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Arrangement and Contents Arrangement of subjects Diseases caused by fungi 1-350 Diseases caused by Ascomycota, Plates 1-123 3-248 Foliar diseases, Plates 1-57, 94 3-115, 189-190 Anthracnoses, Plates 40, 47-56 81, 95-114 Shoot blights and twig diebacks, Plates 15, 30, 31, 37, 44-46, 50, 52, 55-56, 58, 64, 72, 95 31-192 Stem galls, Plates 66, 73-75 133, 147-151 Cankers and diebacks, Plates 50, 55-65, 67-71, 76-107, 115-116 101-232 Root diseases, Plates 108-113 217-228 Systemic diseases, Plates 46, 114-123 93, 229-248 Diseases caused by Basidiomycota, Plates 124-174 249-350 Foliar diseases, Plates 124-145 249-292 Rusts, Plates 128-151 257-304 Trunk and limb rots, Plates 152-161 305-324 Canker-rots, Plates 155-158, 161 311-318, 333-334 Root diseases, Plates 112, 127, 162-174 Pages 225-226, 255-256, 325-350 Diseases caused by Oomycota, Plates 175-182 351-366 Bacterial diseases, Plates 183-200 367-402 Negibacteria, Plates 183-193 367-388 Mollicutes, Plates 194-200 389-402 Viral diseases, Plates 201-213 403-428 Diseases caused by nematodes, Plates 214-216 429-436 Plant-pathogenic algae and plants, Plates 217-227 437-458 Declines, environmental damage, and unexplained growth abnormalities, Plates 228-253 459-510 Declines, Plates 228-231 459-466 Damage by toxic agents, Plates 232-241 467-486 Mineral deficiencies, Plates 242-243 487-490 Damage by drought, heat, freezing, excess water, Plates 244-249 491-502 Miscellaneous injuries and disorders, Plates 250-253 503-510 Restoration of sapwood and bark after injury or infection, Plates 254-257 511-518 Associations of normal woody plants with other organisms, Plates 258-261 519-526 Contents About this book # How to use this book # Dedication and acknowledgments # Diseases caused by fungi 1-349 Overview of fungal diseases of woody plants 1 Diseases caused by Ascomycota, Plates 1-123 3-247 Foliar diseases, Plates 1-57, 94 3-115, 189-190 Taphrina diseases: Leaf curls and blisters, bladder plum, witches'-brooms, Plates 1, 2 3-5 Powdery mildews, Plates 3-6 7-13 Witches'-broom of hackberry and black witches'-broom of serviceberry, Plate 6 13 Dark fungi on plants: sooty molds, black mildews, and others, Plate 7 15 Spot anthracnoses and scabs caused by Elsino' and Sphaceloma, Plate 8 17 Diseases caused by Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs, Plates 9-17 19-35 Overview 19 Leaf spots of ash, walnut, citrus, rose, mountain-ash, sycamore, Plates 9-10 19-21 Septoria diseases of poplar and other plants, Plate 11 23 Brown spot needle blight of pines, Plate 12 25 Dothistroma needle blight of pines, Plate 13 27 Stigmina leaf spot of palms and Mycosphaerella leaf spot of Yucca, Plate 14 29 Blights and leaf spots caused by fungi of the Cercospora complex, Plates 15-16 31-33 "Cercospora" blights of Cupressaceae 31 Some "Cercospora" leaf spots 31-33 Linden leaf blotch, and leaf spots caused by Coniothy rium, Microsphaeropsis, Sonderhenia, and "Hendersonia," Plate 17 35 Ascochyta blight of lilac, Plate 18 37 Leaf spots and blotches caused by Guignardia and Phyllosticta, Plates 19, 20 39-41 Diseases caused by Guignardia species: Guignardia blotch of horse-chestnut and buckeye, Guignardia leaf spot of Boston ivy and black rot of grapevine 39 Phyllosticta leaf spots and blotches of dogwood, hazelnut, witch hazel, maples 41 Tubakia leaf spot of oaks and other trees and fly-speck leaf spot of Vaccinium, Plate 21 43 Needle blights and needle casts of conifers, Plates 