Science CornerScience CornerThe Editors thank Ms. Marian Bowen who helped prepare manuscripts for peer review, Ms. Heather Herrington who input needed editorial changes to the manuscripts, Ms. Marie-Josette Murray who prepared many of the tables for this publication, and Mr. James Brooks and Ms. Sharon Jacobs who helped with the index preparation.
The Editors also thank Ms. Cynthia Allen, Mr. Patrick Brady, Mr. Eric Bonner, and Ms. Georgi Jones, ATSDR, who did the layout, cover design, and desktop publishing of these manuscripts.
The Editors would also like to thank the following persons who gave of their time to peer review manuscripts submitted for inclusion in these proceedings. As with any peer-reviewed document, identifying reviewers does not mean they necessarily agree with all the content of these proceedings. That responsibility rests with the Editors.
List of Peer Reviewers:
-A- Dr. Alan Abelsohn Mohamed B. Abou-Donia, Ph.D. Dr. Ulf G. Ahlborg Dr. Gerald Akland Tim E. Aldrich, Ph.D., MPH Dr. Michele Anatra-Cordone Julian B. Andelman, Ph.D. Beth Anderson W. Kent Anger, Ph.D. Edmundo T. Arias Dr. Yousef Atallah Dr. William W. Au Dr. Thomas G. Aucoin Dr. E.L. Avol Diane D. Aye, MPH-B- Lt. Col. Gerald Baker Dr. Teevee Barbela Dr. L.W. Bass Dr. John W. Bauman Dr. Barbara Beck Dr. Joseph V. Behar Dr. John U. Bell Dr. R. Hays Bell Michael Berry Linda S. Birnbaum, Ph.D., DABT Bonnie P. Blaylock, MA Max Boerlin Dr. San S.M. Boleij Dr. James Bond Carmia Borek, Ph.D. Dr. David J. Borgeson Klaus Bosse John L Boucher, BS Frank J. Bove, ScD Nachman Brautbar, M.D. Kelly A. Brix, MD, MPH Elise Ann B. Brown, Ph.D. Dr. Stephen L. Brown Larry D. Brown, DVM Elizabeth F. Bryan Dr. Timothy Buckley Ove. Chr. Bugge Quang Q. Bui, Ph.D. Dr. JeAnne R. Burg Joanna Burger, Ph.D. Thomas A. Burke, Ph.D., M.P.D. Dr. David Burmaster Dr. James S. Bus J.H. Butala, MS Dr. Patricia Butler James P. Butler, Ph.D. Daniel M. Byrd, Ph.D., DABT
-C- Edward J. Calabrese, Ph.D. Thomas J. Callender, M.D. Dr. David Camann Maria Camatini, Ph.D. Dorothy Canter, Ph.D. Claudia B. Caputo, Ph.D. Richard A. Carchman, Ph.D. Tito Cascieri, Jr., Ph.D. Joseph A. Catuogno, Ph.D. Luis Cerda-Ecahurren Jacques Cerf, Ph.D. Dr. Ming J.W. Chang, Ph.D. Willard R. Chappell, Ph.D. Ambrose K. Charles, Ph.D. Paul Charp, Ph.D. Dr. K.L. Cheever C.P. Chengelis, Ph.D. Neil Chernoff, Ph.D. Nancy J. Chew, MS Hariari Choudhury, Ph.D. Per Christensen Bruce R. Christie, MCRVS, Ph.D. Panayotis Christodoulakis Dr. Margaret Chu Ho Chung, Ph.D. Dr. Yong Chung C. Michael Cisson, Ph.D. W.B. Clapham, Jr. Robert L. Clark, Ph.D. C.R.E. Coggins, Ph.D. Steven D. Cohen, ScD Dr. Yoram Cohen Richard Cohen, MD, MPH Dr. Beverly S. Cohen Perry Cohn, Ph.D. Theo Colborn Ronald L. Coleman, Ph.D. Dr. James J. Collins Alan B. Combs, Ph.D. James E. Cone, MD, MPH Carol Connell Timothy J. Connor, BA Kristin M. Cookson, DVM Dr. Adolpho Correa Mary Ellen Cosenza, MS Dr. Dominique Costa Ronald C. Couch, Ph.D., DABT Jaqueline Cramer Morris F. Cranmer, Ph.D. Dr. Dana Curtiss
-D- Dr. R.W. D'Souza Joan Daisey, Ph.D. Suresh B. Damle, Ph.D. Kenneth I. Darmer, Jr., M.S. Curtis C. Dary, Ph.D. Dr. Scott Davis Devra Lee Davis, Ph.D. Sergio De Almeida Ing. L.S. De Jonge John A. Del-Pup, Ph.D. Kevin J. Domack, MS Michael L. Dourson, Ph.D. Dr. Wolf Drechsler S. Thomas Drivsholm Thomas S. Dunlop, B.A. Patrick R. Durkin, Ph.D. Michelle R.T. Dutcher Dr. Eric Dybing William G. Dykstra, Ph.D., DABT
-E- Dr. Jane Eickhoff
-F- Jerald A. Fagliano, MPH Walter R. Farkas, Ph.D. Obaid M. Faroon, D.V.M., Ph.D. Karen Fassuliotis, Ph.D. Dr. Thomas P. Fears Kurt A. Fehling Dr. Richard Fenske Robert A. Finch, Ph.D., DABT Mark Finn Lawrence Fishbein, Ph.D. Scott Fleming Anders Flising Roger M. Folk, Ph.D. Dr. Roy Fortman James G. Fox, DVM Clay Bruce Frederick, Ph.D. James J. Freeman, Ph.D. Dr. Raymond Freeman Dr. Marvin Friedman Karen Fussuliotis, Ph.D.
