BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format Summary: The BOREAS TGB-12 team made measurements of soil carbon inventories, carbon concentration in soil gases, and rates of soil respiration at several sites. This data set provides: (1) estimates of soil carbon stocks by horizon based on soil survey data and analyses of data from individual soil profiles; (2) estimates of soil carbon fluxes based on stocks, fire history, drainage, and soil C inputs and decomposition constants based on field work using radiocarbon analyses; (3) fire history data estimating age ranges of time since last fire; (4) a raster image and an associated soils table file from which area-weighted maps of soil carbon and fluxes and fire history may be generated. This data set was created from raster files, soil polygon data files, and detailed lab analysis of soils data that were received from Hugo Veldhuis who did the original mapping in the field during 1994. Also used were soils data from Susan Trumbore and Jennifer Harden (BOREAS TGB-12). The binary raster file covers a 733 km^2 area within the NSA-MSA. Note that some of the files of this data set on the BOREAS CD-ROMs have been compressed using the Gzip program. See section 8.2 for details. Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format 1.2 Data Set Introduction This data set contains soil properties and classification information, particularly soil carbon stocks and fluxes, time since last fire, and polygon area, over the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area Modeling Sub-Area (NSA-MSA), gridded to a 30 meter pixel resolution. The data were reprojected into the ellipsoidal version of the Albers Equal-Area Conic (AEAC) projection from the original map made by Hugo Veldhuis (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada). The original map was then modified by Gloria Rapalee (The Woods Hole Research Center). 1.3 Objective/Purpose These data are provided by BOREAS Trace Gas and Biogeochemistry team number 12 (TGB-12) and include pertinent map data in both hard copy and digital form. This data set has been processed to provide a raster file that can be used for modeling or for comparison purposes. The purpose of this data set is to provide information about the fire history and spatial distribution of soil carbon stocks and fluxes over the NSA Modeling Sub-Area. 1.4 Summary of Parameters This data set contains information about the spatial distribution of soil classes around the NSA-MSA along with soil class properties such as parent material, texture, slope class, and water table depth, as well as soil carbon stocks and fluxes, time since last fire, and polygon area. A detailed list of parameters is given in Section 7. The polygon numbers in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) table files correspond to pixel values in the binary raster file. The value of each pixel can link to the table described in Section 7 in order to extract these parameters. 1.5 Discussion The spatial base of this data set is the vector layer by Hugo Veldhuis of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Using aerial photography and field methods, he identified various soil polygons at a scale of 1:50,000 for the NSA-MSA (what Hugo Veldhuis calls the “super site”). This data set was also produced from the detailed field soil data collected by Jennifer Harden and Susan Trumbore (TGB-12), plus data from related data sets listed in Section 1.6. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS AFM-12 AVHRR Land Cover Classification BOREAS Agriculture Canada Central Saskatchewan Vector Soils Data BOREAS CanSIS Regional Soils Data in Vector Format BOREAS Forest Cover Data Layers of the NSA in Raster Format BOREAS Regional Soils Data in Raster Format and AEAC Projection BOREAS Soils Data over the SSA in Raster Format and AEAC Projection BOREAS TE-01 Soils Data over the SSA Tower Sites in Raster Format BOREAS TE-01 SSA Soil Lab Data BOREAS TE-13 Biometry and Auxiliary Site Reports BOREAS TE-18 Landsat TM Maximum Likelihood Classification Image of the NSA BOREAS TE-20 NSA Soil Lab Data BOREAS TE-20 Soils Data over the NSA-MSA and Tower Sites in Raster Format BOREAS TE-20 Soils Data over the NSA and Tower Sites in Vector Format BOREAS TGB-05 Fire History of Manitoba 1980 to 1991 in Raster Format BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon Data over the NSA 2. Investigators 