JANUARY, 1921. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 29
WISCONSIN BEGINS SNOW SURVEY.
[Beprlnted from Engineering News-Record, New York, Jan. 27,1831, p. 1si.l
On selected main highwa s in Wisconsin records are
the wind; of drift formation, loca-
Reports
being kept this winter of t x e character and estent of
tion, and magnitu B e, and all similar facts in connection snow movement b
with the accumulation of snow on these roads.
ZONAL VARIATION OF THE YEARLY .MARCH OF AIR
.TEMPERATURE.I
By F. R. VON MARILAUN.
[Reprinted from Science Abstracts, Der., 1920,s 199.1
The mean monthly teniperature of zones each com- prising 10’ of latitude, as given by Hopfner (Petermanil’s -
1 A W . Wb, Vienna, vol. 128, ’&a, 191!4, pp. 145-174.
geogr. Mitt. 58, 1906), are analyzed b obtaining the first three terms of Bessel’s formula, t%is number giv- ing sufficient approximation. Combining these terms, the times of maximum and minimum temperature for each zone are tabulated, tooether with the percentage of sea cover in each zone, thusknging into prominence the tendenc for rester lag with greater sea cover. The in-
cover is similarly eshibited and the relation is ap roxi-
In the second paper the assumption often made that with a water hemisphere the zonal temperature decreases as cos 9, and with a land hemisphere as cosz 4 is tested for such zonal temperatures partly em irical, partly theoretical, given by various authors. Tiis rate of de- crease is not found in any case. For a water hemisphere
a good fit is obtained by using the expression cosm 4, m
being a function of 4, not the same for all the au- thors. The form of m. is, however, a-6 cos 4 in three out of the seven cases esamined, a being near 2 and b near 1. This indicates a decrease proportional to cos Q
at the equator and to cos3 4 at the . For a land
but only with three authors out of five does rn indicate a reater rate of decrease than with a water hemisphere.-
crease o P f year y range of temperature with increased land
mately linear if the range be divided by the latitu 8 e.
hemisphere the expression cosrn 9 is aP0le so found suitable,
A f A. G.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE WEATHER BUREAU LI-
BRARY.
0. FITZEUQH TALMAN, Pmfeasor in Charge of Library.
The following have been selected from among the titles of books recently received as representing those most likely to be useful to Weather Bureau officials in their meteorological work and studies:
Illt.ni, Guido. Riflesioni sul terr6moto del A1 i A uane (7 settembre 19300). Milan. 1920. 20 24) cm. (h b b f . dell’Oeaervatmiu Simen- iano dei PP. Scofipi, Firenze. Num. 127.)
Batavia. IC. magnet is+^ en meteorologisch observatorium. Maand- en jssrgemiddelden van den regenval voor 1977 war- nem- ingeplaataen in Nederlandsch-Indie . . . 1879-1917. Welkvre- den. 1920. 167p. 27cm.
C h t e and weather of the Philippines, 1903-1918. Manila. 1920. 195p. 23cm.
Meteomlogmhe Erfahrungen im. Kriege. Wien. 1918. 34 p. 18) cm. (V0-e des Vereines zur Verhreitung naturw. Kenntnisee in Wien. 58. Jahrg. 9. Heft.)
Berlin. l9aO. 59 27 em. (Einzelausgabe aus den Abh. der Preuea. Akad. &r Wkaensch. Jahrg. 1930. Plip.-iiiath. Klaase, Nr. 1.)
Daa &ma der Sommermonate in Norddeutschland. Berlin. n d] p. 177555. 28 cm. (Sonderah. Veriiffentlichungen der Len tralstelle fur Balneologie, Band 3, Heft 7-10.)
Comqs, Jod.
E m , P& M.. v.
He-, G[ustav . Bat*e zur J rfindungsgeschichte meteorologiache Instrumente.
g.BBiler, c arl].
l a d d i e , Alesander. Records of night cloudiness for aatrnnoniers. [n. p.] 1920. 7 p. Re nnted from Publications of the Astronomical mciety Jaciic, no. 190.) [Urges widespread use of pule-star r e e O r d e l a .1
BIassarini, Igillia. I ventia Rome. Rome. 1918. 13, 68 34cm. (Se itoalla Memoria i inserita nedi A w I i del R. bfficio centrde %meten- d o g & e geodinamicc vol. 27, pt. 1.)