-G- Shayne C. Gad, Ph.D., DABT Dr. Ahok Gadgil Kevin Gashlin Dr. David A. Gaylor Ken Geiser Panos G. Georgopuolos, Ph.D. Larry A. Gephart, DABT Sandy Geschwind, Dr.P.H. Jacques E. Gielen, Ph.D. Charles E. Gilbert, Ph.D. Michael Gochfeld, MD, PhD Terri Goldberg Lynn Goldman, MD, MPH Bernard Goldstein, M.D. Paula R. Goode, B.S. Dr. John D. Graham Ted L. Guidotti, MD
-H- H. Irene Hall, Ph.D. G. Brent Hamar, DDS, MPH Charles E. Hastings, Ph.D. Nabil S. Hatoum, Ph.D. Dr. Neil Hawkins Dr. John K. Hawley Milton Hejtmancik, Jr., Ph.D. Dr. Helena Hanninen Dr. Rogene Henderson Roy C. Herndon, Ph.D. Dr. George E. Hoag Dr. Philip K. Hopke Abraham Hsie, Ph.D. H. Kenneth Hudnell, Ph.D. Dr. James Huff Dr. Donald Huisingh Dr. Karen Hulebak Dr. John S. Hunter Dr. E.W. Hutchison
-J- Dr. Wan K. Jo
-K- Dr. Jun Kagawa Dr. Alan Katz Wendy E. Kaye, Ph.D. Kathryn E. Kelly, Ph.D. William E. Kennedy Dr. Susan M. Kennedy Martin Kharrazi, Ph.D. K.S. Khera, D.Sc. Kaye H. Kilburn, M.D. Howard Kipen, MD, MPH John C. Kissel, Ph.D. Judith B. Klotz, Ph.D. Dr. Helmut Knoeppel Dr. Jane Koenig Choudari Kommineni, DVM, Ph.D. Dr. Petros Koutrakis Dr. Burton Kross Kristie L. Kryston, PhD, MPH
-L- Joseph LaDou, M.D. Dr. Steven Lamm Dr. Sheldon Lande Dr. Elizabeth Lapadula Jaqueline Aloisi De Larderell Dr. Frances Law Dr. Brian Leaderer Michael Lebowitz, Ph.D. Dr. Erik Lebret Dr. Ki Young Lee Dr. Si Duk lee F.X. Rolaf Van Leeuwen Marvin S. Legator, MD Dr. M.M.D. Lever Dr. Hal Levin Dr. J.C. Lhuguenot Charles Lichtenwalner Maureen Lichtveld, M.D., M.P.H. Dr. W. Linn Paul J. Lioy, Ph.D. Dr. Morton Lippmann Dr. Mayada Logue Thomas Long Dr. Larry Lowry George W. Lucier, Ph.D. Curt Lunchick Per Lundberg, PhD Jeremiah Lynch Dr. James Lyon
-M- Dr. Kauho Maeda Dr. Stephen Mahfood Sonia P. Maltezou, Ph.D. Cesare Maltoni, MD Gary M. Marsh, Ph.D. Dr. Melanie Marty Dr. Morris M. Maslia Dr. Hidetsuru Matsushita Jeannette E. May, MPH, CHES Dr. Albert Mayer Dr. Fred Mayer Thomas McCurdy Dr. Chuck McDermott Hugh W. McKinnon, MD Dr. Stephen L. Meek Dr. Ronald L. Melnick Dr. Amir A. Metry Rita Meyninger, Ph.D. Dr. Jayne Michaud Howard W. Mielke, Ph.D. Anthony B. Miller, MB, FRCP Barbara Miller Gayle Miller, MPH George E. Milo, Ph.D. Dr. Jane Mitchell Dr. Maria Morandi Peter Morris, MD Dr. William E. Morton Dr. Debdas Mukergee Phyllis J. Mullenix, PhD M. Moiz Mumtaz, Ph.D. Albert E. Munson, Ph.D. Dr. Debdas Murkejee Elizabeth H. Murray, MPH Dr. Linda Murray
-N- Dr. Hiroyuki Nakazawa Dr. Toshlo Narahashi Dr. Michael G. Narotsky Dr. Beth Neely Dr. Henry Nehls-Lowe Dr. William Nelson Dr. Ken Neuburger Dr. Ray Neutra Diane Niedzwiecki, Ph.D. Robert Nilsson, Ph.D. Dr. Jean-Claude Noel Dr. Karen Northup
