JUNE, 1911. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 957
WEATHER., FORECASTS, AND WARNINGS.
By H. C. FRANKENFIELD, Professor of Meteorology.
of the month pressure was high over Europe, At the the beF tlantic Ocean, Alaska, and the north Pacific Ocean, and nearly normal over the United States and Canada, exce t the northeastern districts, wlich were cov-
Canaz and the northern ortion of the United States. General rains had fallen in t P le United States and tempera- tures were moderately low from the lake region easbward. There was also a moderate depression over northern Wyoming, but the extensive high area over the Atlentic Ocean and Euro e effectually retarded its nornial eastward movement, an 2 it did not reach the lower lake region until the mornin of June 5, by which time a well-marked high area from tRe Hudson B R ~ region had nioved to the northeast coast. The disturbance was attended by gen- eral showers, and there were also occasional thunder-
ered b a mar R ed depression that had moved eastward over
High premure prevails over the Nnrthem Hemisphere, except over the PmAc Ocean, Alaaka, and a limited area in the northwestern por- tion of the United States. The crest. of the high pressure overlies the Azores, and this distribution indicates t.hat the coming week will be nerally fair over the country after thundershowers Sunday and Mon- E y over the northern districts. Conditions are fnvomble, however, for local day showers during the week in Florida. There is no imme- diate prospect of materially cooler weather, and tern eratures will rob ably contmue high in t,he South and in the Central &est, and willgave a r i k g tendency in the East after Monday.
This forecast was not well verified as to weather owing to the retardation of the low .area mentioned above, but the lllgh temperatures occurred as indicated. As the low areas were keeping well to the northward, high teni- peratures to the southward were certain to occur, and, as
a third low area from the Northwest was moviqg across the northern portion of the country, their pemstence was equally certain, and the result was a warm wave that for duration and severity has rarely been equalled so early in the summer. This warm wave set in on June 2
over the Plains States, the Missouri Valley, the South and Southwest, and extended into the Mississippi and Oliio Valleys on the followi day. There was a brief inter- mission on June 5 an lY 6 over the northern districts, caused by showers, with risin pressure, but it was not
u per Mississippi Valley, and June 11 in the western upper
to lower temperatures in advance of a hgE-pressure area from the north Pacific coast. This hqh ares spread southeastward over the Rocky Mountain region and the Plains States, with a crest of 30.34 inches over southeastern
until June 9 in the Northern P P ains States, June110 in the
la R e region that there was a general and decided reaction
Montana on the morning of June 11. High temperature continued in the South and Southwest, however. In the meantime the third low area before mentioned had moved slowly eastward attended by eneral showers and severe
reaching the Middle Atlantic States and New England on June 10 and continuing, with brief intermissions, in the East until June 18, eflectually terniinsting the drought that had prevailed for several months. The rains in the East were preceded by abnormally high temperatures that attained their masimum on June 11. The unusual dura- tion of the shower peiiod was the to the persistence of the low area over New England and the Canadian maritime provincw, and to the approach of another from the West. During the period from June 1 to 11, inclusive, pressure had been low over Alaska and near1 - normal over Asia and the Pacific Ocean. It continuelhi h over Iceland,
the Atlantic Ocean after June 6, about which time, it will be remembered, the iiortheastern Canadian high area attained its maximum strngth. Conditions had been more or less unsettled west of the Rocky Mountains, with frequent local showers and thunderstorms over the interior districts, but without occurrences of special importance. There was a cool wave over the northern plateau during June 4 and 5, and on the morning of the latter date the temperature reached the freezing point at the station in the Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. Over the southern lateau temperatures con-
at Yuma, Aria., reached 110 degrees for the first time during the present sear. On Tuesday, June 13, a disturbance appeared over eastern Colorado. It remained nearly stationary for 48
hours, attended by thunderstorms in the central Rocky, Mountain region and the extreme Northwest, and then moved slowly eastward with increasing intensity, attended by general showers in the Plains States on June 15, in the great central vallej-s, and the central and southern u per Lake region on June 16 and 17, the western lower fake region on June 17, and continuin until June 19 in the
the low area began to decrease in intensit?,, and contracted into a limited area over the lower Mississappi Valley, while
a sli ht secondary disturbance had appeared over Nortb ,Carofins. A general thunderstorm period then set. in. over the Southern States and it did not end until June 28.
