["PAPYRUS", "PAPYRUS Retriever" and "Research Software Design" are trademarks of Research Software Design. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.] P A P Y R U S R e t r i e v e r (TM) Version 7.0 User's Manual Copyright (c) 1992 Research Software Design (TM) All Rights Reserved This manual is copyrighted. You may not modify nor translate it in any way without the prior written consent of Research Software Design. However, unmodified copies of the manual may be made and distributed without restriction. Welcome to the PAPYRUS Retriever! --------------------------------- This manual is provided on your computer disk as a plain text file, so you can read and print it using any word processor or text editor. If you distribute copies of this program to anyone else, please be sure to include an unmodified copy of this manual. Along with this on-disk manual should be the file PAPZIP.EXE. This is a compressed copy of the PAPYRUS Retriever program itself. Research Software Design provides the PAPYRUS Retriever free of charge, and gives you permission to copy and distribute it (without modification) freely. You should also find yourself with exactly eight (8) files whose names all end with ".BIB". These eight files constitute your PAPYRUS database. This particular database was compiled through the efforts of the individual or organization from whom you acquired these disks. Whether you may pass along copies of this database to others depends on your agreement with the original compiler or distributor. This Manual ----------- This User's Manual is divided into three parts. "Getting Started" will show you how to install the Retriever, and lead you through a simple search. Then it will guide you through the steps of printing out the results of your search. For some of you, the "Getting Started" section may be the only part of this manual you ever need to read. "PAPYRUS Concepts" reviews a few of the basic concepts underlying PAPYRUS. Understanding these will help you make the best use of the Retriever. "Reference" provides a detailed explanation of each part of the Retriever -- the questions it asks and the answers available to you at each point. You can turn to the Reference section the first time you try a new part of the program, or anytime the Retriever does not behave as you expected. ========================= Part I: Getting Started ====================== Installing the PAPYRUS Retriever -------------------------------- (If your copy of the Retriever came with an automatic installer, then you can skip this section.) Before using this program, you must check your computer's CONFIG.SYS file. This file can be found in the root directory of your C: drive. The easiest way to take a peek at it is by typing this: type c:\config.sys If DOS replies "File not found", then you do not have a CONFIG.SYS file. You can create one by typing the following: copy con c:\config.sys files=30 buffers=20 Press the ENTER key after typing the "20", and then press Ctrl-Z, followed again by the ENTER key. (You just told your computer to copy whatever gets typed on the keyboard -- "con" is short for "console" -- to the file C:\CONFIG.SYS. You then typed in two lines to be copied to the file; the Ctrl-Z indicated that you were finished.) On the other hand, if you do already have a CONFIG.SYS file, it almost certainly already contains "files=..." and "buffers=..." lines. The value on the "files" line must be at least 30 for the Retriever to run reliably. The "buffers" number is less critical, but values of at least 20 usually help the Retriever run faster. (Power User note: If you have a disk cache utility loaded, such as SMARTDRV or NCACHE or PC-KWIK, the "buffers" number may have been set to a lower value. If so, you should leave it alone now. The "files" number must still be at least 30, though.) If you do need to change or add the "files" and/or "buffers" lines, use your favorite text editor or word processor to edit C:\CONFIG.SYS as necessary. Be sure to save the results as a plain ASCII text file, not a fancy word processor file. (WordPerfect users take heed: To save a file as a plain ASCII text file, press Ctrl-F5 ("Text In/Out"). But do NOT then choose the blatantly obvious "DOS Text" option. Rather, after pressing Ctrl-F5 you should choose "Save As", and then finally "Generic".) [WordPerfect 6.0 addendum: What previous versions of WordPerfect called "Generic" format is now called "ASCII Text (Stripped)". Which is NOT the same as "ASCII Text (Standard)"! Be sure to choose "Stripped".] (Please note that despite the need for us to include these detailed instructions on the use of the world's most popular word processor to accomplish what should have been an obvious and trivial task, we are nevertheless refraining from any editorial comments on the relative merits of any particular word processors.) Now that your CONFIG.SYS file is in order, you need to decide where on your hard disk you will install the PAPYRUS Retriever and your database. The usual choice is to create a new directory for the purpose. This is easily done by typing: mkdir c:\pap This means "MaKe a DIRectory named PAP on the C: drive". There is nothing special about the name "pap", nor does your new directory have to reside on C: if you have a D:, E:, or other drive. And if you already have a directory that you would like to use for the PAPYRUS Retriever, you need not create a new directory at all. To decompress your Retriever program, place the disk containing PAPZIP.EXE into your computer. Assuming that you have put the disk into your A: drive, and have decided on C:\PAP for the Retriever's home, you would now type: a:papzip c:\pap This tells PAPZIP.EXE to decompress itself, depositing the PAPYRUS Retriever program (PAPR.EXE) into the PAP directory on the C: drive. Finally, copy all eight *.BIB files to C:\PAP, or whatever directory you've chosen. Your installation is now complete. Running the PAPYRUS Retriever ----------------------------- First, make sure that you are working in the correct directory. For example, you can type: cd c:\pap ("cd" means "Change Directory".) Now type this: papr That's all there is to starting up the program. Running the PAPYRUS Retriever -- The Advanced Course ---------------------------------------------------- If you wish to access the Retriever without first switching directories, you can type this: c:\pap\papr c:\pap The first "c:\pap\" tells DOS where to find the PAPR.EXE program. The second "c:\pap" tells the Retriever where to find its database. You can skip the first "c:\pap\" if you add "c:\pap" to the PATH statement in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Whichever of the above lines you use to start the Retriever, you can add some optional "switches": /m -- run in Monochrome mode. This switch is sometimes necessary if you are using a gray-scale CGA display, such as that found on some AT&T machines or on some laptop computers. On these computers, the Retriever may choose screen colors that are impossible to read unless you include the "/m" switch. /s -- suppress the Retriever's usual Sliding screens. This is an aesthetic matter; experiment and decide for yourself. /c -- The Retriever normally signs off with a randomly- chosen goodbye message. You may turn this off if you are a Curmudgeon. For example, to run the Retriever on a problematic laptop and suppress the sliding screens, you could type: papr /m /s or: c:\pap\papr /m /s c:\pap Using the PAPYRUS Retriever --------------------------- The "main menu" of the Retriever looks like this: Retriever Option -------------------------------------------------------- | Quit List Preferences Advertisement | | | | Search Group Choose Printer Notecards | -------------------------------------------------------- F1 for help ("Notecards" may be missing from your menu. If so, don't worry; we'll discuss Notecards below.) You make your selections by typing the initial letter of the desired menu item. For example, when you are done using the Retriever, type a "q" to Quit. Here is what the other choices mean: Search -- Find all the references that meet some particular criteria. List -- Quickly list out references. There are several choices of lists, including an alphabetic listing of any or all of the total database, a list of all references with a particular co-author, an index of the entire database by keyword, and a couple others. The list can be sent to the screen, to the printer, or to your word proces- sor. Group -- This option allows you to assemble "groups" of specific references from the database. You can pick references one at a time, or you can perform a series of complicated searches until you have exactly the references you want. Then you can sort them any way you like, and