READ AND REMOVE THIS PAGE BEFORE PLACING
THE SPECIFICATION SECTION IN THE CONTRACT

* * * * * * * * * *

DIVISION 2:  SITEWORK

SECTION 02743 ‑ BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT

USE:	Furnishing, placing, and compacting a Bituminous Surface.  

NOTES TO SPECIFIER:

A.	Options within paragraphs are identified by enclosure in brackets; blank spaces enclosed by brackets [      ] provide for information to be inserted, as appropriate to individual projects.

B.	TO AVOID CONFLICTING REQUIREMENTS AND COSTLY MISTAKES, the specifier must edit (delete, substitute or add to the text).  The remaining paragraphs must be renumbered.

C.	DELETE FOR FINAL COPY: Notes to the Specifier, located between lines of asterisks; all [brackets], underlining, boldface, and italics within the paragraphs; and this page.  (Open Reveal Codes [alt F3] to do this accurately).

D.	To Edit “(Footer B)”: (Corel 8).  ENTIRE FOOTER SHOULD BE BOLDED.  Click in the footer and delete the “Project Name (ftr B)” text and replace it with the Name Of The Project (upper/lower case).  Replace date with current MM/YY (WITHOUT BRACKETS). 

E.	The Guide Specifications are intended to be continuously reviewed and revised.  User’s technical comments are appreciated.  Also, other related or similar specifications that are written “from scratch” that could benefit others, or other questions can be sent to NSTC A/E Group, ST-110 or call (303) 987-6851.

F.	DESIGN NOTES:

1.	DRAWING DATA REQUIRED:

Location and detail drawings as needed.

TABLE III

MINIMUM SPREADING TEMPERATURES

          Base1 Temp.   Wearing, Binder, or Leveling Course Thickness in Inches
	      degrees F     1/2    3/4     1    1‑1/2     2      3    3‑1/2    4

             20‑322	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	2752	2602
            +32‑402	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	295	280	270	260
            +40‑50	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	300	285	275	265	255
            +50‑60	‑‑‑	‑‑‑	300	295	280	270	260	255
            +60‑70	-‑‑	300	290	285	275	265	255	250
            +70‑80	300	290	285	280	270	265	255	250
            +80‑90	290	280	275	270	265	260	250	250
            +90	280	275	270	265	260	255	250	250

1Base on which mix is placed.
2Increase by 15 degrees when placement is on base or subbase containing frozen moisture.  Normally, hot mix paving is not allowed on base temperature below 45 degrees F.

REVISIONS OF THIS SECTION:
CSI format, editorial changes 12/00
Metric: Not Applicable
Technical Update: 

SECTION 02743

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT

PART 1:  GENERAL

1.1	SUMMARY

A.	Section Includes:  Furnishing, placing, and compacting one or more courses of bituminous pavement on a prepared base.

B.	Related Sections:

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LIST ITEMS OF WORK THAT MIGHT LOGICALLY BE FURNISHED AND INSTALLED UNDER THIS SECTION, BUT INSTEAD ARE SPECIFIED IN ANOTHER SECTION.  THIS ARTICLE IS RARELY REQUIRED.
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C.	Alternates/Alternatives:  The Contractor may submit alternatives to the design or specifications providing they are within the scope of the work.  The alternatives shall be sufficiently detailed so that they may be properly evaluated.  [Alternatives may include changes in mix design or use of recycled material.] [Alternatives shall be considered [after] [[30] days prior to] bid opening.]

1.2	SUBMITTALS

A.	General:  Submittals shall be according to [Section 01009 - General Information and Requirements.] [Section 01330 - Submittal Procedures.] [Section 01331 - Certificates.]

B.	Certificates of Conformance:  Submit three copies of written certification from the supplier of bituminous material used in the mix to be used on this project that it conforms to the requirements of this specification section.

C.	Samples:  Submit three samples of each of the following items to be used on this project for approval:
1.	Aggregate from each separate source ‑ 25 pounds
2.	Aggregate of each different gradation ‑ 25 pounds
3.	Mineral filler ‑ 20 pounds
4.	Asphalt ‑ 1 gallon
5.	Anti‑stripping agent, when used

D.	Job Mix Formula:  Submit a job mix formula, prepared within one year of submittal, for approval [by the Government] prior to preparing and placing the bituminous mixture.  Design mix using procedures contained in Chapter III, Marshall method of Mix Design, of the Asphalt Institute MS‑2.  The formulas shall indicate the physical properties of the mixes as shown by tests made by an approved commercial laboratory using materials identical to those to be used on this project.  Submit all formulas with materials samples.  The job mix formula for each mixture shall be in effect until modified in writing by the Contractor and approved by the Contracting Officer.  Provide a new job mix formula for each source change.
1.	Required Data:  The job‑mix formula shall show the following:  the source and proportions (percent by weight) of each ingredient of the mixture; the correct gradation (the percentages passing each size sieve listed in the specifications for the mixture to be used) for the aggregate and mineral filler from each separate source and from each different size to be used in the mixture and for the composite mixture; the amount of material passing the No. 200 sieve determined by dry sieving; the number of blows of hammer compaction per side of molded specimen; the temperature viscosity relationship of the asphalt cement; the stability, flow, percent voids in mineral aggregate, percent air voids, unit weight; asphalt absorption by the aggregate; effective asphalt content as percent by weight of total mix; the temperature of the mixture immediately upon completion of mixing; the asphalt viscosity grade and/or penetration range; and 

		The Results of:			As Determined by:

		Specific Gravity of Asphalt	ASTM D 70
		Coarse Aggregate:
		  Bulk Specific			ASTM C 127
		  Abrasion Loss			ASTM C 131
		  Soundness Loss			ASTM C 88
		Weight of Slag			ASTM C 29
		% Crushed Pieces in Gravel	Counting ‑ by Observation
			and Weight
		Fine Aggregates:
		  Bulk Specific Gravity		ASTM C 128
		  Soundness Loss			ASTM C 88
		Mineral Filler ‑ Specific 
		  Gravity				ASTM C 188 or D 854
		Bituminous Mixture:
		  Bulk Specific Gravity		ASTM D 1188 or D 2726
		  Theoretical Maximum
		    Specific Gravity		ASTM D 2041
		  Index of Retained 
		    Strength				ASTM D 1075

2.	Charts:  Plot and submit, on a grain size chart, the specified aggregate gradation band, the job mix gradation and the job mix tolerance band.