Navarro Neumann, Manuel 1. a S. Sobre una f6rmula para calcular la temperatura media de una lwalidad, en funci6n de su latitud y de su altum sobre el niyd del mar. Barcelona. 1930. p. 305-309. 29) cm. (MemonM de la R. Academia de cienclas y artea de Barcelona. Terc. e p a . V d . 16, no. 5.)
Quervain, Alfred de, & Mereanton, P.-L. E ebllisse der Schweizerischen Gr6nlandexpedition 1912-1913. ?eil 1-4. Zurich. 1920. 20,403 30 cm. (Denkechriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenxen Geaellschaft. Bd. 53.)
Relation of plant succession to crop production. Columbus. 1981. 74 p. 2.5 CLU. (Ohiu state univ. bull., vol. 25, no. 9. Contrib. in botany, no. 117.) [Includes discussion of climatic factors.] ,
West, Frank L. & Edlefsen, N. E..
Waller, Adolph E.
Freezing of fruit buds. Washington. 1921. p. 65-82. 25 cm. [Excerpted from Journal of agricultural research, vol. 20, no 8. Jan. 15,1921.1 [Abstract, pp. 21-22, above.]
RECENT PAPERS BEARING ON METEOROLOGY AND SEIS-
MOLOGY.
C. F. TALYAN, Professor in Char6.e of Lib-.
The following titles have been aelected from the
contents of the periodicals and aerials recentl received in the Library of the Weather Bureau. s; he titles selected are of papers and other communications bearing on meteorology and cognate branches of science. This 1
not a complete index of all the journals from which it has been compiled. It shows only the articles that appear to the compiler likely to be of particular interest in connection with the work of the Weather Bureau.
dkademie dpr F~~ssenschftt?#. Silxungsbenchtc. Tkn. Bd. 128. 1919.
Schweidler, Egon. Beitxiis. zur Kenntnis der atmoapMriRchen ElelitriziOt. Nr. 60. Uber das Gleich wicht zwiwhen ionenerzeugenden und ionenvernkhtenden Yorgiingen in der Atmos hire. 11. Mitteilung. H. 6. p. 947-955. Ficker, geinrich. Vednderlichkeit des Luftdruckes und der Tempentur in RussIand zwischen Eismeer und 37O Nordbmte. H. 9. p. 1301-1341.
80 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
Akadi+e da Wiasenschaften. Siizungsberiehte. W k n . Bd. 138. 1919-
Scheuble, Hugo. Beitrii e zur Kenntnis der atlnos hiiriwhen Elektrizitiit. Nr. 58. h a atmosphliriwhe Potenti&efiille in Trio& mch den Reobachtungen von Juni 1905 bis Juiii 1907. H. 9. p. 1343-1375.
A h h i e der RXssenscimftni. 5itzimgsb~Pichtr. Wieri. Bd. 119.
Zlatarovic, Rely. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der ntnio~ph:~ris14ien Elektrizitiit. Nr. 61. Mcssungpi des Rn-Einiii:~tiiiiis~c.haltes
in der Luft \-on Innsbruck. H. 1. p. 59-6li.
Anmlen der Hydrographir w i d ninritinieii .Uitcor-r,logit*. Bci liii. 49.
Bongards, Hennann. Uber eine Eiiimrliung der Gemiten aut
Contmued.
19.90.
Jahrg. H. 1. 1921.
die Luftbewegung iiber der Emsmiindung. 11.5-1s.
Astronomic. Pa&. 84. aimde. d k ., 1910. Danjon, A., & Rougier, G. Le rayon vert. p. 513-518. Roussel, J. L'enregistrement grnphique des arnges B dirltance.
He hoscope and aviation.
p. 540-544.
piotograph of new IJ. S. d a t h e r Bureau ~iephosyw.]
Aviation and ajwnft burnal. New I"0rk. 11. 10. Jan. 2 j , !9.21.
