Tables

U.S. Dept Commerce/NOAA/NMFS/NWFSC/Publications

Table 2. Abbreviated names and full descriptions of disease categories utilized in documenting pathological conditions in winter flounder.

Abbreviation	Full description
Histologically diagnosable liver lesions
Neoplasms	epithelial neoplasms (liver cell adenoma, cholangioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, mixed hepatobiliary carcinoma, biliary cystadenoma, biliary cystadenocarcinoma, pancreatic acinar cell adenoma, pancreatic ductal adenoma, pancreatic cystadenoma, pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma); and mesenchymal neoplasms (hemangioma, hemangioendothelioma, hemangioentothelial sarcoma, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, neurilemmoma, neurofibroma, neurofibrosarcoma
Foci of cellular alteration (FCA)	putative preneoplastic focal lesions (foci of cellular alteration, including clear cell focus, eosinophilic focus, basophilic cell focus, and hyperplastic hepatocellular regeneration)
Proliferative lesions	proliferative non-neoplastic lesions (hepatocellular or biliary regeneration, biliary hyperplasia, papillary biliary hyperplasia, cystic biliary hyperplasia, cholangiofibrosis/adenofibrosis, increased hepatocellular mitotic activity)
Hydropic vacuolation	hepatocellular or biliary hydropic vacuolation (syn RAM cell areas, atypical cellular vacuolation)
Spongiosis hepatis	spongiosis hepatis or cystic degeneration of hepatocellular parenchyma
Megalocytic hepatosis/nuclear pleomorphism	increased hepatocellular and nuclear diameter and nuclear nyperchromasia, often accompanied by cytoplasmic changes including hyalinization (megalocytic hepatosis); enlarged or pleomorphic hepatocellular nuclei, unaccompanied by changes in hepatocellular size (nuclear pleomorphism)
Necrotic lesions	nonspecific hepatocellular or biliary necrotic/degenerative conditions including coagulative necrosis, hydropic degeneration, hyalinization, liquefactive necrosis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, eosinophilic change, and hemorrhagic necrosis
Histologically diagnosable kidney lesions
Proliferative lesions	non-neoplastic proliferative lesions, including hemopoietic tissue hyperplasia or proliferation, eruythroblastic hyperplasia or proliferation, glomerular hypercullularity, thickened, proliferative Bowman's capsule, tubular hyperplasia or proliferation, increased mitotic activity of tubules or hemopoietic tissue, and tubular regeneration
Necrotic lesions	necrotic lesions, including mesangiolysis, glomerular degeneration, tubular necrosis/degeneration, coagulative necrosis, hyalinization, or hydropic degeneration or tubular epithelium, hemopoietic tissue atrophy or hypoplasia, degeneration of Bowman's capsule, glomerular hyalinization, microvacuolar degeneration of tubular epithelium, erythrocyte necrosis of hemopoietic tissue, exfoliation of tubular epithelium, pyknosis of tubular epithelium or other nephron elements, cellular debris in tubular lumina, atypical cytoplasmic vacuolation of tubular epithelium or other nephron elements
Sclerotic lesions	sclerotic lesions including mesangiosclerosis, hypermembranous tubules (thickened basal lamina), hypermembranous glomerular tuft (thickened peripheral basal lamina), calcification, glomerulosclerosis, peritubular fibrosis, and fibrosis/fibroplasia of the interstitium
Grossly diagnosable lesions
Fin erosion	fin erosion and associated lesions, including loss of fin, hemorrhagic fin tissue, fused rays, bent fin, exposed fin rays, fin ray blunting or retraction, and reflection of fin tissue back onto body surface

Table 3. Organic compounds measured during NBSP Cycles 5-6 (1988 and 1989). Low and high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (LAHs and HAHs) and chlorinated hydocarbons (DDTs, PCBs, chlordanes, and dieldrin) were measured in sediment and fish stomach contents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons were also measured in fish livers.