2.1 Investigators Names Gloria Rapalee, Graduate Fellow, The Woods Hole Research Center Eric A. Davidson, Associate Scientist, The Woods Hole Research Center Jennifer W. Harden, Soil Scientist, United States Geological Survey Susan E. Trumbore, Associate Professor, University of California-Irvine Hugo Veldhuis, Senior Pedologist, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada 2.2 Title of Investigation Scaling Soil Carbon Stocks and Fluxes of Super Site Northern Study Area Thompson, Manitoba, Canada part of: Input, Accumulation, and Turnover of Carbon in Boreal Forest Soils: Integrating 14C Isotopic Analyses with Ecosystem Dynamics 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 ------------------------- Gloria Rapalee Department of Earth System Science University of California, Irvine NASA/GSFC Greenbelt MD Phone: (301) 286-0544 Fax: (301) 286-0239 grapalee@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov Contact 2 ------------------------- Eric Davidson The Woods Hole Research Center Woods Hole MA Phone: (508) 540-9900 Fax: (508) 540-9700 edavidson@whrc.org Contact 3 ------------------------- David Knapp Raytheon STX Corporation NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD Phone: (301) 286-1424 David.Knapp@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements The original soils mapping was performed by using a combination of field samples of the soil and aerial photographs. The original soils map was then modified by Gloria Rapalee using a variety of available data to account for changes in vegetation due to a fire in 1981. This digital map data provides investigators with a continuous surface of soil parameters plus carbon stock and flux data that can further be used for modeling purposes. 4. Equipment Please refer to the separate reports submitted by Hugo Veldhuis and Trumbore et al. regarding equipment used to perform the soils mapping. See Section 1.6. 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description In addition to field techniques, aerial photography flown in 1978 at 1:50,000 scale was used to map the soils of the NSA-MSA. No additional information is available about this photography. 4.1.1 Collection Environment The original vector files were received in digital line graph (DLG) format from Hugo Veldhuis. The modified soil polygon file (this data set) was received in binary raster format. 4.1.2 Source/Platform Unknown. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives Unknown. 4.1.4 Key Variables The key variables of this data set include: POLYNUM = Polygon number GRIDLOC = Grid location COMPONT = Polygon component (landscape element) NUMBER = Component rank number PERCENT = Percentage distribution of components KINDMAT = Kind of rock outcrop or other material at the surface LANDFRM = Local surface form PMDEPO1 = Mode of deposition or origin of first (upper) parent material TXTURE1 = Texture of first (upper) parent material TXTMOD1 = Texture modifier of first (upper) parent material PMDEPO2 = Mode of deposition or origin of second (middle) parent material TXTURE2 = Texture of second (middle) parent material TXTMOD2 = Texture modifier of second (middle) parent material PMDEPO3 = Mode of deposition or origin of third (lower) parent material TXTURE3 = Texture of third (lower) parent material TXTMOD3 = Texture modifier of third (lower) parent material COFRAGS = Coarse fragment content in control section of mineral soils SLOPE = Slope gradient class DRAINGE = Drainage class DEPTHWT = Depth to water table, average PFDISTR = Permafrost distribution or occurrence DPTHACT = Depth of active layer (average) ICECTNT = Ice content of permanently frozen layer DPTHLFH = Thickness of humus layer (L,F,H) DPTHORG = Average thickness of peat deposit SOILDEV = Soil development (soil classification) VARIANT = Classification variant or phase SOILTP1 = Dominant soil type associated with polygon component. SOILPH1 = Soil phase or variant associated with dominant soil type. SOILTP2 = Subdominant soil type associated with polygon component. SOILPH2 = Soil phase or variant associated with subdominant soil type. TOTLAREA = Total area (hectares) of each soil polygon. COMPAREA = Area (hectares) of each polygon component DR_CLASS = Drainage class (numerical code) STND_AGE = Stand age; time since last fire ST_AGE_GRP = Stand age; age ranges since last fire C_SURFACE = Area-weighted carbon stocks of surface layers, including moss C_DEEP = Area-weighted carbon stocks of deep soil horizons C_TOTAL = Area-weighted total carbon stock for entire profile (C_SURFACE + C_DEEP) FL_SURFACE = Area-weighted carbon fluxes of surface layers, including moss FL_DEEP = Area-weighted carbon fluxes of deep soil horizons FL_NET = Area-weighted carbon fluxes for entire profile (FL_SURFACE + FL_DEEP) 4.1.5 Principles of Operation Unknown. