| Sponsors |
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 | A workshop was held January 18-19, 2006 in Anchorage to discuss surveillance strategies and plans for the early detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Alaska. |
| Workshop Goal | |
| To develop a field sampling plan, coordinate sample handling and processing, and data management and dissemination for early detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Alaska. | |
| Please note that workshop sponsors do not control and cannot guarantee the relevance, timeliness, or accuracy of these outside materials. |
| Participants |
| Reports |
| An Early Detection System for Highly Pathogenic H5N1Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds U.S. Interagency Strategic Plan |
| Avian Influenza Workshop Summary Report |
| Workshop Handouts |
| CDC: AI Types and Strains [Fact Sheet] |
| Interim Guidelines for the Protection of Persons Handling Wild Birds With Reference to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 [NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin] |
| NWHC: Avian Influenza H5N1 Threat [Fact Sheet] |
| NWHC: Influenza H5N1 [FAQs] |
| NWHC: Sampling/ Data Protocol |
| WDIN: Data System Proposed Core Data Fields |
| Related Links |
| ADF&G - What Hunters Should Know About Avian Influenza [Fact Sheet] |
| FWS: Resources to AI in Wild Birds |
| NWHC: AI Surveillance - Government Initiates [ Fact Sheet] |
| NWHC: Updates and Resources on AI |
| WDIN - Fact Sheet on HEDDS AI Testing Database |
| WDIN: Gateway to AI Resources |
| Presentations |
| Photographs |
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| Photographs provided by workshop attendees Please use proper citations if you reference any materials from the workshop |
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Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (DIMS) - Emerging Infectious Disease8 As part of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Disease (DMID) primary aim is to support research to control and prevent human diseases, but there is information on wildlife diseases too. In addition to a brief topical overview about emerging disease, the site provides resources on both current and past research projects, research opportunities and fact sheets on specific disease are posted. Issue Overviews Keywords: Emerging diseases Human health Infectious diseases Research |
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Michigan Department of Natural Resources - Wildlife Diseases29 The Wildlife Disease web-pages on the Michigan DNR website provide a list of resources and articles about high profile diseases such as Chronic Wasting Disease, West Nile virus and bovine tuberculosis. A particular focus is given to emerging diseases and disease surveillance as they relate to the state of Michigan wildlife. Issue Overviews,Management Plans & Reports, Keywords: Chronic Wasting Disease Emerging infectious diseases Surveillance (monitoring) Tuberculosis West Nile Virus Wildlife diseases |
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USGS - National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC)30 From website: "The mission of the National Wildlife Health Center is to serve the nation and its natural resources . . . provides information, technical assistance, research, education, and leadership on national and international wildlife health issues. Fact sheets, press releases and summaries of research projects provide a solid overview about the importance wildlife health. A number of web resources including web links and relevant documents can be found throughout the site. News,Bibliography & Web Indexes, Manuals, Fact Sheets,Illustrations, Photograph from Print, Issue Overviews,Maps,Methods & Techniques,Proceedings,Standards & Guidelines Keywords: Amphibian malformations & decline Avian Influenza Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy Chronic Wasting Disease Coral reefs Emerging infectious diseases Foot and mouth disease Lichens West Nile Virus Wildlife diseases |
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The Why Files - Zoonotic Diseases: Diseases Jumping from Animals to People?92 A web-article from The Why files online that provides an overview of zoonotic diseases, how they emerge, and why they appear to be a growing threat. Many historically important zoonotic diseases are outlined along with the newly emerging animal related diseases, such as Monkeypox and West Nile Virus. The discussion highlights the impact of these diseases on humans. Instruction,Issue Overviews, Keywords: Disease reservoirs Emerging infectious diseases Human health Pets Zoonoses |
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The Why Files - Why Emerging Infectious Diseases are Now More Threatening102 A part of the online magazine "The Why Files", this five, web page article focuses on the Ebola virus. It provides a brief overview on the causes of infectious diseases, how diseases are able to jump species, the dangerous traits of pathogens, and reasons why we should be concerned about emerging diseases. Some of the main concerns scientists have about infectious diseases are the speed in which they can travel over international borders, threats of biological warfare and bio-terrorism, and the ... Instruction, Issue Overviews Keywords: Disease Transmissions Emerging infectious diseases Etiology Parasites Social Aspects Zoonoses |
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Emerging Infectious Diseases 222 Emerging Infectious Diseases journal publishes articles that investigates factors known to influences emergence; reports research finding both to the scientific community and the broader public; encourages analysis and commentary; and provides disease trend updates. Journals (Periodicals) Keywords: Disease spread Emerginging infectious diseases Human health |
