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Upcoming Issue

Vol. 6, No. 6
Nov–Dec 2000

 
 
Perspective

Hemophagocytic Syndromes and Infection — Additional References
Infectious Agents Associated with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

David N. Fisman
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Viruses | Bacteria | Mycobacteria | Spirochetes | Fungi | Parasites

Viruses

Adenovirus
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Kitabayashi A, Hirokawa M, Kuroki J, Nishinari T, Niitsu H, Miura AB. Successful vidarabine therapy for adenovirus type 11-associated acute hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;14:853-4. (identified as adenovirus-11 in two cases)
  3. Levy J, Wodell RA, August CS, Bayever E. Adenovirus-related hemophagocytic syndrome after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1990;6:349-52. (identified as adenovirus-11 in two cases)
  4. Risdall RJ, McKenna RW, Nesbit ME, Krivit W, Balfour HH Jr., Simmons RL, et al. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1979;44:993-1002.
  5. Wong K, Chan J. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: a clinicopathologic study of 40 patients in an Oriental population. Am J Med 1992;93:177-80.
  6. Wong KF, Chan JK, Lo ES, Wong CS. A study of the possible etiologic association of Epstein-Barr virus with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese. Hum Pathol 1996;27:1239-42.
Cytomegalovirus
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Han K, Kim Y, Kahng J, Moon Y, Kang C, Shim S. In situ hybridization studies of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in reactive histiocytic hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis. Acta Haematol 1996;96:140-5.
  3. Hoang MP, Dawson DB, Rogers ZR, Scheuermann RH, Rogers BB. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of archival material for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and parvovirus B19 in children with bone marrow hemophagocytosis. Hum Pathol 1998;29:1074-7.
  4. Nagafuji K, Eto T, Hayashi S, Tokunaga Y, Gondo H, Niho Y. Fatal cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonia following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Fukuoka Bone Marrow Transplantation Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;21:301-3.
  5. Reiner A, Spivak J. Hemophagocytic histiocytosis: a report of 23 new patients and a review of the literature. Medicine 1988;67:369-88.
  6. Risdall RJ, McKenna RW, Nesbit ME, Krivit W, Balfour HH Jr., Simmons RL, et al. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1979;44:993-1002.
  7. Sato M, Matsushima T, Takada S, Hatsumi N, Kim K, Sakuraya M, et al. Fulminant, CMV-associated, haemophagocytic syndrome following unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;22:1212-22.
Dengue
  1. Ramanathan M, Duraisamy G. Haemophagocytosis in dengue hemorrhagic fever: a case report. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1991;20:803-4.
  2. Wong KF, Chan JK, Chan JC, Lim WW, Wong WK. Dengue virus infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Hematol 1991;38:339-40.
  3. Enterovirus (including coxsackie A and B and echovirus)
  4. Barre V, Marret S, Mendel I, Lesesve JF, Fessard CI. Enterovirus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome in a neonate. Acta Paediatr 1998;87:469-71.
  5. Guerin C, Pozzetto B, Berthoux F. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with coxsackie virus A 9 infection in a non-immunosuppressed adult. Intensive Care Med 1989;15:547-8.
  6. Heaton DC, Moller PW. Still's disease associated with Coxsackie infection and haemophagocytic syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1985;44:341-4.
  7. Hirst WJ, Layton DM, Singh S, Mieli-Vergani G, Chessells JM, Strobel S, et al. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: experience at two U.K. centres. Br J Haematol 1994;88:731-9.
Epstein-Barr