. 111. [Includes description :%lid
Deutsche Seeu~arte. dm d m drchir. Hmburg. 3. Jnhig. -Vi.. 2
Schumacher, M o l d . Uber hetl-;ichtlir-he Teinpe~~ttii~iiriderun- gen von Tag zu T,v iin Gebiet der deutschen Norrlwekiistc.
1920.
p. 3-40.
Engineering neuw-record. Xeiv Six-k. I ' . 86. 1921.
Snow survey for water ower fmn Spokane river. Forwnsk i i f
run-off fwni snow fiefds will aid eiwiiomic oper.ctioii I J ~ four rlants and conserve water supply. p. 309. (F~li. 3 .)
Bi , George H. Snow reniovnl and drlft prevention I I I I highways. Principles and pravtices of Pennsylvsnis highway depi~rtmr~it developed durinm two years of successful pnow fighting. 1,. 3:N-
232. (Feb. 3.) TSee p. 28, nbove.] Snow surveying for the fmecasting iiE btrewn flow. p. 24i-248. (Feb. 10.)
France: AcadhnQ des scienecs. Coin ptrs rendus. Poiis. T. 172
desnard, Eugsne. ('ontribution B I'histoire des treniblenieiits de
Church, J. E., jr.
S. an., 1921.
terre. p. 79-82.
Franklin institute. Joumol. Phzladelphia. v. 191. Frb., 1 9 1 .
Gcographkal review. h'eiu I."ork. u . 11. Jan., 19.21.
Great Britain. Meleorolo ' a1 oficc. Monthly nrrteorolo~icctl c h 718,
Luckiesh, 1. Apparent form of the sky-vault. p. 25Y-263.
Brooks, C. E. P. Secular variation of rliniate. p. 130-135.
North Atlantic oeeaw. E., 19J1. Howard, A. G. W. Ice in the North Pacific.
Internutiom1 farm congress. I?ar book. Kansas City. 19.3). Drwhond, W. I. Plow does not aflect rsinfnll. p. l(B-li0.
Hintor. New 1%-k. v. 9 . Feb., 1921. Palmer, A. H. Snow, an asset or liability. p. 36-37.
Meteorol&dn Z e i t d t f f t . Bmumchweig. Bd. $7. H: 10. Ott., 193). Cannegie!er, E. G. Bur Vmge der iibrradiabatiwhen Teiirpra turpdienten. . 298-299. &mer, Felix M. &ind und Luftdruck nach Untersuc1iungt.u in England. p. 375-281. [Review of Shaw's "Manual id nieteii:-
Er ebnisse des blou 'nschen Niederuchlagssaninilers
Eellmann G. Welchen Einfluas hat der K r i g 1914/1S auf die
Radalcovic,%. Uber Ableitungen der ablenkenden Kraft der
R ~M S. Temperaturiinderung adiabatisch auf- und absteigender
Schmauss, A. Randbemerkungen VI. p. 292-296.
M e t c o r o b ~c h e Zeitaehrvt. Bmmschweig. Bd. 27. H. 11. Noil.,
E elhordt, Victor. Uber das Eindringen des Budenfrustvs in yen Erdboden. 305-312. Emer, F. 1. Max%;dargules. p. 392-324.
B o n t d , E. Die eommerlichen Konvekti~~nswinde an der kata- lanischen Kiiete. p. 3:5-336.
Hob, Emanuel. Zur Periode der Ostwinde in Mitteleunq~a. p. 326-327. W. Temperatur in tripischen Orkanwirbeln. p. 3'3-
ology."]
&achekim Bayerischen Gald. p. 300-301.
Meteor01 le gehabt? p. 273-375.
Erddmhung. p. 296-297.
L d t . H. 10. Okt., p. 281-292: H. 11. Nov., p. 312-31s.
1920.
=iPP
Xdcorologische Zeitschsvt. Braunsehiueig. Bd. 97. €I. 11. Noz,. ,
Mlrikofer, Walter. Bur Rqistrierung des Schneefalls. p. 330- 19iW--Cont,inued.
<,<,7
331.