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FOR TRAFFIC WITH TIRE PRESSURES 100 PSI AND OVER AND ALSO FOR PRIMARY ROADS AND STREETS, SPECIFY 75 BLOWS; FOR TIRE PRESSURES LESS THAN 100 PSI AND FOR SECONDARY ROADS, STREETS, AND PARKING AREAS, SPECIFY 50 BLOWS.
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3.	Bituminous Specimens:  Shall be made and testing according to ASTM D 1599 with the following exceptions:
a.	Compaction:  Apply [[75 blows of the hammer to each flat face of the specimens for mix numbers [_____] and [_____]] [[and 50 blows for mix numbers [_____] and [_____]].
b.	Curves:  Plot and submit curves for the [leveling], [binder] [and] wearing course[s] to show the effect on the test properties of at least four different percentages of asphalt on the unit weight, stability, flow, air voids, and voids in mineral aggregate; each point on the curves shall represent the average of at least four specimens.
c.	Cooling of Specimen:  After compaction is completed, allow the specimen to cool in air to the same temperature approximately as that of the water (77 degrees F) to be used in the specific gravity determination.
4.	Selection of Optimum Asphalt Content:  Base selection on percent of total mix and the average of the values at the following points on the curves for each mix:

			Stability		Peak
			Unit Weight		Peak
			Percent Air Voids	Median

5.	Variations from Formula:  Variations from the approved job‑mix formula shall not exceed the following:  however, in no case shall the job‑mix formula, with tolerances applied, fall outside the general limits for aggregate gradation and bituminous material specified herein:

		Aggregate			Tolerance (Plus or Minus
______________________________________________________________________

	1/2‑inch and larger			8 percent
	3/8‑inch and No. 4				7 percent
	No. 8 and 16					6 percent
	No. 30 and 50					5 percent
	No. 100						4 percent
	No. 200						3 percent
	Asphalt Cement	       		[0.3] [0.5] percent
	Temperature of Mixture as 
	  Discharged					20 degrees F

6.	Copies of Formulas:  Send copies of the job‑mix formulas, complete with curves and all other details specified, direct to [_________________________________] at the same time the original copies are submitted.

1.3	QUALITY ASSURANCE

A.	Quality Assurance Plan:  The Contractor shall submit a written quality assurance plan that details his quality control and inspection procedures that will insure compliance with these specifications.

B.	Failure Criteria:  Not limited to the following:
1.	Creeping, shoving, cracking, raveling, or softening of the asphalt concrete.

1.4	DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING

A.	Storage:  Store aggregates in such a manner as to prevent segregation, contamination, or intermixing of the different aggregate sizes.

1.5	PROJECT/SITE CONDITIONS

A.	Weather Limitations:  Place bituminous mixture only during dry weather and on dry surfaces.  Place courses only when the surface temperature of the underlying course is greater than [(45 degrees F)] for course thicknesses greater than one inch and [(55 degrees F)] for course thicknesses one inch or less.

B.	Drains:  The Contractor shall insure that asphalt surfaces slope toward drains and seal tightly around drain inlets.

1.6	SCHEDULING AND SEQUENCING

A.	Construction Schedule:  The Contractor shall submit a written construction schedule for the work, detailing the progress of the construction and solutions to possible conflicts.  This schedule shall also indicate start and completion times for various stages of the work.

PART 2:  PRODUCTS

2.1	MATERIALS

A.	Liquid/Emulsified Asphalt:  Shall be as stated on bid schedule and shall conform to requirements of AASHTO M 82, AASHTO M 140, and AASHTO M 208.  CRS‑2 shall be used unless another material is approved by the Contracting Officer.

B.	Aggregates:  Grade and proportion aggregates and filler so that the combined mineral aggregate conforms to the grading specified herein.
1.	Coarse Aggregates (Retained on No. 8 Sieve):  Shall conform to [ASTM D 692] [or] [AASHTO M 43], except as modified herein.  At least 75 percent by weight of the aggregate retained on the No. 4 sieve shall have [two] or more fractured faces.  [Percentage of wear (Los Angeles test), except for slag, shall not exceed [40] according to ASTM C 131.]  Weight of slag shall be not less than [70] pounds per cubic foot.  [Soundness test is required according to ASTM C 88; after 5 cycles loss shall not be more than 12 percent when tested with sodium sulfate or 18 percent when tested with magnesium sulfate.]
2.	Fine Aggregate (Passing No. 8 Sieve):  Shall conform to [AASHTO M 29], except as modified herein.  Fine aggregate shall be produced by crushing stone, slag or gravel that meets requirements for wear and soundness specified for coarse aggregate.  Where necessary to obtain the gradation of aggregate blend or workability, natural sand may be used.  Quantity of natural sand to be added shall be approved [by the Contracting Officer] and shall not exceed [15] percent of weight of coarse and fine aggregate and material passing the No. 200 sieve.
3.	Mineral Filler:  Shall be non plastic material meeting the requirements of [AASHTO M 17].

