Table of contents for Shortcomings of linkages between environmental conservation initiatives and poverty alleviation in Tanzania / Idris S. Kikula, E.Z. Mnzava, Claude Mung'ong'o.

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ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  ..............................................................viii
ABSTRACT       ...................................................................ix
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY  ..................................................... 1
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  .......................... ........................ 2
1.4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................   2
1.4. iamplingStrateg ....  ....................................................... 2
1.4.2 Data Collection Techniques .............. ... ............................   3
2.0 THE LOCATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF THE
   STUDY  AREAS .................................................................  4
2.1 LOCATIONAL CONTEXT AND OTHER FEATURES ........................................ 4
2.1.1 Zaraninge Forest Reserve (ZFR) Sample Area  ................................ 5
2.1.2 The Udzungwa Mountain National Park (UDNP) Study Area .....................  7
2.1.3 The Kisongo Study Area...................................................    9
3.0 THE MISSING LINKS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVEN-
   TIONS AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION EFFORTS IN THE AREA
   ADJACENT TO THE ZFR ....................      .................................10
3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 10
3.1.1 Tree Planting ....................    ............ .......... ..............10
3.1.2 Agriculture.................................................................11
3.1.3 Community Management of Resources and Protected Area Approaches............ 12
Buffer Zonation Around the ZFR and Establishment of a National Park ..............13
3.1.4 Bee Keeping ............................................................... 14
3.2 EMERGING ISSUES ........................................ .................... 14
4.0 THE MISSING LINKS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVA-
   TION, AGRICULTURE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN AREAS
   AROUND COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES: THE CASE OF MANG'ULA
   WARD, KILOMBERO DISTRICT         ............. ............................... 16
4.1 INTRODUCTION                 ............................. .................. 16
4.2 ACTIVITIES OF SUGAR PRODUCTION  ............................................. 16
4.3 THE ILLOVO KILOMBERO SUGAR COMPANY .......     ................. .............17
4.4 The Sugarcane Outgrowers    ................................................. 22
4.5 ULANGA RICE AND COTTON COMPANY (ULANGACO) ................................... 23
4.6 BENEFITS OF LARGE SCALE SUGARCANE PRODUCTION ............. .................  23
4.7 THE RICE INDUSTRY  .......................................................... 24
4.8 IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION ON SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE ......................... 26
4.9 PROBLEMS OF SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE .......................... .............. 27





4.9.1 Crop Marketing ...........................................  ............... 27
4.9.2 Land Shortage .........................................................     28
4.9.3 Unsuitable Land ........................................................... 29
4.10 PROBLEMS OF SMALLHOLDER PRODUCERS: EDUCATION, SKILLS AND CULTURE ........... 29
4.10.1 Poor Primary Education          .........................................  29
4.10.2 Cultural Issues .......................................................... 29
4.11 WOMEN ECONOMIC INITIATIVES FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION ......................... 30
4.12 THE FISHM ONGERS  .......................................................... 31
4.13 TREE GROWING  .............................................................. 31
4.14 ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT             ................................. 33
5.0 THE MISSING LINKS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVA-
    TION AND POVERTY ALLEVATION INITIATIVES IN THE
    KISONGO WARD, ARUSHA ........................................................ 34
5.1 INTRODUCTION           .....................................................  34
5.2 AGRICULTURE  ...............................................................  34
5.3 TREE PLANTING   ............................................................  35
6.0 AN OVERVIEW ON THE DUALISM OF ENVIRONMENTAL CON-
    SERVATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION ........................................... 38
6.1 WATER SHORTAGE          ....................................................  38
6.2 LACK OF PARTICIPATORY AND COMMUNICATION APPROACHES .......................... 39
6.3 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY          ............................................. 42
6.4 POOR ACCESSIBILITY TO MARKETS         ....................................... 42
6.5 VERM IN PREVALENCE  ......................................................... 42
6.6 LINKS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY NOT FULLY APPRECIATED.....43
6.7 LACK OF INNOVATIVENESS        .............................................   43
6.8 POOR SECTORAL INTEGRATION         .........................................   44
6.9 LAND DEGRADATION ............................................................ 44
6.10 LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION          ..................................  45
6.11 WOMEN UNDER-REPRESENTATION    ....................... ...................... 46

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The Population Characteristics of Three Villages        ................
Table 2: Population Change of the 17 Villages in the Eastern Parts of the UMNP ....8
Table 3: Crop Productivity Per Hectare in Bagamoyo district  .................... 12
Table 4: Reasons for Not Planting Trees (in %)         .......................... 16
Table 5: Sugar Production at ILLOVO 1981/82 - 1996/97        .................... 18
Table 6: Women Attendance at Meetings Organised during This Study.................31
Table 7: Seedling Production: 1991/92 - 1998/99          .........................32
Table 8: Estimated Value (in Tshs) of the Seedling Production (1991/92 - 1998/99)..32
Table 9: Sale of Grass from Mr Elisha Sheshe's Farm, Jan. - June 1995 .............34
Table 10: Export of Forestry and Bee Products for the Years: 1991/92 - 1994/95.....40
Table 11: Export of Forestry and Bee Products for the Years: 1995/96 - 1997/98.....41
Table 12: Production of Seedlings in Kilolo and Mazombe Divisions  ................42