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Chen RL, Su IJ, Lin KH, Lee SH, Lin DT, Chu WM, et al. Fulminant childhood hemophagocytic syndrome mimicking histiocytic medullary reticulosis. An atypical form of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;96:171-6.
  3. Daum G, Sullivan J, Ansell J, Mulder C, Woda B. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: identification of an immunoproliferative precursor lesion. Hum Pathol 1987;18:1071-4.
  4. Han K, Kim Y, Kahng J, Moon Y, Kang C, Shim S. In situ hybridization studies of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in reactive histiocytic hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis. Acta Haematol 1996;96:140-5.
  5. Hoang MP, Dawson DB, Rogers ZR, Scheuermann RH, Rogers BB. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of archival material for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and parvovirus B19 in children with bone marrow hemophagocytosis. Hum Pathol 1998;29:1074-7.
  6. Kawaguchi H, Miyashita T, Herbst H, Niedobitek G, Asada M, Tsuchida M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-infected T lymphocytes in Epstein-Barr virus- associated hemophagocytic syndrome. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1444-50.
  7. Kikuta H, Sakiyama Y, Matsumoto S, Oh-Ishi T, Nakano T, Nagashima T, et al. Fatal Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Blood 1993;82:3259-64.
  8. Mori M, Kurozumi H, Akagi K, Tanaka Y, Imai S, Osato T. Monoclonal proliferation of T cells containing Epstein-Barr virus in fatal mononucleosis. N Engl J Med 1992;327:58.
  9. Okano M, Gross T. Epstein-Barr virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome and fatal infectious mononucleosis. Am J Hematol 1996; 53:111-115.
  10. Olson NY, Olson LC. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: relationship to herpes group viruses. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:369-73.
  11. Risdall RJ, McKenna RW, Nesbit ME, Krivit W, Balfour HH Jr., Simmons RL, et al. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1979;44:993-1002.
  12. Su I, Chen R, Lin D, Lin K, Chen C. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects T lymphocytes in childhood EBV-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in Taiwan. Am J Pathol 1994;144:1219-25.
  13. Su IJ, Hsu YH, Lin MT, Cheng AL, Wang CH, Weiss LM. Epstein-Barr virus-containing T-cell lymphoma presents with hemophagocytic syndrome mimicking malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1993;72:2019-27.
  14. Su IJ, Lin DT, Hsieh HC, Lee SH, Chen J, Chen RL, et al. Fatal primary Epstein-Barr virus infection masquerading as histiocytic medullary reticulosis in young children in Taiwan. Hematol Pathol 1990;4:189-95.
  15. Sullivan J, Woda B, Herrod H, Koh G, Rivara F, Mulder C. Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: virological and immunopathological studies. Blood 1985;65:1097-1104.
  16. Wong KF, Chan JK, Lo ES, Wong CS. A study of the possible etiologic association of Epstein-Barr virus with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese. Hum Pathol 1996;27:1239-42.
Hepatitis A
  1. Henter JI, Elinder G, Soder O, Ost A. Incidence in Sweden and clinical features of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991;80:428-35.
  2. Kyoda K, Nakamura S, Machi T, Kitagawa S, Ohtake S, Matsuda T. Acute hepatitis A virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1187-8.
  3. McPeake JR, Hirst WJ, Brind AM, Williams R. Hepatitis A causing a second episode of virus-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with Still's disease. J Med Virol 1993;39:173-5.
  4. Wong KF, Chan JK, Lo ES, Wong CS. A study of the possible etiologic association of Epstein-Barr virus with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese. Hum Pathol 1996;27:1239-42.
  5. Wu C-S, Chang K-Y, Dunn P, Lo T-S. Acute hepatitis A with coexistent hepatitis C virus infection presenting as a virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a case report. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1002-5.