12-13, 15, 22-31, pages 25-27, 31, 41-63 Lophodermium needle casts, Plate 22 45 Ploioderma needle casts of pines, Plate 23 47 Canavirgella and Davisomycella needle casts of pines, Plate 24 49 Elytroderma needle casts of pines, Plate 25 51 Lophodermella and Cyclaneusma needle casts of pines, Plate 26 53 Rhizosphaera and Isthmiella needle casts, Plate 27 55 Rhabdocline and Swiss needle casts of Douglas-fir, Plate 28 57 Meria needle blight of larch and Didymascella leaf blight of cedar, Plate 29 59 Snow blights, Plate 30 61 Brown felt blights, Plate 31 63 Tar spots, Plate 32 65 Ink spot leaf blight of aspen and poplar, Plate 33 67 Ovulinia petal blight of Rhododendron and Ciborinia flower blight of Camellia, Plate 34 69 Botrytis blight, Plate 35 71 Cristulariella leaf spots, Plate 36 73 Brown rot of stone fruits, Plate 37 75 Entomosporium leaf spot of Maloideae, Plate 38 77 Black spot of rose and Blumeriella leaf spot of cherry and plum, Plate 39 79 Marssonina spots and blights, Plate 40 81 Leaf spots and blights of aspen and poplar 81 Anthracnoses of birch and climbing bittersweet 81 Alternaria blights and leaf spots, Plate 41 83 Shoot blights and twig dieback, Plates 15, 30, 31, 37, 44-46, 50, 52, 55-58, 64, 71, 95 pages 31-192 Scab diseases caused by Venturia species, Plates 42-45 85-91 Apple scab, Plate 42 85 Scabs of firethorn, loquat, and toyon Plate 43 87 Venturia leaf and shoot blights of aspen and poplar, Plate 44 89 Scab and black canker of willow and Venturia leaf blotch of maple, Plate 45 91 Bronze leaf disease of aspen and poplar and Linospora leaf blight of balsam poplars, Plate 46 93 Anthracnoses, Plates 40, 47-56 81, 95-113 Anthracnose overview and black spot of elm, Plate 47 95 Ash anthracnose, Plate 48 97 Oak anthracnose, Plate 49 99 Sycamore anthracnose, Plate 50 101 Walnut anthracnose and Gnomonia leaf spots of hickory and pecan, Plate 51 103 Dogwood anthracnose, Plate 52 105 Anthracnoses of birch, filbert, and redbud, Plate 53 107 Anthracnoses and Didymosporina leaf spot of maples, Plate 54 109 Cankers and diebacks, Plates 50, 52, 55-65, 67-71, 73, 75-107, 115-116 pages 101-215, 231-233 Hornbeam anthracnose, Plate 55 111 Anthracnoses and diebacks caused by Glomerella and Colletotrichum, Plate 56 113 Butternut canker, Plate 57 115 Sirococcus blight of conifers, Plate 58 117 Ceratocystis cankers, see Plates 115, 116 227-229 Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria and allied fungi, Plates 59-67 119-135 Botryosphaeria cankers and diebacks, Plates 59-63 Cankers, dieback, and leaf blight caused by B. dothidea and B. ribis, Plates 59, 60 119-121 Cankers and dieback caused by: B. stevensii and Diplodia quercina, Plate 60 121 B. quercuum and related fungi on oak, Plate 61 123 B. obtusa, Plate 62 125 B. rhodina, Plate 63 127 Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) blight of pines and other conifers, Plate 64 129 Sphaeropsis canker and dieback of elm, Plate 65 131 Sphaeropsis knot and Diplodia gall, Plate 66 133 Melanconis diebacks and sooty canker, Plate 67 135 Diseases caused by Diaporthe and Phomopsis species, Plates 68-74 137-149 Diaporthe and Phomopsis cankers and diebacks, Plates 68-72 137-149 Overview 137 Phomopsis canker of Russian-olive, Plate 68 137 Diseases of Rhododendron, Plate 68 137-139 Phomopsis cankers of almond and peach, Plate 69 139 Diseases associated with the Diaporthe eres complex, Plates 69-71 139-143 Phomopsis dieback of poplar, Plate 70 141 Diaporthe canker and