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Food Safety Resource List -
Hand Washing

Prepared by Ahn Ei Sweeney

* See
disclaimer below.

General/Food Industry Citations | Medical Literature Citations

General/Food Industry Citations

Illness transmission in the home: a possible role for alcohol-based hand gels
Pediatrics. 2005 Apr; 115(4): 852-860
Lee, GM; Salomon, JA; Friedman, JF; Hibberd, PL; Ross-Degnan, D; Zasloff, E; Bediako, S; Goldmann; DA

The impact of a health campaign on hand hygiene and upper respiratory illness among college students living in the resisdence halls.
Journal of American College Health. 2005 Jan-Feb; 53(4): 175-81
White C; Kolble R; Carlson R; Lipson N

A preliminary evaluation of the effect of glove use by food handlers in fast food restaurants
Journal of Food Protection. 2005 Jan; 68(1): 187–190.
Lynch, RA; Phillips, ML; Elledge, BL; Hanumanthaiah, S; Boatright, DT
http://apt.allenpress.com/aptonline/?request=get-abstract&issn=0362-028X&volume=068&issue=01&page=0187

Relationship between triclosan and susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands in the community.
Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 2004 Aug; 48(8): 2973-9
Aiello,-A-E; Marshall,-B; Levy,-S-B; Della-Latta,-P; Larson,-E

Handwashing among female college students.
American Journal of Infect. Control. 2003 Apr; 31(2): 67-71
Drankiewicz,-D; Dundes,-L

Prevention of food worker transmission of foodborne pathogens: risk assessment and evaluation of effective hygiene intervention strategies
Food Service Technology. 2004 Mar; 4(1): 31-49
Michaels, B; Keller, C; Blevins, M; Paoli, G; Ruthman, T; Todd, E; Griffith, CJ

Hand washing compliance among retail food establishment workers in Minnesota
Journal of Food Protection 2004. 67(12): 2825–2828.
Paul B. Allwood, Timothy Jenkins, Colleen Paulus, Lars Johnson, and Craig W. Hedberg

Use limitations of alcoholic instant hand sanitizer as part of a foodservice hand hygiene program
Food Service Technology. 2003 June. V.3 no.2. pg 71-80
Michaels,-B; Gangar,-V; Chia-Min-Lin; Doyle,-M
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1471-5732

Microbial flora of hands of homemakers.
American Journal of Infect. Control. 2003 Apr; 31(2): 72-9
Larson,-E-L; Gomez-Duarte,-C; Lee,-L-V; Della-Latta,-P; Kain,-D-J; Keswick,-B-H

Short- and long-term effects of handwashing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community.
Journal of Community Health. 2003 Apr; 28(2): 139-50
Larson,-E; Aiello,-A; Lee,-L-V; Della-Latta,-P; Gomez-Duarte,-C; Lin,-S

Bioluminescence ATP monitoring as a surrogate marker for microbial load on hands and surfaces in the home.
Food Microbiology. 2003 Dec. v 20, no.6 735-739
Larson EL; Aiello AE; Gomez-Duarte C; Lin SX; Lee L; Della-Latta P; Lindhardt C
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622833/description#description

Sex differences in public restroom handwashing behavior associated with visual behavior prompts.
Percept. Motor Skills. 2003 Dec; 97(3 Pt 1): 805-10
Johnson,-H-D; Sholcosky,-D; Gabello,-K; Ragni,-R; Ogonosky,-N

The effect of hand hygiene on illness rate among students in university residence halls.
American Journal of Infection Control. 2003 Oct; 31(6): 364-70
White,-C; Kolble,-R; Carlson,-R; Lipson,-N; Dolan,-M; Ali,-Y; Cline,-M

Food hygiene-not for sissies
Food Review. 2003; 30 (9): 47,49
Featherstone,-S

Image analysis method for evaluation of specific and non-specific hand contamination.
Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003, 94(3): 483-494; 17 Ref.
Hansen,-T-B; Knochel,-S