Type	Chemical
Low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (LAHs)	naphthalene
	decachlorobiphenyls 2-methylnaphthalene
	decachlorobiphenyls 1-methylnaphthalene
	decachlorobiphenyls biphenyl
	decachlorobiphenyls 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene
	decachlorobiphenyls acenapthene
	decachlorobiphenyls acenapthylene
	decachlorobiphenyls 2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene
	decachlorobiphenyls fluorene
	decachlorobiphenyls phenanthrene
	decachlorobiphenyls anthracene
	decachlorobiphenyls 1-methylphenanthrene
High molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs)	fluoranthene
	decachlorobiphenyls pyrene
	decachlorobiphenyls benz[a]anthracene
	decachlorobiphenyls chrysene
	decachlorobiphenyls benzo[b]fluoranthene
	decachlorobiphenyls benzo[k]fluoranthene
	decachlorobiphenyls benzo[e]pyrene
	decachlorobiphenyls benzo[a]pyrene
	decachlorobiphenyls perylene
	decachlorobiphenyls ideno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
	decachlorobiphenyls dibenz[a,h]anthracene
	decachlorobiphenyls benzo[ghi]perylene
DDTs	o,p'-DDE
	decachlorobiphenyls p,p'-DDE
	decachlorobiphenyls o,p'-DDD
	decachlorobiphenyls p,p'-DDD
	decachlorobiphenyls o,p'-DDT
	decachlorobiphenyls p,p'-DDT
PCBs	trichlorobiphenyls
	decachlorobiphenyls tetrachlorobiphenyls
	decachlorobiphenyls pentachlorobiphenyls
	decachlorobiphenyls hexachlorobiphenyls
	decachlorobiphenyls heptachlorobiphenyls
	decachlorobiphenyls
	decachlorobiphenyls
	decachlorobiphenyls
Chlordanes	alpha-chlordane
	decachlorobiphenyls

Table 5. Spearman-Rank correlation coeffecients (Spearman's rho) for different classes of contaminants in sediment from the East Coast of the United States. Bold type indicates that correlation coeffecients are statistically significant at p < 0.05. A total of 19 sites were sampled. Some sites were sampled more than once (i.e., in more than one year), and each sampling was considered as a separate data point for statistical analyses, resulting in n = 24 for all classes of contaminants. Total AHs = total aromatic hydrocarbons; HAHs = high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons; LAHs = low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons; DDTs = total DDTs and DDT derivatives; PCBs = total polychlorinated biphenyls; Chlordanes = alpha-chlordane and trans-nonachlor. Specific compounds measured in each of these categories are listed in Table 3. .

	Total AHs	LAHs	HAHs	DDTs	PCBs	Chlordanes
Total AHs	1	0.99	0.99	0.72	0.71	0.88
LAHs		1	0.96	0.71	0.70	0.86
HAHs			1	0.74	0.71	0.88
DDTs				1	0.79	0.87
PCBs					1	0.82
Chlordanes						1

Table 6. Interdepartmental matrix of correlation coeffecient (Spearman's rho) between classes of contaminants in sediment, bile, liver, and stomach contents of winter flounder. A total of 19 sites were sampled, and some sites were sampled more than once (i.e., in more than one year). Each sampling was considered a separate data point for statistical analyses, resulting in n = 24 for sediment, stomach contents, tissue, and bile. All classes of contaminants were measured in sediment and stomach contents. Metabolites of aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in bile at benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and napthalene (NPH) wavelengths. All other classes of compounds were measured in liver tissue. Correlations in bold type are statistically significant (p < 0.05).*

Chemical class	Sediment vs. stomach contents	Stomach contents vs. tissue or bile	Sediment vs. tissue or bile
LAHs (n=24)	0.82	0.56 (BaP), 0.79 (NPH)	0.52 (BaP), 0.72 (NPH)
HAHs (n=24)	0.78	0.53 (BaP), 0.65 (NPH)	0.45 (BaP), 0.68 (NPH)
Total AHs (n=24)	0.84	0.55 (BaP), 0.70 (NPH)	0.48 (BaP), 0.69 (NPH)
DDTs (n=24)	0.43	0.83	0.21
PCBs (n=24)	0.58	0.76	0.50
Chlordanes (n=24)	0.48	0.77	0.37

*LAHs = low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons;
HAHs = high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons ;
Total AHs = total aromatic hydrocarbons;
DDTs = total DDTs and DDT derivatives;
PCBs = total polychlorinated biphenyls;
Chlordanes = alpha-chlordane + trans-nonachlor.
Specific compounds determined in each of these classes are listed in Table 3. .