list them out to screen, printer, or word processor. Preferences -- Although the full PAPYRUS program allows the user to specify many preferences, the Retriever offers only two. You may pick your screen colors, and you may choose to suppress your computer's beeps. Choose Printer -- If you plan on having the Retriever print reference lists for you, first use this option to tell the program what type of printer you use. Advertisement -- Just what it says. Notecards -- PAPYRUS provides room for Abstracts and Comments with each reference in the database. In addition, the creators of your database had the option of appending one or more "Notecards" to each of the references in the database. Each Notecard provides additional room for notes on a partic- ular portion of the cited reference. This note- card feature is mainly useful when a database will be used by the person taking the notes, so your database -- designed for the use of many people -- probably does not include any Notecards. Still, in case your database was created by a compulsive annotator, the Notecards option will appear on your main menu to provide access to all of the notes. A Simple Search --------------- Let's start by trying a basic sort of search. How about finding all references written by a particular author? To begin, type "s" for "Search". You will now be shown a list of the various items you can use in defining your search, plus two examples. The first example reads: keyword="review article" and author="smith" This means "find all references in the database for which one of the authors is named 'Smith' and one of the keywords assigned to the reference was 'review article'". The other example shown is: term="human*" and year>1989 This one takes a little bit more explaining. As you can see from the list on the screen, "term" stands for "Title OR Comments OR Abstract OR Keyword". Thus, "term='human'" refers to any reference in which the word "human" appears in the title, in the comments, in the abstract, or as one of the keywords. The asterisk ("*") is a "wildcard": "human*" will happily match any of the words "human", "humans", "humanity", "humankind", etc. Without the asterisk we would only find references containing precisely the word "human". So the second example means "find all references in the database in which the title or comment or abstract or keywords includes a word beginning with 'human', and which was published in 1990 or later". Now, back to our own search. We are being prompted: Search for: If I knew that there were references with an author named "Smith" in your database, I would now have you type: author="smith" (Note that capitalization is not important here.) But since I don't know what authors are actually cited in your particular database, I will show you a helpful trick. Type this much, but do NOT press the ENTER key yet: author= Now press the F2 key. F2 is a special key that lets us look at various "indexes" (or "indices", if you prefer) in the database. Since we started the line with "author=", the Retriever deduces that we would like to look at the Author Index. It therefore asks us to type the first few characters of an author's last name. I'm still curious whether there are any Smiths in your database, so why don't you type "sm"? The Retriever will now show you the Author Index, starting at the "Sm..."s, if there are any. (Note that if you wait too long between the "s" and the "m", the Retriever will start at the "S..."s, and then jump to the "M..."s.) You can move up and down in the Author Index by pressing the arrow keys, the PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, HOME, or END keys, or by moving your mouse, if you have one. If you type some letters, the Retriever will move to the corresponding point in the Index. Pick one of the authors you see before you by moving the highlight to that name, and then pressing the ENTER key. (If you happen to recognize the name of a particularly prolific author, that would be a good choice for our present purposes.) You will now be back at the "Search for:" prompt, and the Retriever will have added your chosen author to the line: Search for: author="Smith,J" That's as complicated as we're going to get for now. Press ENTER. If your database includes Notecards, you will now be asked whether you want to search for references, Notecards, or both. For now, pick "References". The Retriever now performs the search you have requested. As the search progresses, the Retriever displays an abbreviated version of each reference found. (If you were looking for one particular reference, you could stop the search as soon as the one you were waiting for appeared, by pressing the ESC key.) Once the Retriever is done, it invites you to press: ESC to discard, "V" for View/Edit, "G" for Group options Pressing ESC at this point would return us to the main menu. Since you already know what that looks like, I would suggest you instead type the letter "v". We are now in the "View/Edit" screen. (Which looks a lot like the last screen, doesn't it?) I hope that you had picked an author with several references to his/her name, or else this next bit will be a little boring for you. (If you like, you can press the ESC key two times now to get back to the main menu, and then try Search again with a different author.) In this screen, you can again use the arrow or PAGE UP etc keys, or the mouse, to move the highlight about. So move the highlight to one of the references on your screen that looks interesting. Now press the ENTER key, or the LEFT mouse button. (Pressing the RIGHT mouse button is always equivalent to pressing the ESC key.) Voila: you now get to see the complete reference! If any keywords, comments, or abstracts were included these will also be displayed. Pressing almost any key at this point will return you to the View/Edit screen. The exceptions are the arrow keys, which will display the previous or next reference, the HOME and END keys, which will display the first or final reference, and the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys, which in this case mimic the arrow keys. Also, pressing "r" tells the Retriever to "remove" the reference from the search results. If you were satisfied with the results of this search, you could now press the ESC key twice to return to the main menu. But let me show you something else first. Press ENTER to return to the View/Edit screen. Printing the Search Results --------------------------- Viewing the results of the search on the screen has its uses, but sometimes you need a more permanent record. The Retriever allows you to save your results in a disk file, one that you can subsequently retrieve with your word processor. It also allows you to print your results. If there is a printer attached to your computer, let's give it a little exercise now. Press the ESC key once. You will now be faced with a new menu: Group Option ---------------------------------------------------- | View/Edit Modify | | | | Info Search Clear Group | | | | Format/Sort List sWitch Group | ---------------------------------------------------- ESC to exit F1 for help Do you remember "Groups"? As I mentioned a few pages ago, a Group is simply a selection of references from your database. When we performed our simple search, we were actually creating a new Group. The name of our Group is "SEARCH". As you see indicated at the bottom of the screen, we have actually created a file in the database directory with the name "SEARCH.GRP" ("GRP" stands for "Group"). This file does NOT contain the references themselves -- those remain safely ensconced within the database. The SEARCH.GRP file simply tells the Retriever where to look in the database to find the references that interest us right now. (This means that you would not want to try to open SEARCH.GRP itself with your word processor, since you would find a bunch of computer gibberish rather than the references you might have expected.) To learn more about this Group we have created, press "i" for "Info". When you've read the info, press any key to return to the Group menu. Typing "v" would return us to the View/Edit screen. Try it if you like, and then press ESC (or the right mouse button) to get back to this Group menu. "Format/Sort" would allow us to sort our Group alphabetically, say, rather than by Reference Number as it currently is. Don't get into that right now, though. "Modify" would let us add additional references to the Group, or remove particular references from it. Choosing "Search" at this point would let us perform additional searches of the database, and then combine their results any way we liked. "Clear Group" would empty our Group of its references. The Group would still exist (which is to say, the file SEARCH.GRP