Local showers also continued in the central Rocky Mountain region until June 18, by which time there had been a material rise in pressure over the interior of the country. During this period of unsettled weather high tempera- tures had continued in the central Plains States, the Southwest and the South, and on June 16 and 17 extended into the middle Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. In western Arkansas, Oklahoma, western Louisiana, and in- tenor Tesas the maximum temperatures for several days ranged from 100 to 106 degrees, and the month closed without material relief in the Southwest. Temperatures
thunderstorms over the nort f ern half of the country,
but fell steadilj- over the remainder of d mope and o v a
t,inund to rise steadit-, and on P une 11 the thermometer
Ohio Valley. After reaching the 0 a io Valley on June 17,
958 MONTHLY WEATHXR REVIEW. JUNE, 1911
were also hi h in the Northwest, but not abnormally so,
West of the Rocky Mountains the weather had been fair with the exception of occasional local thunderstornis in the middle plateau. Temperatures were comparatively low on June 13 and 14, and moderately high during the remainder of the time from June 12 to 19, inclusive, except on the c,oast, where they were slightly below t.lie seasonal average as a rule. From June 11 to 19, inclusive, pressure was hi h over
. area had extended to northwestern Alaska, reaching its crest on June 19. Relatively low pressure prevailed over the north Atlantic Ocean, and high pressure over western Europe until June 17, .when the conditions reversed and marked low pressure covered the British Isles from June
17 to 26, inclusive. Over eastern Europe and Asia pressure was variable within reasonable limits, except on the Pacific coast, which was covered by a well-marked low area from June 17 to 31, inclusive. The week ending with Monclay, June 26, was c.haracter- ized by high temperatures in the Plains States, the Missouri and upper Mississippi Valleys and the western upper Lake region, and b;; persistent and heav thuncler-
were local and much lighter. In portions of northwestern Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma the ten1 erature records
and on Sunda June 25, the masimdni temperaturemat Wichita and Bodge City, Kans., was 108 degrees, 4
degrees higher than the previous high record. Pressure was generally low over New England and the Canadian maritime provinces until June 24, when a high area from the British Northwest reached the coast and merged with another that had formed over the Atlantic Ocean. Pressure was also high on the Pacific coast, but .several irregular low areas from the interior moved slowly eastward over the country attended by the warm wave before mentioned, and on h n e 23 and 33 the high temperatures reached the Atlantic coast States escept New England. Local showers were quite frequent over
the northern districts west of the Rocky Mountains and the slopes of the mountains, and also in the Dakotas and ontana after June 30. There were no showers in the central valleys and the Lake region until June 23, from which date until June 27 the were frequent.
after June 22, in the Middle A 9 antic States. On June
24 the high area on the Pacific coast began to move east- ward with some incrense in intensity, and accom anied b falling temperature that became quite markez over t i e Northwestern States b the morning. of June 27, and light frost occurred at De& Lake, N. Dak., on that date. During this week pressure was low over western Europe with unsettled weather, and comparatively high over eastern Europe and western Asia. Over eastern
Asia and the western Pacific Ocean low pressure ruled, while over the eastern Pacific it was relatively high.
Over Alaska there was a slow and steady fall from the
while in the B ast they were moderately cool.
the northeastern Pacific Ocean, and by June 15 t 'i Te high
showers in the South, escept in Tesas, where t z e showers
for the month of June were either q u a Y ed or esceeded,
Local showers also occurred dail in N9 ew England, and,
-. __
~~
I
hi h point of June 19. %om June 27 to 30, inclusive, the northwestern high- ressure area moved eastward over the up er Mississippi
it was central over the lower Lake region. This high area brought with it more moderate temperatures, and marked the termination of the shower period over the territory east of the Mississi pi River, except in the
final shower at Washington, D. C., on the afternoon of
b d e y and the Lake region, and at the en B of the month
South, where local day thun B erstorms continued. The
June 27 followed a day of high teinpersture, and the rain was accompanied b high winds and hail that did coq-
siderable dama e. %uring the storm the dairy building at the NationafSoldiers' Home was struck b lightning,
a loss of $50,000.