dieback of sycamore, Plate 70 141 Phomopsis dieback of weeping fig, Plate 70 141 Other cankers and diebacks caused by Diaporthe and Phomopsis 141 Diaporthe and Phomopsis cankers of conifers, Plate 71 143 Phomopsis, Kabatina, and Sclerophoma blights of Juniper and other gymnosperms, Plate 72 145 Stem galls, Plates 66, 73-75 133, 147-151 Phomopsis galls, Plate 73 147 Phomopsis canker of Gardenia and Nectriella gall of ornamental plants, Plate 74 149 Black knot of Prunus, Plate 75 151 Cankers and diebacks, continued Cryptodiaporthe cankers, Plates 76, 77 153-155 Cryptodiaporthe canker of poplar, Plate 76 153 Cryptodiaporthe canker of willow, Plate 77 155 Golden canker of alternate-leaf dogwood, Plate 77 155 Eastern filbert blight, Plate 78 157 Chestnut blight, Plate 79 159-161 Chrysoporthe canker of Eucalyptus, Plate 80 161 Endothia canker, Plate 81 163 Leucostoma and Valsa cankers, Plates 82-86 165-173 Overview 165 Valsa cankers and dieback of conifers, Plate 82 165 Leucostoma canker of spruce and other conifers, Plate 83 167 Leucostoma cankers of Prunus, Plate 84 169 Leucostoma and Valsa cankers of poplar and willow, Plate 85 171 Valsa cankers of maple, Plate 86 173 Cryptosporiopsis canker of red maple, Plate 86 173 Nectria cankers and diebacks, Plates 87-91 175-183 Coral-spot Nectria canker, Plate 87 175 Tubercularia canker and dieback, Plate 88 177 Thyronectria canker of honeylocust, Plate 89 179 Perennial Nectria canker, Plate 90 181 Beech bark disease, Plate 91 183 Fusarium cankers, Plates 92-93 185-187 Cankers caused by Fusarium solani or F. lateritium, Plate 92 185 Pitch canker of pines, Plate 93 187 Pestalotiopsis spots, blights, and diebacks, Plate 94 189 Seiridium cankers of cypress, Plate 95 191 Cryptosphaeria canker of aspen, Plate 96 193 Eutypella canker of maples, Plate 97 195 Cankers and diebacks caused by Xylariaceous fungi, Plates 98-102 197-205 Entoleuca (Hypoxylon) canker of aspen, Plate 98 197 Biscogniauxia cankers and diebacks, Plates 99, 100 199-201 Biscogniauxia (Hypoxylon) diebacks of oaks, Plate 99 199 Blister canker, Plate 100 201 Camillea- and Hypoxylon-associated cankers and dieback, Plate 101 203 Basal canker and butt rot caused by Kretzschmaria deusta, Plate 102 205 Cankers and diebacks caused by discomycetes, Plates 103-107 207-215 Sooty-bark canker of aspen and poplar, Plate 103 207 Cenangium dieback of pines, Plate 104 209 Scleroderris canker of conifers, Plate 105 211 Atropellis cankers of pines, Plate 106 213 Lachnellula cankers of conifers and Strumella canker of hardwoods, Plate 107 215 Root diseases, Plates 108-114, 139-143, 147-161 217-323 Charcoal root rot and Fusarium root rots, Plate 108 217 Root rots and blights caused by Cylindrocladium and Cylindrocladiella, Plate 109 219 Phymatotrichum and Thielaviopsis root rots, Plate 110 221 Xylaria and Rosellinia root rots, Plate 111 223 Rhizina root rot and southern blight, Plate 112 225 Procerum root disease of pines, Plate 113 227 Systemic fungal diseases, Plates 114, 116-123 229-247 Black stain root disease of conifers, Plate 114 229 Ceratocystis cankers, Plates 115-116 231-233 Ceratocystis Cankers of Populus and Prunus, Plate 115 231 Canker-stain of planetree and sycamore, Plate 116 233 Sapstreak disease and bluestain, Plate 117 235 Oak wilt, Plate 118 237 Dutch elm disease, Plate 119 239 Verticillium wilt, Plates 120-121 241-243 Persimmon wilt, Plate 122 245 Fusarium wilts, Plate 123 247 Diseases caused by Basidiomycota, Plates 124-174 249-349 Foliar