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List of Illustrations xi Preface xv Introduction 3 The Great Division 5 Words and Institutions 10 PART I: BEFORE FINE ART AND CRAFT Overview 17 1 The Greeks Had No Word for It 19 Art, techne, ars 19 The Artisan/Artist 22 Beauty and Function 24 2 Aquinas's Saw 28 From "Servile" to "Mechanical" Arts 28 Artificers 30 The Idea of Beauty 33 3 Michelangelo and Shakespeare: Art on the Rise 35 Opening up the Liberal Arts 35 The Changing Status of Artisan/Artists 38 The Ideal Qualities of the Artisan/Artist 45 Shakespeare, Jonson, and the "Work" 47 A Proto-Aesthetic? 53 4 Artemisia's Allegory: Art in Transition 57 The Artisan/Artist's Continuing Struggle for Status 60 The Image of the Artisan/Artist 65 Steps toward the Category of Fine Art 67 The Role of Taste 71 PART II: ART DIVIDED Overview 75 5 Polite Arts for the Polite Classes 79 Constructing the Category of Fine Art 80 The New Institutions of Fine Art 88 The New Art Public 94 6 The Artist, the Work, and the Market 99 The Separation of the Artist from the Artisan 99 The Ideal Image of the Artist ill The Fate of the Artisan 115 The Gender of Genius 121 The Ideal of the "Work of Art" 123 From Patronage to the Market 126 7 From Taste to the Aesthetic 130 Learning Aesthetic Behavior 133 The Art Public and the Problem of Taste 137 The Elements of the Aesthetic 140 Kant and Schiller Sum up the Aesthetic 146 PART III: COUNTERCURRENTS Overview 153 8 Hogarth, Rousseau, Wollstonecraft 157 Hogarth's "Hedonist Aesthetics" 157 Rousseau's Festival Aesthetics 159 Wollstonecraft and the Beauty of Justice 164 9 Revolution: Music, Festival, Museum 169 The Collapse of Patronage 169 The Revolutionary Festivals 171 Revolutionary Music 175 The Revolution and the Museum 180 PART IV: THE APOTHEOSIS OF ART Overview 187 o1 Art as Redemptive Revelation 189 Art Becomes an Independent Realm 189 The Spiritual Elevation of Art 194 n The Artist: A Sacred Calling 197 The Exalted Image of the Artist 197 The Descent of the Artisan 206 12 Silences: Triumph of the Aesthetic 213 Learning Aesthetic Behavior 213 The Rise of the Aesthetic and the Decline of Beauty 219 The Problem of Art and Society 221 PART V: BEYOND FINE ART AND CRAFT Overview 225 13 Assimilation and Resistance 229 The Assimilation of Photography 229 Varieties of Resistance: Emerson, Marx, Ruskin, Morris 234 The Arts and Crafts Movement 239 14 Modernism, Anti-Art, and the Bauhaus 246 Modernism and Purity 246 The Case of Photography 251 Anti-Art 253 The Bauhaus 258 Three Philosopher-Critics on the Division of Art 263 Modernism and Formalism Triumphant 266 15 Beyond Art and Craft? 269 "Primitive" Art 270 Crafts-as-Art 274 Architecture as Art 278 The Photography-as-Art Boom 282 The "Death of Literature"? 284 Mass Art 286 Art and Life 289 Public Art 297 Conclusion 303 Notes 309 References 319 Index 343