C.	Asphalt Cement:  Shall meet the requirements of [ASTM D 946] [or] [AASHTO M 226], penetration Grade [60‑70] [85‑100] [120‑150] or ASTM D 3381, Table [1] [2] [3], viscosity Grade [AC‑20] [AC‑10] [AC‑5] [AR‑2000] [AR‑4000] [AR‑8000].  Submit temperature‑viscosity relationship of the asphalt cement to the Contracting Officer.

2.2	CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

A.	General:  Construction equipment used shall be dependable and adequate for the purpose intended, properly maintained in satisfactory and safe operating condition at all times.  Calibrated equipment, such as scales, batching equipment, spreaders and similar equipment, shall have been recalibrated by an approved calibration laboratory within [12] months of commencing work.

B.	Mixing Plant:  [For use where Contractor operates mixing plant]  Design, coordinate, and operate the mixing plant to produce a mixture within the job‑mix formula tolerances and to meet the requirements of ASTM D 995, including additional plant requirements specified herein.  The plant may be a batch type, continuous mix type or drum dryer‑mixer type and shall have sufficient capacity to adequately handle the new bituminous construction.  Minimum plant capacity shall be [____] tons per hour.  The mixing plant and equipment shall remain accessible at all times for checking its adequacy, inspecting its operation, verifying weights, proportions, and character of materials, and checking mixture temperatures.  The plant and plant site shall meet the requirements of section titled "Environmental Protection."
1.	Cold Aggregate Feeder:  Provide plant with a feeder or feeders which shall be capable of delivering the maximum number of aggregate sizes required in their proper proportion.  Provide adjustment for total and proportional feed and feeders capable of being locked in any position.  When more than one cold elevator is used, feed each elevator as a separate unit and install individual controls integrated with a master control.
2.	Dryer:  Provide rotary drum dryer which shall continuously agitate the mineral aggregate during the heating and drying process.  When one dryer does not dry the aggregate to specified moisture requirements, provide additional dryers.
3.	Plant Screens and Bins for Batch and Continuous Mix Plants:  Use accurate and efficient screen and allow no bin to contain more than 10 percent oversize or undersize.  Inspect screens each day prior to commencing work for plugged, worn, or broken screens.  Clean plugged screens and replace worn or broken screens with new screens prior to beginning operations.  Divide hot aggregate bins into at least three compartments arranged to insure separate and adequate storage of appropriate fractions of the aggregate.
4.	Safety Requirements:  Provide adequate and safe stairways with handrails to the mixer platform, and safe and protected ladders or other means for accessibility to all plant operations.  Guard equipment and exposed steam or other high temperature lines properly or cover with a suitable type of insulation.
5.	Surge and Storage Bins:  Use for temporary storage of hot bituminous mixtures will be permitted as follows:
		a.	The bituminous mixture may be stored in surge bins for a period of time not to exceed 3 hours.
b.	The bituminous mixture may be stored in properly insulated and heated storage bins for a period of time not to exceed 12 hours.
c.	If it is determined [by the Contracting Officer] that there is an excessive amount of heat loss, segregation and/or oxidation of the mixture due to temporary storage, use of surge bins or storage bins will be discontinued.
6.	Drum Dryer‑Mixer:  Use of this type plant will not be permitted if specified requirements of the bituminous mixture or of the completed bituminous pavement course cannot be met.  In this case, the Contractor shall be required to utilize either batch or continuous mix plants meeting the specifications.

C.	Paving Equipment:
1.	Spreading Equipment:  Self‑propelled [electronically] [manually] controlled type, unless other equipment is authorized [by the Contracting Officer].  Equip spreading equipment of the self‑propelled [electronically] [manually] controlled type with hoppers, tamping or vibrating devices, distributing screws, electronically adjustable screeds, and equalizing devices.  Capable of spreading hot bituminous mixtures without tearing, shoving, or gouging and to produce a finished surface of specified grade and smoothness.  Operate spreaders, when laying mixture, at variable speeds between (5 and 45 feet) per minute.  Spreader shall have a quick and efficient steering device; a forward and reverse traveling speed; and [automatic] devices to adjust to grade and confine the edges of the mixture to true lines.  The use of a spreader that leaves indented areas or other objectionable irregularities in the fresh mix during operations will not be permitted.
2.	Rolling Equipment:  Self‑propelled pneumatic‑tired rollers supplemented by three‑wheel and tandem type steel wheeled rollers.  The number, type and weight of rollers shall be sufficient to compact the mixture to the required density without detrimentally affecting the compacted material.  All rollers shall be suitable for rolling hot‑mix bituminous pavements and capable of being operated both forward and backward without turning on the mat, and without loosening the surface being rolled.  Equip rollers with suitable devices and apparatus to keep the rolling surfaces wet and prevent adherence of bituminous mixture.
a.	Vibratory Rollers:  At the Contractor's option, vibratory rollers especially designed for bituminous concrete compacting may be used provided rollers do not impair stability of pavement structure and any underlying layers.  Repair depressions in pavement surfaces resulting from use of vibratory rollers at no cost to the Government.  Rollers shall be self‑propelled, single or dual vibrating drums, and steel drive wheels, as applicable; equipped with variable amplitude and separate controls for energy and propulsion.
3.	Hand Tampers:  Shall have a minimum weight of ([25] pounds) with a tamping face of not more than ([200] square inches).

2.3	MIXES

A.	Gradation of Aggregates:  Shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 136.  The aggregate as finally selected for use in the work shall have a gradation within the limits designated in Table I and shall not vary from the low limit on one sieve to the high limit on the adjacent sieve or vice versa, but grade uniformly from coarse to fine.  Table I is based on aggregates of uniform specific gravity and the percentages passing the various sieves are subject to appropriate correction when aggregates of varying specific gravities are used.  When materials of different specific gravities are used, the Contractor shall make satisfactory arrangements for separate stock piles, controlled distribution, and other operations necessary to maintain the specific gravity of the mixture constant and uniform.