A comparison of hand washing techniques to remove E.coli and calicivirus under natural or artificial nails
Journal of food protection. 2003; 66(12): 2296-2301.
Chia-Min-Lin; Fone-Mao-Wu; Hoi-Kyung-Kim; Doyle,-M-P; Michaels,-B-S; Williams,-L-K
http://www.foodprotection.org/publications/jfp.htm

Prevalence of E.Coli on the hands of food-workers
British-Food Journal. 2003; 105 (10-11) 678-681; 12 R
Kerr,-K-G; Seale,-K; Walbran,-S; Rajgopal,-A; Bentham,-D
http://ceres.emeraldinsight.com/VL=81037861Cl=103/nw=1/rpsv/bfj.htm

Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy.
Food Service Technology-Food Service Techniques. Sept. 2002; 2(3): 139-144
Michaels, B. Gangar, V. Schultz, A. Arenas, M. Curiale, M. Ayers, T. Paulson, D.

Risk assessment of hand washing efficacy using literature and experimental data.
International Journal of Food Microbiology. 73 (2/3) 305-313 2002
Montville, R; Chen, YH; Schaffner, DW.
http://foodsci.rutgers.edu/schaffner/pdf%20files/Montville%20IJFM%202002.pdf

Handling money and serving ready-to-eat food
Food Service Technology. 2002 Mar; 2(1): 1-3
Michaels, B

Handwashing: An effective tool in the food safety arsenal.
Food Quality. 9 (5) 45-53 Sept/Oct 2002
Michaels, Barry
http://www.foodquality.com

Comparative surface-to-hand and fingertip-to-mouth transfer efficiency of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and phage
Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002 Oct; 93(4): 585-592
Rusin, P; Maxwell, S; Gerba, C

Focus on personal hygiene through HACCP
International Food Hygiene. 12 (7) 17-19 2002
Michaels, B

Hand hygiene: are your food workers cleaning their hands properly?
Food Processing,UK. 2002; 71(10): 19
Anonymous

Quantitative assessment of risk reduction from hand washing with antibacterial soaps.
Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002; 92 Suppl: 136S-43S
Gibson,-L-L; Rose,-J-B; Haas,-C-N; Gerba,-C-P; Rusin,-P-A

Glove barriers to bacterial cross-contamination between hands to food.
Journal of Food Protection. 64 (6) 845-849 2001
Montville, R: Chen, YH, Shcaffner, DW
http://foodsci.rutgers.edu/schaffner/pdf%20files/Montville%20JFP%202001.pdf

Quantification and variability analysis of bacteiral cross-contamination rates in common food service tasks.
Jouranl of Food Protection. 64: (1) 72-80 Jan 2001
Chen, YH; Jackson, KM; Chea, FP; Schaffner, DW.
http://www.foodprotection.org

Hand hygiene-the complete picture.
International Food Hygiene. 12 (3) 9,11 2001
Lane, C

Contamination of foods by food handlers: experiments on hepatitis A virus transfer to food and its interruption.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 Jul; 66(7): 2759-63
Bidawid-S; Farber-JM; Sattar-SA
http://gem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/66/7/2759.pdf

Handwashing, gloving, and disease transmission by the food preparer.
Dairy Food and Environmental Sanitation, 20 (11) 838-845 2000
Paulson, DS
http://www.foodprotection.org/Publications/DFES.html

Hand hygiene in the food industry: A review.
Campden-&-Chorleywood-Food-Research-Association-Review; No. 18, viii 2000
Taylor-J; Holah-JT
http://www.campden.co.uk

A method of assessing the efficacy of hand sanitizers: use of real soil encountered in the food service industry.
Journal of Food Protection. 63 (4) 495-501, 18 ref. 2000
Charbonneau-DL; Ponte-JM; Kochanowski-BA
http://www.foodprotection.org