Table 7. Calculated odds ratios for significant (p < 0.05) risk factors for 6 categories of hepatic lesions, 3 categories of renal lesions, and fin erosion. Odds ratios for the site of capture are interpreted relative to the reference site at Rocky Point in Long Island Sound. Odds ratios for age (in years) represent the effect of each additional year of age on the odds of disease occurrence. GM = grand mean.

Lesion	Risk factor	Odds ratio
Hepatic lesions
Neoplasms GM = 5.773E-04	Age	.1928
	Female	21.46
	Raritan Bay, Gravesend	3.887
	Boston Harbor, Deer Island	8.973
	Raritan Bay, West Reach	5.081
	Boston Harbor, Hull Bay	1.988
Foci of cellular alteration GM = 2.572E-03	Age	1.373
	Raritan Bay, Gravesend	7.708
	Boston Harbor, Deer Island	3.500
	Boston Harbor, Mystic River	4.368
	Buzzards Bay	3.828
Proliferative lesions GM = 1.275E-03	Age	1.673
	Boston Harbor, Deer Island	3.939
	Boston Harbor, Mystic River	1.673
Cystic degeneration GM = 3.837E-02	Age	2.244
	Boston Harbor, President Roads	13.06
	Female	0.1582
Nuclear pleomorphism GM = 1.463E-02	Long Island Sound, New Haven	4.883
Hydropic vacuolation GM = 2.940E-01	Age	1.345
	Boston Harbor, Mystic River	10.56
	Raritan Bay, East Reach	6.594
	Boston Harbor, Deer Island	5.403
	Long Island Sound, Norwalk	6.752
	Long Island Sound, New Haven	5.620
	Raritan Bay, Gravesend	8.962
	Salem Harbor, Folgers Point	2.481
	Boston Harbor, President Roads	4.336
	Boston Harbor, Hull Bay	3.875
	Boston Harbor, Quincy Bay	4.387
Necrosis GM = 4.681E-02	Age	1.184
	Boston Harbor, Mystic River	2.176
	Boston Harbor, Hull Bay	2.010
	Boston Harbor, Quincy Bay	3.258
	Boston Harbor, President Roads	2.607
	Raritan Bay, West Reach	2.826
Kidney lesions
Proliferative lesions GM = 1.838E-03	Salem Harbor, Folgers Point	9.143
Proliferative lesions GM = 1.838E-03	Buzzard Bay	9.067
Necrotic lesions GM = 3.566E-03	Age	1.786
	Boston Harbor, Deer Island	10.04
	Female	0.2252
Sclerotic lesions GM = 1.28E-03	Age	1.839
	Long Island Sound, New Haven	4.331
	Niantic Bay, Black Point	4.831
Fin lesions
Fin erosion GM = 1.489E-02	Age	1.379
	Boston Harbor, Mystic River	8.690
	Long Island Sound, New Haven	11.89
	Boston Harbor, Deer Island	2.884
	Boston Harbor, Quincy Bay	3.547
	Long Island Sound, Norwalk	3.752
	Niantic Bay, Black Point	2.505

Table 8. Liver lesion prevalences (%) in female winter flounder sampled in winter and spring. Asterisk (*) indicates that prevalence for fish collected in winter is significantly different from prevalence for fish collected at the same site or sites in spring.