TABLE I

GRADATION OF AGGREGATES

TOTAL PERCENT PASSING (BY WEIGHT)

           Leveling Course         Binder Course       Wearing Course

  Mix No.       A       B       C       D        E        F        G

SIEVE SIZE

    1‑1/2 inch    100      ‑‑‑     ‑‑‑	  ‑‑‑	‑‑‑      ‑‑‑      ‑‑‑
    1 inch	     95‑100    100	   100	  ‑‑‑	‑‑‑      ‑‑‑      ‑‑‑
    3/4 inch     78‑95    95‑100  95‑100   100	‑‑‑      100      ‑‑‑
    1/2 inch      ‑‑‑     68‑86   68‑86	 95‑100	100      ‑‑‑      100
    3/8 inch     54‑75    56‑78   56‑78	 74‑92   95‑100    ‑‑‑     95‑100
    No. 4	     36‑58    38‑60   38‑60	 48‑70   75‑90    45‑65    30‑50
    No. 8	     25‑45    27‑47   27‑47	 33‑53   62‑82    33‑53     5‑15
    No. 16	      ‑‑‑     18‑37	  18‑37	 22‑40    38‑58     -‑‑      ‑‑‑
    No. 30	     11‑28    11‑28	  13‑28	 15‑30    22‑42     ‑‑‑      ‑‑‑
    No. 50	      ‑‑‑      6‑20	   9‑20	 10‑20    11‑28    10‑20     -‑‑
    No. 200	      0‑8      0‑8	   	    4‑8	   4‑9     2‑10     3‑8      2‑5
										  
B.	Quantity of Bituminous Material:  Mix asphalt cement with aggregates of corresponding mixes in the following proportions:

Asphalt Cement Percent by Weight of Total Mix

	[Leveling Course]  	[Binder Course]		[Wearing Course]

	      [4‑9]	     	     [4‑9]	      	     [5‑10]
	      [4.6]	     	     [5.9]	              [6.2]

C.	Composition of Mixture:  The gradation of the mineral aggregate shall be as specified herein.  The percentage of bituminous material used in the bituminous mixtures shall be within the limits specified.  The mixture shall have the following physical properties:

	Test Property	        Values

	[Stability	Not less than ([1000] pounds)

	Flow (0.01 inch)	Not more than [20] nor less than [8]]

	[Stability	Not less than ([1800] pounds)

	Flow (0.01 inch) 	Not more than 16 nor less than 8]

	Percent Air Voids	[[Not less than 3 nor more than 8 for [binder] 	 		[leveling] course;]] not less than 3 nor more
		than 5 for wearing course

	Percent Voids in 	See Table II
	Mineral Aggregates

TABLE II

MINIMUM PERCENT VOIDS IN MINERAL AGGREGATE (VMA)

 U.S.A Standard                  Nominal Maximum              Minimum VMA
Sieve Designation            Particle Size in Inches            Percent

    No. 4	         			0.187	        			18
		3/8 inch	          			0.375	        			16
		1/2 inch	          			0.500	        			15
		3/4 inch	          			0.750	        			14
		1 inch	          			1.000	        			13

1.  Index of Retained Strength:  ASTM D 1075 [75] or greater.

D.	Submission of Mix Formula:  The Contractor shall submit a bituminous job mix formula [in writing] for approval [three] weeks prior to placement of paving.  The Contractor shall have [written] approval of the formula by the Contracting Officer prior to placement of pavement.
2.4	SOURCE QUALITY CONTROL

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THE SPECIFIER SHOULD SPECIFY A LOCALLY AVAILABLE HOT MIX IF DESIRED.  DELETE OR CHANGE GIVEN INFORMATION AS NEEDED, SPECIFYING ONLY THOSE MIXES NEEDED OR AVAILABLE.

ALL SAMPLING AND TESTING NORMALLY CONDUCTED SHALL BE DONE AT THE CONTRACTOR'S EXPENSE.  THERE MAY BE CERTAIN SPECIAL OCCASIONS WHERE THE GOVERNMENT WILL CONDUCT SAMPLING AND TESTING.  IN THOSE CASES, STATE THAT SAMPLING AND TESTING WILL BE CONDUCTED BY THE GOVERNMENT.

SPECIFY 1,800‑POUND STABILITY AND NOT MORE THAN 0.16‑INCH FLOW FOR AIRFIELD PAVEMENT; SPECIFY 1000‑POUND STABILITY AND NOT MORE THAN 0.20‑INCH FLOW FOR VEHICULAR PAVEMENT; DELETE REQUIREMENTS NOT APPLICABLE.  WHEN BOTH VEHICULAR AND AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PROJECT, IDENTIFY REQUIREMENTS FOR EACH TYPE OF PAVEMENT.  THE BALANCE OF THE TEST PROPERTIES IS THE SAME FOR BOTH VEHICULAR AND AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS.
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A.	Testing:  [The Government will perform the required testing, recording, and distributing of the results.]  [The Government will make arrangements for a certified independent testing laboratory to perform the required testing, recording, and distributing of the results.]  [The Contractor shall conduct the performance and acceptance tests of the [_______________________________________].]  [The Contractor shall furnish necessary equipment, labor, and materials to conduct the testing.]  [Testing shall be conducted in the presence of the Contracting Officer who shall be given 48 hours notice before any test is to be conducted.]  [The Contractor shall make arrangements for a certified independent testing laboratory, according to the requirements of Section 01458 - Testing Laboratory Services, to perform the required testing, recording, and distributing of the results.]