Food protection: New developments in handwashing.
Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation; 20 (2) 114-119, 2000 48 ref.
Taylor-AK
http://www.foodprotection.org/Publications/DFES.html

Evaluation of risks related to microbiological contamination of ready-to-eat food by food preparation workers and the effectiveness of interventions to minimize those risks.
Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Sept. 1999
Jack Guzewich, Marianne P. Ross.
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~ear/rterisk.html

Efficacy evaluation of four hand cleansing regimens for food handlers.
Dairy, Food and Environmental-Sanitation; 19 (10) 680-684, 1999 12
Dairy,-Food-and-Environmental-Sanitation; 19 (10) 680-684, 1999 12
http://www.foodprotection.org/Publications/DFES.html

Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis on Currency
Journal of Food Protection 1999 Vol. 62, No. 7, pp. 805--807
Jiang, Xiuping, Michael P. Doyle
http://www.foodprotection.org

Latex as a food allergen.
New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (24) 1858, 2 ref. 1999
Franklin-W; Pandolfo-J.
http://content.nejm.org/content/vol341/issue24/index.shtml

Hygiene training - is it working?
International Food Hygiene. 10 (2) 31, 33 1999
Sprenger-R

Handwashing and gloving for food protection. II. Effectiveness.
Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation; 18 (12) 824-829, 1998 5 ref.
Fendler-EJ; Dolan-MJ; Williams-RA; Paulson-DS
http://www.foodprotection.org/Publications/dfes.html

The Healthcare Continuum: A classification model for topical antimicrobial products including those used in the food industry.
Dairy, Food and Environmental-Sanitation; 18 (6) 352-358, 309 ref. 1998
Jones-RD
http://www.foodprotection.org/Publications/dfes.html

Hand washing for retail food operations - a review.
Dairy, Food and Environmental-Sanitation; 18 (3) 149-162, 1998 101 ref.
Snyder-OP

The effectiveness of hygiene training for food handlers.
International Journal of Environmental Health Research; 7 (3) 251-258, 13 ref. 1997
Kirby-MP; Gardiner-K
http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/app/home/main.asp?

Hand hygiene in high risk meat retailing environments.
Hygiene and Nutrition in Food Service and Catering; 1 92) 89-99, 1995 18 ref.
Blair-IS; McCartney-S; McDowell-DA

Bare hand contact with food, why isn't handwashing good enough?
Journal of Food Protection. 58 (Suppl.) 60 1995
Guzewich-JJ
http://www.foodprotection.org

Prevalence of Listeria spp. On the hands of food workers.
Journal of Food Protection. 56 (6) 525-527, 1993 16 ref.
Kerr-KG; Birkenhead-D; Seale-K; Major-J; Hawkey-PM
http://www.foodprotection.org

Evaluation of three handwash modalities commonly employed in the food processing industry.
Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation; 12 (10) 615-618,1992 15 ref.
Paulson DS
http://www.food protection.org/publications/dfes.html

A suggested method for evaluating foodhandler/processor handwash formulations.
Dairy, Food and Environmental-Sanitation; 19 (8) 546-550,1990 20 Ref
Paulson-DS
http://www.foodprotection.org/Publications/dfes.html

Medical Literature Citations

Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses
American Journal of Infection Control. 2005 Mar; 33(2): 67-77
Sickbert-Bennett EE; Weber, DJ; Gergen-Teague, MF; Sobsey, MD; Samsa, GP; Rutala, WA

Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation
Contact Dermatitis. 2005 Feb; 52(2): 82-87
Pedersen, LK; Held, E; Johansen, JD; Agner, T

Dysfunctional action monitorying hyperactivates frontal-striatal circuits in obessive-compulsive disorder: an event-related fMRI study.
Neuroimage. 2005 Jan 15; 24(2): 495-503
Maltby N; Tolin DF; Worhunsky P; O'Keefe RM; Kiehl KA