Schreiber, Paul. Erdstrahlung. Luftatrahlung und Sonnenatrahl-
1Vrtioiial acwdciiiy of sciencrs. Proceedings. ~Vaehiiqtmi. v. 6. Noli.,
Abbot, Charles G. New nbservatims on thc variability of the sun.
ung. p. 318331.
1920.
p. 674-67s.
Nature. Loitdon. r . luh'. J(7t~. 20, 19.21.
Nnture. Paris. 49. rciinie. 1921.
Harding, Charles. Mild weather. p. 6K3. [See p. 35, below.]
Martin, Paul. Urcisseur des g r h n s dangereux pour les oiseaux.
Nodon, Albert. La pr6visilm du t e m p et l1a4trorni.t6)rull~~ie. p.
p. 9. (s. jan.)
37-33. (15. jan.)
Ph!lsicnl rcrieul. Laneaster, Pa. 11. 17. Feb., 1921: Loeb, Leonard B. FurmatiiIn of iiiJgative i i m in air. p. 89-115.
Poiit(Ecirc rrce17dt~irii~1 roiiimra dri Nitoili Liiiwi. Atti. Roiiia. A i i ~o 75.
Negro, Carlo. Sillla frequenra degli a111ni. Niita IV. p. 65-75.
PoiLt(ticiti vccndeiiiin roliinnn dei niiovi Lincei. Atti. Konin. Aiino 72
Galli, Ignazio. C)~ervaziimi inedite quasi sronusciute di fulmini
Negro, Carlo. Yulla frequenza degli aluni. Nota V. Prussia.
Pvrit</i~~io rrertidriiiiu roiirniia tki ?iiioi~i Lirrcei. Atti. Romn. Aniio 72.
Usscrvazilmi italiane di fulrnine gliibulare e di
.Y~.RS. ZZo-IZZ.u 19 gen.-16fib., 1919.
8 ~8 8 . ZT3-W. 16 M7r.-1.; A p r ., 1919.
yliibulari e di edetti rari. p. 113-124.
p.154-171.
rScss I'Ztl- l-ZZ.(i I S iiiug.-1.5 gizig.. 1919.. Galli, Ignazio. lamiii pari ne1 l y l i e IDlb. Nl&a S S I . D. 325-233.
Galli Ignazio. Sulla bassa teniperatura &r a t a in Italia nell'
Negro, Carlo. 8dr6 i&uenxa degli diini. N t h VI. Grin- a p h de1 1919. 1'?-187.
IZntlia. p. 340-246.
Poiitificia riccnrlciiiia ronianri dci nriovi Linrei. Meniorif. (2) v. 4.
Dechevrens Marc. C'i~ntril~utiim it l'btude de la variation diurne
Berlin. Bd. 7 .
Wussow, G. HSufigkeit und Yerbreitung rumer Tageemengen
Uhler, I(. Strahlungs- und Helligkeitsmessungen in Kolberp .
Rtwle treordmici (lei Lirceci. Atti. Roiiiu. (A) Rodiconti. zr. 39, jasr.
Sulla deterininaaime dell'ipocentro nismico.
Rupt/ soricty of Lonrloii. rrmedinqs. a om ion. per. A. v. 98.
1918.
de l'blect;icit6 atnicsph6rique. p. 103--147.
Prm ssischcs n i etrnmlogisehes Ziist it ut. A bhniidlzcngen. 1920.
des Niederschlages in Niirddeutcrhland. I&. 1. 27 p.
Nr. 3. 43 11.
11-22. 1 Y I I J .
Oddone, Emilio. p. 45s-462.
No. A 691: 1il.20. Chapman, E. H. Rdat.iimship between prcwure and temperature at. the saine 1evt.l in the free atmusphere. p. 335-248. [Abstract, p. 37, ab11ve.1
No. A 691: 1il.20. Chapman, E. H. Rdat.iimship between prcwure and temperature at. the saine 1evt.l in the free atmusphere. p. 335-248. [Abstract, p. 37, ab11ve.1
Srieiiee n i i d iniwition. -I7w I'brk. 11. 8. Jan.,, 1921. Science and the weather Inan. HCIW rain. sun and wind are accurately n i e a ~~r r d . 1'. %jS-gt#: 1012-1014.