B.	Sampling and Testing:  [These requirements apply when the Contractor manufactures the bituminous concrete.]
1.	Sampling:
a.	Aggregates at Source:  Prior to production and delivery of aggregates, take at least one initial sample in accordance with ASTM D 75 [at the source] [from each stockpile].  Collect each sample by taking three incremental samples at random from the source material to make a composite sample of not less than 50 pounds.  Make repetition of the above sampling when the source of material is changed or when unacceptable deficiencies or variations from the specified grading of materials are found in testing.
b.	Cold Feed Aggregate Sampling:  Take two samples daily from the belt conveying materials from the cold feed.  Collect materials in three increments at random to make a representative composite sample of not less than (50 pounds).  Take samples in accordance with ASTM D 75.
c.	Coarse and Fine Aggregates:  Take a (50‑pound) sample from the cold feed at least once daily for sieve analyses and specific gravity tests.  Additional samples may be required to perform more frequent tests when analyses show deficiencies, or unacceptable variances or deviations.  The method of sampling is as described herein for aggregates.
d.	Mineral Filler:  ASTM C 183.  Take samples large enough to provide ample material for testing.
e.	Pavement and Mixture:  Take samples for the determination of mix properties, thickness and density of the completed pavements.  Furnish all tools, labor and material for samples and for satisfactory replacement of pavement.  Take samples and test at not less than frequency specified hereinafter and at the beginning of plant operations; for each day's work as a minimum; each change in the mix or equipment; and as often as directed.  Accomplish sampling according to ASTM D 979.
f.	Sample Identification:  Furnish each sample in a clean container, securely fastened to prevent loss of material.  Tag each sample for identification.  The tag shall contain the following information:

			Contract No.                                                      
			Sample No.                              Quantity                  
			Date of Sample                                                    
			Sample                                                            
			Source                                                            
			Intended Use                                                      
			For Testing                                                       

C.	Testing Laboratory:  The Contractor shall provide a testing laboratory for control and acceptance testing functions during periods of mix production, sampling, and testing and whenever materials subject to the provisions of these specifications are being supplied or tested.  The laboratory shall provide adequate equipment, space, and utilities as required for the performance of the specified tests.

PART 3:  EXECUTION

3.1	PREPARATION

A.	Surface Preparation of Underlying Course:  Prior to the laying of the asphalt concrete, clean underlying course of all foreign or objectionable matter with power blowers or power brooms, supplemented by hand brooms and other cleaning methods where necessary.

B.	Preparation of Aggregate Surfaces:  Immediately before priming an aggregate surface with bitumen, the Contracting Officer may order a light application of water to lay dust and improve the absorbency of the surface.

C.	Preparation of Bituminized or Concreted Surfaces:  All holes in existing surface shall be patched with appropriate material.  If so directed by the Contracting Officer, the surface shall be cleaned with a power broom or power blower supplemented by hand sweeping as required to remove deleterious matter.  The edges of existing pavement, which are to be adjacent to new pavement, shall be cleaned of loose material to permit adhesion of the bitumen.

D.	Prime Coat:  Furnish and apply a bituminous tack/prime coat over existing asphalt surface and/or base course at a coverage of [0.07] gallons per square yard and ([0.40] gallons per square yard), respectively.  Bituminous material shall be as stated in Bid Schedule and applied by a self‑powered pressure distributor when the road surface is (70 degrees F) or more and when the weather is not foggy or rainy.  Allow prime coat on base courses to dry for 24 hours and maintain free from traffic.  Absorb any excess material with sand.  Emulsified asphalt shall be diluted 50‑50 with water when used as a tack coat.

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DELETE IF THE CONTRACTOR IS NOT MAKING THE ASPHALT HOT MIX.
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E.	Preparation of Mineral Aggregates:  Place each component of the various‑sized aggregates to be blended in preparation of the bituminous mixture in separate stockpiles in such manner that the separate sizes will not be intermixed.  Stockpile various‑sized aggregates in uniform layers by use of a clamshell or other approved method in such manner as to prevent segregation.  The use of bulldozers in stockpiling of aggregate or in feeding aggregate to the dryer is not permitted.  Feed aggregate into the cold elevator by means of separate mechanical feeders in a manner that will produce an aggregate graded within the requirements of the job‑mix formulas and tolerances specified.  Regulate rates of feed of the aggregates so that moisture content and temperature of aggregates are within the tolerances specified herein.  Dry and heat aggregates to the temperature necessary to achieve the mixture determined by the job mix formula within the job tolerance specified.  Provide adequate dry storage for the mineral filler.

F.	Preparation of Bituminous Mixture:  Accurately weigh or gauge the aggregates and the dry mineral filler and convey into the mixer in the proportionate amounts of each aggregate size required to meet the job‑mix formula.  Introduce required amount of asphalt into the mixer at a temperature at which it can be applied uniformly to the aggregate but not to exceed (325 degrees F).  In batch mixing, after the aggregates and mineral filler have been introduced into the mixer and mixed for not less than 15 seconds, add asphalt by spraying or other approved methods, and continue mixing for a period of not less than 20 seconds or as much longer as may be required to obtain a homogeneous mixture.  The time required to add or spray the asphalt into the mixer will not be added to the total wet‑mixing time provided this operation does not exceed 10 seconds and a homogeneous mixture is obtained.  When a continuous mixer is employed, the mixing time shall be more than 35 seconds to obtain a homogeneous mixture.  The additional mixing time, when required, will be as directed.  The temperature of the mixture at the time of discharge shall not exceed ([350] degrees F).  The temperature of the aggregate and mineral filler in the mixer shall not exceed (350 degrees F) when the asphalt is added.  When the mixture is prepared in a twin‑pugmill mixer, the volume of the aggregates, mineral filler, and asphalt shall not extend above the tips of the mixer blades when the blades are in a vertical position.  Overheated and carbonized mixtures, or mixtures that foam or show indication of free moisture, will be rejected.  When free moisture is detected in batch or continuous mix plant produced mixtures, withdraw the aggregates in the hot bins immediately and return to the respective stockpiles.  Moisture content of aggregates placed into drum‑dryer plants shall not exceed [8%] by weight of aggregates.  Moisture content of the mixture from drum‑dryer plants shall not exceed [3%] of the output, as determined by ASTM D 1461.