would still exist); it would just become very boring. That leaves "List". As you will doubtless have guessed by now, we can type "l" to have the Retriever list out our Group to either a file or to the printer. So type "l". If your database includes Notecards, the Retriever will now ask: Also include each reference's notecards? N In other words, after each reference gets printed shall we also print each of that reference's Notecards? For now, press "n" (for "no"). Next you will see something like this: [List: Format information] Format: STANDARD Truncate lengthy Abstracts & Comments: Y Truncate lengthy Keywords: Y Okay? Y In PAPYRUS, a "Format" is a bibliographic output style. For example, most journals have their own very picky rules for formatting each reference in a bibliography. Then there are some standard styles, such as Chicago Manual, Turabian, MLA, Vancouver, APA, etc, that are used by many different publications. The full PAPYRUS program comes with several dozen predefined Formats. In addition, PAPYRUS allows the user to create additional Formats at any time. But you are not running the full PAPYRUS program. You are running the PAPYRUS Retriever. So the Formats available to you are whichever ones your database creator thought would be relevant. Let us hope that the creator was insightful and generous. You are guaranteed to have two "built-in" Formats: STANDARD and BRIEF. The former displays references in a reasonably logical fashion, and includes all the information entered for each reference, including abstracts, comments and keywords. The BRIEF Format yields the one-line display that you have already seen in the View/Edit screen. This is a good time to see what Formats you have in your database. So now let us tell the Retriever that no, the Format information displayed is NOT "okay". To do so, press "n" (for "no"). Now the prompt becomes something like: Format: STANDARD < If we wished to stick with the displayed answer, we would just press ENTER now. Otherwise, if we had a particular Format in mind, we could simply type its name. (The little triangle at the end of the line tells us that as soon as we start typing, the current answer -- "STANDARD" -- will disappear.) Finally, in order to see a list of available Formats, we can press our friend F2. Do press F2 now. Take a peek at the Formats available to you, and pick one of them by highlighting it and then pressing ENTER. Now the Retriever may or may not ask these two questions: Truncate lengthy Abstracts & Comments? Y Truncate lengthy Keywords? Y If the Format you have chosen does not include abstracts, comments, or keywords, then one or both of these questions will be suppressed. If one or both questions do show up, for now just press ENTER to accept the displayed answer ("Y"). Next comes: [List: Destination] --------- On device: | Screen | | Printer | | File | --------- With the arrow keys or your mouse you can select the desired destination and then press ENTER. Alternatively, you can simply press the first letter of your choice. For the purposes of this exercise, choose "Printer". Now you will be greeted with what we Graphic User Interface designers call a "dialog box". I will not attempt to reproduce it here. You can move from one question to the next with the TAB key, or move backwards with SHIFT-TAB. A mouse will also act fairly predictably here. Most of the questions' meanings should be self-evident to you, so I will only explain a few of them right now. The bibliography title can be anything you like. "References" and "Literature Cited" are two popular choices. The Retriever uses the notation "{b...}" to indicate that the enclosed text is to be boldfaced, so "{bREFERENCES}" would produce the word "REFERENCES" in boldface. However, if you answer the 'Convert "{...}"?' question with "N", then rather than interpreting "{b...}" to mean boldface, the Retriever will simply print these characters just as they appear on the screen. An ugly situation, and not usually what you would desire. The "Convert "{...}"?" question also applies to any boldfaces, underlines, italics, superscripts, or subscripts appearing within any of the references about to be printed, so you almost always want the answer to "Convert "{...}"?" to be "Y". The "Single reference per page?" question is provided for those who wish to print out file cards or reprint request cards, one reference per card. "Eject extra page at end?" is a matter for your experimentation. Some laser printers will not eject the final page of a reference list unless you answer "Y" to this question. Other printers will unnecessarily waste an extra page unless you choose "N". At the bottom of the screen are four "buttons". You may "press" a button either by clicking on it with the mouse or by pressing the indicated key or keys. In this dialog box, pressing ALT-H allows you to specify a "header" that will appear at the top of each page and a "footer" that will be printed at the bottom of each page. Try it now. If you include the character "@" in either the header or footer, it will be replaced with a page number; you can specify the starting page number down at the bottom of the "Header/Footer" dialog box. Pressing the ENTER key or clicking on the "Okay" button will return you to the main printer dialog box. You may recall that the Retriever's main menu included a "Choose Printer" option. Since we have not yet used that option, we cannot be sure that the Retriever has reasonable expectations regarding the type of printer you actually own. So either click on the "Printer settings" button or press ALT-P now. (IMPORTANT NOTE: I said "ALT-P", not "CTRL-P"! On many computers, pressing CTRL-P commands the computer to immediately print a copy of whatever is on the screen. If your printer is turned on, then accidentally pressing CTRL-P will usually be only a minor annoyance. But if your printer is not on, or if you don't have a printer at all, then you may end up crashing your computer. So NEVER press CTRL-P unless you mean it!) You can now pick the appropriate printer type -- press SHIFT-TAB or click with the mouse to move to the "Printer Type" line of this dialog box. If you see a choice that matches your printer, or with which your printer is supposed to be compatible, pick it. If not, go with "Generic Dumb Printer" for now. Once you've highlighted your choice, press TAB. Then correct any problems you may see with any of the numbers displayed in the lower part of the dialog box. Press ENTER or click on the "Okay" button when you are satisfied. Once everything appears correct in the main printer dialog box, press ENTER or click on the "Okay" button. Your printer should now furnish you with a listing of the references we found in our search. When done, you can get from the Group menu back to the main menu by pressing ESC (or the right mouse button). Once there, press "q" to quit the Retriever. ======================== Part II: PAPYRUS Concepts ===================== Reference Types, Fields ----------------------- Each bibliographic reference in a PAPYRUS database is classified by Reference Type. The possible types are: Article -- an individual article appearing in a periodical publication, typically a journal, but also some annual conference proceedings Book -- a complete work, including not only books, but also technical reports or dissertations published on microfilm, etc Chapter -- an individual article appearing within a larger work that contains other articles by other authors; not only chapters in a regular book, but also articles in conference proceedings that have been edited, bound and published Map -- a map, as might be cited by a geologist or geographer Patent -- a patent issued by a government for an invention Thesis -- a thesis or dissertation submitted toward fulfillment of an academic degree Quote -- an obscure work "Quoted in" a more available work Other -- anything that does not fit into one of the other categories, such as an unpublished manuscript Each reference consists of a number of "fields": Reference #, Authors, Year, Title, etc. If a reference is of type Article, then it will also have fields for Journal, Volume, Issue and so on. A reference of type Chapter, on the other hand, will have fields for Chapter Title, Chapter Number, Book Title, Editors, etc. There are also three special fields: "Field A", "Field B", and "Field C". The creator of your PAPYRUS database had the opportunity to rename these and use them for whatever he/she wished. Indexed fields -------------- Many of the fields are "indexed". This means that when you search for, say, a particular author, the Retriever can look in its Author Index and go directly to the relevant references, without having to actually read through every reference