6eitiit[fic -1iiterkwii. A h 1-oi-k. v. 114. 1921. Longville, Alfred. New York's ani~w-fighting h a t o r plows.
Reynolds, M. R. Open rliads all winter; a definite snow removal pnlgrani in ni~rthern and eaststm states. 11. 104: 117-118. (Fcb. 5.) [Excerpts, p. 2S, abiive.]
McDarment, Corley P. Why balli~onu bounce off rlouds. p. 125:
Gaulois, George. drniy schrriil for weather observers. p. 14.9:
1%. (P-1). 19.) [U. S. Sibpal c q s s e h ~d at Camp Alfred Vsil,
Seismologir~rrl sorirty of Intrritn. Stcnlford university. Bulletin. v. 10.
Jaggar, T. A. Seianitmietric invrstigatiun I I ~ the Hawaiian lava
Klotz, Otto. Present status of the seisnidogical work i n the
Taber, Stephen Lk olhers. Earthquake problem in Southern
Vickery, Frederick P. San Jose earthquake. p. 311-315.
1'. 86. (Jan. 99.1
I:%. (FeIJ. 12.)
N. J., i~ i r f 1919.1
Der., 1920.
colunin. 11. 155-255.
Pacific. p. 300-300.
t'alihmia. 1). 276-299.
JANUARY, 1921.
23 ......... 2.1 ......... 25 ......... aS ......... 27 ......... 28 ......... Means ................ Depart ures...
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
7.M .................. 1.26 .............................. 2.M 0.77 ........................ 1.09 0.81 0.58 ...... 1.32 0.99 1.09 1.21 1.37 1.54 ........................ 1.12 ............ 1.36 1.40 ...... 1.38 1.13 ............ 1.60 .................................... 1 .B ............ 1.60 O.SS! 0.97 1.12 1.11 .............................. 0.84 0.92 1.06 1.29 ...... 1.30 1.01 (0.72) (0.94)
........ +O. 07l+O.M +O.M +0.06 ...... +O. 06 -0.02 -0. I6 +O. I5
31
I Jan. S ........ 1.31 ............
17 ......... ...... 23 ......... 3.30 ...... 1.14 ...... ........................ ?.I ......... 2.26 ...... 1.03 28 ......... 2 .N ......
12 ........ ...... ...... 1.33 ......I ......
Means ................ Departures ........... ......... -0.01 -0.12
%&P mctcorolopicu ihliana. Torim. Bolletino bimemrude. 1 1 . 40.
Gamba. Peride. I1 “Metmrcymfo Gamba” per palloni-mnda. Gcn.-Mar., 1921.
3.4
1.32 3.00 2.87 3.30
.............
1.07
............
- -- p. 6-8. Gamba, Pericle. Sulla press di campioni di aria a grande alkzza
Negro, Carlo. Le correnti stmosferiche ascendenti e fenomeni a mezzo di palloni-eonds. p. 1-6.
J.m.ll.. ....... 12 ......... 14 ......... 21 ......... Means ................ Depurtures
concornitanti. . 8-9.
dalla miaeione italiana in Teodosia (Crimes). p. 1Cl-1. Pallrzso, L. L’ec%iw totale di mle del 51 agosto 1914 osservata
1.96 ......I ............ ...... ‘ 3.30 1.24 1.03. 1.20 1.31 ...... 1.78 2.26 ............ 1.26 3.81 1.17 ...... ’ ...... 1.0d ...... 6.56 rl.OJ)I(I.M) 1.21 (1.51) ...... ...... ............ ............ ........... +0.07/+0. I4 +O.M +O. 14
Tmesh.ial magneti8m and ntnwsphm’c electpicity. Bnltimolr. v. 15.
huer, Louis A. On vertical electric current3 and the relation between terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity.
$iie, Charles Clayton. Auroral radiant from American observa-
Dee., 1920.
145-162.
tlom of 1915-1920. p. 163-166.
J a n .8 ......... 14 ......... 15 ........ :
24 ......... tJj ......... 28 ......... 29 ......... Mwns... Departures..
Wetfer. Berlin. 87’. Jiihrg. Nov.!De?., 1930.