-O- Dr. Claire O'Brien John O'Donoghue, Ph.D. Godfrey P. Oakley, Jr., MD, MPH Dr. Eugenia Olguin Christine Oliver, MD Dr. Roy A. Oliver Dr. Kjell Oren Dr. Thomas Osimitz Dr. Wayne Ott David M. Ozonoff, MD
-P- Beverly Paigen, Ph.D. Ramona D. Panson, MS, DABT Aurelio Pasi, MD Dr. Dennis J. Paustenbach J. Gareth Pearson Alain F. Pelfrene, M.D., Ph.D. Dr. Gerald R. Peterson Dr. Linda Phillips Dr. Janet Pichette Richard C. Pleus, PhD Patricia A. Poindexter, MPH Colonel Bruce J. Poitrast, M.D. Andrew Pope, Ph.D. Adi M. Pour, Ph.D. Patricia H. Price, DO Paul S. Price, M.S.
-R- Roy J. Rando, ScD, CIH Dr. Peter Rombout Dr. Nickolette Roney Dr. Michael A. Rosen Dr. Lisa Rosenblum Christine Rosheim, DDS, MPH Amit Roy, M.S. Peter Rudnai, M.D. Dr. I. Rummel-Bulska Dr. Vivian Rush
-S- Dr. March Sadowitz Dr. Julio A. Salinas Errol Samuel Michael E. Samuhel, Ph.D. Dr. S.S. Sandhu Dr. Carlos Santos-Burgoa Sara M. Sarasua, MPH Dr. Douglas J. Sarno Dr. Anne Sassaman Dr. John M. Scagnelli MaryJean Schenk, MD Dr. Robert Schlag Rita S. Schoeny, PhD Dr. Christian O. Schon Dr. Judith Schreiber Brian Schwartz, M.D., M.S. Paul A. Schulte, Ph.D. Douglas C. Scott, MD, MPH Lawrence Segal, Ph.D. Sharon Seidel, Ph.D. Jun Sekizawa, MD Anna Maria Seppalainen, M.D. Carl M. Shy, MD Sidney Siegel, Ph.D. Ellen Silbergeld, Ph.D. Dr. Chu Siuwang Thomas Richard Skopek, Ph.D. Dr. Nicholas Skoulis Dr. Jacqueline Smith Dr. Kirk Smith Dr. Walter Stahel Robert E. Staples, Ph.D. Bozidar Stavric, Ph.D. Constance W. Stein Dr. Alan Stern J. Michael Straight, M.D. Bruce D. Stuart, Ph.D. Allan S. Susten, Ph.D. Dr. Charles Sweet
-T- Dr. Keith Tait Steven R. Tannenbaum, Ph.D. Dr. Christopher M. Teaf Dr. Daniel T. Teitelbaum Suzanne P. Teran M. Jane Teta, DrPH, MPH William C. Thomas, Ph.D. Todd W. Thorslund, ScD Dr. George Thurston Dr. Tim L. Tinker Curtis Travis, Ph.D. Glenn Tucker
-U- Dr. Christopher Uchrin Marilyn C. Underwood, PhD William S. Utley, Ph.D.
-V- Dr. Marie Vahter Dr. Willem H. Vanderburg Richard Veech, M.D., Ph.D. Marilyn F. Vine, Ph.D. Dr. Claudio Vismara Eberhard Voit, Ph.D. Josephus G. Vos, DVM, Ph.D.
-W- Michael J. Wade, PH.D. Andrew Wadge, MD Dr. Vaughn Wagner Dr. Reinhard Walter Frank G. Walter, M.D. Winston Warr, M.D., M.P.H. Daniel Wartenburg, Ph.D. Dr. Martha Waters Dr. B. J. Weinrath Bernard Weinstein, M.D. Clifford P. Weisel, Ph.D. Frank M. Westrum, M.S., M.P.H. Dr. Candace Wheeler Dr. Lawrence Whitehead Dr. Paul W. Willard Ernst F. Winter, Ph.D. Julia M. Winter, MEd Dr. Scott Wolff
-Y- Raymond S.H. Yang, Ph.D. Dr. Azita Yazdani Dr. Michael Yhdego Dr. S. Young