in the entire database. These fields are indexed: Reference # Reference Type Field A Comments Author Title Editor Abstract Year Journal Keywords Fields that are not indexed can still be searched. But the Retriever will have to examine every reference in the database when searching on non-indexed fields. In such cases you can speed the search by adding an indexed field to your search specification. For example, a search for general='new york' will find all references in which "New York" appears in any field of the reference. (Actually, "general" looks at ALMOST all fields -- it does not check the Journal, Keywords, Comments or Abstract fields.) But the Retriever will have to look at every reference in the database to carry out this search, since many of the fields (such as City of Publication) are not indexed. You could help the Retriever by restricting your search to, say, books or book chapters: general='new york' and (type='book' or type='chapter') For this request, the Retriever will first use its Reference Type Index to locate all Books and Chapters, and then examine only these for "New York". PAPYRUS skips over some parts of some fields when it creates its indexes. Specifically, for the Title, Comments, and Abstract indexes common words such as "the", "and", "for", or "with" are not indexed. (This applies also to these words' German and French equivalents.) No word of only one or two letters is indexed, nor are pure numbers. For example, if "1987" appeared in a Title it would not be indexed, although "5th" would. For the Comments and Abstract indexes, your database creator had the option of picking a different size cutoff for words. For example, he/she might have instructed PAPYRUS not to index any Comments or Abstract word of fewer than 7 letters, rather than the default 2 letters. This would have eliminated a considerable number of entries in the index, and thus have saved considerable space on your hard disk. The trade-off is that to search for short words the Retriever would then have to examine every reference in the database. Any time you specify a search that does not allow the Retriever to use at least one of it indexes, whether because you have chosen a non- indexed field or because you have picked a word shorter than the cutoff for your database, the Retriever will reply: As you've defined this Search, I will have to examine EVERY reference in your database. It would be MUCH faster if I could use one or more of my index files. (See PAPYRUS Reference Manual for further explanation.) Can you modify this Search to include an indexed term? Y You will usually be able find a way to so modify the search, as we did above. Note that most of the indexes hold entire fields, but a few instead hold individual words from a field. For example, an entry in the Author Index is an entire author name, such as "Smith,JP", not just "Smith". An entry in the Keyword Index holds an entire keyword, whether the keyword is a single word ("HUMAN") or a phrase ("HOMO SAPIENS, FEMALE"). On the other hand, entries in the Title, Comments, or Abstracts Index hold individual words. So a search such as: title="sapiens" would find references whose titles included the phrase "Homo sapiens". But: keyword="sapiens" would NOT find a reference bearing the keyword "HOMO SAPIENS". On the other hand, keyword="* sapiens" would find a reference with the keyword "HOMO SAPIENS". Finally, then, term="* sapiens" would find all references whose title, comments, abstract, or keywords included the word "SAPIENS". (You'll recall that "term" stands for "Title OR Comments OR Abstract OR Keyword".) There is one other implication of the way the PAPYRUS indexes work. If you specify: title="homo sapiens" the Retriever cannot simply look this phrase up in its index, since only individual words appear in the Title Index. This search will therefore require examination of the entire database. You can help the Retriever by changing the search to: title="sapiens" and title="homo sapiens" In this case the Retriever will use its Title Index to find all references with "sapiens" in their title, and then examine only these references for the phrase "homo sapiens". Journals -------- Each journal in your PAPYRUS database contains both its official name and its official abbreviation. (Assuming that your database creator took advantage of this capability.) When the Retriever lists out a collection of references, whether it uses the name or the abbreviation is dictated by the Format you choose. The Retriever is quite intelligent when searching for a journal. If the "New England Journal of Medicine" is cited in your database, any of the following searches will find the citations: journal="new england journal of medicine" journal="new engl j med" journal="new eng" journal="nejm" Keywords -------- Each reference in your database can have up to 100 keywords assigned to it. Furthermore, your database creator may have chosen to designate some of these as "major" keywords. PAPYRUS indicates that a keyword is major for a given reference by displaying a "#" before it. For example, the following reference has three keywords: 123. Null,ZZ (1990): An article about nothing much at all. J. Irreprod. Res. 43, 32-37. [NOTHINGNESS; #USELESSNESS; VACUITY] Your database's creator felt that NOTHINGNESS and VACUITY should be considered minor keywords for this reference, while #USELESSNESS seemed deserving of being a major keyword. When you perform a search for a particular keyword, you can restrict the Retriever to report only those references for which the keyword is major. Thus, this search will find the above reference: Search for: keyword="#uselessness" but this one will not: Search for: keyword="#vacuity" If you omit the "#" in your search, then the Retriever will find all references citing the keyword, regardless of whether the keyword is cited as major or minor. There is a special keyword: "INCOMPLETE". This keyword may appear on some of your references because they are lacking information that PAPYRUS expected. For example, a CHAPTER reference can be expected to have both a Chapter Title and a Book Title; if either of these is missing then the reference may be marked INCOMPLETE. On the other hand, your database's creator may have chosen to remove the INCOMPLETE keyword, even though some information is lacking. If you do come across references whose first keyword is INCOMPLETE, simply remember that there may not be enough information listed to satisfy a persnickety editor or librarian. Groups ------ You have already encountered PAPYRUS's concept of Group, but as it is a very important concept for Retriever users to understand, I would like to review it in a bit more depth now. Picture your main PAPYRUS database as a large bookshelf. When you ask the Retriever to search for all books with an author of "Smith", one option would be for the Retriever to remove the relevant books from the bookshelf and put them into a small basket for you. When you were done reviewing these, you would have the Retriever return the books to the bookshelf, and you could then throw away the basket. Obviously, this would not be a very good scheme. For one thing, you might accidentally throw away the basket while your books were still inside, thus losing them forever. Another problem is that you might wish to set the basket aside for a few hours or days while you do another search -- say, for all books with the word "coffee" in their titles. But what if John Smith wrote a great book about coffee? That book is currently sitting in a basket, and is not currently amongst those books on your bookshelf through which the Retriever is now searching. Here is a better scheme. Instead of removing the actual books from the bookshelf and putting them into the basket, let us have the Retriever make a COPY of each relevant book, and put the COPIES into the basket. The original books remain on the bookshelf. This is much better. When we are finished reviewing the results of the search, we throw away the basket, copies and all. In the meantime, the originals remain searchable on the bookshelf. Still, making all of those copies is rather cumbersome. So here is one final scheme. Instead of making a copy of each book, the Retriever could simply jot the book's catalog number onto a file card, and place the file card into the basket. This will be a very quick operation compared with copying an entire book, and our basket will be much lighter. Now for you to review the results of the search, you can pull a card out of your basket and the Retriever will display the original book for you, without having to remove it from the bookshelf. As I hope you will have surmised, this "basket" is what the PAPYRUS Retriever calls a "Group". Each Group is