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry Unknown. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument Unknown. 4.2 Calibration 4.2.1 Specifications Unknown. 4.2.1.1 Tolerance Unknown. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration Unknown. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information Unknown. 5. Data Acquisition Methods A detailed report of the soils mapping effort, submitted by Hugo Veldhuis, is available. Part 2 of the report (Methodology) provides detailed information about data acquisition methods. See section 1.6. Detailed documentation of Trumbore and Harden (TGB-12) field data and methods is also available. See Section 1.6. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes The soils report by Hugo Veldhuis provides observations and descriptions of soils. Additional notes exist in files (not included here) submitted by Mr. Veldhuis. Site and field descriptions of Trumbore and Harden (TGB-12) sampling sites are also available. See Section 1.6. 6.2 Field Notes Not applicable. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics The soil map in this data set covers a 733 km^2 area within the NSA Modeling Sub-Area. Details of spatial coverage and resolution are given in the following sections. 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The area mapped is projected in the BOREAS Grid system and is bounded by the following points. These coordinates are based on the NAD83 datum. NSA Modeling Sub-Area (1420 pixels by 956 lines, 30 meter pixel size) Point BOREAS_X BOREAS_Y Longitude Latitude --------------------------------------------------------------- Northwest 759.33175 630.72800 -98.73055 56.06201 Northeast 801.93175 630.72800 -98.05756 55.99320 Southwest 759.33175 602.04800 -98.81086 55.80873 Southeast 801.93175 602.04800 -98.14207 55.74036 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map The soil map in this data set covers a 733 square kilometer area within the NSA Modeling Sub-Area. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution The pixel resolution is 30 meters. 7.1.4 Projection The area mapped is projected in the ellipsoidal version of the Albers Equal-Area Conic (AEAC) projection. The projection has the following parameters: Datum: NAD83 Ellipsoid: GRS80 or WGS84 Origin: W 111.000 degrees N 51.000 degrees Standard Parallels: N 52 deg 30' 00" N 58 deg 30' 00" Units of Measure: kilometers 7.1.5 Grid Description Each pixel represents an area of 30 by 30 meters in the AEAC projection described in Section 7.1.4. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics: 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage Hugo Veldhuis collected field samples for mapping the Modeling Sub-Area and the NSA tower sites in 1994. Air photos taken in 1978 at a scale of 1:50,000 were used for extending the field samples to map the NSA-MSA. Trumbore and Harden collected soil samples in 1993, 1994, and 1996. Several data sources (see Section 1.6) that postdate the 1978 air photos were used to generate the fire history data listed in the soils table file. The Landsat TM image and forest cover images date from 1988. Fire history images date from 1980 to 1991. Data from the AVHRR image is from 1992. Tree core data are from the 1993 biometry inventory of auxiliary sites. Also used was a set of fire history maps dating from 1937 to 1995 produced by Forestry Canada and Manitoba Natural Resources Forestry Branch (Peterson, 1998). 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map Not applicable. 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution Not applicable. 7.3 Data Characteristics This data is in an image format in which the value of a pixel represents the polygon number from the original vector data, later modified by Gloria Rapalee for this data set. This number can be related to a set of records in the ASCII soils table file. The soils table file contains parameters for the various polygons. Lakes are indicated with a polygon number of 237. Polygons with numbers greater than 237 are split from Hugo Veldhuis’s original polygons. 