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State of Michigan - Emerging Disease Issues: Diseases That May Affect Humans or Animals229 As part of the State of Michigan website, the Emerging Disease Issues section addresses the topic of infectious diseases, providing general information along with materials on specific diseases, such as bovine tuberculosis, West Nile virus and chronic wasting disease. Issue Overviews,Management Plans and Reports Keywords: Chronic Wasting Disease Emerging infectious diseases Rabies Surveillance (monitoring) Tuberculosis West Nile Virus Wildlife disease |
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Final Report Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease Task Force234A 31-page, 2003 report outlining recommendations of the Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)Task Force to the governor of Michigan on how best to control and prevent the spread of CWD into the state. Their twelve recommendations are the result of input from other state agencies, chronic wasting disease experts, cervid industry representatives and other interested groups. The document appendix include a bibliography of over 80 CWD related articles and a list task force members and other signifi... Management Plans & Reports Keywords: Chronic Wasting Disease Emerging disease Surveillance |
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New, Emerging, and Reemerging Infectious Diseases [Review]281 (No on-line abstract available):Short discussion of chronic wasting disease especially in regard to decontamination protocols, which defy explanations about source of the infection. Journal Articles,Issue Overviews Keywords: Behavior Chronic wasting disease Ecology Emerging infectious diseases Etiology Humans Husbandry |
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A Short Review of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, and Guidelines for Managing Risks Associated with Chronic Wasting disease in Captive Cervids in Zoos [Review]379 From abstract (online abstract only): The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) represent an emerging group of diseases that have been labeled as 'prion diseases' because of the recent characterization of the infectious agent. TSEs are caused by prions, which induce neurodegenerative fatal diseases in humans and animals. Some TSEs (scrapie and kuru), have existed in both animals and humans for a very long time, whereas others such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutz... Journal Articles,Issue Overviews,Standards & Guidelines Keywords: Artiodactyla Chronic wasting disease Deer Disease transmission Epidemiology Even-toed ungulates Humans Kuru Prevention & control Prion diseases Risk factors Scrapie Therapy Zoo Animals |
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Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMed Mail) - An Electronic Disease Reporting System466 From website: ProMED-mail - the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases - is an Internet-based reporting system dedicated to rapid global dissemination of information on outbreaks of infectious diseases and acute exposures to toxins that affect human health, including those in animals and in plants grown for food or animal feed. Provides up-to-date and reliable news about health threats around the world, seven days a week. Sources of information include media reports, official reports, online s... News Keywords: Domestic animal health Emerging infectious diseases Human health Outbreaks Toxins Wildlife health |
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ProMed - Mail: The Global Electronic Reporting System for Outbreaks of Emerging Infectious Diseases & Toxins517 ProMED-mail - the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases - is an Internet-based reporting system dedicated to rapid global dissemination of information on outbreaks of infectious diseases and acute exposures to toxins that affect human health, including those in animals and in plants grown for food or animal feed. Electronic communications enable ProMED-mail to provide up-to-date and reliable news about threats to human, animal, and food plant health around the world, seven days a week. News Keywords: Domestic animal health Emerging infectious diseases Epidemiology Human health Infectious diseases Information dissemination Listserv Outbreaks Toxins Wildlife health |
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Leetown Science Center - Fish Health Branch: Investigating Health Issue that Can Deplete, Threaten or Endanger Fishes and Aquatic Organisms 521 The Fish Health Branch conducts integrated research to understand and solve emerging and known disease problems, both infectious and non-infectious, affecting fish and other aquatic resources. Available resources include disease fact sheets, bibliographies and a list of the Center's research projects. Issue Overviews Keywords: Fish diseases Research Wildlife management |
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Emerging Infectious Disease - Lecture No. 11 - Emerging Diseases in Fish and Wildlife Introduction and Importance to Agriculture530 A continuing education lecture on emerging infectious diseases. It includes an approximate 45 minute video with follow along handouts. Discusses the wildlife disease investigations in the appearance of four different West Nile Virus (WNV), Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy (AVM), Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB), Chronic wasting disease (CWD). Issue Overviews Keywords: Algal toxins Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy Chronic wasting disease Domestic animal health West Nile Virus Wildlife disease Wildlife management |
