.

Shirao, D.; Sawai, T.; Fujii, K. (2000). A study of dehorning early stage Japanese black calves and its influence on the weight gains, behavioral patterns and physiology of the calves. Yamaguchi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 27: 37-42, ISSN: 0388-9335.

Keywords: beef cattle, age differences, behavior, calves, dehorning, live weight gain.

Smith, B.J. (1998). Moving’Em: A Guide to Low Stress Animal Handling The Graziers Hui: Kamuela, Hawaii, 352p.

NAL Call Number: SF202.7 S65 1998

Keywords: handling, herding, driving, stockmanship, stress, history, culture, senses, perception, social behavior.

Smith, D.L.; Wilson, L.L.; Wiggers, D.L. (1998). Electrical prod use on behavioral activities and physiological characteristics of weaned beef cattle. The Professional Animal Scientists 14 (4): 243-248.

NAL Call Number: SF51 P76

Keywords: chutes, cattle weighers, animal behavior, electrical stimulation, stress response, stress factors, restraint of animals, blood protein, leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin value, hematocrit, neutrophils, lymphocytes, ratios, conditioned reflexes, animal welfare.

Sowell, B.F.; Mosley, J.C.; Bowman, J.G.P. (1999). Social behavior of grazing beef cattle: Implications for management. Journal of Animal Science 77 (Suppl. 1): 203, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82.

Keywords: selective culling, social behavior, management implications, social hierarchies.

Stookey, J.M.; Schwatzkopf, K.S.; Waltz, C.S.; Watts, J.M. (1997). Effects of remote and contact weaning on behaviour and weight gain of beef calves. Journal of Animal Science 75 (SUPPL. 1): 157, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Keywords: contact weaning, remote weaning, social contact, stress, weight gain.

Taylor, L.F.; Booker, C.W.; Jim, G.K.; Guichon, P.T. (1997). Epidemiological investigation of the buller steer syndrome (riding behaviour) in a western Canadian feedlot. Australian Veterinary Journal 75: 1, 45-51.ISSN: 0005-0423.

NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72

Abstract: To describe the buller steer syndrome in a Western Canadian feedlot. DESIGN: a retrospective study. ANIMALS: 78,445 male cattle that entered a 24,00-head feedlot in western Canada from 1991 to 1993. PROCEDURE: All cattle were given a hormonal growth promotant containing 20 mg oestradiol benzoate and 20 mg progesterone within 24 h of arrival at the feedlot. A “buller” was a steer that was observed at daily pen checking to be ridden persistently by pen mates or had evidence of having been persistently ridden by pen mates. At the completion of the feeding period, animal health records for bullers were collected and analysed. RESULTS: The prevalence of bullers in the total population was 2,139/78,445 (2.7%, range per pen 0 to 11.2%). The prevalence of bullers increased with increasing weight and age. The relapse risk after first treatment (three days in the feedlot hospital plus treatment for concurrent disease) was 30% on average (27 to 35%). Individual records from 9,734 yearling steers that entered the feedlot in 1991 and 1992 showed that bullers were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier at processing than non-bullers. Bullers occurred as a point source epidemic with a cause occurring soon after cattle arrived at the feedlot and were mingled into pen grous. This gave a “days on feed” distribution. The peak incidence of bullers occurred much sooner after arrival and dropped off much quicker in older cattle. The daily incidence of bullers was temporal, but was not related to season of the year, weather condition of any other feedlot management practice. It was related to the seasonal arrival of cattle at the feedlot, their age at entry to the feedlot and the post arrival occurrence of bullers. Reimplantation with hormonal growth promotants and castration of intact bulls did not produce an epidemic of bullers. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the theory that bullers are the result of agonistic interactions, which occur concurrent with the establishment and maintenance of a social hierarchy with pens of feedlot cattle.

Keywords: bulls, bullers, epidemiology, progesterone, growth promoters, animal behavior, feedlots, weight, age, body weight, Alberta, Canada.

Taylor, L.F.; Booker, C.W.; Jim, G.K.; Guichon, P.T. (1997). Sickness, mortality and the buller steer syndrome in a western Canadian feedlot. Australian Veterinary Journal 75 (10) 732-736, ISSN: 0005-0423,

NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72

Abstract: Medical records of 78 445 male cattle that entered a 24 000-head feedlot in Alberta, Canada, between August 1991 and November 1993 were reviewed. The prevalence of dominance behaviour increased with increasing age of cattle on arrival at the feedlot. Sickness and mortality decreased with increasing age on arrival but increased in cattle exposed to aggressive bulls. Sickness and dominance behaviour mostly occurred within the first 30 days of the feeding period. Pens of cattle with a high prevalence of bullers did not have a correspondingly high prevalence of sickness or mortality. It is suggested that dominance behaviour is correlated with sickness in feedlot steers.

Turner, L.W.; Udal, M.C.; Larson, B.T.; Shearer, S.A. (2000). Monitoring cattle behavior and pasture use with GPS and GIS. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80 (3): 405-413.

NAL Call Number: 41.8 C163

Keywords: grazing, monitoring, global positioning systems, geographical information systems, tracking, grassland management, pastures and range.

Udal, M.C.; Turner, L.W.; Larson, B.L.; Shearer, S.A. (1998). GPS tracking of cattle on pasture. In: ASAE Annual International Meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA, 12-16 July, 1998, ASAE Paper no. 983134, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA, 13p.

Keywords: animal behavior, monitoring, geographical information systems, intensively managed beef cattle, time spent in pasture segments, time spent watering.