7.3.1 Parameter/Variable: POLYNUM GRIDLOC COMPONT NUMBER PERCENT KINDMAT LANDFRM PMDEPO1 TXTURE1 TXTMOD1 PMDEPO2 TXTURE2 TXTMOD2 PMDEPO3 TXTURE3 TXTMOD3 COFRAGS SLOPE DRAINGE DEPTHWT PFDISTR DPTHACT ICECTNT DPTHLFH DPTHORG SOILDEV VARIANT SOILTP1 SOILPH1 SOILTP2 SOILPH2 TOTLAREA COMPAREA DR_CLASS STND_AGE ST_AGE_GRP C_MOSS C_DEEP C_TOTAL FL_MOSS FL_DEEP FL_NET 7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition Binary Raster Image File POLYNUM: Number of the map polygon to which the pixel belongs. Unitless but coded value. ASCII soil table file: 1. POLYNUM = Number of the map polygon. 2. GRIDLOC = An alpha-numeric grid to be used to find a particular polygon on the map. 3. COMPONT = Polygon component (landscape element) The landscape components that make up the area delineated by the polygon. A polygon may have one or many components. They are listed in order of extent. Code Class Description ---- ----------- ------------------------------------- D Dominant The D-components combined cover > 50% of the land area of a polygon. S Subdominant The S-components combined cover < 50% of the land area of a polygon. I Inclusion Each inclusion covers < 15% of the polygon, but the combined area of inclusions may be 25%. W Water Surface water in the form of lakes, ponds or streams may cover between 5 and 100% of a polygon. 4. NUMBER = Component rank number Landscape elements with the similar parent material properties are considered to belong to the same general component. Thus these elements together form the dominant or subdominant component in the polygon, but the individual elements will not be dominant or subdominant. To show the landscape relationship or parent material association the elements will all considered to belong to the dominant (D) or subdominant (S) group, but are ranked D1, D2 etc, according to their relative importance within the group. For example three drainage conditions exist on a gently undulating glacio-lacustrine blanket. The well drained portion occupies 30% of the polygon area, imperfectly drained conditions exist in 15% of the polygon and poorly drained areas with a thin peat cover occupy an additional 10% for a combined total of 55%. This makes this grouping the dominant component in the polygon. Thus these three elements will be labeled D1, D2, and D3, respectively. In the case of inclusions (I) and water (W) the rank numbers link these components to either the dominant or subdominant components. The convention is that an uneven rank number (1,3,..) links the inclusion or water to the dominant component(s), while an even rank number links it to the subdominant component(s). 5. PERCENT = Percentage distribution of components Percent area is estimated within the nearest 5%. Components <10% are not listed except for W. 6. KINDMAT = Kind of rock outcrop or other material at the surface Code Class Description ----- ------------ ------------------------------ OR Organic soil Contains >30% organic matter by weight R2 Hard rock, acidic Granite SO Mineral soil Dominant mineral particles, contains <30% organic matter by weight WA Water Water 7. LANDFRM = Local surface form Mineral surface forms. Two classes may be combined for example "bh" is hummocky blanket, "vi" is inclined veneer. Code Class Description ---- ----------- --------------------------------------- b blanket Unconsolidated surficial materials >1 m thick. d dissected Gullies or valleys dissect the component. h hummocky A complex sequence of slopes extending from concavities of various sizes to knolls or short, discontinuous ridges. i inclined A sloping, unidirectional surface with a generally constant slope not broken by marked irregularity or gullies. k knoll and kettle A very chaotic sequence of knolls, ridges and kettles. l level A flat or very gently sloping unidirectional surface with a generally constant slope not broken by marked elevations and depressions; slopes are generally < 2%. r ridged A long, narrow elevation of the surface, usually distinctly crested with steep sides. s steep Erosional slopes on both consolidated and unconsolidated materials. u undulating A regular sequence of gentle slopes that extends from rounded and, in some places, confined concavities to broad, rounded convexities; low local relief with slopes usually between 2-5%. v veneer Unconsolidated surficial materials <1 m thick. Veneers