diseases, Plates 124-145 249-292 Exobasidium galls and blisters, Plate 124 249 Articularia and Microstroma leaf spots and witches'-brooms, Plate 125 251 Insolibasidium blight of honeysuckle and false smut of palms, Plate 126 253 Diseases caused by Rhizoctonia-forming fungi, Plate 127 255 Rusts, Plates 128-151 257-303 Overview of rusts 257 Phragmidium rusts, Plate 128 257 Gymnosporangium rusts, Plates 129-133 259-267 Overview 259 Cedar-apple rust, Plate 129 259 Hawthorn rust, Plate 130 261 Quince rust, Plate 131 263 Broom rust of incense-cedar and rust galls on southwestern junipers, Plates 132, 133 265-267 Juniper broom rust, Plate 132 267 Medlar rust, Plate 133 267 Additional Gymnosporangium rusts 267 Puccinia and Cumminsiella rusts, Plates 134-135 269-271 Ash rust, Plate 134 269 Cluster-cup rust of currant and gooseberry, Plate 135 271 Crown rust of buckthorn, Plate 135 271 Rusts on Berberis and Mahonia, Plate 135 271 Fig rust and birch rust, Plate 136 273 Pucciniastrum and allied rusts, Plates 137, 138 275-277 Hemlock-hydrangea rust, Plate 137 275 Hemlock-blueberry rusts, Plate 137 275 Fir-fireweed and fuschia rusts, Plate 137 276 Fir-blueberry rust, Plate 138 277 Other Pucciniastrum and Thekopsora rusts in North America 277 Fir-fern rusts, Plate 139 279 Broom rust of fir, Plate 140 281 Melampsora rusts, Plates 141, 142 283-285 Poplar rusts, Plate 141 283 Willow rusts, Plate 142 285 Chrysomyxa rusts of spruce, Plate 143 287 Needle rusts of pines, Plate 144 289 Stem and cone rusts of pines, Plates 145-151 291-303 Overview of North American Cronartium rusts, Plate 145 291 White pine blister rust, Plate 146 293 Fusiform rust and pine-oak gall rusts, Plate 147 295 Sweetfern blister rust, Plate 148 297 Stalactiform and Comandra blister rusts, Plate 149 299 Limb rusts and cone rusts, Plate 150 301 Western gall rust, Plate 151 303 Trunk and limb rots of hardwoods, Plates 152-158 305-317 Overview of wood types and decay processes 305 Representative decay fungi: Stereum gausapatum, Hericium erinaceus, Phellinus species, Climacodon septentrionalis, Bjerkandera adusta, Fomes fomentarius, Globifomes graveolens, Perenniporia fraxinophila, Oxyporus populinus, Trametes versicolor, Polyporus squamosus, Laetiporus species, Piptoporus betulinus, Plates 152-154 305-309 Canker-rots of hardwoods, Plates 155-158 311-317 Spiculosa canker, Plate 155 311 Canker rots of birch, Plate 156 313 Hispidus canker, Plate 157 315 Heart rot and canker-rot caused by Inonotus andersonii, Plate 157 315 Canker-rot caused by Inonotus glomeratus, Plate 157-315 Sapwood rot and cankers caused by Cerrena unicolor, Plate 158 317 Sapwood rot caused by Schizophyllum commune, Plate 158 317 Sapwood decay and Silverleaf caused by Chondrostereum purpureum, Plate 159 319 Trunk rots and canker-rots of conifers, Plates 160, 161 321-323 Heart rots caused by Fomitopsis pinicola and Echinodontium tinctorium, Plate 160 321 Heart rot caused by Phellinus pini and canker rot caused by P. chrysoloma, Plate 161 323 Root diseases, Plates 162-174 325-349 Southern blight, see Plate 112 225 Rhizoctonia diseases, see Plate 127 255 Armillaria root rots, Plates 162-164 325-329 Mushroom root rot, Plate 164 329 Root and Butt Rots caused by Heterobasidion species, Plates 165, 166 331-333 Red root and butt rot of conifers, Plates 167, 168 335-337 Brown root and butt rot of conifers, Plate 169 339 Laminated root rot of conifers, Plate 170 341 Root and butt rots caused by Inonotus dryadeus and Oxyporus