Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Harold A. Kantrud Publication_Date: 1996 Title: The Alkali (Scirpus maritimus L.) and Saltmarsh (S. robustus Pursh) Bulrushes: A Literature Review Edition: Version 16JUL97 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: bibliography Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Jamestown, North Dakota Publisher: National Biological Service (now known as the U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center) Other_Citation_Details: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page Online_Linkage: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/bulrush/bulrush.htm Description: Abstract: Alkali (Scirpus maritimus L.) and saltmarsh (S. robustus Pursh) bulrushes are closely related, emergent hydrophytes that are important as foods of waterfowl and other wildlife. Water depth, water level fluctuations, exposure, sediment and water salinity, and shading by taller emergents strongly affect growth and reproduction. Important management problems are inconsistent achene germination, difficulties with maintenance and timing of water level and salinity cycles, and acidification of sediments. Other serious problems are competition from other hydrophytes and the largely unpredictable effects of grazing, burning, tilling, and other land use practices. Recent management efforts have focused on thinning stands of the two bulrushes or intermixing them with stands of shorter emergents and submersed plants in order to increase the variety of food plants available to waterfowl and other birds. Information needed for more effective management includes the optimum size and vegetation interspersion of treated areas, treatment response, and the combined effects of natural disturbances such as grazing and burning. Control of a few salt-tolerant plants requires closure of some impoundments to the open sea for long periods. Such closures are of concern to fisheries managers, especially in areas where coastal marshes are disappearing. Conversely, in other managed wetlands, freshwater diverted from rivers pushes estuarine water seaward, making it difficult to obtain waters of sufficient salinity to control undesirable freshwater plants. Research and conservation thus need to be combined in many areas to improve management of these bulrushes. Purpose: Despite their importance to wildlife, the author found no published life histories of Scirpus maritimus and S. robustus. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 199609 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Description_of_Geographic_Extent: Scirpus maritimus L. and S. robustus Pursh belong to a small, worldwide group of the family Cyperaceae, in North America often called the "tuberous bulrushes". Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -170 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -50 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 80 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 10 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: emergent hydrophytes Theme_Keyword: autoecology Theme_Keyword: management Theme_Keyword: sedges Theme_Keyword: taxonomy Theme_Keyword: wetlands Theme_Keyword: wildlife Theme_Keyword: bulrush Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: North America Taxonomy: Keywords/Taxon: Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Taxonomic_Keywords: Scirpus robustus Taxonomic_Keywords: Scirpus maritimus Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom Taxon_Rank_Value: Plantae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Subkingdom Taxon_Rank_Value: Tracheobionta Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Division Taxon_Rank_Value: Magnoliophyta Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Class Taxon_Rank_Value: Liliopsida Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Subclass Taxon_Rank_Value: Commelinidae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Order Taxon_Rank_Value: Cyperales Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Cyperaceae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Schoenoplectus Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Species Taxon_Rank_Value: Schoenoplectus maritimus Applicable_Common_Name: sturdy bulrush Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Species Taxon_Rank_Value: Schoenoplectus robustus Applicable_Common_Name: sturdy bulrush Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Harold Kantrud Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 8711 37 St. SE City: Jamestown State_or_Province: North Dakota Postal_Code: 58401-7317 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (701)-253-5500 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (701)-253-5553 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: harold_kantrud@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: Contact Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center in order to leave a message for Harold Kantrud who retired in 1997. Data_Set_Credit: I thank E. J. Kantrud, who translated several French and German references, and D. L. Larson, G. E. Larson, J. T. Lokemoen, D. M. Mushet, and A. B. Sargeant, who reviewed the manuscript; M. C. Hager for editorial services; and S. Lauritzen for the layout. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Harold A. Kantrud Publication_Date: 1996 Title: The alkali (Scirpus maritimus L.) and saltmarsh (S. Robustus Pursh) bulrushes: A literature review. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: Information and Technology Report Issue_Identification: 6 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Jamestown, North Dakota Publisher: National Biological Service (now U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Other_Citation_Details: 77 pages Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable Completeness_Report: The literature review is a synthesis of life histories and management assessment of alkali and saltmarsh bulrushes. The information is mostly from reports written in English, from reports with English summaries, and from some foreign material. The author did not reference the simple occurrence of either bulrush in various wetlands worldwide or early taxonomic and genetic studies. Lineage: Methodology: Methodology_Type: literature review Methodology_Identifier: Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Methodology_Keyword: literature review Methodology_Description: The author created a literature review of the life histories and management assessment of Alkali and Saltmarsh Bulrushes by looking at reports written in English, at reports with English summaries and some foreign material. Methodology: Methodology_Type: literature review Methodology_Identifier: Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Methodology_Keyword: interviews with wetland managers Methodology_Description: The author interviewed many wetland managers in the United States who are familiar with Scirpus maritimus and S. robustus. The importance of the two bulrushes for wildlife was recognized by most managers, and they were confident of their ability to establish and maintain stands of these plants on the lands they manage. However, many of the management techniques currently in use involve costly trial-and-error methods. To help reduce the inefficiency of such methods, managers need information to account for the variability of their observed results. Process_Step: Process_Description: The author focused on English documents, and articles with abstracts in English. Process_Date: unknown Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Based on local reference names. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Entity - Alkali and Saltmarsh Bulrushes; Associated attributes - life histories and management assessment Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Tom Sklebar Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 8711 37th Street, S.E. City: Jamestown State_or_Province: North Dakota Postal_Code: 58401 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 701-253-5500, 701-253-5554 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 701-253-5553 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tom_sklebar@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from a U.S. Geological Survey server, and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20020131 Metadata_Future_Review_Date: 20030131 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Cheryl Solomon Contact_Organization: Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Contact_Position: Metadata specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 10210 Greenbelt Road, Suite 500 City: Lanham State_or_Province: Maryland Postal_Code: 20706 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301 867-2080 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-867-2149. Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: solomon@gcmd.nasa.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none Metadata_Use_Constraints: none