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Your search term(s) "prostatitis" returned 76 results.

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Urinary Tract Infections. In: Weiss, R.M.; George, N.JR.; O'Reilly, P.H. Comprehensive Urology. Orlando, FL: Mosby, Inc. 2001. p. 295-311.

Fundamentally important to the clinical and scientific practice of urology is an understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This chapter on UTIs is from a comprehensive urology textbook. The authors note that even simple UTIs may become life-threatening in the presence of complicating factors. It is vital to evaluate correctly, diagnose, and treat patients who are at higher risk for severe sequelae because of an underlying functional or anatomic disorder. Conversely, it is desirable to minimize evaluation and treatment for patients with uncomplicated UTIs when not necessary, in order to reduce morbidity and risk of serious sequelae. The authors offer a set of definitions and then discuss pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment of lower tract infection, treatment of upper tract infection, prostatitis, epididymo-orchitis, and Fournier's gangrene. The chapter is illustrated with full-color drawings and photographs. 21 figures. 124 references.

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Suspected Kidney Disease: Putting Urinalysis Clues into Context, Part 2. Consultant. 41(12): 1829-1830, 1833-1834, 1836. December 2001.

This article, the second in a series on diagnosing suspected kidney disease, explains how urinalysis clues may be used to help the diagnosis. In evaluating a patient with acute oliguria (lack of urination), the physician must first determine whether the cause is postrenal, prerenal, or renal (kidney). Ultrasonography can rule out obstruction; minimal or no proteinuria (protein present in the urine) excludes glomerular (the filtering units of the kidney) involvement. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) may be present in a patient who has the classic triad of acute renal failure, fever, and rash. Drugs that can cause AIN include penicillins, cephalosporins, NSAIDs (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs), diuretics, H2 blocking agents, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and allopurinol; NSAIDs are the most common culprits. In patients with AIN, urinalysis may show microscopic hematuria (blood in the urine), white blood cell casts (sterile pyuria), non nephrotic range proteinuria, or eosinophils. However, eosinophiluria can occur in other inflammatory processes, including prostatitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, cholesterol emboli, and, on occasion, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. In patients with nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), crystals in the urine suggest the predominant stone composition, which can be confirmed by stone opacity (assessed by x ray), urine pH, family history, and stone anatomy. The authors use three case studies to illustrate these concepts. 7 figures. 1 table. 6 references.

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Urinary Tract Infections in Adults. In: Landau, L.; Kogan, B.A. 20 Common Problems in Urology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. p. 63-76.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) continue to occupy a large proportion of the primary care clinician's practice. Primary care clinicians must maintain an interest in UTI, must understand the mechanisms that result in such infection, and need to develop a rational, therapeutic strategy that incorporates the most up to date evidence-based information available to them. This chapter on UTIs in adults is from a text on common problems in urology (written for the primary care provider). The author first offers a practical classification system for UTIs to use in general practice; this system simply divides UTIs into two categories: simple and complicated. This categorization of UTIs into uncomplicated and complicated allows the physician to develop a rational diagnostic treatment algorithm that is useful in clinical practice. The author then discusses uncomplicated UTI (simple cystitis or bladder infection, recurrent simple cystitis, and acute nonobstructive pyelonephritis, kidney infection), and complicated UTI, including acute infections, catheter-associated UTI, urinary stones (urolithiasis), pregnancy, UTI in the elderly, and prostatitis. The author covers three types of prostatitis: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis, and prostatodynia. A patient evaluation algorithm is also provided. The presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of simple cystitis are relatively simple and consistent. The patient is started on a short course of a first line antibiotic. It appears from the literature that 3 days of treatment is superior to single dose therapy, and in the particular case of simple cystitis, longer therapy may offer no further advantages. The antibiotics of choice for simple cystitis include the fluoroquinolones, trimethroprimsulfmathoxazole (or trimethroprim alone), or nitrofurantoin. The dose, adverse effects, and potential drug interactions should be familiar to all clinicians; regimes for uncomplicated UTIs are summarized in a table. 3 figures. 6 tables. 15 references.