3.2	APPLICATION

A.	Placing of Bituminous Material:  The pavement shall consist of hot mineral aggregate uniformly mixed with hot bituminous material.  Place the pavement in one or more layers, as indicated.  Except as otherwise permitted by the Contracting Officer, provide lines and grade stakes as necessary for control.  Place grade stakes in lanes parallel to the center line of the areas to be paved and suitably spaced for string lining.
B.	Bituminous Mixing Plant:  Plants used for the preparation of bituminous mixtures shall conform to AASHTO M 156 and to local or state highway department requirements.  The bituminous mixture when required shall be weighed on approved scales or on public scales at the Contractor's expense.

C.	Transportation of Bituminous Mixtures:  Transport bituminous material from the mixing plant to the paving site in trucks having tight, clean, smooth beds that have been coated with a minimum amount of concentrated solution of hydrated lime and water or other approved coating to prevent adhesion of the mixture to the truck bodies.  Petroleum products will not be permitted for coating truck bodies.  If air temperature is less than 60 degrees F or if haul time is greater than 30 minutes, cover each load with canvas or other approved material of ample size to protect the mixture from the loss of heat.  Make deliveries so that the spreading and rolling of all the mixture prepared for one day's run can be completed during daylight, unless adequate approved artificial lighting is provided.  Deliver mixture to the area to be paved in such a manner that the temperature at the time of dumping into the spreader will be higher than that specified herein.  Reject any loads that are below minimum temperature, that have crusts of cold unworkable material, or that have been wet excessively by rain.  Hauling over freshly laid material is not permitted.

D.	General Requirements for Use of Bituminous Spreaders:  The range of temperatures of the mixtures at the time of spreading shall be between ([250] and 300 degrees F).  Bituminous concrete having temperatures less than minimum spreading temperature when dumped into the spreader will be rejected.  Adjust spreader and regulate speed so that the surface of the course is smooth and continuous without tears and pulling, and of such depth that, when compacted, the surface conforms with the cross section, grade, and contour indicated.  Unless otherwise directed, begin the placing along the centerline of areas to be paved on a crowned section or on the high side of area with a one‑way slope, and in the direction of the major traffic flow.  Place mixture in consecutive adjacent strips having a minimum width of 10 feet, except where the edge lanes require strips less than (10 feet) to complete the area.  The thickness of the asphalt mat shall be [[____] inches.] [as indicated on the drawings.]  Construct longitudinal joints and edges to true line markings.  Establish lines parallel to the centerline of the area to be paved, and place string lines coinciding with the established lines for the spreading machine to follow.  The number and location of the lines shall be as directed.  When specified grade and smoothness requirements can be met for initial lane construction by use of an approved long ski‑type device of not less than ([30] feet) in length and for subsequent lane construction by use of a short ski or shoe, in‑place string lines for grade control may be omitted.  Place mixture as nearly continuous as possible, and adjust the speed of placing as directed, to permit proper rolling.

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THE MAXIMUM DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE OF THE ASPHALT MIXTURE SHALL BE SPECIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
	     Asphalt Cement Used	Max. Mixture Discharge Temp. Degrees F.
	     Penetration Grade    
			  60‑70					335
		      85‑100					325
		     120‑150					310
	     Viscosity Grade      
			 AC‑5		295
		      AC‑10		315
		      AC‑20		330
		      AC‑40		340
		      AR‑2000		325
		      AR‑4000		325
		      AR‑8000		325
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E.	Placing of Bituminous Material:  The pavement shall consist of hot mineral aggregate uniformly mixed with hot bituminous material.  Place the pavement in one or more layers, as indicated.  Except as otherwise permitted by the Contracting Officer, provide lines and grade stakes as necessary for control.  Place grade stakes in lanes parallel to the center line of the areas to be paved and suitably spaced for string lining.

F.	Shoveling, Raking, and Tamping After Machine‑spreading:  A sufficient number of shovelers and rakers shall follow the spreading machine adding or removing hot mixture and raking the mixture as required to obtain a course that when completed will conform to all requirements specified herein.  Broadcasting or fanning of mixture over areas being compacted is not permitted.  When segregation occurs in the mixture during placing, suspend spreading operation until the cause is determined and corrected.  Correct any irregularities in alinement left by the spreader by trimming directly behind the machine.  Immediately after trimming, compact edges of the course by tamping laterally with a metal lute or by other approved methods.  Distortion of the course during tamping is not permitted.

G.	Hand‑spreading in Lieu of Machine‑spreading:  In areas where the use of machine spreading is impractical, spread mixture by hand.  The range of temperatures of the mixtures when dumped onto the area to be paved shall be between ([250] and 300 degrees F).  Bituminous concrete having temperatures less than minimum spreading temperature when dumped onto the area to be paved will be rejected.  Spread mixture with hot rakes in a uniformly loose layer of a thickness that, when compacted, will conform to the required grade, thickness, and smoothness.  During hand spreading, place each shovelful of mixture by turning the shovel over in a manner that will prevent segregation.  In no case shall the mixture be placed by throwing or broadcasting from a shovel.  Do not dump loads any faster than can be properly handled by the shovelers and rakers.

