Description/Samples/Epidemiologic Evidence

OTHER DOMAINS FOR CONSIDERATION

LONELINESS

De-Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale (De-Jong et al., 1985)

5 positive items assessing feelings of belonging & 6 negative items applying to aspects of missing relationships; has been used in several surveys.

o Penninx et al. (1997). Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Loneliness, measured by de-Jong Gierveld scale, was associated with increased mortality in 8 yr follow-up.

Loneliness has been relatively neglected in epidemiologic research.

INTERPERSONAL TRUST.

Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale (Rotter, 1967)

o Barefoot JC et al. (1998). Interpersonal Trust was evaluated as a predictor of psychological well-being, functional health, & mortality in a sample of 100 men & women aged 55-80 at baseline, followed for 8-14 years.

VITALITY & VIGOR
o Appels & Mulder (1988). Vital exhaustion & CHD.

HAPPINESS
Measure: Affect Balance Scale

HARDINESS
Findings with respect to hard health outcomes tend to be weak.

RESILIENCY

PURPOSE IN LIFE

LIFE SATISFACTION

COPING STRATEGIES
Measure: Ways of Coping, Revised