Behavioral Research

Table of Contents
1 Description & Theoretical Background
2 Measurement and Methodological Issues
3 Type of Behavior as a Moderator of the Intention - Behavior Relation
4 Other Proximal Antecedents: Implementation Intentions, Behavioral Expectation, and Behavioral Willingness
5 Behavioral Intention vs. Behavioral Expectation vs. Behavioral Willingness
6

References

7 Measures Appendix
8 Published Examples

Download Full Text (PDF)

Other Constructs
 

Barriers

 

Dispositional Optimism

 

Environments

 

Illness Representations

  Implementation Intentions
  Intention, Expectation, and Willingness
  Normative Beliefs
  Optimistic Bias
  Perceived Benefits
  Perceived Control
  Perceived Severity
  Perceived Vulnerability
  Self-Efficacy
  Self-Reported Behavior
  Social Influence
  Social Support
  Stages

Intention, Expectation, and Willingness
Frederick X. Gibbons

<< Previous

6

References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision processes, 50, 179-211.

Ajzen, I. (1996). The social psychology of decision making. In E.T. Higgins & A.W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, 297 - 328.

Ajzen, I. (2002) Constructing a TpB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Retrieved January 13, 2006 from http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf.

Ajzen, I. (2005). Theory of Planned Behavior. (2005, May 12). Retrieved August 16, 2005, from http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~aizen/tpb.html

Ajzen , I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In. D. Albarracin, B. Johnson, & M. Zanna (Eds.) Handbook of attitudes and behavior.

Albarracín, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., & Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 142-161.

Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY, U.S. Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co. (604 pp.).

Cooke, R., & Sheeran, P. (2004). Moderation of cognition-intention and cognition-behaviour relations: A meta-analysis of properties of variables from the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 159-186.

Conner, M., Sheeran, P., Norman, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2000). Temporal stability as a moderator of relationships in the Theory of Planed Behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 469-493.

Conner, M. & Sparks, P. (1996). The theory of planned behaviour and health behaviours. In M. Conner & P. Sparks (Eds.), Predicting health behavior: Research and practice with social cognition models. (pp 121-162). Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

Conner, M., & Sparks, P. (2005). Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Behaviour. In M. Conner & P. Sparks (Eds.), Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models 2nd edition. (pp 170-222). Mainhead: Open University Press.

Courneya, K. S., & McAuley, W. (1994). Are there different determinants of the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical Activity? Behavioral Medicine, 230, 84-90.

Davis, F. D., & Warshaw, P. R. (1992). What do intention scales measure? Journal of General Psychology, 119, 391-407.

Feather, N. T., & Newton, J. W. (1982). Values, expectations, and the prediction of social action: An expectancy-valence analysis. Motivation & Emotion, 6, 217-244.

Fishbein, M. (1963). An investigation of the relationship between beliefs about an object and the attitude toward that object. Human Relations, 16, 233-239.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F.X., Stock, M.L., Dykstra, J.L, Houlihan, A.E. (2005). The power of positive images: The role of social comparison in self-regulation. In D. de Ridder & J. de Wit (Eds.), New perspectives on health behavior: The role of self-regulation.

Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (1997). Health images and their effects on health behavior. In B. P. Buunk, & F. X. Gibbons (Eds.), Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory. (pp. 63-94). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Blanton, H., & Russell, D. W. (1998). Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1164-1181.

Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Wills, T. A., & Brody, G. H. (2004). Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children: A panel study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 1048-1061.

Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Lane, D. J. (2003). A social reaction model of adolescent health risk. In J. Suls, & K. A. Wallston (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of health and illness. Blackwell series in health psychology and Behavioral Medicine (pp. 107-136). Malden, MA, US: Blackwell Publishers.

Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Ouellette, J. A., & Burzette, R. (1998). Cognitive antecedents to adolescent health risk: Discriminating between behavioral intention and behavioral willingness. Psychology and Health, 13, 319-339.

Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Reimer, R. A., & Pomery, E. A. (2006). Unintentional behavior: A subrational approach to health risk. In D. T. M. de Ridder & J. B. F. de Wit (Eds.), Self-regulation in health behavior (pp. 45-70). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd..

Gibbons, F.X., Gerrard, M., Vande Lune, L.S., Wills, T.A., Brody, G., & Conger, R.D. (2004). Context and cognition: Environmental risk, social influence, and adolescent substance use. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1048-1061.

Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87-98.

Godin, G., Valois, P., Lepage, L., & Desharnais, R. (1992). Predictors of smoking behaviour: An application of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 1335-1343.

Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493-503.

Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (in press). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.

Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). The influence of autonomous and controlling motives on physical activity intentions within the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 283-297.

Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psych Bulletin, 127, 267-286.

McEachan, R. & Conner, M. (2005). A meta-analysis of cancer-screening behavior. Unpublished manuscript.

Orbell, S, Hodgkins, S., & Sheeran, P. (1997). Implementation intentions and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 953-962.

Orbell, S. & Sheeran, P. (2000). Motivational and volitional processes in action initiation: A field study of the role of implementation intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 780-797.

Parker, D., Manstead, A. S. R., Stradling, S. G., Reason, J. T. & Baxter, J. S. (1992). Intention to commit driving violations: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 94-101.

Pomery, E. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Reis-Bergan, M. (2005). Experience as a moderator of the developmental shift from willingness to intentions. Manuscript in preparation.

Rhodes, R. E., & Matheson, D. H. (2005). Discrepancies in exercise intention and expectation: Theoretical and applied issues. Psychology and Health, 20, 63-78.

Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology, Vol. 12 (pp. 1-36). Chichester, England: Wiley.

Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (1998). Do intentions predict condom use? Meta-analysis and examination of six moderator variables. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 231-250.

Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 325-343.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.

Verplanken, B., & Faes, S. (1999). Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 591-604.

Warshaw, P. R., & Davis, F. D. (1984). Self-understanding and the accuracy of behavioral expectations. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 111-118.

Warshaw, P. R. & Davis, F. D. (1985). Disentangling behavioral intention and behavioral expectation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 213-228.

Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006) Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 249-268.

<< Previous

Search | Help | Contact Us | Accessibility | Privacy Policy

DCCPSNational Cancer Institute Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health USA.gov

Health Behavior Constructs: Theory, Measurement, & Research  You can Quit smoking Now! smokefree.gov