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Urinary Tract Infections. Family Urology. 6(2): 22-24. June 2001.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common; however, in most cases these infections are easy to cure, as long as the patient follows the doctor's advice. This article is designed to answer patient questions about UTIs, what they are, what causes them, how they are treated, what patients can do to get the most benefit from the recommended treatment, and how to prevent future infections. Bacteria may get into the urinary tract and the urine; when this happens, the bacteria cause infection and inflammation of the bladder (cystitis). Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) can occur when the bacteria travel up to the kidneys; this is much less common but often more serious than bladder infections. Symptoms of a UTI can include abdominal pain, feeling of urgency to urinate, urinary incontinence, urine with an unpleasant odor or cloudy appearance, and fever or chills. Diagnosis is accomplished by urinalysis, including examining samples of urine under a microscope. UTIs are usually treated with oral antibiotics; the daily treatment schedule depends on the specific drug prescribed. Patients are cautioned not to stop treatment prematurely; unless UTIs are fully treated, they frequently return. Risk factors for UTIs include having certain systemic disease (such as diabetes) or an abnormal urinary system, recent catheterization, female gender, and sexual contact. The symptoms of a UTI may resemble those of other urinary tract diseases, including prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, or urinary stones (calculi). For patients with chronic UTI or those in whom no infection can be found, referral to a urologist may be necessary.

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Spinal Cord Injury and Infertility. In: Jequier, A.M. Male Infertility: A Guide for the Clinician. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2000. p. 226-237.

There are many problems in spinal cord injury that will affect many systems in the body, but particularly severe is the effect that it has on the urological and reproductive tracts. This chapter on spinal cord injury and infertility is from a textbook on male infertility. Topics include the causation of the disorders in erection and ejaculation in men with spinal cord injury; damage to the autonomic nervous system in the absence of spinal cord injury; lumbar plexus neuropraxia; urological problems in spinal cord injury, including bladder atony, the reflex bladder, detrusor dyssynergia, urinary tract infection, calculi, prostatitis, and epididymitis; autonomic hyperreflexia; the management of the sexual dysfunction in men with spinal cord injury; management of ejaculatory failure in men with spinal injury; and assisted conception in the treatment of infertility in men with spinal injury. 1 figure. 18 references.

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Urinary Tract Infections. In: Schena, F.P., ed. Nephrology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. p. 283-291.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent more than 50,000 diagnoses per million people per year and more than 2 percent of the activity of general practitioners (in Europe). This chapter on UTIs is from a book on nephrology (the study of the kidney and kidney diseases) designed for general practitioners and family care providers that offers strategies for the management of patients with renal (kidney) damage. Diagnosis of UTI is based on the presence of a significant number of bacteria and leukocytes (white blood cells) in a midstream urine analysis. A clear distinction should be make between cystitis (bladder infection) in the female, which is a superficial mucosal inflammation, and infection of a full organ, that is pyelonephritis (kidney infection) in either gender, and prostatitis (inflammation or infection of the prostate) in the male. The uropathogenicity (ability to cause urinary tract disease) of urinary bacteria plays a major role when pyelonephritis occurs in an anatomically sound urinary tract. Imaging tests should be limited in simple pyelonephritis in the female and extensive in the male and in children, in whom a urologic (anatomical, usually) cause is often responsible for UTI. Treatment is limited to 4 day monotherapy in female cystitis (European guidelines). Protracted, combined therapy with adapted antimicrobial agents is mandatory in full organ involvement and in patients with compromised immune systems. The chapter includes a brief discussion of special situations, including pyelonephritis in pregnancy, in people with diabetes, in older patients, and in patients with long term indwelling urinary catheters. 3 tables. 15 references.