The tein erature fall over the Lake region and the
reported on the morning of June 28 in ortions of Wis-
the cranberry marshes of that State. Snow flurries were also reported at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., on the morning of June 28.
During the eastward progress of this last high area of the month pressure fell steadily and decidedly throughout the West. The general trend of the depression was northeastward from the Middle Plateau, with a recovery by the end of the month, when what remained of the low area was central over the Dakotas. Local showers and thunderstorms were of frequent occurrence to the west- ward and northward of the low area, and they continued at the end of the month. There were also showers during the night of June 37-88 in Kansas, and during June 29
in Arizona. To the eastward and southeastward of the path of low ressure another warm wave set in, reaching
. on June 28, continuing at the end of the month and ex- tending into the central valleys and the upper Lake region. On June 29 the temperature records for the month of .June were equaled or exceeded in portions of Nebraska and South Dakota, with thermometer readings from 100" to 104'.
Tliere was not enough rain during the month between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to be of material benefit, and at the end of the month the drought was still unbroken without immediate prospect of rain, and with every prospect of more intensely hot weather that would soon extend over the states east of the Missis- sip i River. guring the closing days of the month there was a reac- tion to higher pressure over western Europe, and high pressure continued over eastern Europe and western Asia. Over eastern Asia pressure also rose except on the coast. There were no storms along the ocean and Gulf coasts of the United States, and none on the Great Lakes, and no storm warnings were ordered during the month.
Average temperatures and departures from the normal.
and the building was entirely destroyed by K re, causing
Middle A tY antic States was pronounced; frost was
consin, and frost warnings were ordere c f on June 27 for
the central rp ocky Mountain region and the Plains States
.
-- ...
Average
Number iysg
month.
Distrkts. of stations. c;g&t
....................
I
................
New England. Middle Atlan tlc... South Atlantlc .................... Florida Penlosuls*.. ............... East Gulf ......................... West Gulf ......................... Ohio Vallev and Tennessee ........
la
15 I
10 13
62.9 70.4
79.0 81.0 81.0
82.8 75.3
Lower LBkes ...................... I 10 I 67.1
u per Lakes.. .................... orth Dakota* ...................
I U per Mssisslppi Valley.. ssoun Valley.. ............... .., Northern slope.. .................. I
...................... Middle slo e.
Southern Plateau * ............... Middle Plateau * .................. Northern Plateau * ................ North Pad& ..................... .I
I Middle PacieC south PwleC .......................
I
i
~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~
2 d .
southern $ope *
........
..................
.....................
65.2 66.6 75.8 77.7 65.0 77.5 82. 1
73.7 64 4 62.8
64.9 61.9
65.2
current I-sfnce slnce month.
,
Jan.1. 1 Jan.1.
- 0.7 ' + 1.2 I
+ 2.2 + 11.9 + 0.3 I + 5.2
+ 1.. + 11.8
+ 2.9 + 20.6
+ 4.0 + 22.7
+ 2.0 + 16.5
+ 0.3 + 11.2 +3 .1 + + 20.4 -8 2 1
+ 4.9 3.23.2
+ 6 .8 . + 27.6 1 i 2 .8 + 9.4
+ 6.0 + 23.8
+ 5.7 + 23.7
- 1.6 + 2.0
+ 0.4 + 5.5
+ 0.5 - 2.2
- 2.7 - 9.9
- 2.3 - 7.1
- 0.9 - a4
+ 0.2
+ 0.9
+ 2.0
+ 2.0
+ 3.4
+ 3.8
+ 2.8
+ 1.9
+ 3.4
+ 1.4
+ 3.9
+ 4 6
+ 1.6
+ 4 0
+ 4.0
+ 0.3
+ 0.9
- a 4
- 1.0
- 1.a - 0.1
JUNE, 1911. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
Districts.
Average precipitation and deparliusesJ-om the nonnol.
Numba of rtatlons.
daeragc cloudiness nnd depm-tuzes from. the normul.
U per M~lsslppi Valley.. ........
Northern slope.. ..................
