Match 242 DB Rec# - 7,694 Dataset-WOFACT
Title :Turkey
Text :
Turkey
Geography
Location:
Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is sometimes included with
Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and
bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Map references:
Middle East
Area:
total area:
780,580 sq km
land area:
770,760 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia
252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km
Coastline:
7,200 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former
USSR
territorial sea:
6 nm in the Aegean Sea,
12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea
International disputes:
complex maritime, air and territorial disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea;
Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream
riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers
Climate:
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain:
mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)
Natural resources:
antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore
Land use:
arable land:
30%
permanent crops:
4%
meadows and pastures:
12%
forest and woodland:
26%
other:
28%
Irrigated land:
22,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution,
particularly in urban areas; deforestation
natural hazards:
very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc
extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
Geography
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Biodiversity, Desertification, Environmental Modification
Note:
strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of
Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas
People
Population:
63,405,526 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:
35% (female 10,815,288; male 11,203,723)
15-64 years:
60% (female 18,723,772; male 19,391,037)
65 years and over:
5% (female 1,764,363; male 1,507,343) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.97% (1995 est.)
Birth rate:
25.33 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate:
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
45.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
71.48 years
male:
69.11 years
female:
73.96 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3.12 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Turk(s)
adjective:
Turkish
Ethnic divisions:
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%
Religions:
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)
Languages:
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
total population:
79%
male:
90%
female:
68%
Labor force:
20.4 million
by occupation:
agriculture 44%, services 41%, industry 15%
note:
between 1.5 million and 1.8 million Turks work abroad (1994)
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Turkey
conventional short form:
Turkey
local long form:
Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form:
Turkiye
Digraph:
TU
Type:
republican parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Ankara
Administrative divisions:
73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray,
Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,
Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gazi Antep,
Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman
Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir,
Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas,
Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence:
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday:
Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)
Constitution:
7 November 1982
Legal system:
derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government:
Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 5 July 1993); Deputy Prime Minister
Hikmet CETIN (since 27 March 1995)
National Security Council:
advisory body to the President and the Cabinet
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on nomination of the prime
minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Grand National Assembly of Turkey:
(Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi) elections last held 20 October 1991 (next to
be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP
16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP
178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5
note:
seats held by various parties are subject to change due to defections,
creation of new parties, and ouster or death of sitting deputies; present
seats by party are as follows: DYP 183, ANAP 97, RP 38, CHP 65, MHP 17, BBP
7, DSP 10, YP 3, MP 2, independents 6, vacant 22
Government
Judicial branch:
Court of Cassation
Political parties and leaders:
True Path Party (DYP), Tansu CILLER; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ;
Welfare Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent
ECEVIT; Nationalist Action Party (MHP - members also regroup under the name
of National Labor Party or MCP), Alparslan TURKES; Socialist Unity Party
(SBP), Sadun AREN; New Party (YP), Yusuf Bozkurt OZAL; Republican People's
Party (CHP), Hikmet CETIN; note - Social Democrat Populist Party (SHP) has
merged with CHP; Workers Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; Nation Party (MP), Aykut
EDIBALI; Democrat Party (DP), Aydin MENDERES; Grand Unity Party (BBP),
Muhsin YAZICIOGLU; Rebirth Party (YDP), Hasan Celal GUZEL; People's
Democracy Party (HADEP), Murat BOZLAK; Main Path Party (ANAYOL), Gurcan
BASER; Democratic Target Party (DHP), Abdulkadir Yasar TURK; Liberal Party
(LP), Besim TIBUK; New Democracy Movement (YDH), Cem BOYNER; Democracy and
Change Party (DDP), Ibrahim AKSOY
Other political or pressure groups:
Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Bayram MERAL; Confederation of
Revolutionary Workers Unions (DISK), Ridvan BUDAK; Moral Rights Workers
Union (HAK-IS), Negati CECIK; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's
Association (TUSIAD), Halis KOMILI; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce
and Commodity Exchanges (TOBB), Yalim EREZ; Turkish Confederation of
Employers' Unions (TISK), Refik BAYDUR
Member of:
AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC,
NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
UNRWA, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR
chancery:
1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
[1] (202) 659-8200
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Marc GROSSMAN
embassy:
110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
mailing address:
PSC 93, Box 5000, Ankara; APO AE 09823
telephone:
[90] (312) 468-6110 through 6128
FAX:
[90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general:
Istanbul
consulate(s):