may be continuous or patchy. w beach, strandline Low ridges with steeper slope on one side than on the other. y subdued hummocky A complex sequence of slopes extending from concavities of various sizes to knolls. Local topography is < 10 m. Organic Surface Forms The classification of landforms is often the case of "best fit". Often the landform encountered does not quite meet all criteria of any class. Organic landforms often are intergrades of one form to another. Code Class Description ----- ---------- ------------------------------------- Ba Palsa bog A bog composed of individual or coalesced palsas, occurring in an unfrozen peatland. Palsas are mounds of perennially frozen peat and mineral soil, up to 5 m high, with a maximum diameter of 100 m. The surface is highly uneven, often containing collapse scar bogs. Bc Collapse scar bog A circular or oval-shaped wet depression in a perennially frozen peatland; the collapse scar bog was once part of the perennially frozen peatland, but the permafrost thawed, causing the surface to subside; the depression is poor in nutrients, as it is not connected to the minerotrophic fens in which the palsa or peat plateau occurs. Bt Peat plateau bog A bog composed of perennially frozen peat, rising abruptly about 1 m from the surrounding unfrozen fen; the surface is relatively flat and even, and the bog commonly covers large areas; the peat was originally deposited in a nonpermafrost environment and is associated in many places with collapse bogs or fens. Bv Veneer bog A bog occurring on gently sloping terrain underlain by generally discontinuous permafrost; although drainage is predominantly below the surface, overland flow occurs in poorly defined drainage-ways during peak runoff; peat thickness is usually less than 1.5 m. Fb Basin fen A fen occupying a topographically defined basin; however, the basins do not receive drainage from upstream and the fens are thus influenced mainly by local hydrological conditions; the depth of peat increases towards the centre. Fc Collapse scar fen A fen with circular or oval depressions, up to 100 m occurring in larger fens, marking the subsidence of thawed permafrost peatlands. Dead trees, remnants of the subsided vegetation of permafrost peatlands, are often evident. Fh Horizontal fen A fen with a very gently sloping featureless surface; this fen occupies broad, often ill-defined depressions, and may be interconnected with other fens; peat accumulation is generally uniform. Fs Stream fen A fen located in the main channel or along the banks of permanent or semi- permanent streams. This fen is affected by the water of the stream at normal and flood stages. 8. PMDEPO1 = Mode of deposition or origin of first (upper) parent material Code Class Description ---- ------------- --------------------------------------- AN Anthropogenic Materials modified by human activity so that their physical properties have been drastically altered; they include borrow pits, gravel pits, road beds. B Bog Bogs consist of unspecified organic materials associated with an ombrotrophic environment because the slightly elevated nature of the bog dissociates it from nutrient-rich ground water or surrounding mineral soils; near the surface, materials are usually not or very little decomposed (fibric), yellowish to pale brown, loose and spongy in consistence, and entire sphagnum plants are readily identified; these materials are extremely acid, with low bulk density and high fibre content; at depths they become darker, compacted, and somewhat layered; bogs are associated with slopes or depressions on topography with a water table at or near the surface in the spring and slightly below it during the rest of the year; they are usually covered with sphagnum mosses, but sedges may also grow on them; bogs may be treed or treeless and many are characterized by a layer of ericaceous shrubs. F Fluvial Sediment generally consisting of silt and clay with a minor fraction of sand and gravel; gravels are typically rounded; alluvial sediments are commonly moderately to well sorted and display stratification. FN Fen Fens consist of unspecified organic materials formed in a minerotrophic environment because of the close association of the material with mineral- rich waters; it is usually moderately well to well decomposed, dark brown to black, with fine- to medium-sized fibres; decomposition commonly becomes greater at lower