represented by a file on your disk, with a name ending in ".GRP". A Group is like a stack of file cards, each bearing the "catalog number" of a reference from your PAPYRUS database. The cards can be sorted any way you like -- alphabetically by author, chronologically by year, etc. When you ask the Retriever to print out the contents of the Group, it displays not the cards themselves, but rather the references from the main database to which the cards refer. And when you "throw out" the stack of cards -- by deleting the .GRP file from your disk -- this has no effect on the actual references in your PAPYRUS database. =========================== Part III: Reference ======================== Quit ---- Choosing this option from the main menu gets you out of the Retriever. List ---- This option allows you to display the entire database or any part of it. It includes the following sub-options: Alphabetic -- List any part of the database sorted alphabetically by author. If there are multiple references with identical authors, these will be further sorted by year. Numeric -- List any part of the database sorted by PAPYRUS Reference #. Your database creator may have assigned particular ranges of numbers to particular types of references; if not, then you will probably not have much use for this choice. Co-Author -- List all references having a particular person as one of the authors. Group -- List a Group that you have previously created. Keyword Index -- List one or more keywords in alphabetical order. After each keyword, list all of the references that cite it, sorted alphabetically. Each of these choices leads to one or two additional questions. Alphabetic ---------- Start with: Beginning < Stop with: End < If you accept the Retriever's suggested answers, you'll get an alphabetical list of your entire database. You can narrow this a bit. For example, Start with: br Stop with: bz would list all references whose first author's lastname lies between "Br..." and "Bz...", inclusive. You can use the F2 key here to bring up the list of all authors in the database. Numeric ------- Start at Ref#: Beginning < Stop at Ref#: End < Again, you can narrow this: Start at Ref#: 100 Stop at Ref#: 200 Co-Author --------- Co-Author: At this point you would enter the name of the author in whom you are interested. For example: Co-Author: smith,jp will yield a list of all references with author "Smith,JP", or any reasonable variant ("Smith,J", "Smith,JP,Jr.", "Smith,JPW,III", etc.; though NOT "Smith,K" or "Smith,JK") You can use the F2 key here to bring up the list of all authors in the database. You may also enter just a lastname: Co-Author: smith And you may also use an asterisk as a "wildcard": Co-Author: sm*th* This last will match "Smith,...", "Smythe,...", "Smithers,...", etc. Once you have indicated the co-author, the Retriever allows you to narrow the range of years, if you wish: From Year: Beginning < Thru Year: End < You can type, for example, "91" rather than "1991". Group ----- You will be greeted with a dialog box allowing you to locate the Group you want to display. You indicate the disk and subdirectory in the "Path:" box, and the name of the Group in the "Look for:" box. "Path:" defaults to the directory where your PAPYRUS database files are located. "Look for:" defaults to simply an asterisk. You can specify as much of the Group name as you like. If you do not recall the name, leave "Look for:" with simply the asterisk. If you recall the first few letters of the Group's name, enter them, followed by the asterisk. If you would like to see the short Group Description displayed beside each Group name, then change the "Descriptions?" box from "N" to "Y". When you are satisfied with the answers to "Path:", "Look for:" and "Descriptions?" (as you will generally be as soon as the dialog box appears!), press the "Find" button with your mouse or press ENTER. The "File:" box will now fill with the names (and possibly the Descriptions) of all Groups meeting your criteria. With the arrow keys or mouse, move the highlight to the Group you want, and then either press the "Okay" button or press ENTER to confirm your selection. The Retriever will now display additional information about the Group you have chosen, to confirm that it is the correct one. Keyword Index ------------- Start with Keyword: Beginning < Stop with Keyword: End < You can include all of the keywords in your database, or just an alphabetic subset. The F2 key will pop up the list of keywords. Major keywords only? N Answering "y" will limit the references displayed to only those that cite a given keyword as "major". As we discussed early in this manual, your database's creator may have annotated each of the references with Notecards. If so, then you will now be asked: Also include each reference's notecards? N Changing the default answer to "y" will cause the Retriever to list each reference's Notecards after the reference. You will also be asked whether the Notecards for each reference should be sorted by card Title or Passage. Now that you have indicated which references are to be listed, and how they will be arranged, the Retriever asks: [List: Format information] Format: STANDARD Truncate lengthy Abstracts & Comments: Y Truncate lengthy Keywords: Y Okay? Y (The default answers shown on your screen may be different from those shown above, if your database creator set them otherwise.) As you will recall from the "Getting Started" part of this manual, the Format is the style used to display each reference in the list. Two are built into PAPYRUS: STANDARD and BRIEF. Your database creator may have also included other Formats for your use. Telling the Retriever to "truncate" Abstracts, Comments or Keywords limits these to no more than one line each, so that you can see a bit of these fields but not waste a lot of paper on full abstracts or long keyword lists. If you do not like the answers displayed, then answer "n". Then you will be asked each of the three questions individually, starting with: Format: STANDARD < You'll recall, I hope, that the little triangle at the end of the line simply means that as soon as you start typing -- rather than just pressing the ENTER key to accept the displayed answer -- the displayed answer will be erased. At this point you can type "STANDARD", "BRIEF", or any other Format your database creator included. If you know the name of the Format you desire, it is enough to just type the first couple letters of its name. Pressing the F2 key here will yield a list of all available Formats. Finally, you specify the destination of your list: [List: Destination] --------- On device: | Screen | | Printer | | File | --------- You make your choice with the arrow keys or mouse, or by typing "s", "p", or "f". Choosing "Screen" leads immediately to the appearance of your list on your computer screen. The Retriever will pause at the bottom of each screenful. Choosing "Printer" leads to the large dialog box that we already discussed in the "Getting Started" part of this manual. About the only detail that I left out of that discussion are your formatting options for the bibliography title. Besides "{b...}" to mean boldface, you can also use "{u...}" for underline or "{i...}" for italic. (You can also combine these, as in "{b{i...}}", which means bold and italic.) Choose "File" if you would like to save the list to your disk, where you can subsequently access it with a word processor. The Retriever can save this file in many file formats, so it will now ask: ------------------------ | Microsoft Word | | WordPerfect | | PC-Write | | WordStar | | WordStar 2000 | File type:| XyWrite / Signature | | TeX | | ChiWriter | | ASCII | | ASCII with line breaks | ------------------------ (Your choices may look a little different from these, as we periodically add additional word processors to the list.) If your routine word processor is one of those listed, then pick that one. Otherwise, "ASCII" is generally a safe choice. ("With line breaks" means that the Retriever will add extra hard returns to ensure that no line is over 80 characters wide.) Next the Retriever will ask what you wish to name your new file: Filename: BIBLIO.LST You can change this to anything you like. If you want, you can add a path, as well. For example: Filename: c:\wp51\biblio.doc If you would like to see what file names are already in use, then press the F2 key. This will produce a dialog box that lets you examine your existing directories. Search ------ As you know from the "Getting Started" section (and as you hopefully would have guessed in any case) this is the option you use to search your database for whatever criteria interest you at the moment. The results of the search go into an automatically created