A cost comparison of hand hygiene regimens.
Nurs. Econ. 2004 Jul-Aug; 22(4): 196-9, 204, 175
Cimiotti,-J-P; Stone,-P-W; Larson,-E-L

Comparative in vitro and in vivo study of nine alcohol-based handrubs.
American Journal of Infection Control. 2004 Jun; 32(4): 200-4
Rochon-Edouard,-S; Pons,-J-L; Veber,-B; Larkin,-M; Vassal,-S; Lemeland,-J-F

Misuse of gloves: the foundation for poor compliance with hand hygiene and potential for microbial transmission?
Journal of Hospital Infect. 2004 Jun; 57(2): 162-9
Girou,-E; Chai,-S-H; Oppein,-F; Legrand,-P; Ducellier,-D; Cizeau,-F; Brun-Buisson,-C

Organising an awareness week to target hand hygiene practice.
Nursing Times. 2004 Apr 27-May 3; 100(17): 36-8
Dentith,-M; Shelmerdine,-T

The effects of test variables on the efficacy of hand hygiene agents.
American Journal of Infection Control. 2004 Apr; 32 (2): 69-83
Sickbert-Bennett,-E-E; Weber,-D-J; Gergen-Teague,-M-F; Rutala,-W-A

The six golden rules to improve compliance in hand hygiene.
Journal of Hospital Infect. 2004 Apr; 56 Suppl 2: S3-5
Kampf,-G

Efficacy of alcohol-based gels compared with simple hand wash and hygienic hand disinfection.
Journal of Hospital Infect. 2004 Apr; 56 Suppl 2: S13-5
ampf,-G; Ostermeyer,-C

A systematic review on the effectiveness of alcohol-based solutions for hand hygiene.
International Journal of Nursing Pract. 2004 Feb; 10(1): 3-9
Picheansathian,-W

Adverse reactions associated with an alcohol-based hand antiseptic among nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit.
American Journal of Infect. Control. 2003 Feb; 31(1): 43-8
Cimiotti,-J-P; Marmur,-E-S; Nesin,-M; Hamlin-Cook,-P; Larson,-E-L

Impact of ring wearing on hand contamination and comparison of hand hygiene agents in a hospital.
Clin.Infect.Dis. 2003 Jun 1; 36(11): 1383-90
Trick,-W-E; Vernon,-M-O; Hayes,-R-A; Nathan,-C; Rice,-T-W; Peterson,-B-J; Segreti,-J; Welbel,-S-F; Solomon,-S-L; Weinstein,-R-A

Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels.
Lancet. 2002 Apr 27; 359(9316): 1489-90
Kramer,-A; Rudolph,-P; Kampf,-G; Pittet,-D

Hand hygiene--comparison of international recommendations.
Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 Aug; 48 Suppl A: S23-8
Wendt, C

Arguments for alcoholic hand disinfection.
Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 Aug; 48 Suppl A: S4-8
Rotter, ML

Handwashing: answering and pursuing compliance.
Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 Jul; 48(3):244-5
Teare, L;Cookson, B; Stone, S; Stanwell-Smith, R; French, G; Gould, D; Jenner, E.A; et al.

Hand hygiene-the case of evidence-based education.
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2001 Jun; 94(6): 278-281
Stone, S.P

Handwashing compliance: What works?
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2001 Apr; 68(4): 325-9, 333-4, 336
Serkey, J.M; Hall, G.S.
http://www.ccjm.org

Hygiene of the skin: When is clean too clean?
Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 7 (2) Mar-April 2001
Larson, Elaine
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no2/larson.htm

Improving adherence to hand hygiene practice: A multidisciplinary approach.
MMWR; Vol. 7, No. 2 Mar--Apr 2001.
Pittet, Didier
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no2/pittet.htm

The effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing handwashing in healthcare workers- a systematic review.
Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 Mar; 47(3):173-180
Naikoba, S; Hayward, A
http://www.harcourt-international.com/journals/jhin