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Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Series of Continuing Education Lectures531 A collection of fifteen continuing-education lectures on emerging infectious diseases. The goal of this course is maintain and spread awareness about this topic. Issue Overviews,Presentations,Audio Visual Materials,Instruction Keywords: Domestic animal health Emerging infectious diseases Human health Wildlife disease |
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Infectious Animal Diseases: The Wildlife/Livestock Interface [Review]540 ABSTRACT: (Free full-text available) The long-standing conflict between livestock owners and animal health authorities on the one hand, and wildlife conservationists on the other, is largely based on differing attitudes to controlling diseases of livestock which are associated with wildlife. The authors have attempted to highlight the fact that these disease problems are frequently bi-directional at the wildlife/livestock interface. The different categories of diseases involved are presented. A ... Journal Articles Keywords: Domestic animals Emerging infectious diseases Infectious diseases Veterinary medicine Wildlife Wildlife/livestock interface |
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Wildlife Trade and Global Disease Emergence541 ABSTRACT: (Free full-text avialable) The global trade in wildlife provides disease transmission mechanisms that not only cause human disease outbreaks but also threaten livestock, international trade, rural livelihoods, native wildlife populations, and the health of ecosystems. Outbreaks resulting from wildlife trade have caused hundreds of billions of dollars of economic damage globally. Rather than attempting to eradicate pathogens or the wild species that may harbor them, a practical approach... Journal Articles Keywords: Ecosystems Emerging infectious diseases Human health Outbreaks Veterinary medicine Wildlife World health |
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Reemerging H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are Highly Pathogenic to Ducks722 From abstract (free full-text available): Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses, which are usually nonpathogenic in wild aquatic birds. However, in late 2002, outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus caused deaths among wild migratory birds and resident waterfowl, including ducks, in two Hong Kong parks. In February 2003, an avian H5N1 virus closely related to one of these viruses was isolated from two humans with acute respiratory distress, one of whom died. ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Bird diseases Ducks Emerging infectious diseases Humans Influenza A virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Influenza in Birds Microbiology Pathogenicity Virology |
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Avian Influenza Virus H5N1: A Review of Its History and Information Regarding Its Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic [Review]847 From abstract(online abstract only): Avian influenza virus H5N1, which has been limited to poultry, now has spread to migrating birds and has emerged in mammals and among the human population. It presents a distinct threat of a pandemic for which the World Health Organization and other organizations are making preparations. This article reviews information about the virus itself and its spread among poultry, migrating birds, mammals, and humans. Journal Articles Keywords: Emerging infectious diseases Human Influenza Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Influenza in birds Outbreaks Public health Reassortant viruses |
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A Walk on the Wild Side--Emerging Wildlife Diseases [Editorial]853 From article (free full-text available): Emerging infectious diseases have been creeping up the research agenda since at least 1992, when the US Institute of Medicine defined them as infectious diseases that have recently increased in incidence or geographical range, recently been discovered, or are caused by newly evolved pathogens. Diseases that have recently moved into new species can be added to this defining list. More recently, the emergence of diseases with high case fatality rates?such a... Journal (Articles), Editorial Keywords: Disease reservoirs Disease transmission Emerging infectious diseases Human health Professional Associations Wildlife Zoonoses |
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Bushmeat Hunting, Deforestation, and Prediction of Zoonoses Emergence856 From abstract (full free-text available): Despite the growing threat of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases, our understanding of the process of disease emergence remains poor. Public health measures for such diseases often depend on vaccine and drug development to combat diseases once pathogens have emerged. Indeed, many believe that predicting emergence of new zoonoses is an unattainable goal. Despite this, a growing trend in emerging disease research attempts to empirically analyze the proc... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Bushmeat Deforestation Emerging infectious diseases Human health National Government Agencies Social aspects Zoonoses |
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Central African Hunters Exposed to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus857 From abstract (full free-text available): Two major public health priorities are ensuring the safety of the blood supply and preventing the emergence of new infectious diseases. Phylogenetic evidence shows that HIV-1 and HIV-2 were introduced into humans through independent cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains from distinct, naturally infected, nonhuman primate (NHP) hosts. HIV-1 groups M, N, and O are believed to have arisen as 3 separate cross-species trans... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Biological sampling Bushmeat Cameroon Emerging infectious diseases Human health National Government Agencies Primates Social aspects Zoonoses |