H.	Compaction of Mixture:  Affect compaction by rolling.  Begin rolling as soon as placement of the mixture will bear the rollers without undue displacement.  Start rolling longitudinally at the extreme sides of the lanes and proceed toward the center of the pavement, or toward the high side of the pavement with a one‑way slope.  Operate rollers so that each trip will overlap the previous adjacent strip by at least one foot.  Alternate trips of the roller shall be of slightly different lengths.  Tests for conformity with the specified crown, grade and smoothness shall be made by the Contractor immediately after initial rolling.  Before continuing the rolling, correct variations by removing or adding materials as necessary.  If directed by the Contracting Officer, subject course to diagonal rolling with the steel wheeled roller crossing the lines of the previous rolling while the mixture is hot and in a compactable condition.  The speed of the rollers shall be slow enough to avoid displacement of the hot mixture.  Correct any displacement of the mixture at once by the use of rakes and fresh mixture, or remove and replace mixture as directed by the Contracting Officer.  Continue rolling until all roller marks are eliminated and the course has a density of at least [95]% but not more than 100% of that attained in a laboratory specimen of the same mixture prepared in accordance with ASTM D 1559.  During rolling, moisten wheels of the rollers to prevent adhesion of the mixture to the wheels, but an excess of water creating puddles on the fresh asphalt is not permitted.  Operation of rollers shall be by competent and experienced operators.  Provide sufficient rollers for each spreading machine in operation on the job and to handle plant output.  In all places not accessible to the rollers, compact mixture thoroughly with moistened hand tampers.  Skin patching of an area after compaction is not permitted.  Remove any mixture that becomes mixed with foreign material or is defective, replace with fresh mixture, and compact to the density of the surrounding area.  The roller shall pass over the unprotected edge of the course only when the laying of the course is to be discontinued for such length of time as to permit the mixture to become cold.

I.	Joints:  All joints shall present the same texture, density, and smoothness as other portions of the course.  Carefully make joints between old and new pavement or within new pavements in a manner as to ensure a thorough and continuous bond between old and new sections of the course.  Paint all vertical contact surfaces of previously constructed sections with a thin uniform coat of emulsion or other approved bituminous material just before the fresh mixture is placed.
1.	Transverse Joints:  The roller shall pass over the unprotected end of the freshly laid mixture only when the laying of the course is to be discontinued.  Except when an approved bulkhead is used, cut back the edge of the previously laid course to expose an even, vertical surface for the full thickness of the course.  When exposed, rake fresh mixture against joints, thoroughly tamp with hot tampers, smooth with hot smoothers, and roll.  In all cases, transverse joints in adjacent lanes shall be offset a minimum of two feet.

3.3	FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

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A: DELETE IF THE CONTRACTOR IS NOT MAKING THE ASPHALT HOT MIX.

C AND E:  SEE TABLE III FOR MINIMUM SPREADING TEMPERATURE DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE OF EXISTING BASE COURSE AND THICKNESS OF LAYER BEING PLACED.  THE SPECIFIER MUST KNOW THE FIELD TEST DENSITY OF THE ASPHALT TO COMPARE TO THE LABORATORY TEST IN ORDER TO CALCULATE THE TONNAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR ANY AREA OF PAVING AT A SPECIFIED THICKNESS.  THICKNESS IS SPECIFIED IN 3.03C OR ON THE DRAWINGS.
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A.	Testing:  [The Government will perform the required testing, recording, and distributing of the results.]  [The Government will make arrangements for a certified independent testing laboratory to perform the required testing, recording, and distributing of the results.]  [The Contractor shall conduct the performance and acceptance tests of the [_____________________________________________].]  [The Contractor shall furnish necessary equipment, labor, and materials to conduct the testing.]  [Testing shall be conducted in the presence of the Contracting Officer who shall be given 48 hours notice before any test is to be conducted.]  [The Contractor shall make arrangements for a certified independent testing laboratory, according to the requirements of Section 01458 - Testing Laboratory Services, to perform the required testing, recording, and distributing of the results.]