latemarginatus, Plate 171 343 Ganoderma root and butt rots and trunk decay, Plates 172-174 345-349 Overview 345 Root and butt rot of palms, Plate 172 345 Diseases of woody dicots caused by laccate Ganodermas, Plate 173 347 Ganodermas on conifers, Plate 173 347 Diseases caused by Ganoderma applanatum and related fungi, Plate 174 349 Diseases caused by Oomycota, Plates 175-182 351-365 Overview of Oomycetes 351 Downy mildews, Plate 175 351 Diseases caused by Phytophthora species, Plates 176-182 353-365 Overview 353 Shoot blights, diebacks, and, fruit rots, Plate 176 353 Cankers, collar and crown rots, foot rots, and root rots, Plates 176-181 353-357 Diseases caused by Phytophthora ramorum, Plate 178 357 Collar, crown, and foot rots, Plates 179, 180 359-361 Root rots and feeder root necroses, Plates 180-182 361-365 Root and crown rot of Port Orford cedar, Plate 180 361 Diseases caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Plates 181, 182 363-365 Other Phytophthora root rots 365 Bacterial diseases, Plates 183-200 367-401 Overview 367 Leaf spots, blights, and cankers, Plates 183-186 367-377 Diseases caused by Pseudomonas species, Plates 183, 184 367-369 Diseases caused by Xanthomonas species: citrus canker, bacterial spot of Prunus, bacterial blight of walnut, and others, Plates 184-186 369-373 Fire blight, Plate 187 375 Bleeding bacterial cankers, Plate 188 377 Bacterial galls of olive, oleander, and ash, Plate 189 379 Crown gall, Plate 190 381 Wetwood, slime flux, alcoholic flux, Plate 191 383 Bacterial scorch diseases, Plates 192, 193 385-387 Overview 385 Representative diseases: Pierce's disease of grapevine, almond leaf scorch, bacterial scorch of landscape trees and shrubs, Plates 192, 193 385-387 Diseases caused by mollicutes, Plates 194-200 389-401 Overview 389 Representative diseases: pear decline, Prunus yellow leafroll, stubborn disease of citrus, walnut witches'-broom, bunch disease of pecan and other hickories, witches'-brooms of lilac and other plants, Plates 194-196 389-393 Elm yellows, Plate 197 395 Ash yellows, Plate 198 397 X-disease of Prunus, Plate 199 399 Lethal yellowing of palms, Plate 200 401 Viral diseases, Plates 201-213 403-427 Overview and plant virus diagnosis 403-405 Diseases caused by nepoviruses: Prunus stem pitting, apple brown line, Forsythia yellow net, ash diseases, others, Plates 201-203 403-413 Diseases caused by carlaviruses: poplar mosaic, lilac mottle, others, Plate 204 409, 413 Diseases caused by ilarviruses: sour cherry yellows, Prunus necrotic ringspot, apple mosaic, rose mosaic, others, Plate 205 411, 413-417 Diseases associated with cucumoviruses, potyviruses, foveaviruses, varicosaviruses: leaf and flower reddening in Nandina, necrotic spots and ring mottle in Prunus, Camellia yellow mottle, Plate 206 413, 417-421 Diseases associated with tobamoviruses: tobacco mosaic and tomato mosaic viruses, others, Plate 207 415, 421 Diseases associated with rhabdoviruses, necroviruses, Tobacco necrosis virus, Plate 207 415, 421-423 Diseases caused by viruslike agents not fully characterized, Plates 208-213 417-427 Rose rosette, Plate 208 417, 423-425 Diseases of Rhododendron and related plants, Rhododendron necrotic ringspot, Plate 209 419, 425 Viral diseases of aspen and poplar, Plate 210 421, 425 Redbud and hibiscus diseases, Plate 211 423, 425 Apple flatlimb, Plate 212 425, 427 Viral symptoms in Acer, Chaenomeles, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Lonicera, Magnolia, Plates 212-213 425-427 