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Bacterial Infections of the Genitourinary Tract. In: Tanagho, E.A. and McAninch, J.W., eds. Smith's General Urology. Fifteenth Edition. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2000. p. 237-264.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by pathogenic bacteria are a significant source of morbidity (illness or disease) and mortality (death) in modern medicine, despite the widespread use of antibiotics. This chapter on bacterial infections of the genitourinary tract is from a textbook that offers a practical and concise guide to the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of urologic diseases. The authors note that although most cases are susceptible to a variety of antibiotic agents and respond quickly to short term therapy, fulminant infections with resistant organisms are difficult to treat and require a multimodal therapeutic approach. Progress in the management of bacterial UTIs has come about with the development of new antibiotic agents that have excellent activity against the usual uropathogens while simultaneously having fewer adverse effects on the patients. The authors stress that, fortunately, the organisms responsible for UTIs are still quite predictable. They discuss classification of UTIs; pathogenesis of UTIs, including host susceptibility and bacterial virulence; diagnosis; antibiotic agents; antibiotic prophylaxis (preventive therapy) for endourologic procedures; kidney infections, including acute pyelonephritis, emphysematous pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, renal abscess, perinephric abscess, pyonephrosis and infected hydronephrosis, and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis; genitourinary malacoplakia; bladder infections; bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) in pregnancy; prostatitis; and epididymitis. 6 figures. 7 tables. 156 references.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis: A Systemic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 133(5): 367-381. September 5, 2000.

The optimal management of chronic abacterial prostatitis (prostate inflammation not due to a bacterium) is not known. This article reports on a literature review undertaken to assess whether there are accurate, reliable tests available to diagnose chronic abacterial prostatitis and whether there are effective therapies available to treat the condition. For each selected article, two investigators independently extracted key data on study design, patient characteristics, diagnostic test or treatment characteristics, and outcomes. The study included 19 diagnostic test articles and 14 treatment trials. The disparity among studies in design, interventions, and other factors precluded quantitative analysis or pooling of the findings. Diagnostic test articles included 1,384 men (mean age, 33 to 67 years) and evaluated infection; inflammation, immunology, and biochemistry; psychological factors; and ultrasonography. Treatment trials included 570 men (mean age, 38 to 45 years) and evaluated medications used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), anti inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, thermotherapy, and miscellaneous medications. The authors conclude that there is no gold standard diagnostic test for chronic abacterial prostatitis, and that the methodologic quality of available studies of diagnostic tests is low. The few treatment trials are methodologically weak and involved small samples. The routine use of antibiotics and alpha blockers to treat chronic abacterial prostatitis is not supported by the existing evidence. 1 figure. 3 tables. 89 references.

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Health Issues in Men: Part I. Common Genitourinary Disorders. American Family Physician. 61(12): 3657-3664. June 15, 2000.

This article reviews common genitourinary health issues that arise in the care of male patients including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urogenital cancers, premature ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction (ED, formerly called impotence). Bacterial infections are responsible for only 5 to 10 percent of prostatitis cases. BPH is present in 90 percent of men by the age of 85. Common urogenital cancers include prostate cancer, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and testicular cancer. Although an estimated 10 percent of men eventually develop prostate cancer, screening for this malignancy is one of the most controversial areas of health prevention. Premature ejaculation occurs in as many as 40 percent of men. Treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, counseling, or behavioral therapy may be helpful. ED affects up to 30 percent of men between 40 and 70 years of age. Stepped therapy is a useful approach to this common disorder. Good treatment results for ED have been obtained with orally administered sildenafil and intraurethrally administered alprostadil. 1 figure. 4 tables. 20 references.

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Helping Patients Cope with Chronic Prostatitis. Patient Care. 34(8): 22-32. April 30, 2000.

This article describes a new classification system for prostatitis (prostate infection) that can help focus treatment for patients with chronic symptoms. While many patients respond well to treatment for prostatitis, the overall cure rate is low and relapse and recurrence are common. The new diagnostic system, developed in 1995 and endorsed in 1998, has 4 numbered categories and strives to be more descriptive than its predecessor. Category I, acute bacterial prostatitis, and category II, chronic bacterial prostatitis, are defined as they have always been. An important change is evident in category III, designed as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), which encompasses about 90 percent of patients. A new group, category IV, includes patients with asymptomatic prostatitis. Diagnosis begins with a focused history and a physical; the physical assessment should be concentrated on the abdomen, external genitalia, perineum, pelvic area, and the prostate gland. Treatment for patients in category I is straightforward, usually beginning with a short hospital stay. The oral fluoroquinolones are excellent choices for patients with category II prostatitis. Trimethoprim or trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole may be useful. Therapies used in the treatment of patients with inflammatory CPPS include a trial course, of antibiotics, prostatic massage, NSAIDs, alpha 1 adrenergic blockers, and supportive measures. A patient care algorithm (flowchart) is included. 2 figures. 2 tables. 14 references.

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