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Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia [Review]909 From abstract (online abstract only): Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by H5N1 viruses were reported almost simultaneously in eight neighbouring Asian countries between December 2003 and January 2004, with a ninth reporting in August 2004, suggesting that the viruses had spread recently and rapidly. However, they had been detected widely in the region in domestic waterfowl and terrestrial poultry for several years before this, and the absence of widespread disease in the reg... Journal Articles Keywords: Asia Disease spread Emerging infectious diseases Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Influenza in birds Outbreaks |
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Consortium for Conservation Medicine (CCM) 1116 From website: The Consortium for Conservation Medicine is a unique collaborative institution that strives to understand the link between anthropogenic environmental change, the health of all species, and the conservation of biodiversity. Visitors to this website will find links for opportunities, publications, partners, and acknowledgements. Bibliographies and Web Indexes,Fact Sheets,Issue Overviews Keywords: Climatic change Conservation Ecosystem management Emerging infectious diseases Wildlife health Zoonoses |
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Disease Emergence and Resurgence: The Wildlife-Human Connection [Book]1118 From introduction: The context for this book focuses on providing an understanding that disease emergence and spread often are outcomes of human actions, rather than the result of events for which society has no control. Table of contents include: Why this Book?, Disease Emergence and Resurgence, Zoonoses and Travel, Is this Safe to Eat, Biowarfare, Bioterrorism, and Animal Diseases as Weapons, How to Find and Access Published Information on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Books Keywords: Bioterrorism Disease reservoirs Disease Transmission Emerging infectious diseases Outbreaks Prevention & Control Wildlife disease Zoonoses |
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IUCN Veterinary Specialist Group (IUCN/VSG)1128 The mission of the VSG (Veterinary Specialist Group) is to foster a collaborative multidisciplinary network supporting and promoting the health of wildlife and wildlife management as core components of ecosystem and biodiversity conservation. The organization is part of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Visitors to this site will find news and announcements, archives of news, downloadable documents, and links to related sites. Issue Overviews,Bibliographies and Web Indexes Keywords: Conservation Veterinary medicine Wildlife health Wildlife management |
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Wildlife Information Network - Gateway to WildPro1135 From website: "Wildlife Information Network (WIN) is a veterinary science-based Charity whose mission is to provide information on the health and management of free-ranging and captive animals and emerging infectious diseases to wildlife professionals and decision-makers worldwide." Visitors to WIN website will find the WILDPRO software which is an electronic encyclopedia and library of wildlife, wildlife habitats, and emerging infectious diseases. Other information includes membership subscript... Tools and Software,Databases and Information Systems,Methods & Techniques,Manuals Keywords: Veterinary medicine Wildlife Wildlife health Wildlife management |
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Infectious Diseases of Wildlife: Detection, Diagnosis and Management1172 From abstract (Some chapters are available in full-text): These volumes of the OIE Scientific and Technical Review deal with the detection, diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in wildlife. The numerous talented authors who have contributed to these volumes address a range of pertinent issues, relevant concepts and practical techniques. In order to familiarise the reader with important background information, some specific chapters are incorporated to address the value of wildlife (ec... Journal Articles Keywords: Bioterrorism Conservation Diagnosis Economic factors Epidemiology Infectious diseases International trade International trade Livestock Prevention & control Surveillance (monitoring) Transport (animal) Wildlife disease |
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Surveillance for Asian H5N1 Avian Influenza in the United States [Fact Sheet]1208 From introduction: The Federal Government Initiates Early Detection Efforts in Wild Birds Increasing concern over the potential for migratory birds to introduce the Asian H5N1 strain of avian influenza to North America prompted the White House Policy Coordinating Committee for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness to request that the U.S. Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Interior (DOI) develop a plan for the early detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the United States. Visito... Fact Sheets Keywords: Epidemiology Influenza A Virus, H5N1Subtype Migratory birds Outbreaks Surveillance (monitoring) Wild birds |