Southern s ope* .................. Southern Plateau * ............... Mlddle Plateau * ................ ., Northern Plateau * ............... North Paclfic ...................... Middle Paclnc .....................
& ud Valley.. .................
Middle slo ye... ...................
Bismarck, N. Dak.. Chottanooga. Tenn.. Dctwit. Mich ....... EL P-, '&x ........ Linroln. Nebr ....... Do .............. Minneapolis. Minn.. Modem. Utah ...... Do ..............
9
24
4
?i 25 ?d 2.4 13 2,
11 1s 11 7 11 10 13 10 12 9 15 l? 9
ti
n
I U
11 11 7
7 4
-
76
73 72 78
70
62
I 72 75 70
63
Average.. ...... _. .. .-
-11
3.31 I 67 4.05 ! 59 Y.?5' 71
1.11 30 78
3.01 97
295 88 1:04 24 1.27 1MI U.46 ' 1.5 0.5s I E U .5 l I 185 0.80, 160 193 145
009 31
!tRd cooperative I
2.841 80
o:92
~
46
o:ol! 1w -J--
- 3 0
- 6
- 1
- 5 -14
Departure.
~~
Missour1 VaUey ..... Northern slope.. ... Mlddleslo e ........ Southern sfope. .... Southern Plateau ... Middle Plateau.. ... Northern Plateau..
__
- 4
Current month.
North Paciec .......
- 4.0
- 1.0
- 2.8
- 1.3
- 2. (i
- 0.9 0.0
- 0.7 - 1.4 - 3.3 0.0
- 2.7
- 2.9
+ 0.2
+ 0.3 + 0.6
- 1.1
- 0.2
9.0
0. o
- 0.1
Itlons.
Average relative humidity and departures porn the mnnul.
-. ........ .-
5093--11--10
Accuniu- lated since Jan. 1.
- 4. i
- 6.?
- 12.3
- 5. 6
- 6.2
- 3.? - 1.5 - 0.8
- a 9
- 0.2
;: ; - - - l.Y - 1.;
- 4.2
t U.0
- 1.5
+ 7.8
+ 3.5
+ 7.4
t. 0.2
Ilverage.
44 52 75
58
68
Depar- ture.
-13
+5 -14 -11 +3 +7 +1 -2
- t i
+?a
Dikets. I Average
I
New England. ....... Middle Atlantic ..... I
South Atlantic ...... 1 Florida Peninsula.. East Gulf west Glllf ........... Ohio Valley and I Teuoessee.. ....... Lower Lakas.. .... ..I Upper Lakes. ....... North Dakota.. ...... U y Miasissippi :
. ...........
........... alley.. I
G. 1 5.3 4. s 4.7
4.9
2.9
5.0 5.3 5.4 5. ?
4. G
...... - .... -. ..
.I
i
SI :It ions.
.... .. ._I
Mount Tamnlpais,
Do .............. Zti
Do .............. ?I Do .............. 26
New York. N. Y.... i 10
('nl ............... I 25
Do ._._: .........
1 11 Do .............. 15
.....
.... 3.0
....
....... 4.2
...... 3.9
-0.2
-
Ve-
IOC-
ity.
58 51 59 53
50 50
SO
58
!55
G l
04 78
70 51
67
....
50
-
.........
~
;I I
Stations. DaC MIW. ii I ion.
I i
n. sw. n. .............. ...... 3
Do .............. 11 no .............. 26
4
Cal.... ............ 12 sw. Do ............... 13 Do .............. 11
11w. I Do .............. I ?3
.......
Point Reps Light,
se.
w.
n r . Do .............. i 27 Do .............. ?J7
Do .............. ?9 Yt. Paul, Minn ...... 3
nw. ...............
--
Ve- loo ity.
72 52
50
5s 50
50
5s 59
51
58 70
i 6
79
50
54
-
-
959
.....
lepar-
ttue.
-
-1.2 0.0
-0.5 -0.5 +1.0
+o. 9
+O. 5
0.0
+0.9
+O. 0
-
--
Dinv
t ion.
--
n.
e. nw.
n.
W.
UW.
UW.
UlV.
nw.
nw.
nw. nw. mi-. nw.
nw.
-