Group named SEARCH.GRP, and can be further manipulated with all the tools we will discuss below under the Group option. The fields you may specify in your search are listed on your screen when you choose the Search option. The general form of a search element is: field="value" You can use either single quotes ('...') or double quotes ("...") around the value. Here are some examples: author="smith" -- find references with an author named "Smith". This will include "Smith,J", "Smith,PQ,Jr.", etc, but not "Smithers,E". author="smith*" -- find references with an author whose last name begins with the letters "smith". This will include all of the "Smith"s, plus the "Smithers", the "Smitherson"s, etc. author="smith*,jp" -- same as the previous example, but restrict the matches to those "Smith..."s with initials "J.P." The Retriever is rather intelligent about this request; the authors "Smith, J", "Smith, John Paul, III" and so on will be considered matches. author="sm*th*" -- find references with an author whose last name begins with the letters "sm", followed by zero or more letters, followed by "th", followed by zero or more letters. This will match all of the "Smith"s, "Smythe"s, "Smothers"s, and so forth. keyword="united states" -- find all references with the keyword "UNITED STATES". Remember from the "PAPYRUS Concepts" section, above, that keywords are considered indivisible. By this I mean that a search for: keyword="states" will NOT find a reference with the keyword "UNITED STATES". A keyword is a single object, regardless of whether it appears to us as a single word or as a series of words. However, once you understand this, you should also recall that you COULD specify: keyword="* states" to stand for "all keywords ending in the word 'STATES'". title="unite" -- find references whose title includes the word "unite". Recall that titles, unlike keywords, ARE divisible. In other words, the Title Index holds INDIVIDUAL title words, while the Keyword Index holds the ENTIRE keyword word or phrase. title="unit*" -- find references whose title includes the word "unite", or "united", or "unity", etc. title="united states" -- find references whose title includes the phrase "united states". Because this is a phrase, rather than a single word, recall that you can greatly speed the Retriever's work by changing this to: title="united states" and title="united" In place of the "=", you can also use "<", "<=", ">=", or ">". For example, year>"1990" will find all references published in or after 1991. These basic types of search can be combined with "AND" or "OR". For example, author="smith" and year>"1990" will find only those references meeting BOTH the criterion "author='smith'" AND the criterion "year>'1990'" -- in other words, those references by Smith published after 1990. Note that this is quite different from: author="smith" or year>"1990" which would find all references meeting EITHER criteria -- all of the Smith references PLUS all references newer than 1990. You can also use "NOT": not keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" This will yield every reference that does NOT have "REVIEW ARTICLE" for a keyword. By itself this may not seem completely useful, but consider: author="smith" and year>"1990" and not keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" This one finds all recent works by Smith, except for review articles. Of course, you can get a little too complicated. Suppose you had entered the above as: not keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" and author="smith" and year>"1990" Now is this supposed to mean: (not(keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE")) and author="smith" and year>"1990" -- recent Smith articles that are not reviews -- or: (not(keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" and author="smith")) and year>"1990" -- recent articles that are not Smith's reviews -- or: not(keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" and author="smith" and year>"1990") -- everything in the database except recent Smith reviews? In computer person terminology, what is the "scope" of the "NOT"? Although there are specific rules the Retriever follows to answer this question, you should not have to learn them. Instead, you should simply use enough parentheses in your search so that the Retriever will have no question about your intentions. Actually, if your search specification is getting this complicated, you will be better off using the slightly more sophisticated search abilities found within the Group option, described below. There are two shortcuts available to you when setting up a search. First, you do not need to spell out the entire name of the field. All of these are equivalent: keyword="review article" key="review article" k="review article" You really should not get too carried away with this abbreviating, though. Consider: a="coal" Does "a" mean "author" or "abstract"? The Retriever will choose one of these, but you don't know which. So I would recommend sticking to at least two letters for the name of each field. The second shortcut is that you do not need the quotation marks when the value is simply a single word or number. So these are equivalent: author="smith" author=smith But when a value contains more than a single word or number, leaving out the quotation marks will confuse the Retriever. For example, if you enter: keyword=review article the Retriever will complain. Finally, don't forget our friend the F2 key. If you enter, say, author= and then press F2, you get a list of all authors in the database. And if you type: author=ro before pressing F2, then the list will jump directly to the names starting with "Ro...". F2 will work in this fashion for Author, Editor, Type, Keyword, Journal and Term. Group ----- Choosing this option brings up a special window that lets you pick an existing Group or create a new one. To pick an existing Group, indicate the disk and subdirectory in the "Path:" box, and the name of the Group in the "Look for:" box. "Path:" defaults to the directory where your PAPYRUS database files are located. "Look for:" defaults to simply an asterisk. You can specify as much of the Group name as you like. If you do not recall the name, leave "Look for:" with simply the asterisk. If you recall the first few letters of the Group's name, enter them, followed by the asterisk. If you would like to see the short Group Description displayed beside each Group name, then change the "Descriptions?" box from "N" to "Y". When you are satisfied with the answers to "Path:", "Look for:" and "Descriptions?" (as you will generally be as soon as the dialog box appears!), press the "Find" button with your mouse or press ENTER. The "File:" box will now fill with the names (and possibly the Descriptions) of all Groups meeting your criteria. If you wish to delete a Group from your disk, or rename a Group, then move the highlight to the correct Group using the arrow keys. Pressing the "Delete" button with your mouse or typing ALT-D will bring up a dialog box confirming that you wish to delete the Group. Alternatively, pressing the "Rename" button or typing ALT-R brings up a dialog box that allows you to change the name and/or description of the Group. To work with an existing Group, use the arrow keys or mouse to move the highlight to the Group you want, and then either press the "Okay" button or the ENTER key to confirm your selection. The Retriever will present complete information about the Group and ask you to confirm that this is the Group you intended. Then you will be presented with the seven Group sub-options, discussed below. To create a new Group, press the "New" button with the mouse or type ALT-N. A dialog box will appear where you enter the name and description of your new Group. You will then find yourself in the "Format/Sort" dialog described below, where you specify the way you wish the Group sorted and the Format to use when later outputing the Group. The Group sub-option menu looks like this: Group Option ---------------------------------------------------- | View/Edit Modify | | | | Info Search Clear Group | | | | Format/Sort List sWitch Group | ---------------------------------------------------- ESC to exit F1 for help When you are done working with this Group, you either pick "sWitch Group" or press ESC. The former will return you to the pick-a-Group dialog box, while ESC (or the right mouse button) will send you back to the Retriever's main menu. The other sub-options are as follows: View/Edit -- Display all of the Group's references on the screen in an abbreviated style. You can then examine any individual reference in detail, add other references to the Group, or remove individual references from the Group. Info -- Display complete information about the Group -- its name, description, sorting method, output format, number of references, time and nature of the last search performed, etc. Format/Sort -- Change the method used to sort the references within the Group, and/or the Format to use when outputing the Group. Modify -- Add one or more references to the Group, or remove one or more references from the Group. Search -- Search the main database, adding the results to this Group. List -- Jump to the "List" feature of PAPYRUS, to output this Group. Clear Group -- Remove all references from this Group. The Group itself will still exist. There is nothing more to say about "Info" or "Clear Group". Choosing "List" will bring you to exactly the same dialog we discussed above under the "List" option. I will now discuss the remaining choices. Format/Sort ----------- This sub-option begins by asking the name of the Format to use with this Group. The default is "STANDARD", and for most purposes this is fine. If you know that you will ultimately want to output this Group using a different Format you can indicate that one now. (As always, the F2 key will bring up the list of all the Formats your database creator has given you.) Then you are asked: Sort manually? N Answering "y" means that you will personally arrange the references in this Group according to your desires. Answering "n" means that you would like the Retriever to do the sorting for you. When you choose "n", you next get a screenful of 45 numbered fields. The first few are: 1 Reference # 2 Authors 3 Year 4 Reference Type 5 Title 6 Pages ... Then comes the question: Sort by: So answering "1" means "sort by Reference #", while answering "2, 3, 5" means "sort by Authors, then by Year, and then by Title". Thus you can sort your Group by whatever combination of fields you wish. Your database creator may or may not have given you the option of specifying your system of alphabetization. If so, you now have this choice: ------------------ Alphabetization system:| Central European | | Nordic | | Spanish | ------------------ "Central European" includes the U.S., Great Britain, France, and Germany. "Nordic" covers Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. If your answer to the "Sort by" question included the Year, then you get one more choice: -------------- Sort the years in Ascending or Descending order:| Ascending | | Descending | -------------- View/Edit --------- This sub-option allows you both to adjust the contents of your Group and to view the entire Group on your screen. When you pick "View/Edit" the Group will be displayed on your screen using the BRIEF format, one reference per line. At the bottom of the screen is a special line called the View/Edit "clipboard". The clipboard can hold a single reference, which is not actually a member of the Group. When you first enter View/Edit the clipboard is empty. The first reference of the Group will be highlighted on the screen. You may move the highlight with your arrow keys or mouse. The HOME, END, PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys all do what you would expect. Pressing the ESC key (or the right mouse button) gets you out of View/Edit and back to the "Group Option" menu. The DELETE key will move the highlighted reference from the Group to the clipboard. The INSERT key does precisely the opposite. If your Group is sorted manually, then you can use these two keys to rearrange your references in any order you like, since INSERT will place the clipboard reference immediately prior to whatever reference is currently highlighted. (If the Group is not sorted manually, then INSERT will place the clipboard reference according to the sorting method you indicated with Format/Sort.) If you press ENTER or the left mouse button, something special happens. The Group display slides out of the way, and the reference which had been highlighted will now be displayed in its entirety. Then you can press the up-arrow, down-arrow, HOME or END key to examine the preceding, following, first or last reference in the Group. Or you can press "r" to remove the reference from the Group. Finally, pressing any other key (including ENTER or ESC) will return you to the main View/Edit screen. You can add a new reference to the Group by pressing "a". Doing so brings up: [Identify Reference:] Reference # / Author: If you happen to know the reference's PAPYRUS Reference#, you would enter that number now. Alternatively, you can enter an author's name (asterisks are allowed), or press F2 to choose from all the authors in the database. The Retriever will then ask: Year: Any < to let you specify the year, if you know it, of the reference you're looking for. The Retriever will now display any matching references. If more than one reference matches your request, you can now enter the Reference# of the displayed reference that interests you. When you've got it down to a single reference, the Retriever asks: Is this the Reference you intended? If you pick a reference of type Book, Thesis or Other, a little dialog box pops up asking: Specific page(s) cited: You can leave this blank if you want your Group to simply cite the entire reference. But entering something like "35-42" will add those specific pages to the citation when you List out the Group. This might be useful if you were putting this Group together as a bibliography for a paper you were writing. You do not have to memorize all of the different keys that you can use in View/Edit. As indicated at the bottom of your screen, pressing F1 will bring up a help screen listing the possibilities. Modify ------ This sub-option adds references to the Group, or removes them from it, one at a time or in batches. Modify uses the same method to pick references that View/Edit does. It simply asks: [Identify Reference:] Reference # / Author: repeatedly. Pressing just ENTER or ESC gets you out of Modify. Each time you pick a reference, the Retriever will ask either: Add to group? or Remove from group? depending, of course, on whether the reference is already in the Group. If your Group is sorted manually, then when you add a reference you will also have to specify where it should appear: Before Ref#: END < Accepting the suggested answer appends the new reference to the end of the Group. If you instead enter the Reference# of a reference already in the Group, the new reference will be placed immediately preceding that reference. To add or remove a batch of sequential references, you can specify a range. For example: [Identify Reference:] Reference # / Author: 100-200 Search ------ If you have not yet performed a search with this Group, then this sub- option begins with the same "Search for:" that we have discussed at great length above. Thereafter you will see something like this: [Group: Search] S1 author="smith" (10) Search Option ----------------------------------------------------------- | New Search re-run Old Search Load Search Results | ----------------------------------------------------------- ESC to exit F1 for help This means that your Group so far contains one search, named "S1", which found 10 references. If you now choose "New Search", you get to specify a new search. (So what did you expect?) This will become search "S2". The "re-run Old Search" choice can be useful if somebody has modified your main database and you want to see if there are any new "Smith" entries that weren't there before. This would apply if you just received an updated version of the database from the original creator. The other situation in which "re-run old Search" comes in handy is when you had interrupted a search before it was done, and later decide to re-run the search without interruption. Unlike the Search option on the Retriever's main menu, which both performs a search and puts the results into a Group (namely SEARCH.GRP), the "New Search" or "re-run Old Search" option simply performs the search and reports the number of successful matches. You must then choose "Load Search Results" to actually load the references into your Group. The advantage of separating searching from loading is that the former is usually much quicker than the latter, contrary to what you might have expected. Because of the many index files available to the Retriever, the act of searching often proceeds without ever having to bring each actual reference into the computer's memory. But loading references into the Group requires that each reference be brought into memory in order to obtain the necessary sorting information, and then entered into the appropriate place in the Group file. This requires a moderate amount of calculation and a large amount of time-consuming reading and writing of your hard disk. Now, if the only difference between the