	Hydropic vacuolation		Necrotic lesions
Site name	Spring	Winter	Spring	Winter
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth Entrance	0% (n=25)	0% (n=22)	16% (n=25)	5% (n=22)
Narragansett Bay, Prudence Island	4% (n=51)	10% (n=39)	2% (n=51)	3% (n=39)
Boston Harbor, Deer Island	47% (n=100)	11%* (n=27)	10% (n=100)	0%* (n=27)
Boston Harbor, Mystic River	59% (n=37)	20%* (n=30)	27% (n=37)	30% (n=30)
Niantic Bay, Black Point	20% (n=81)	4%* (n=69)	6% (n=81)	0%* (n=69)
Total	30% (n=294)	9%* (n=187)	10% (n=294)	6%* (n=187)

Table 12. Chemical compounds or classes of compounds in sediment showing significant relationships (logistic regression, p < 0.05) with selected categories of idiopathic kidney lesions and fin erosion in winter flounder. Analyses were performed separately for each major class of contaminants, while adjusting for the possible influences of gender and age. Table indicates direction of correlation, p value, and percent of total variation in lesion prevalence explained. A total of 19 sites were sampled, and some sites were sampled more than once (i.e., in more than one year). Each sampling was considered a separate data point for statistical analyses, resulting in n = 24.

Chemical* class	n	Proliferative lesions	Necrotic lesions	Sclerotic lesions	Fin erosion
LAHs	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.001 14%
HAHs	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.001 15%
Total AHs	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.001 15%
DDTs	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.025 3%
PCBs	24	ns	ns	ns	ns
Chlordanes	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.001 14%

*LAHs = low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons;
HAHs = high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons;
Total AHs = total aromatic hydrocarbons;
DDTs = total DDTs and DDT derivatives;
PCBs = total polychlorinated biphenyls;
Chlordanes = alpha-chlordane and trans-nonachlor.
Specific compounds determined in each of these classes are listed in Table 3. .

Table 13. Chemical compounds or classes of compounds in winter flounder stomach contents showing significant relationships (logistic regression, p < 0.05) with selected categories of idiopathic kidney and fin lesions. Analyses were performed separately for each major class of contaminants, while adjusting for the possible influences of gender and age. Table reports direction of correlation, p value, and percent of total variation in lesion prevalence explained. A total of 19 sites were sampled, and some sites were sampled more than once (i.e., in more than one year). Each sampling was considered a separate data point for statistical analyses, resulting in n = 24.

Chemical* class	n	Proliferative lesions	Necrotic lesions	Sclerotic lesions	Fin erosion
LAHs	24	ns	(+) p=0.05 11%	ns	(+) p=0.001 15%
HAHs	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.014 5%
Total AHs	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.004 5%
DDTs	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.025 3%
PCBs	24	ns	ns	ns	ns
Chlordanes	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.007 16%

*LAHs = low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons;
HAHs = high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons;
Total AHs = total aromatic hydrocarbons;
DDTs = total DDTs and DDT derivatives;
PCBs = total polychlorinated biphenyls;
Chlordanes = alpha-chlordane and trans-nonachlor.
Specific compounds determined in each of these classes are listed in Table 3. .

Table 14. Chemical compounds or classes of compounds in winter flounder liver tissue and bile showing significant positive relationships (logistic regression, p < 0.05) with selected categories of idiopathic kidney and fin lesions. Analyses were performed separately for each major class of contaminants, while adjusting for the possible influences of gender and age. Table reports direction of correlation, p value, and percent of total variation in lesion prevalence explained. A total of 19 sites were sampled, and some sites were sampled more than once (i.e., in more than one year). Each sampling was considered a separate data point for statistical analyses, resulting in n = 24.

Chemical* class	n	Proliferative lesions	Necrotic lesions	Sclerotic lesions	Fin erosion
Bile FACs-H	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.001 7%
Bile FACs-L	24	ns	ns	ns	(+) p=0.001 9%
DDTs	24	ns	ns	ns	ns
PCBs	24	ns	ns	ns	ns
Chlordanes	24	ns	ns	ns	ns

*FACs-H = aromatic compounds in bile fluorescing at BaP (high molecular weight) wavelengths;
FACs-L = aromatic compounds in bile fluorescing at NPH (low molecular weight) wavelengths;
PCBs = total polychlorinated biphenyls; Chlordanes = alpha-chlordane and trans-nonachlor.
Specific PCB congeners measured are listed in Table 3.