30,000 Algonquin Native Americans in region around Jamestown, VA - 40 tribes - 30 of which belonged to a confederacy led by Powhatan

"Food was an initial source of conflict. More interested in finding gold and silver than in farming, Jamestown' residents (many of whom were either aristocrats or their servants) were unable or unwilling to work. when the English began to seize Indian food stocks, Powhatan cut off supplies, forcing the colonists to subsist on frogs, snakes, and even decaying corpses."

- P. 50 - The Boisterous Sea of Liberty

Pocahontas - Powhatan's daughter - saved Captain John Smith, president of Jamestown colony from 1608-9

Captain John Smith.

The Capital and the Bay: Narratives of Washington and the Chesapeake Bay Region, ca. 1600-1925 - Subject Index - heading Virginia--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 locates:

The generall historie of Virginia, New England & the Summer Isles, together with The true travels, adventures and observations, and A sea grammar / by John Smith.

The history of Virginia, in four parts. I. The history of the first settlement of Virginia, and the government thereof, to the year 1706. II. The natural productions and conveniences of the country, suited to trade and improvement. III. The native Indians, their religion, laws, and customs, in war and peace. IV. The present state of the country, as to the polity of the government, and the improvements of the land, the 10th of June 1720. By a native and inhabitant of the place.

A trve discovrse of the present estate of Virginia, and the successe of the affaires there till the 18 of Iune. 1614. Together. With a relation of the seuerall English townes and fortes, the assured hopes of that countrie and the peace concluded with the Indians. The christening of Powhatans daughter and her marriage with an English-man. Written by Raphe Hamor the yonger, late secretarie in that colony ... London, Printed by Iohn Beale for W. Welby, 1615.

Virginia / discovered and discribed by Captayn John Smith, 1606 ; graven by William Hole.

"Since tobacco production rapidly exhausted the soil of nutrients, the English began to acquire new lands along the James River, encroaching on Indian hunting grounds. In 1622, Powhatan's successor, Opechancanough, tried to wipe out the English in a surprise attack. Two Indian converts to Christianity warned the English; still, 347 settlers, or about a third of the English colonists, died in the attack. After about two years of warfare, in which some 500 colonists were killed, Opechcanough was captured and shot and the survivors of Powhatan's confederacy, now reduced to just 2,000, agreed to submit to English rule."

- P. 52-3 - The Boisterous Sea of Liberty

STUFF ABOVE PERTAINS TO JAMESTOWN, BELOW, TO PLYMOUTH

"A Patuxet Indian born in about 1585, Squanto had grown up in a village of two thousand near where the Pilgrims settled in 1620. In 1614 Captain John Smith had passed through the region, and one of his lieutenants kidnapped Squanto and some twenty other Patuxets, planning to sell the Indians in the slave market of Malaga, Spain. After escaping to England, where he learned to speak English, Squanto returned to New England in 1619, only to discover that his village had been wiped out by a chicken pox epidemic -- one of many epidemics that killed about 90 percent of New England's coastal Indian people between 1616 and 1618. Squanto then joined the Wampanoag tribe.

After the Pilgrims arrived, Squanto served as an interpreter between the Wampanoag leader, Massasoit, and the colonists and taught the English settlers how to plant Indian corn."

- P. 61 - The Boisterous Sea of Liberty (also quotes William Bradford's History of Plimouth Plantation, not available in AmMem) (Massasoit was also known as King Philip)

Unsuccessful searches: John Winthrop, Massachoit, William Bradford (secondary sources), Squanto, Opechcanough, Samasett, Josiah Winslow,

Statue to Massasoit, Plymouth, Mass. "Massasoit, great Sachem of the Wampanoags, Protector and Preserver of the Pilgrims, 1621, erected by ... 1921" on statue.

Yamoyden, a tale of the wars of King Philip: in six cantos. By the late Rev. James Wallis Eastburn, A.M., and his friend. has images

• What does the image, "Seat of King Philip," on page A depict? What does it suggest about the narrative that follows?
• Why did the author preface his history with a quotation from Wordsworth? How might this preface effect the reader and his/her reading of the narrative?
• How do these elements frame the narrative?
• How does the first image relate to the editor's explanation of the writer's inspiration in the preface and the first few stanzas of the proem? (nature suggests history)
• How does the sixth stanza of the proem describe the Native Americans? What metaphors are used to describe them? Why?
• What is the "ocean-monster" of the proem's ninth stanza?
• What attitude towards Native Americans and their extermination is reflected in this 1820 narrative? What was the status of other Native American tribes in the West in 1820?
• In the introduction of the narrative, how is it that "Tradition" has preserved the "proud names" though "man can ne'er recall" them?

King Philip's War.

United States Serial Set--INDIAN LAND CESSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
Pages 599-611 pertain to Massachusetts - King Philip, 563-569 pertain to Virginia - Powhatan
(***** MUST READ THIS ABOVE *****)

"Compared to the Southeast, it was much more difficult for native peoples of New England to resist the encroaching English colonists. For one thing, the Northeast was much less densely populated. Epidemic diseases introduced by European fishermen and fur traders reduced the population of New England's coastal Indians about 90 percent by the early 1620s. Further, this area was fragmented politically into autonomous villages with a long history of bitter tribal rivalries. Such factors allowed the Puritans to expand rapidly across New England.

Some groups, notably the Massachusetts, whose number had fallen from about 20,000 to just 750 in 1631, allied with the Puritans and agreed to convert to Christianity in exchange for military protection. But the migration of Puritan colonists into western Massachusetts and Connecticut during the 1630s provoked bitter warfare, especially with the Pequots, the area's most powerful people.

Altogether about 800 of 3,500 Pequots were killed during the Pequot War. I his epic novel Moby Dick, Herman Melville names his doomed whaling ship The Pequod, a clear reference to earlier events in New England."

- P. 67-8 - The Boisterous Sea of Liberty

". . . the government of Puritan Massachusetts viewed the Indian atacks as punishment for their own sins. This idea of divine punishment derives from the Old Testament, which continually interprets attacks on the ancient Israelites as punishment for sin. This provided a model for the Puritans and their descendants down to Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address, which pictured the Civil War as God's punishment on the American people for the sin of slaveholding."

- P. 72 - The Boisterous Sea of Liberty

"Adventures of the Early Settlers of New England" From 19th Cent. in Print