B.	Testing:  The following tests shall be performed on the asphalt and the Contractor shall furnish certified test results to the Contracting Officer.
1.	Aggregates:  Gradation tests shall be according to ASTM C 136.  Mineral filler shall be tested according to ASTM D 546.
2.	Abrasion:  Shall be according to ASTM C 131 for wear (Los Angeles test).  Perform one test initially prior to incorporation into the work and whenever the source is changed.
3.	Bituminous Materials:  A certificate of compliance is required for each shipment of bituminous material to be used in the mix.
4.	Bituminous Mix:  Shall be according to ASTM D 2172.  Test one sample for each 500 tons, or fraction thereof, of the uncompacted mix for extraction.  Sieve analysis shall be according to ASTM C 136 and C 117.  Test one sample for each [500] tons or fraction thereof for stability and flow according to ASTM D 1559.  Test one sample per material blend for index of retained strength according to ASTM D 1075.
5.	Pavement Courses:
a.	Density:  For each [1000] tons of bituminous course placed, determine the representative laboratory density by averaging the density of four laboratory specimens prepared in accordance with ASTM D 1559; samples for these specimens shall be taken from trucks delivering mixture to the site; the Contractor shall record in an approved manner the project areas represented by the laboratory densities.  From each representative area so recorded, determine field density of the pavement by averaging the densities of (4‑inch) diameter cores obtained from the [leveling] [binder and] wearing course[s]; take one core for each ([2000] square yards) or fraction thereof of course placed.  The density of the laboratory prepared specimens and the cored samples will be determined in accordance with ASTM D 1188 or D 2726, as applicable.  Separate pavement layers by sawing or other approved means.  The maximum allowable deficiency at any point shall not be more than two percent less than the specified density for any course.  The average density of each course shall be not less than the specified density.  When the deficiency is more than the specified tolerances, the Contractor shall correct each such representative area or areas by removing the pavement in question and replacing with new pavement.
b.	Thickness:  Determine thickness of the [binder and] wearing courses from samples taken for the field density test.  The maximum allowable deficiency at any point shall not be more than (1/4 inch) less than the indicated thickness for any course.  The average thickness of the course or of the combined courses shall be not less than the indicated thickness.  Where the deficiency is more than the specified tolerances, the Contractor shall correct each such representative area or areas by removing the pavement in question and replacing with new pavement.
c.	Smoothness:  Straightedge test the compacted surface of the [leveling], [binder and] wearing course[s] as the work progresses.  Apply straightedge parallel with and at right angles to the centerline after final rolling.  Unevenness of the [leveling and] [binder] course shall not vary more than plus or minus ([1/4] inch in 10 feet); variations in the wearing course shall not vary more than plus or minus ([1/8] inch in 10 feet).  Correct any portion of the pavement showing irregularities greater than that specified.
d.	Finished Grades:  The finish grades of each course placed shall not vary from the finish elevations, profiles and cross sections indicated on the drawings by more than (1/2‑inch).  The finished surface of the final wearing course will be tested [by the Contracting Officer] by running lines of levels at intervals of [25] [_____] feet or less longitudinally and transversely to determine elevations of completed pavement.  Within 45 days after completion of final placement, [the Contractor shall perform a level survey at the specified grid spacing and plot the results on a plan drawn to the same scale as the drawings.  Elevations not in conformance with the specified tolerance shall be noted on the plan in an approved manner.  The survey shall be performed by a registered land surveyor.] [the Contracting Officer will inform the Contractor in writing of all paved areas that fail to meet the final grades indicated within the specified tolerance.]  The Contractor shall correct deficient paved areas by removing existing work and replacing with new materials meeting the specifications without additional cost to the Government.  Skin patching for correcting low areas will not be permitted.

3.4	CLEANING

A.	Requirements:  The Contractor shall be responsible for cleanup of all waste, spilled, and excess material as a result of his work.  

3.5	PROTECTION

A.	Traffic Control:  [The Contractor shall provide for controls to prevent unauthorized traffic in or on work areas until those areas are suitably prepared for traffic.]  [Vehicular] [and] [aircraft] [traffic, including heavy equipment, shall not be permitted on the pavement until the surface temperature has cooled to at least (120 degrees F).  Surface temperature shall be measured by approved surface thermometers or other methods approved by the Contracting Officer.]  [Traffic regulation shall be according to Section 01500 - Temporary Facilities and Controls.]

PART 4:  MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

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WHEN A "LUMP SUM" CONTRACT IS USED, DELETE THE TITLE PART 4:  MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT, AND BOTH ARTICLES FROM THIS SECTION.  MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT WILL BE ADDRESSED IN PART 4 OF SECTION 01009 -GENERAL INFORMATION AND REQUIREMENTS OR SECTION 01010 - SUMMARY OF WORK.

WHEN NOT A "LUMP SUM" CONTRACT, SELECT APPLICABLE PHRASES; USE THE "NO MEASUREMENT" PHRASE WHEN NONE OF THE PAY ITEMS IN THIS SECTION ARE INCLUDED IN THE BID SCHEDULE.
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4.1	METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

A.	Units:  Bituminous mixtures will [not be measured for payment.]  [be] [measured and paid for by the] [ton.]  [by the square yard.]  [as calculated from the drawings.] [as measured from weight tickets.]  [When measurement is by the square yard, it will be the number of square yards of bituminous plant mix surfacing completed to specified thickness and accepted as measured in place.]  [Asphalt placed in excess of requirements will not be compensated.]  [Tack coat shall be [included in the cost of the pavement.] [paid for separately by the ([gallon.] [square yard.]])

4.2	BASIS OF PAYMENT

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WHEN NOT A "LUMP SUM" CONTRACT, SELECT APPLICABLE PHRASES; USE THE "NO DIRECT PAYMENT" PHRASE WHEN NONE OF THE PAY ITEMS IN THIS SECTION ARE INCLUDED IN THE BID SCHEDULE.

WHEN NOT A "LUMP SUM" CONTRACT AND PAYMENT IS TO BE MADE UNDER THIS SECTION, SELECT APPLICABLE PAY ITEMS.  DO NOT CHANGE PAY ITEM NUMBER.  WHEN GOVERNMENT-FURNISHED PROPERTY IS SPECIFIED FOR PAY ITEMS, THE LETTER SUFFIX GF WILL BE ADDED AFTER THE PARENTHESIS OF THE ITEM NUMBER.
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A.	Payment:  [No direct payment for the work described under this section will be made.  Consideration for this item shall be included in the bid price for other items of the Contract.]  [Prices and payment will be full compensation for the work described in this section.  Payment will be made under:]

		Pay Item			       Pay Unit

02743A(01)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading A	Ton
02743A(02)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading A	Square Yard
02743A(10)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading B	Ton
02743A(11)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading B	Square Yard
02743A(20)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading C	Ton
02743A(21)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading C	Square Yard
02743A(30)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading D	Ton
02743A(31)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading D	Square Yard
02743A(40)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading E	Ton
02743A(41)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading E	Square Yard
02743A(50)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading F	Ton
02743A(51)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading F	Square Yard
02743A(60)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading G	Ton
02743A(61)  Hot Bituminous Concrete Pavement, Grading G	Square Yard
02743A(70)  Tack Coat	Gallon
02743A(71)  Tack Coat	Square Yard

END OF SECTION