Hepatitis B
  1. Wong K, Chan J. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: a clinicopathologic study of 40 patients in an Oriental population. Am J Med 1992;93:177-80.
Hepatitis C
  1. Farschou M, Nielsen O, Hansen P, Juhl B, Hasselbalch H. Fatal virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome associated with coexistent chronic active hepatitis B and acute hepatitis C infection. Am J Hematol 1999;61:135-8.
Herpes simplex
  1. Fenaux P, Jouet JP, Zandecki M, Simon M, Pollet JP, Walter MP, et al. Syndrome hemophagocytaire associe a une virose a virus herpes simplex: a propos d'une observation d'evolution fatale. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1986;28:303-7.
  2. Lasserre M, Huguet C, Terno O. Acute severe herpes simplex hepatitis with virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in an immunocompetent adult. J Hepatol 1993;18:256-7.
  3. Reiner A, Spivak J. Hemophagocytic histiocytosis: a report of 23 new patients and a review of the literature. Medicine 1988;67:369-88.
  4. Risdall RJ, McKenna RW, Nesbit ME, Krivit W, Balfour HH Jr., Simmons RL, et al. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1979;44:993-1002.
HIV
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Baraldes MA, Domingo P, Gonzalez MJ, Aventin A, Coll P. Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:194-5.
  3. Blanche P, Robert F, Dupouy-Camet J, Sicard D. Toxoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with AIDS: diagnosis by the polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:989-90.
  4. Bourquelot P, Oksenhendler E, Wolff M, Fegueux S, Piketty C, D'Agay MF, et al. Syndrome d'hemophagocytose au cours de l'infection par le VIH. Presse Med 1993;22:1217-20.
  5. Closs F, Oskenhendler E, Prophette B, Fabiani-Baetz B, Cazals-Hatem D, Haas C, et al. Syndrome d'hemophagocytose: lymphadenite angio-immunoblastique evoluant vers un lymphome T chez une femme VIH positive. Press Med 1995;24:371.
  6. Dalle JH, Dollfus C, Courpotin C, Tabone AM, Landman-Parker J, Leverger G, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:1159.
  7. Koduri PR, Chundi V, DeMarais P, Mizock BA, Patel AR, Weinstein RA. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: a new presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1463-5.
  8. Lortholary A, Raffi F, Aubertin P, Barrier JH, Boibieux A, Peyramond D. HIV-associated haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet 1990;336:1128.
  9. Pellegrin JL, Merlio JP, Lacoste D, Barbeau P, Brossard G, Beylot J, et al. Sydrome d'activation macrophagique avec hemophagocytose au cours de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodeficience humaine. Rev Med Interne 1992;13:438-40.
  10. Quijano G, Siminovitch M, Drut R. Histopathologic findings in the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial system in pediatric HIV infection. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1997;17:845-56.
  11. Rule S, Reed C, Costello C. Fatal haemophagocytic syndromes in HIV-antibody positive patient. Br J Haematol 1991;79:127.
Human herpesvirus-6
  1. Descamps V, Bouscarat F, Laglenne S, Aslangul E, Veber B, Descamps D, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 infection associated with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome and reactive haemophagocytic syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:605-8.
  2. Hoang MP, Dawson DB, Rogers ZR, Scheuermann RH, Rogers BB. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of archival material for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and parvovirus B19 in children with bone marrow hemophagocytosis. Hum Pathol 1998;29:1074-7.
  3. Huang LM, Lee CY, Lin KH, Chuu WM, Lee PI, Chen RL, et al. Human herpesvirus-6 associated with fatal haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet 1990;336:60-1.
  4. Sugita K, Kurumada H, Eguchi M, Furukawa T. Human herpesvirus 6 infection associated with hemophagocytic syndrome. Acta Haematol 1995;93:108-9.