main menu's "Search" and Group's "New Search" were that with the latter you need go through two separate steps simply to accomplish what the former did in one, then there would not have been much reason for us to make this so complicated for you. The advantage of this scheme is that you can rapidly perform complex searches in a stepwise fashion, refining them as you go. Suppose that after the above display we chose "New Search", and then replied: Search for: year>"1990" The Retriever will do a quick search of the database, and then bring us to: [Group: Search] S1 author="smith" (10) S2 year>"1990" (200) Search Option ----------------------------------------------------------- | New Search re-run Old Search Load Search Results | ----------------------------------------------------------- ESC to exit F1 for help Now we choose "New Search" again, and specify: Search for: s1 and s2 In other words, our third search will contain only those references which were found BOTH by search S1 AND by search S2: [Group: Search] S1 author="smith" (10) S2 year>"1990" (200) S3 s1 and s2 (7) Search Option ----------------------------------------------------------- | New Search re-run Old Search Load Search Results | ----------------------------------------------------------- ESC to exit F1 for help We could achieve the same result like this: Search for: s1 and year>"1990" Entering this as a new search now would yield: [Group: Search] S1 author="smith" (10) S2 year>"1990" (200) S3 s1 and s2 (7) S4 s1 and year>"1990" (7) Search Option ----------------------------------------------------------- | New Search re-run Old Search Load Search Results | ----------------------------------------------------------- ESC to exit F1 for help (In fact, doing searches S1, S2 and S3 would take a little longer than simply doing S1 and S4, so the latter would have been the more efficient way to have proceeded.) Using this technique, you can gradually refine a complex search by a series of quick simple searches. Then when you have found a combination that has yielded a reasonable number of matches, you choose "Load Search Results". The current contents of the Group will be discarded, to be replaced by the results of whichever search you pick. You can then use View/Edit to look at the actual references found by the search. Preferences ----------- Although there are a large number of preferences to be chosen by a user of the full PAPYRUS program, the Retriever offers only two. First comes: Set screen colors? Y This proceeds in a self-explanatory fashion. Next: If your computer has a particularly obnoxious BEEP, you might like me to suppress my usual warning beeps, and replace them with a visual signal, like this... Shall I suppress all warning BEEPS? The visual signal is a flashing of the current line on the screen. Because the Retriever is not allowed to make any changes to the PAPYRUS database files, your preferences will not be remembered after you leave the Retriever. If your database creator left you with colors or beeps you don't like, you will have to visit the Preferences option each time you start the Retriever. Choose Printer -------------- One of the PAPYRUS database files, namely PRINT.BIB, contains information on a number of types of computer printers. The "Choose Printer" option allows to specify which of these you are using. If your printer is not among the available choices, you can add it as an additional printer type. Picking "Choose Printer" will yield a list of the printer types already defined, plus an indication of the current default printer type, the current default printer port (LPT1, LPT2, COM1, COM2, etc), and the current page size (eg, 8.5" x 11.0"). Then comes this question: Edit one of these printers? N If you think that the information provided for one of the existing printer types is incorrect, you would enter "y", and then indicate which of the printer types you wished to modify. Then would come a series of questions and answers that define the printer type. Next: Add a new printer type? N If you answer "y", then you will be asked to name your new printer type, and proceed to the same series of questions about escape sequences, characters per inch, lines per inch, etc. Then comes: Change default printer port? N If your printer is not attached to the port indicated as the current default (LPT1, unless your database creator has changed it), you can now pick the correct port. The penultimate question is: Change default printer type? N If you answer "y" you then enter the number of the printer type you want as your default. And last, but certainly not least: Change paper size? N This lets you specify a different width and height than the indicated default. Europeans using A4 paper, for example, will find this helpful. Because PRINT.BIB is logically completely separate from the other *.BIB files that constitute your PAPYRUS database, the Retriever IS allowed to make permanent changes to it. So unlike your Preferences settings, your printer settings WILL be remembered the next time you start the Retriever. There is one potential problem with this. Only one Retriever user can have the PRINT.BIB file open at a time. So if there are several of you using the Retriever over a network, all working with the same database, then while one of you is accessing PRINT.BIB the others' Retrievers will act as if the file PRINT.BIB does not exist. So if you ever get funny error messages about PRINT.BIB being absent, simply wait a minute or two and try again. Notecards --------- As I explained early in this manual, there is a small chance that your database creator may have included Notecards for some or all of the references in your PAPYRUS database. If so, then the "Notecards" option will be available on your main menu. You work with the Notecards of one reference at a time. So the first question the Notecards option asks is: [Identify Reference:] Reference # / Author: This method of picking a reference has been discussed above. You can enter the Reference# if you happen to know it, or the name of one of the reference's authors. You can include asterisks in the name as wildcards, and you can also press the F2 key for a list of all authors in the database. If you give a name, then you get to specify a year, if you know it: Year: Any < The Retriever will now display any matching references. If more than one reference matches your request, you can now enter the Reference# of the displayed reference that interests you. When you've narrowed the field to a single reference, the Retriever asks: Is this the Reference you intended? If the reference you've picked has no Notecards, you will be so notified. Otherwise you will find yourself in a screen that closely resembles Group's View/Edit screen. Each Notecard is shown in an abbreviated one-line form. You move the highlight from card to card with the arrow keys, the mouse, or HOME, END, PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN. Pressing ESC (or the right mouse button) gets you out of this screen. Pressing ENTER, or the left mouse button, causes this screen to slide to the side and the highlighted Notecard to be displayed in full. From here you can press the up-arrow, down-arrow, HOME or END key to examine the preceding, following, first or last Notecard. Any other key press will return you to the previous screen. You can have the Notecards sorted according either to card Title or Passage by pressing "t" or "p", respectively. As with View/Edit, pressing the F1 key will bring up a help screen to remind you which keys do what. ================================ Afterword ============================= We at Research Software Design hope that the PAPYRUS Retriever and the PAPYRUS database you have obtained will be of great use to you. We are always interested in improving our programs. If you have any suggestions, please write us at: Research Software Design 2718 SW Kelly Street, Suite 181 Portland, OR 97201 U.S.A. You can also contact us via e-mail at: RSD@applelink.apple.com On the other hand, if you have questions about using the Retriever with your particular PAPYRUS database, please do not contact us directly. Instead, get in touch with the person or organization from whom you obtained the database. Also, if you are concerned that the Retriever is not functioning correctly, then that person or organization is again the appropriate one for you to contact. If he/she/they confirm your observations, then they/she/he can discuss the problem with Research Software Design and convey our response back to you. If you would like more information about the full PAPYRUS program, please contact Research Software Design at one of the above addresses. Copyright (c) 1992 Research Software Design (TM) All Rights Reserved