Effect of hand cleansing with antimicrobial soup or alcohol-based gel on microbial colonization of artificial fingernails worn by health care workers.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2001 Feb 1; 32(3): 367-72
McNeil, S.A; Foster, C.L; Hedderwick, S.A; Kauffman, C.A
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/home.html

Understanding adherence to hand hygiene recommendations: the theory of planned behavior.
American Journal of Infection Control, 2001 Dec; 29(6): 352-60
O'Boyle, C.A; Henly, S.J; Larson, E.
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Skin toelrance and effectivenes of two hand decontaminatio procedures in everyday hospital huse.
British Journal of Dermatology, 143: (3) 546-550 Sept 2000
Sinnefeld, M; Richard MA; Drancourt M; Grob JJ
http://ww.medirect.com/~cgilib/journal.asp?subj=derm&journal=bjd

Pathogenic organisms associated with artificial fingernails worn by healthcare workers.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2000 Aug; 21(8): 505-9
Hedderwick, S.A; McNeil, S.A; Lyons, M.J; Kauffman, C.A

Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water hand washing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2000 Jul; 21(7): 442-8
Boyce, J.M; Kelliher, S; Vallande, N.

Effects of 4 hand-drying methods for removing bacteria from washed hands: a randomized trial.
Mayo-Clinic-Proceedings. 2000 Jul; 75 (7): 705-8
Gustafoson DR; Vetter EA; Larson DR; Ilstrup DM; Maker MD; Thompson RL; Cockerill FR
http://www.mayo.edu/proceedings/2000/jul/7507a3.pdf

Replace hand washing with use of a waterless alcohol hand rub?
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2000 Jul; 31: (1) 136-143
Widmer, AF
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/

Hand hygiene rates unaffected by installation of dispensers of a rapidly acting hand antiseptic.
American Journal of Infection Control. 2000 Jun; 28(3): 273-6
Muto-CA; Sistrom-MG; Farr-BM
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Triclosan: a review of effectiveness and safety in health care settings.
American Journal of Infection Control. 2000 Apr; 28(2): 184-96
Jones-RD; Jampani-HB; Newman-JL; Lee-AS
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Handwashing compliance by health care workers: The impact of introducing an accessible, alcohol-based hand antiseptic.
Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 Apr 10; 160(7): 1017-21
Bischoff-WE; Reynolds-TM; Sessler-CN; Edmond-MB; Wenzel-RP
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/issues/v160n7/toc.html

A microbiological evaluation of warm air hand driers with respect to hand hygiene and the washroom environment.
Journal of Applied Microbiology 2000 Dec; 89(6): 910-9
Taylor, J.H; Brown, K.L; Toivenen, J; Holah, J.T

Hand wash and manual skin wipes.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 44: (7) 501-510 Oct 2000
Brower DH, Boeniger MF; Van Hemmen J.
http://annhyg.oupjournals.org/search.dtl

Hand washing. Muslim teaching gives rules for when hands must be washed [letter]
British Medical Journal. 1999 Aug 21; 319(7208): 518-519
Katme-AM
http://bmj.com/all.shtml

Hand washing. Handwashing facilities are inadequate [letter]
British Medical Journal. 1999 Aug 21; 319(7208): 518-519
Kesavan-S
http://bmj.com/all.shtml

Hand washing. Why I don't wash my hands between each patient contact [letter]
British Medical Journal. 1999 Aug 21; 319(7208): 518-519
Weeks-A
http://bmj.com/all.shtml

Handwashing before entering the intensive care unit: what we learned from continuous video-camera surveillance.
American Journal of Infection Control. 1999 Aug; 27(4): 367-9
Nishimura-S; Kagehira-M; Kono-F; Nishimura-M; Taenaka-N
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Patient education model for increasing handwashing compliance.
American Journal of Infection Control. 1999 Aug; 27(4): 309-14
McGuckin-M; Waterman-R; Porten-L; Bello-S; Caruso-M; Juzaitis-B; Krug-E; Mazer-S; Ostrawski-S
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Handwashing with soap or alcoholic solutions? A randomized clinical trial of its effectiveness.
American Journal of Infection Control. 1999 Jun; 27(3): 258-61
Zaragoza-M; Salles-M; Gomez-J; Bayas-JM; Trilla-A
http://www.apic.org/ajic