Striped chlorosis of Albizia, fig mosaic, oak viruses, viral symptoms in Bougainvillea, Celtis, Euonymus, Plate 213 427 Viral diseases of conifers 427 Nematode damage, Plates 214-216 Overview of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Representative nematodes that attack roots: root knot nematodes, burrowing nematode, stunt nematodes, lesion nematodes, dagger nematodes, Plates 214, 215 429-434 Wilt of pines caused by pine wood nematodes, Plate 216 435 Plant-pathogenic algae and plants, Plates 217-227 437-458 Algal leaf spot, or green scurf, Plate 217 437 North American leafy mistletoes, Plates 218-220 439-443 Characteristics and habits of Phoradendron 439 Mistletoes on angiosperms, Plates 218, 219 439-441 Mistletoes primarily on gymnosperms, Plate 220 443 Dwarf mistletoes, Plates 221-225 445-453 Overview 445 Representative dwarf mistletoes: Arceuthobium americanum, A. campylopodum complex (A. campylopodum, A. occidentale, A. laricis, A. tsugense, others), A. douglasii, A. vaginatum, A. gillii, A. pusillum, Plates 221-225 445-453 Cassytha and dodder, Plate 226 455 Vines that damage trees, Plate 227 457 Declines, environmental damage, and unexplained growth abnormalities, Plates 228-253 459-509 Decline diseases with multiple or obscure causal factors, Plates 228-231 459-465 Concepts and overview 459 Maple decline, Plate 228 459 Ash decline, Plate 229 461 Decline of birch, pine, Plate 230 463 Decline of oak, citrus blight, Plate 231 465 Damage by environmental factors, Plates 232-251 467-505 Damage by salt and other inorganic poisons, Plates 232, 233 467-469 Damage by misapplied pesticides, Plates 234-236 471-475 Injuries and diseases caused by air pollutants, Plates 237-241 477-485 Overview 477 Damage by ozone, Plate 238 Damage by sulfur dioxide, Plate 240 Damage by fluorides and minor pollutant gases, Plate 241 Mineral nutrient deficiencies, Plates 242, 243 487-489 Damage by drought, heat, and freezing, Plates 244-248 491-499 Water shortage, Plates 244, 245 491-495 Heat stress, Plate 245 Frost and freeze damage, Plates 245-248 493-499 Predisposition to attack by opportunistic pathogens 499 Damage by flooding or waterlogged soil, Plate 249 501 Damage by girdling roots, hail, ice glaze, and sheet ice, Plate 250 503 Lightning damage, Plate 251 505 Noninfectious and unexplained growth abnormalities: fasciation, graft union abnormalities, chimeras, adventitious shoots and roots, galls, burls, witches'-brooms, Plates 252, 253 507-509 Restoration of sapwood and bark after injury or infection, Plates 254-257 511-517 Wounds, microbial colonization, and compartmentalization, Plates 254, 255 511-513 Frost cracks, drought cracks, related defects, Plate 256 515 Bark formation and restoration, Plate 257 517 Associations of normal woody plants with other organisms, Plates 258-261 519-525 Smooth patch bark rot, and normal foliar shedding, Plate 258 519 Symbiotic relationships of roots: mycorrhizae, nitrogen-fixing associations, Plates 259, 260 521-523 Epiphytes, lichens, and moss, Plate 261 525 Epiphytes Lichens and moss Glossary 527 References 531 Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Trees -- Diseases and pests -- United States.
Shrubs -- Diseases and pests -- United States.
Trees -- Diseases and pests -- Canada.
Shrubs -- Diseases and pests -- Canada.
Trees -- Wounds and injuries -- United States.
Shrubs -- Wounds and injuries -- United States.
Trees -- Wounds and injuries -- Canada.
Shrubs -- Wounds and injuries -- Canada.