Human herpesvirus-8
  1. Low P, Neipel F, Rascu A, Steininger H, Manger B, Fleckenstein B, et al. Suppression of HHV-8 viremia by foscarnet in an HIV-infected patient with Kaposi's sarcoma and HHV-8 associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Eur J Med Res 1998;3:461-4.
Influenza A (antigenic type H1N1)
  1. Kimura K, Adlakha A, Simon P. Fatal case of swine influenza virus in an immunocompetent host. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:243-5.
Measles
  1. Komatsuda A, Chubachi A, Miura AB. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome due to measles accompanied by acute respiratory failure. Intern Med 1995;34:203-6.
  2. Pearl PL, Abu-Farsakh H, Starke JR, Dreyer Z, Louis PT, Kirkpatrick JB. Neuropathology of two fatal cases of measles in the 1988-1989 Houston epidemic. Pediatr Neurol 1990;6:126-30.
Parainfluenza type III
  1. Kaito K, Kobayashi M, Katayama T, Otsubo H, Ogasawara Y, Sekita T, et al. Prognostic factors in hemophagocytic syndrome in adults: analysis of 34 cases. Eur J Haematol 1997;59:247-53.
Parvovirus B-19
  1. Boruchoff SE, Woda BA, Pihan GA, Durbin WA, Burstein D, Blacklow NR. Parvovirus B19-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:897-9.
  2. Hoang MP, Dawson DB, Rogers ZR, Scheuermann RH, Rogers BB. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of archival material for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and parvovirus B19 in children with bone marrow hemophagocytosis. Hum Pathol 1998;29:1074-7.
  3. Koch WC, Massey G, Russell CE, Adler SP. Manifestations and treatment of human parvovirus B19 infection in immunocompromised patients. J Pediatr 1990;116:355-9.
  4. Muir K, Todd W, Watson W, Fitzsimmons E. Viral-associated haemophagocytosis with parvovirus-B19-related pancytopenia. Lancet 1992;329:1139-40.
  5. Shirono K, Tsuda H. Parvovirus B19-associated haemophagocytic syndrome in healthy adults. Br J Haematol 1995;89:923-6.
  6. Tsuda H, Maeda Y, Nakagawa K, Nakayama M, Nishimura H, Ishihara A, et al. Parvovirus B19-associated haemophagocytic syndrome with prominent neutrophilia. Br J Haematol 1994;86:413-4.
  7. Uike N, Miyamura T, Obama K, Takahira H, Sato H, Kozuru M. Parvovirus B19-associated haemophagocytosis in Evans syndrome: aplastic crisis accompanied by severe thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 1993;84:530-2.
  8. Watanabe M, Shimamoto Y, Yamaguchi M, Inada S, Miyazaki S, Sato H. Viral-associated haemophagocytosis and elevated serum TNF-alpha with parvovirus-B19-related pancytopenia in patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Clin Lab Haematol 1994;16:179-82.
  9. Yufu Y, Matsumoto M, Miyamura T, Nishimura J, Nawata H, Ohshima K. Parvovirus B19-associated haemophagocytic syndrome with lymphadenopathy resembling histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi's disease). Br J Haematol 1997;96:868-71.
Rubella
  1. Takenaka H, Kishimoto S, Ichikawa R, Shibagaki R, Kubota Y, Yamagata N, et al. Virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome caused by rubella in an adult. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:877-80.
Varicella zoster
  1. Bourquelot P, Bouscary D, Paul G, Picard F, Varet B, Dreyfus F, et al. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with Bacteroides fragilis infection in a patient with acute monoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1996;22:177-9.
  2. Bourquelot P, Oksenhendler E, Wolff M, Fegueux S, Piketty C, D'Agay MF, et al. Syndrome d'hemophagocytose au cours de l'infection par le VIH. Presse Med 1993;22:1217-20.
  3. Risdall RJ, McKenna RW, Nesbit ME, Krivit W, Balfour HH Jr., Simmons RL, et al. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1979;44:993-1002.
  4. Sailler L, Duchayne E, Marchou B, Brousset P, Pris J, Massip P, et al. Aspects etiologiques des hemophagocytoses reactionnelles: etude retrospective chez 99 patients. Rev Med Interne 1997;18:855-864.

