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00.056.0.06.001. Apple stem grooving virus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.056.0.06.001. Apple stem grooving virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: the United States of America.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Malus sylvestris cv. Virginia Crab.

Natural host and symptoms
Malus sylvestris cv. Virginia Crab — stem grooves, abnormal graft union. Comments on host and host range: Reported to infect about 20 species, usually symptomless, in 9 dicotyledonous families: Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae.

Reference to Isolation Report
Lister et al. (1965, de Sequeira (1965 and 1967, Waterworth and Gilmer (1969).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.056.0.06.001. Virus accession number: 56006001. Obsolete virus code: 00.013.0.01.001.; 00.013.0.01.001.; 13.0.1.0.001; superceded accession number: 13001001; 13010001.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 28347.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): Virginia Crab stem grooving virus, Chenopodium dark green epinasty virus, Brown line disease virus. ICTV approved acronym: ASGV. Virus is the type species. Virus is of the genus 00.056.0.06. Capillovirus in the family 00.056. Flexiviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid/nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry. The capsid is filamentous, flexuous; is cross-banded, is longitudinally striated, and is obliquely striated with a crisscrossed appearance, or has rope-like features (upon uranyl acetate staining) with a length of 600-700 nm and a width of 12 nm. Axial canal is indistinct. Basic helix is obvious. Pitch of helix is 3.4-3.7 nm (Lister and Bar-Joseph, 1981).

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Best stained with UA or UF; breakage occurs in PTA (Lister et al., 1965; de Sequeira and Lister 1969b). Reference for electron microscopic methods: Lister et al. (1965, de Sequeira and Lister (1969, Lister (1970).

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

There are 1 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 112 S20w. Isoelectric point pH is 4.3 (ionic strength of 0.1). The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 60-63°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 2 days. Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 4.

Nucleic Acid

The genome is monopartite. Only one particle size of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA is recovered. The complete genome is 6500 nucleotides long. The 3'-terminus has a poly (A) tract.

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s) located in the capsid.

Structural Proteins: Capsid protein has a molecular mass of 27000 Da.

Non-Structural Proteins: Virus-coded non-structural proteins have been isolated and 2 non-structural protein(s) are found.

Lipids

Lipids are not reported.

Antigenicity

The virus is serologically related to potato virus T (Salazar and Harrison, 1977; 1978). The virus does not show serological relationships to apple chlorotic leaf spot (Lister et al., 1965; de Sequeira, 1967). In cross-protection experiments in Virginia Crab apple the virus seemed to be unrelated to apple stem grooving virus (de Sequeira and Cropley, 1968).

Diagnostics and Reference Collections

The best tests for diagnosis are this virus is not transmitted to Solanum tuberosum, like potato virus T (Salazar and Harrison, 1978), nor to Nicotiana glutinosa like apple chlorotic leaf spot virus. Symptoms in Chenopodium quinoa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Russian apple R-12740-7A and Virginia Crab distinguish apple chlorotic leaf spot and apple stem grooving viruses (de Sequeira and Cropley, 1968; de Sequeira and Posnette, 1967). Chenopodium quinoa is best for isolating this virus because other apple viruses such as tobacco mosaic and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus replicates poorly in that species and their local lesions develop 2-3 days later. When both viruses are present, symptoms are much more severe.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)
Subclass ROSIDAE; Order Rosales;
Family Rosaceae. Virus found in Malus sylvestris.

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms in Virginia Crab apple persist.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is not transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation (from apple, especially in spring, by inoculating extracts from buds, young leaves or petals ground in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7-8. Additives such as 2% (w/v) nicotine base or 2% (w/v) PVP or hide powder help but are not essential, transmitted by grafting; transmitted by seeds (in Chenopodium quinoa).

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in several families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, or Chenopodiaceae, Chenopodium quinoa, or Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, or Lamiaceae, Malus sylvestris, Nicotiana glutinosa, Phaseolus vulgaris, or Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae.

Host:
Experimentally infected hosts mainly show symptoms of chlorotic or necrotic local lesions, systemic mosaics or necrosis.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Malus sylvestris cv. Virginia Crab — grooves in the wood. Strain 'E-36' causes graft union to be brown, fragile, swollen and sunken areas on the stem.

Chenopodium quinoa — etched necrotic local lesions, systemic chlorotic rings and mottle, tip malformed; some isolates induce epinasty.

Nicotiana glutinosa — systemic yellow mosaic, line patterns.

Phaseolus vulgaris — purple brown spots, chlorotic local lesions, systemic necrosis.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Chenopodium quinoa — for propagation. Nicotiana glutinosa, Phaseolus vulgaris — for maintaining cultures.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Chenopodium quinoa (L), Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto (L).

References to host data: Lister et al. (1965, de Sequeira (1967, Waterworth and Gilmer (1969, Lister et al. (1967, de Sequeira and Cropley (1968, de Sequeira and Posnette (1969, de Sequeira and Lister (1969b, Barnett and Murant (1971).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in cambium, probably.

Geographical Distribution

The virus is probably distributed worldwide. The virus occurs in Australia, China, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand (Aotearoa), Portugal, and the United Kingdom (probably occurs wherever apple trees are cultivated).

Ecology, Epidemiology and Control

Studies reported by Mink and Shay (1962). The disease has been eliminated from some apple scions by heat therapy (30 days at 36°C; de Sequeira and Posnette, 1969).

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Apple latent virus Type 2 isolate C-431 (Lister et al., 1965, E-36.

References

Bar-Joseph, M., Garnsey, SM and Gonsalves, D. (1979). Adv. Virus Res. 25: 93.

de Sequeira, O.A. (1965). Zast. Bilja 16: 247.

de Sequeira, O.A. (1967). Ann. appl. Biol. 60: 59.

de Sequeira, O.A. and Cropley, R. (1968). TagBer. dt. Akad. Landw. Berlin 97: 35.

de Sequeira, O.A. and Lister, RM (1969a). Phytopathology 59: 572.

de Sequeira, O.A. and Lister, RM (1969b). Phytopathology 59: 1740.

de Sequeira, O.A. and Posnette, AF (1969). Commonw. Bur. Hort. Pl. Crops. Tech. Commun. No. 30, Suppl. 2/3/4, 76a.

Hull, R., Brown, F. and Payne, C. (1989). Directory and Dictionary of Animal, Bacterial and Plant Viruses, p. 76. MacMillan Reference Books, London.

Lister, RM (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 31, 4 pp.

Lister, RM, Bancroft, J.B. and Nadakavukaren, M.J. (1965). Phytopathology 55: 859.

Lister, RM, Bancroft, J.B. and Shay, J.R. (1967). Phytopathology 57: 819.

Lister, RM and Bar-Joseph, M. (1981). Closteroviruses. In: Handbook of Plant Virus Infections and Comparative Diagnosis, p. 809; ed. E. Kurstak. Elsevier/North- Holland, Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.

Ohki, S.T., Yoshikawa, N., Inouye, N. and Inouye, T. (1989). Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 55: 245.

Waterworth, H.E. and Gilmer, RM (1969). Phytopathology 59: 334

Yoshikawa, N., Takahashi, T. (1988). J. gen. Virol. 69: 241.

Yoshikawa, N. and Takahashi, T. (1992). J. gen. Virol. 73: 1313.

Yoshikawa, N. Sasaki, E., Kato, M. and Takahashi, T. (1992). Virology 191: 98.

The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 26 by R.M. Lister, 1986. A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 376.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

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