Viljoen, S. (2001). The ABC of beef production - 2. Pecking orders in cow herds. Farmer’s Weekly 91002: 28-30.

NAL Call Number: 24 F225

Keywords: cows, social behavior, social structure, South Africa.

Viljoen, S. (2000). ABC of beef production - 1. Cattle psychology. Farmer’s Weekly 90051: 16-17.

NAL Call Number: 24 F225

Keywords: psychological factors, mental ability, South Africa.

Voisinet, B.D.; Grandin, T.; Tatum, J.D.; O’Connor, S.F.; Struthers, J.J. (1997). Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments. Journal of Animal Science 75 (4): 892-896, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Keywords: steers, heifers, Braford, Simmental x Red Angus, Red Brangus, Simbrah, American Angus (AA), Tarentaise x AA. breeds, breed differences, sex differences, temperament, weight gain, handling, tameness, behavior, growth rate.

Watts, J.M.; Stookey, J. M.; Schmutz, S.M.; Waltz, C.S. (2001). Variability in vocal and behavioural responses to visual isolation between full-sibling families of beef calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 70 (4): 255-273, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: calves, bulls, heifers, age differences, sex differences, vocalization, environmental factors, genetic effects, isolation, live weight, animal behaviour, individual variability, Canada.

Watts, J.M.; Stookey, J.M. (1999). Effects of restraint and branding on rates and acoustic parameters of vocalization in beef cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62 (2/3): 125-135. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Abstract: 189 calves were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design, the factors were branded and not branded, and restrained and not restrained. On 4 consecutive days calves were brought through a headgate and squeeze apparatus. Restrained calves were caught in the headgate for 3 to 5 s. The remainder were stopped at the headgate but not restrained. On day 5, all calves were captured and restrained. Half the animals were hot-iron branded and half were sham branded using an unheated iron. During branding, vocalizations were recorded. Digitized files were used to generate an audio-spectrogram and a power spectrum for each call. 167 calls were analysed. During treatment, 65 calves vocalized. Significantly more branded than non-branded animals vocalized (58/95 compared with 7/94). Branded animals showed a greater frequency range in the fundamental, or lowest harmonic, of the audio-spectrogram, (68.04 plus or minus 5.33 Hz compared with 28 plus or minus 8.74 Hz), a higher maximum frequency (186.66 plus or minus 5.19 Hz compared with 141.6 plus or minus 6.6 Hz) and a higher peak sound level. The previous 4 days of restraint did not alter the probability of vocalizing, or any characteristics of the calls. It is suggested that measuring vocal response may be particularly useful when the effects of relatively severe stressors are being investigated.

Waynert, D.F.; Stookey, J.M.; Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S.; Watts, J.M.; Waltz, C.S. (1999). The response of beef cattle to noise during handling. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62 (1): 27-42. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750 A6

Keywords: heifers, electronic scale, remote telemetry, heart rate, fearfulness, stress, handling, noise, animal behavior, movement, sounds, humans shouting, metal clanging, habituation.

Wettemann, R.P.; Lehman, F. (1997). Buller steers: causes and control. Research Report 957: 123-128.

NAL Call Number: 100 OK4M

Keywords: behavior, reproduction, implants.

White, D. H.; Gazzola, C.; Jeffery, M. R.; Reid, D. A. (2000). The effect of post-pubertal castration on behaviour in beef cattle. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13 (Suppl.): 145, ISSN: 1011-2367.

Keywords: beef cattle, castration, behavior, puberty, growth rate.

Wilson, S.C.; Mitlohner, F.M.; Morrow-Tesch, J.; Dailey, J.W.; McGlone, J.J. (2002). An assessment of several potential enrichment devices for feedlot cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76 (4): 259-265, ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL Call Number: QL750.A6

Keywords: beef cattle, Charolais, feedlots, enrichment, animal behavior, animal welfare, aroma, stimulation, animal preferences, habituation, environmental enrichment, scratching devices.

Wilson, S.C.; Fell, L.R.; Collins, D.P. (1999). The development of indices of welfare for beef cattle in feedlots. Journal of Animal Science 77 (Suppl. 1): 148, ISSN: 0021-8812.

NAL Call Number: 49 J82

Keywords: feedlot cattle, behavior, production, welfare status, indices.

Zerbe, F. (1997). Behavioural studies of rhythmic activities in gravid Galloway-cows using telemetric technique (Ethosys). [Untersuchung rhythmischer Verhaltensaktivitaeten bei Galloway-Rindern mit Hilfe telemetrischer Technik (Ethosys).] In: 3. Trenthorster Kolloquium, Workshop on Rearing of Cattle with Suckler Calves (Mutterkuhhaltung) as Extensive Rearing System. Studies on Appropriate and Environmentally Friendly Animal Husbandry, Dec. 5-6, 1996 Trenthorst, Germany. [Workshop Ueber Die Haltung von Rindern Mit Saugkaelbern (Mutterkuhhaltung) Als Extensive Tierhaltungsform. Studien Zur Artgerechten Und Umweltfreundlichen Tierhaltung.] FAL: Braunschweig-Voelkenrode, Germany, pp. 172-183, Series title, Landbauforschung Voelkenrode. Sonderheft (Germany), no. 177, ISSN: 0376-0723.

NAL Call Number: 18 L2353 Suppl.

Keywords: cows, mothers, parturition, movement, behavior, sensors, measuring instruments, reproduction, Germany, European Union, German language.

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