depths; the materials are covered with a dominant component of sedges or brown mosses, but grasses reeds, sphagnum mosses, shrubs and trees may be associated. GF Glaciofluvial Material moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by streams flowing from the melting ice; deposits are stratified and may occur in the form of outwash plains, deltas, kames, eskers, and kame terraces. GL Glaciolacustrine Sediment generally consisting of either stratified fine sand, silt, and clay deposited on the glacial lake bed or moderately well sorted and stratified sand and coarser materials that are beach and other near-shore sediments transported and deposited by wave action; these materials either have settled from suspension in bodies of standing fresh water or have accumulated at their margins through wave action. O Organic A layered sequence of more than three types of organic undifferentiated material (>30% organic matter by weight). R Residual Unconsolidated, weathered, or partly weathered soil mineral materials that accumulates by disintegration of bedrock in place. T Till (Morainal) Sediment generally consisting of well- compacted material that is nonstratified and contains a heterogeneous mixture of sand, silt, and clay particle sizes and coarse fragments in a mixture that has been transported beneath, beside, on, within, or in front of a glacier and not modified by any intermediate agent. RK Rock A consolidated bedrock layer that is too hard to break with the hands (>3 on Mohs' scale) or to dig with a spade when moist. 9. TXTURE1 = Texture of first (upper) parent material Soil texture indicates the relative proportions of the various soil separates in a soil. Soil separates are mineral particles, <2.0 mm in equivalent diameter, ranging between specified size limits: Soil separate Diameter (mm) ---------------- ---------------- Very coarse sand 2.0-1.0 Coarse sand 1.0-0.50 Medium sand 0.50-0.25 Fine sand 0.25-0.10 Very fine sand 0.10-0.05 Silt 0.05-0.002 Clay <0.002 Coarse fragments are rock or mineral fragments >2.0 mm in diameter: Coarse fragment Diameter (cm) ---------------- ------------- Gravel 0.2-7.5 Cobble 7.5-25.0 Sands Sand is a soil material that contains 85% or more sand; the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay, does not exceed 15. Code Class Description ----- ----------------- ------------------------------------- VCS Very Coarse Sand 25% or more very coarse sand, and less than 50% any other one grade of sand. CS Coarse Sand 25% or more very coarse and coarse sand, and less than 50% any other grade of sand. S Sand 25% or more very coarse, coarse and coarse sand (but less than 25% very coarse and coarse sand), and less than 50% of either fine or very fine sand. FS Fine Sand 50% or more fine sand, or less than 25% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand and less than 50% very fine sand. VFS Very Fine Sand 50% or more very fine sand. Loamy Sands Loamy sand is a soil material that contains at the upper limit 85-90% sand, and the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay is not less than 15; at the lower limit it contains not less than 70-85% sand, and the percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30. Code Class Description ---- ----------------- ----------------------------------- LCS Loamy Coarse Sand 25% or more very coarse and coarse sand, and less than 50% any other one grade of sand. LS Loamy Sand 25% or more very coarse, coarse, and medium sand (but less than 25% very coarse and coarse sand), and less than 50% fine or very fine sand. LFS Loamy Fine Sand 50% or more fine sand, or less than 50% very fine sand and less than 25% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand. LVFS Loamy Very Fine 50% or more very fine sand. Sand Sandy Loams Sandy loam is a soil material that contains either 20% clay or less, with the percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay exceeding 30, and 52% or more sand; or less than 7% clay, less than 50% silt, and 43-52% sand. Code Class Description ---- ----------------- ----------------------------------- CSL Coarse Sandy Loam 25% or more very coarse and coarse sand and less than 50% any other one grade of sand. SL Sandy Loam 30% or more very coarse, coarse, and medium sand (but less than 25% very coarse and coarse sand), and less than 30% of either very fine or fine sand. FSL Fine Sandy Loam 30% or more fine sand and less than 