Adana
Flag:
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist
side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
Economy
Overview:
In early 1995, after an impressive economic performance through most of the
1980s, Turkey continues to suffer through its most damaging economic crisis
in the last 15 years. Sparked by the downgrading in January 1994 of Turkey's
international credit rating by two US credit rating agencies, the crisis
stems from years of loose fiscal and monetary policies that had exacerbated
inflation and allowed the public debt, money supply, and current account
deficit to explode. In April 1994, Prime Minister CILLER introduced an
austerity package aimed at restoring domestic and international confidence
in her fragile coalition government. Three months later the IMF endorsed the
program, paving the way for a $740 million IMF standby loan. Although the
economy showed signs of improvement following the stabilization measures,
CILLER has been unable to overcome the political obstacles to tough
structural reforms necessary for sustained, longer-term growth. As a
consequence, the economy is suffering the worst of both worlds: at the end
of 1994, inflation hit a record 126% (annual rate), and real GDP dropped an
estimated 5% for the year as a whole, the worst decline in Turkey's post-war
history. At the same time, the government missed key 1994 targets stipulated
in the IMF agreement: the budget deficit is estimated to have overshot the
government's goal by 47%; the total public sector borrowing requirement
likely reached 10%-12% of GDP, rather than 8.5% called for in the program;
and the Turkish lira's value fell 5% to 7% more than expected. The
unprecedented effort by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) to raise the
economic costs of its insurgency against the Turkish state is adding to
Turkey's economic problems. Attacks against tourists have jeopardized
tourist revenues, which account for about 3% of GDP, while economic activity
in southeastern Turkey, where most of the violence occurs, has dropped
considerably. Turkish officials are now negotiating a new letter of intent
with the IMF that will stipulate more realistic macroeconomic goals for 1995
and allow the release of remaining funds of the standby agreement.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power parity - $305.2 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate:
-5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,910 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
106% (1994)
Unemployment rate:
12.6% (1994)
Budget:
revenues:
$28.3 billion
expenditures:
$33.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.2 billion (1995)
Exports:
$15.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
manufactured products 72%, foodstuffs 23%, mining products 4% (1993)
partners:
Germany 24%, Russia 7%, US 7%, UK 6% (1993)
Imports:
$27.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
manufactured products 71%, fuels 14%, foodstuffs 6% (1993)
partners:
Germany 15%, US 11%, Italy 9%, Russia 8% (1993)
External debt:
$66.6 billion (1994)
Economy
Industrial production:
growth rate 6.7% (1993); accounts for 26% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
18,710,000 kW
production:
71 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
1,079 kWh (1993)
Industries:
textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel,
petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Agriculture:
accounts for 16% of GDP; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar
beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in
food most years
Illicit drugs:
major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe
and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other
international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul;
laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote
regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict
controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy
straw concentrate
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5
billion
note:
aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion;
aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion
Currency:
1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
Exchange rates:
Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 37,444.1 (December 1994), 29,608.7 (1994),
10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Transportation
Railroads:
total:
10,413 km
standard gauge:
10,413 km 1.435-m gauge (1,033 km electrified)
Highways:
total:
320,611 km
paved:
29,915 km (including 862 km of expressways)
unpaved:
290,696 km (1992)
Inland waterways:
about 1,200 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km
Ports:
Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit, Mersin, Samsun, Trabzon
Merchant marine:
total:
423 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,014,004 GRT/8,695,636 DWT
ships by type:
bulk 113, cargo 203, chemical tanker 14, combination bulk 7, combination
ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 4, livestock carrier 1, oil
tanker 46, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo
9, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 2
Airports:
total:
116
with paved runways over 3,047 m:
16
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
20
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
12
with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
21
with paved runways under 914 m:
34
with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
11
Communications
Telephone system:
3,400,000 telephones; fair domestic and international systems
local:
NA
intercity:
trunk radio relay microwave network; limited open wire network
international:
2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 EUTELSAT earth station; 1 submarine cable
Radio:
broadcast stations:
AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0
radios:
NA
Television:
broadcast stations:
357
televisions:
NA
Defense Forces
Branches:
Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast
Guard, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 16,519,152; males fit for military service 10,067,089; males
reach military age (20) annually 625,476 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, 4.1% of GDP (1993); note - figures
do not include about $7 billion for the government's counterinsurgency
efforts against the separatist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
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The printed version of this item can be found under the title:
The World Factbook 1995,
SuDoc No: PREX 3.15:995
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