Dietzius, Robert. Die Windverteilung iiber Wien und Linden-
1 .1 .................. 1.54 .............................. 1.32 1.M ............ 1.43 1.52 ...... 1.53 1.38 1.29 1.1Y 2.00 2.16 .............................. 1.48 1.32 ............ 3.15 1.88 ............ 1.44 1.54 ............ 1.35 1.18 1.10 2.74 2.W) ............ 1.41 1.57 ...... 1.45 .................. 2.62 B.S1 ............ 1.21 .................................... 4.37 3.W .............................. 1.51 .................. 2.87
......................... 1.37 1.54 ...... 1.49 1.35 (1.24) (1.14) ...... ..................... -0.01 +0.03 ...... +O. 01 +0.01 +0.02 -0.01 ......
berg. -p. 185-10. -
Ficker, H. Margules. p. 161-165. [Obituary.] Hartmann. Wilhelm. WolkenhohenmAasungen mit Hilfe von Entferniingqiessern . 165-1 70. Hurd, W. E. Uber den Einfluss des \Vindea auf die Bew un en der Insekten. p. 182-155. [Abridged trans. from zon81y weather review.] Peppler, W. Die Bedeutung der unteren Wolkenetagen fur einige praktieche Probleme. p. liG-1SS. Pe ler, W. Die Verwendung des Entfernungsmessers in der &kenfm?chung. p. 170-172. Stock, Heinrich. Eine neue Methode der Windregistrierung. p. ITS-175.
v
ss/. 5?4* 2 SPECIAL’ OBSERVATIONS.
SOLAR AND SKY RADIATION MEASUREMENTS DURING
JANUARY, 1921.
By HERBERT H. KIMBALL, Meteorologist.
[Solar Radiation Investigatlons Section, Washington, F d J . 28,193.1
For a description of instruments and exposures, and an account of the methods of obtaining and reducing the measurements, the reader is referred to this REVIEW for April, 1920, 48: 225. From Table 1 it is seen that the solar radiation in- tensities measured averaged slightly above the normal for January at all the stations. At Washington, D. C.
a noon intensity of 1.43 gram-calories minute per square centimeter, measured on the 1st and again on the 26th is the highest intensity ever measured a t Washmgton in January. Table 2 shows a deficiency in the radiation received from the sun and sky at Madison and Lincoln, except during the second week, the deficiency being especially marked dur- ing the third and fourth weeks. This deficiency is to be attributed to the cloudiness. The table shows about the normal amount of insolation a t Washington. olarization measurements obtained on four
cent on the 23d. %here was practically no snow on the ground during the month a t Washington, and sky polarization measurements obtained on four days give a mean of 60 per cent, with a maximum of 65 er cent
averages at both stations.
when the ground was free from snow er cent and a maximum of 76 per
on the 4th. These are slightly above the P anunry
TABLE l.-8okar radiation inteiuitiee dwdng January, 1921.
[Grameslorles per minute pex square centimeter uf normal slulare.]
WASHINQTON, D. C.
I Sun’s zenith distance.
Air mass.
-.
rldlan time. A. M. I I P. M.
solar time.
2.0 *1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 e.
Jan. I ......... ...... 5 ......... 1.01 ............ 5.36
.............................. 17 ......... 1.52
* Extrapolated.
TABLE l.-8olw radiulion i n f m i t i e s during January, 19214ontd.
WASHINGTON, D. C.-Continued.
Sun’s zenith distance. I
I e. 1 B .n 14.0 1 3 .0 1 2 .0 l*l.Ol 2.0 1 3 .0 1 4 .0 1 5 .0 1 e.
......... __ ...... - - - - - - -
I mm. 1 tal. I cal. I
cat.
1 cal. I cal. 1 cat. 1 cal. 1 tal. 1 cat. I Jan.18 ......... 3.73 1.01 1.13 ...... 1.43 1.61 1.42 ............ 1.14 21 ......... 3.81 ...... 0.89 0.90 ....................................
m. 1. 12 4.85 4.57 2. ea 1.24 1.63 1. Y 1. gs
LINCOLN, NEBR.
I I
SANTA FE, N. MEX.