30% very fine sand; or between 15-30% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand; or more than 40% fine and very fine sand, at least half of which is fine sand, and less than 15% very coarse, coarse and medium sand. VFSL Very Fine Sandy 30% or more very fine sand, or more Loam than 40% fine and very fine sand, at least half of which is very fine sand, and less than 15% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand. Textures finer than sandy loams: Code Class Description ---- ------- ------------------------------- L Loam 7-27% clay, 28-50% silt, and less than 52% sand. SIL Silt Loam 50% or more silt and 12-27% clay, or 50-80% silt and less than 12% clay. SI Silt 80% or more silt and less than 12% clay. SCL Sandy Clay Loam 20-35% clay, less than 28% silt, and 45% or more sand. CL Clay Loam 27-40% clay and 20-45 sand. SICL Silty Clay Loam 27-40% clay and less than 20% sand. SC Sandy Clay 35% or more clay and 45% or more sand. SIC Silty Clay 40% or more clay and 40% or more silt. C Clay 40% or more clay, less than 45% sand, and less than 40% silt. HC Heavy Clay more than 60% clay. O Organic Fibre content undifferentiated. F Fibric 40% or more rubbed fibre content by volume. M Mesic 10% or more and less than 40% fibre content by volume. H Humic <10% rubbed fibre content by volume. 10. TXTMOD1 = Texture modifier of first (upper) parent material Code Class Description ---- ------------ ------------------------------- GR Gravelly 15-35% gravel by volume VG Very gravelly 35-60% gravel by volume EG Extremely gravelly >60% gravel by volume MU Mucky 9-17% organic carbon GY Gritty Sharp edged particles present AY Ashy Quantities of volcanic or organic ash present WY Woody Quantities of woody fragments present (organic soils). 11. PMDEPO2 = Mode of deposition or origin of second (middle) parent material 12. TXTURE2 = Texture of second (middle) parent material 13. TXTMOD2 = Texture modifier of second (middle) parent material 14. PMDEPO3 = Mode of deposition or origin of third (lower) parent material 15. TXTURE3 = Texture of third (lower) parent material 16. TXTMOD3 = Texture modifier of third (lower) parent material 17. COFRAGS = Coarse fragment content in control section of mineral soils Code Class Description ----- ------------ ----------------------------------- A <1% by volume Rounded, subrounded, flat, angular or irregular rock fragment from 2 mm to 60 cm or more in size. B 1-15% C 16-35% D 36-60% E >60% # Non applicable 18. SLOPE = Slope gradient class The slope is generally the average or common slope of the unit, but in the case of complex topography the steepest slope class is listed. Code Class ---- -------- 1 1-2% 4 3-5% 8 6-9% 13 10-15% 25 16-30% 45 31-60% 19. DRAINGE = Drainage class Code Class Description ---- ----------- ------------------------------------ VR Very rapid Water is removed from the soil very rapidly in relation to supply; excess water flows downward very rapidly if underlying material is pervious; subsurface flow may be very rapid during heavy rainfall provided the gradient is steep; source of water is precipitation. R Rapid Water is removed from the soil rapidly in relation to supply; excess water flows downward if underlying material is pervious; subsurface flow may occur on steep gradients during heavy rainfall; source of water is precipitation. W Well Water is removed from the soil readily but not rapidly; excess water flows downward readily into underlying pervious material or laterally as subsurface flow; these soils commonly retain optimum amounts of moisture for plant growth after rains or addition of irrigation water. MW Moderately well Water is removed from the soil somewhat slowly in relation to supply; excess water is removed somewhat slowly because of low perviousness, shallow water table, lack of gradient, or some combination of these; precipitation is the dominant source of water in medium-to-fine textured soils; precipitation and significant additions by subsurface flow are necessary in course textured soils. I Imperfect Water is removed from the soil sufficiently slowly in relation to supply to keep the soil wet for a significant part of the growing season; excess water moves slowly downward if precipitation is the major supply; if subsurface water or groundwater, or both, is the main source, the flow rate may vary but the soil remains wet for a significant part of the growing season. P Poor Water is removed