Bacteria

Bacterial sepsis syndrome
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Bourquelot P, Bouscary D, Paul G, Picard F, Varet B, Dreyfus F, et al. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with Bacteroides fragilis infection in a patient with acute monoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1996;22:177-9.
  3. Francois B, Trimoreau F, Vignon P, Fixe P, Praloran V, Gastinne H. Thrombocytopenia in the sepsis syndrome: role of hemophagocytosis and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Am J Med 1997;103:114-20.
  4. Risdall R, Brunning R, Hernandez J, Gordon D. Bacteria-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Cancer 1984;54:2968-72.
  5. Sailler L, Duchayne E, Marchou B, Brousset P, Pris J, Massip P, et al. Aspects etiologiques des hemophagocytoses reactionnelles: etude retrospective chez 99 patients. Rev Med Interne 1997;18:855-864.
  6. Sirinavin S, Hathirat P, Isarangkura P. Hemophagocytic histiocytosis associated with Serratia marcescens septicemia. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:488-9.
  7. Stephan F, Hollande J, Richarde O, Cheffi A, Maier-Redelsperger M, Flahault A. Thrombocytopenia in a surgical ICU. Chest 1999;115:1363-70.
Brucella melitensis
  1. Kokkini G, Giotaki HG, Moutsopoulos HM. Transient hemophagocytosis in Brucella melitensis infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:213-6.
  2. Martin-Moreno S, Soto-Guzman O, Bernaldo-de-Quiros J, Deverte-Cejedo D, Bascones-Casas C. Pancytopenia due to hemophagocytosis in patients with brucellosis: a report of four cases. J Infect Dis 1983;147:445-9.
  3. Zuazu JP, Duran JW, Julia AF. Hemophagocytosis in acute brucellosis. N Engl J Med 1979;301:1185-6.
Chromobacterium violaceum
  1. Hiraoka N, Yoshioka K, Inoue K, Kawahito Y, Kasamatsu Y. Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis accompanied by bacteria-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a Japanese man. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1623-4.
Chlamydia psittaci
  1. Wong K, Chan J, Chan C, Lim W. Psittacosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Med 1991;91:204-5.
Coxiella burnetii
  1. Estrov Z, Bruck R, Shtalrid M, Berrebi A, Resnitzky P. Histiocytic hemophagocytosis in Q fever. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:7.
  2. Hufnagel M, Niemeyer C, Zimmerhackl L, Tuchelmann T, Sauter S, Brandis M. Hemophagocytosis: a complication of acute Q fever in a child. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1029-31.
Ehrlichia sp.
  1. Abbott KC, Vukelja SJ, Smith CE, McAllister CK, Konkol KA, O'Rourke TJ, et al. Hemophagocytic syndrome: a cause of pancytopenia in human ehrlichiosis. Am J Hematol 1991;38:230-4.
  2. (The authors describe a patient with elevated titers against E. canis and morulae within mononuclear cells.)
  3. Watanabe M, Shimamoto Y, Yamaguchi M, Inada S, Miyazaki S, Sato H. Viral-associated haemophagocytosis and elevated serum TNF-alpha with parvovirus-B19-related pancytopenia in patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Clin Lab Haematol 1994;16:179-82.
    Fusobacterium necrophorum
  4. Ellis GR, Gozzard DI, Looker DN, Green GJ. Postanginal septicaemia (Lemmiere's disease) complicated by haemophagocytosis. J Infect 1998;36:340-1.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  1. Abrahamsen TG, Bentsen BS, Brandtzaeg P. Increasing values of serum acid phosphatase in a child with Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated hemophagocytic histiocytic syndrome. Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:77-9.
  2. Gill K, Marrie TJ. Hemophagocytosis secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Am J Med 1987;82:668-70.
Orientia tsutsugamushi
  1. Iwasaki H, Hashimoto K, Takada N, Nakayama T, Ueda T, Nakamura T. Fulminant Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection associated with haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet 1994;343:1236.
Rickettsia conorii
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
Salmonella Typhi
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Fame TM, Engelhard D, Riley HD Jr. Hemophagocytosis accompanying typhoid fever. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:367-9.
  3. Fernandes-Costa F, Eintracht I. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Lancet 1979;2:204-5.
  4. Lien-Keng K, Odang O, Tumbelaka W. Diagnostic value of bone marrow and blood picture in salmonellosis. Ann Pediatr 1960;194:141-9.
  5. Mallory F. A histological study of typhoid fever. J Exp Med 1898;3:611-38.
  6. Mallouh A, Saadi A. Hemophagocytosis with typhoid fever. Ped Infect Dis 1986;5:720.
  7. Ramanathan M, Karim N. Haemophagocytosis in typhoid fever. Med J Malaysia 1993;48:240-3.
  8. Udden MM, Banez E, Sears DA. Bone marrow histiocytic hyperplasia and hemophagocytosis with pancytopenia in typhoid fever. Am J Med Sci 1986;291:396-400.

Mycobacteria

M. avium complex
  1. Bourquelot P, Oksenhendler E, Wolff M, Fegueux S, Piketty C, D'Agay MF, et al. Syndrome d'hemophagocytose au cours de l'infection par le VIH. Presse Med 1993;22:1217-20.
Mycobacteria tuberculosis
  1. Browett P, Fraser A, Varcoe A, Ellis-Pegler R. Disseminated tuberculosis complicated by the hemophagocytic syndrome. Aust NZ J Med 1988;18:79-80.
  2. Campo E, Condom E, Miro M-J, Cid M-C, Romagosa V. Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a systemic process. Cancer 1986;58:2640-5.
  3. Chandra P, Chaudhery S, Rosner F, Kagen M. Transient histiocytosis with striking phagocytosis of platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. Arch Intern Med 1975;135:989-91.
  4. Eliopoulos G, Vaiopoulos G, Kittas C, Fessas P. Tuberculosis associated hemophagocytic syndrome complicated with severe bone marrow failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:273-6.
  5. Francois B, Clavel M, Trimoreau F, Desachy A, Slaouti P, Gastinne H. Pancytopenie et tuberculose pulmonaire: implication d'un syndrome hemophagocytaire. Rev Mal Respir 1998;15:668-79.
  6. Weintraub M, Siegman-Igra Y, Josiphov J, Rahmani R, Liron M. Histiocytic hemophagocytosis in miliary tuberculosis. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:2055-6.