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Host Species Barriers to Influenza Virus Infections1255 From abstract (free full-text available): Most emerging infectious diseases in humans originate from animal reservoirs; to contain and eradicate these diseases we need to understand how and why some pathogens become capable of crossing host species barriers. Influenza virus illustrates the interaction of factors that limit the transmission and subsequent establishment of an infection in a novel host species. Influenza species barriers can be categorized into virus-host interactions occurring wit... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian influenza Disease transmission Evolution (biology) Hosts Species barrier |
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Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Beginning of the 21st Century1301 From abstract (online abstract only): The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases involves many interrelated factors. Global interconnectedness continues to increase with international travel and trade; economic, political, and cultural interactions; and human-to-human and animal-to-human interactions. These interactions include the accidental and deliberate sharing of microbial agents and antimicrobial resistance and allow the emergence of new and unrecognized microbial disease agents... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian Influenza Disease Transmissions Emerging infectious diseases Marburg virus Monkeypox SARS West Nile Virus Zoonoses |
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Reflecting on Ethical and Legal Issues in Wildlife Disease1327 From abstract (online abstract only): Disease in wildlife raises a number of issues that have not been widely considered in the bioethical literature. However, wildlife disease has major implications for human welfare. The majority of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic: this is, they occur in humans by cross-species transmissions from animal hosts. Managing these diseases often involves balancing concerns with human health against animal welfare and conservation concerns. Many infec... Journal Articles Keywords: Animal Welfare Communicable Disease Control Wildlife Zoonoses |
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Center for Emerging Issues (CEI) - Summary of Selected Disease Events1373 Reports summaries of select disease events. The diseases covered address domestic animals as well as wildlife. They are published regularly beginning in 2000 by the Center for Emerging Issues (CEI), an agency of APHIS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service). Many different kinds of diseases are covered, such as Avian Influenza, Newcastle, Foot and Mouth, Classical Swine Fever, African Swine Fever, Infectious Salmon Anemia, and African Horse Sickness. Newsletters/Bulletins Keywords: Diseases Domestic animal health Outbreaks Wildlife health |
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Monkeypox - A Lesson Not Yet Learned [Book Sidebar]1474 Focuses on the disease, monkeypox, as an example of the wildlife connection to newly emerging diseases. Some of the topics briefly discussed include the early emergence of this disease, its reservoirs and vectors and how it appeared in the United States. Taken from the chapter, The Wildlife Factor, in Disease Emergence and Resurgence: The Wildlife-Human Connection found at http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/disease_emergence/index.jsp.[Includes illustrations and tables]. Issue Overviews,Table or Spreadsheet,Maps Keywords: Africa Disease reservoirs Disease Transmission Emerging infectious diseases Illinois Monkeypox Texas Vectors (disease) Zoonoses |
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Social Impacts of Emerging Infectious Disease [Book Sidebar]1476 From introduction: "Disease affects our economy, behavior, and governmental regulations. Thus, emerging infectious diseases often have impacts that extend far beyond the clinical manifestations of specific diseases on individuals, the economic costs for diagnosis and treatment, and those collective costs on individuals, families, and populations." AIDS, chronic wasting disease and West Nile virus are as examples to illustrate these other social impacts disease has on society. Taken from the chap... Issue Overviews,Maps,Digital Photographs Keywords: Chronic Wasting Disease Emerging infectious diseases Social Aspects United States West Nile Virus |
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Surveillance and Monitoring of Wildlife Diseases1481 Abstract (free full-text available): It is now recognised that those countries which conduct disease surveillance of their wild animal populations are more likely to detect the presence of infectious and zoonotic diseases and to swiftly adopt counter measures. The surveillance and monitoring of disease outbreaks in wildlife populations are particularly relevant in these days of rapid human and animal translocation, when the contact between wild and domestic animals is close and the threat of a b... Journal Articles Keywords: Epidemiology Infectious diseases Outbreaks Veterinary medicine Wildlife Zoonoses |
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Emerging Disease and Coral Reefs [Book Sidebar]1487 Briefly describes common coral reef diseases. These include black-band disease, rapid wasting disease, white pox disease and sea fan disease. Taken from the chapter, Disease Emergence and Resurgence, in Disease Emergence and Resurgence: The Wildlife-Human Connection found at http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/disease_emergence/index.jsp. [Includes photographs]. Issue Overviews,Digital Photographs Keywords: Coral reefs Emerging infectious diseases History |