A risk assessment framework for the evaluation of skin infections and the potential impact of antibacterial soap washing.
American Journal of Infection Control. 1999 Dec; 27(6): S26-33
Rose-JB; Haas-CN
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Skin hygiene and infection prevention: more of the same or different approaches?
Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1999 Nov; 29(5): 1287-94
Larson,-E
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/home.html

UK handwashing initiative.
Journal of Hospital Infection. 1999 Sep; 43(1): 1-3
Teare-EL; Cookson-B; French-GL; Jenner-EA; Scott-G; Pallett-A; et al.
http://www.harcourt-international.com/journals/jhin/ideal.cfm

Effect of handwashing agents on bacterial contamination.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 Jan-Feb; 66(1): 7-10
Anuradha-P; Yasoda-Devi-P; Prakash-MS
http://www.ijppediatricsindia.org

It is time for action: improving hand hygiene in hospitals.
Annals-of-internal-medicine. 1999 Jan 19; 130(2): 153-5
Boyce,-J-M
http://www.annals.org/issues/v130n2/toc.html

Hand washing--A modest measure-with big effects.
British Medical Journal. 1999; 318:686.
Teare EL, Cookson B, French G, Gould D, Jenner E, McCulloch J.
http://bmj.com/all.shtml

Handwashing in health care.
Dermatology nursing. 1998 Jun; 10(3): 183-8
Mayone-Ziomek-JM
http://www.ajj.com/services/pblshng/dnj/dnjmain.htm

Behavioral interventions to improve infection control practices.
American Journal of Infection Control. 1998 Jun; 26(3): 245-53
Kretzer-EK; Larson-EL
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Historical perspectives on health. Semmelweis: a lesson to relearn?
Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 1998 Dec; 118(6): 367-70
Daniels-IR

Now wash your hands? A survey of hospital handwashing facilities.
Journal of Hospital Infection. 1998 Dec; 40(4): 291-3
Kesavan-S; Barodawala-S; Mulley-GP
http://www.harcourt-international.com/journals/jhin/ideal.cfm

Finding ways to encourage health care workers to wash hands often. Product placement and health care worker education on compliance were not enough to change behaviors.
Todays Surg-Nurse. 1998 Nov-Dec; 20(6): 36-8
Connolly-J

An observational study of hand washing and infection control practices by healthcare workers.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 1998 Nov; 19(11): 858-60
Watanakunakorn-C; Wang-C; Hazy-J

An evaluation of the prevalence of latex sensitivity among atopic and non-atopic intensive care workers.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1998 Oct; 34(4): 359-63
Watts-DN; Jacobs-RR; Forrester-B; Bartolucci-A
http://www.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issuetoc?ID=76990

No time for handwashing!? Handwashing versus alcoholic rub: can we afford 100% compliance?
Infection Control and hospital epidemiology. 1997 Mar; 18(3): 205-8
Voss,-A; Widmer,-A-F

A multifaceted approach to changing handwashing behavior.
American Journal of Infection Control. 1997 Feb; 25(1): 3-10
Larson,-E-L; Bryan,-J-L; Adler,-L-M; Blane,-C
http://www.apic.org/ajic

Residual moisture determines the level of touch-contact-associated bacterial transfer following hand washing.
Epidemiology and Infection; 119 (3) 319-325, 5 ref. 1997
Patrick-DR; Findon-G; Miller-TE
http://www.jhsph.edu/epi/journals.htm

Dirty Money? A Bacteriologic Investigation Of US Currency
Infections in Medicine. 1997 14(7):574
Pachter -BR, Kozer-L, Pachter-SA, Weiner-M.

 

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