Spirochetes

Borrelia burgdorferi
  1. Cantero-Hinojosa J, Diez-Ruiz A, Santos-Perez J, Aguilar-Martinez J, Ramos-Jiminez A. Lyme disease associated with hemophagocytic syndrome. Clin Investig 1993;71:620.
Leptospira sp.
  1. Yang CW, Pan MJ, Wu MS, Chen YM, Tsen YT, Lin CL, et al. Leptospirosis: an ignored cause of acute renal failure in Taiwan. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;30:840-5.
Treponema pallidum
  1. Pohl M, Niemeyer C, Hentschel R, Duffner U, Bergstrasser E, Brandis M. Haemophagocytosis in early congenital syphilis. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158:553-555. (Includes one case of congenital syphilis.)

Fungi

Aspergillus sp.
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Dalle JH, Dollfus C, Courpotin C, Tabone AM, Landman-Parker J, Leverger G, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:1159. (In one case, organism identified as A. fumigatus.)
Candida albicans
  1. Albert A, Azgui Z, Buisine J, Ciaudo M, Fenneteau O, Fillola G, et al. Macrophage activation syndromes. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1992;34:435-41.
  2. Reiner A, Spivak J. Hemophagocytic histiocytosis: a report of 23 new patients and a review of the literature. Medicine 1988;67:369-88. (Presumed to be disseminated infection. In one case, the patient was co-infected with CMV and HIV.)
Cryptococcus neoformans
  1. Numata K, Tsutsumi H, Wakai S, Tachi N, Chiba S. A child case of haemophagocytic syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. J Infect 1998;36:118-9.
Histoplasma capsulatum
  1. Keller F, Kurtzberg J. Disseminated histoplasmosis: a cause of infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Pediatr Hem Oncol 1994;16:368-71.
  2. Koduri PR, Chundi V, DeMarais P, Mizock BA, Patel AR, Weinstein RA. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: a new presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1463-5.
Penicillium marneffei
  1. Chim C, Fong C, Ma S, Wong S, Yuen K. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome associated with Penicillium marneffei infection. Am J Med 1998;104:196-7.
Pneumocystis carinii
  1. Koduri PR, Carandang G, DeMarais P, Patel AR. Hyperferritinemia in reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: report of four adult cases. Am J Hematol 1995;49:247-9.
Trychophyton beigelii
  1. del Palacio A, Perez-Revilla A, Albanil R, Sotelo T, Kalter DC. Disseminated neonatal trichosporosis associated with the hemophagocytic syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:520-2.

Parasites

Babesia microti
  1. Gupta P, Hurley RW, Helseth PH, Goodman JL, Hammerschmidt DE. Pancytopenia due to hemophagocytic syndrome as the presenting manifestation of babesiosis. Am J Hematol 1995;50:60-2.
  2. Slovut DP, Benedetti E, Matas AJ. Babesiosis and hemophagocytic syndrome in an asplenic renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 1996;62:537-9.
Leishmania sp.
  1. Broeckaert van Orshoven A, Michielsen P, Vandepitte J. Fatal leishmaniasis in a renal transplant patient. Lancet 1979;2:740-1.
  2. Kokkini G, Vrionis G, Liosis G, Papaefstathiou J. Cold agglutinin syndrome and hemophagocytosis in systemic leishmaniasis. Scand J Haematol 1984;32:441-5.
  3. Matzner Y, Behar A, Beeri E, Gunders A, Hershko C. Systemic leishmaniasis mimicking malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1979;43:398-402.
Plasmodium falciparum
  1. Anwar M, Saleem M, Malik IA. Severe haemophagocytic syndrome in falciparum malaria. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc 1995;45:302-3.
  2. el-Shoura SM. Falciparum malaria: IX. Bone marrow changes mimicking malignant histiocytosis. A case report. Parasite 1994;1:287.
  3. Hamada A, Watanabe N, Tanaka H, Kobayashi A. Falciparum malaria with bone marrow abnormalities resembling malignant histiocytosis. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hygiene 1989;83:331.
  4. Ohno T, Shirasaka A, Sugiyama T, Furukawa H. Hemophagocytic syndrome induced by Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection. Int J Hematol 1996;64:263-6.
Toxoplasma gondii
  1. Blanche P, Robert F, Dupouy-Camet J, Sicard D. Toxoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with AIDS: diagnosis by the polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:989-90.
Strongyloides stercoralis
  1. Finkielman J, Grinberg A, Paz L, Plana J, Benchetrit G, Nicastro M, et al. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome associated with disseminated strongyloidiasis. Am J Med Sci 1996;312:37-9.

 

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