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Avian Influenza among Waterfowl Hunters and Wildlife Professionals1509 From abstract (free full-text available): Wild ducks, geese, and shorebirds are the natural reservoir for influenza A virus (1); all 16 hemagglutinin (H) and 9 neuraminidase (N) subtypes are found in these wild birds (1,2). Recently, the rapid spread of influenza A/H5N1 virus to new geographic regions, possibly by migrating waterfowl, has caused concern among public health officials who fear an influenza pandemic. Until now, serologic studies of the transmission of subtype H5N1 and other highly ... Journal Articles,Table or Spreadsheet Keywords: Avian Influenza Biological sampling Epidemiology Human health Hunters Iowa Wild birds Zoonoses |
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Qinghai-like H5N1 from Domestic Cats, Northern Iraq [Letter]1510 From introduction (free full-text available): Natural infection of several cat species with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses in Thailand (1?4) and experimental infection of domestic cats with similar viruses have been reported (5,6). Thus, literature describing HPAI H5N1 infection of cats is limited to descriptions of infections with a subset of clade I viruses. HPAI H5N1 viruses, highly similar to viruses isolated from Qinghai Lake in western People's Republic of China in s... Journal Articles,Table or Spreadsheet Keywords: Avian Influenza Cats Epidemiology Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Iraq |
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H5N1 Influenza Virus, Domestic Birds, Western Siberia, Russia [Letter]1511 From conclusion (free full-text available): We isolated H5N1 influenza virus from the spleen of a turkey that died during an outbreak in poultry in western Siberia in July 2005. HA and NA genes of this virus were closely related to those of H5N1 avian influenza viruses that caused outbreaks in birds in Asian countries from 2003 to 2005 and in Japan in 2003 and 2004. The corresponding isolate, A/Turkey/Suzdalka/Nov-1/05, from turkey spleen was highly pathogenic for chickens in the laboratory intr... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian Influenza Disease spread Epidemiology Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Russia |
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West Nile Virus and Wildlife Health [Conference Summary]1551 From article (free full-text available): The West Nile Virus and Wildlife Health Workshop, hosted by the Smithsonian Institution, National Audubon Society, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Department of Agriculture, was held February 5?7, 2003, at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland. The event was attended by more than 100 scientists, who heard 29 speakers and participated in strategy discussions during the 2-day meeting. The main focus of the conference was the ... Journals (Periodicals) Keywords: Disease Transmission Isolation &Purification solation & Purification Veterinary medicine Virology West Nile Virus Wildlife |
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Emerging Infectious Disease as a Proximate Cause of Amphibian Mass Mortality1614 From abstract (online abstract only): A newly discovered infectious disease of amphibians, chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is implicated in population declines and possible extinctions throughout the world. The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of B. dendrobatidis on the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) in the Sierra Nevada of California (USA). We (1) quantified the prevalence and incidence of B. dendrobatidis through repeat... Journal Articles Keywords: Amphibians California Epidemiology Infectious diseases Mountain yellow-legged frog |
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Birds and Influenza H5N1 Virus Movement to and within North America1623 From abstract (free full-text available): Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 expanded considerably during 2005 and early 2006 in both avian host species and geographic distribution. Domestic waterfowl and migratory birds are reservoirs, but lethality of this subtype appeared to initially limit migrant effectiveness as introductory hosts. This situation may have changed, as HPAI H5N1 has recently expanded across Eurasia and into Europe and Africa. Birds could introduce HPAI H5N1 to the... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian Influenza Disease ecology Disease spread Disease Transmission Epidemiology Flyways Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Reassortant viruses Wild birds |
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Migratory Birds and Spread of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere [Review]1670 From abstract (free full-text available): West Nile virus, an Old World flavivirus related to St. Louis encephalitis virus, was first recorded in the New World during August 1999 in the borough of Queens, New York City. Through October 1999, 62 patients, 7 of whom died, had confirmed infections with the virus. Ornithophilic mosquitoes are the principal vectors of West Nile virus in the Old World, and birds of several species, chiefly migrants, appear to be the major introductory or amplifying ho... Journal Articles Keywords: Animal Flight Bird diseases Disease Transmissions Europe Migratory birds North America Physiology South America Veterinary medicine Virology West Nile Virus |
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Infectious diseases: Genetic Analyses Suggest Bird Flu Virus Is Evolving1771 From abstract (online abstract only): New genetic analyses of samples from recent human H5N1 avian influenza patients reinforce epidemiological evidence suggesting that new strains of the virus may be emerging in northern Vietnam. Journal Articles Keywords: Acetamides Animals Antiviral agents Asia Avian influenza Disease outbreaks Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Molecular evolution Poultry Vietnam Virology |