so slowly in relation to supply that the soil remains wet from a comparatively large part of the time the soil is not frozen; excess water is evident in the soil for much of the time; subsurface flow or groundwater flow, or both, in addition to precipitation are the main sources of water; there may also be a perched water table. VP Very poor Water is removed from the soil so slowly that the water table remains at or near the surface for most of the time the soil is not frozen; groundwater flow and subsurface flow are the major sources of water; precipitation is less important except where there is a perched water table. # Non applicable 20. DEPTHWT = Average depth to water table Code Class Description ---- ---------- -------------------------------- 10 0-20 cm Most shallow water table during growing season. 50 20-75 cm 125 75-150 cm 200 >150 cm * 0-100 cm With perennially frozen subsoil. # Non applicable (Water, ice, rock). 21. PFDISTR = Permafrost distribution or occurrence Code Class Description ---- ----------- ---------------------------- V Very sporadic Sparse patches of permafrost are associated with the component. S Sporadic Isolated patches or islands of permafrost occur within the component. D Discontinuous Widespread permafrost occurs within the component. C Continuous Permafrost underlies all or almost all of the component. # Non applicable 22. DPTHACT = Depth of active layer (average) Code Class Description ---- -------- ------------------------------------ 50 35-75 cm Top layer of ground subject to annual thawing and freezing 100 >75 cm in areas underlain by permafrost. # Non applicable 23. ICECTNT = Ice content of permanently frozen layer Code Class Description ---- -------- ------------------------------------ L Low Ice content (volume) less than available pore space in non-frozen soil. M Medium No excess ice; ice content (volume) equal to pore space of non-frozen soil. H High Excess ice: ice content greater than pore space in non-frozen soil; ice usually in the form of lenses, vein ice or massive ground ice. 24. DPTHLFH = Thickness of humus layer (L,F,H) The thickness of the humus layer is estimated, and based on observations in the field. However the frequency of forest fires in the area may reduce deep LFH layers to nil from one year to the next. Code Class ---- --------- 0 <5 cm 1 5-10 cm 2 11-20 cm 3 21-40 cm 4 >40 cm # Non applicable (e.g. borrow pit, organic deposits) 25. DPTHORG = Average thickness of peat deposit Peat consist of organic material that accumulated under very wet or saturated conditions. Code Class Description ---- ------------- ----------------------------------- 0 <0.2 m Peat development has just started (paludification), or depth of peat layer has been reduced by fire. 1 0.2-0.6 m Peat depth generally less than 40 cm if peat depth is rather uniform; or peat depth is on average about 40 cm but varies strongly over short distances due to sphagnum hummock formation. 2 0.6-1.6 m Shallow peat (fens and bogs). 3 1.6-3.0 m Deep peat. 4 >3.0 m Very deep peat. 26. SOILDEV = Soil development (soil classification) The dominant soil development associated with the polygon component. Other kinds of soil development are usually present, but only as inclusions. (See Soil Classification Working Group (1998) for detailed descriptions of the codes and classes listed below.) Code Class ----------- ---------------------------------- Brunisolic EDYB Eluviated Dystric Brunisol GLEDYB Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol EEB Eluviated Eutric Brunisol GLEEB Gleyed Eluviated Eutric Brunisol Gleysolic OHG Orthic Humic Gleysol RHG Rego Humic Gleysol OG Orthic Gleysol FEG Ferric Gleysol OLG Orthic Luvic Gleysol HULG Humic Luvic Gleysol Luvisolic OGL Orthic Gray Luvisol DGL Dark Gray Luvisol GLGL Gleyed Gray Luvisol GLDGL Gleyed Dark Gray Luvisol Organic TYF Typic Fibrisol MEF Mesic Fibrisol TF Terric Fibrisol TMEF Terric Mesic Fibrisol HYF Hydric Fibrisol TYM Typic Mesisol FIM Fibric Mesisol TM Terric Mesisol TFIM Terric Fibric Mesisol THUM Terric Mesic Humisol TH Terric Humisol TFIH Terric Fibric Humisol TMEH Terric Mesic Humisol Cryosolic OSC Orthic Static Cryosol RSC Regosolic Static Cryosol OTC Orthic Turbic Cryosol RTC Regosolic Turbic Cryosol FIOC Fibric Organic Cryosol MEOC Mesic Organic Cryosol HUOC Humic Organic Cryosol TFIOC Terric Fibric Organic Cryosol TMEOC Terric Mesic Organic Cryosol THUOC Terric Humic Organic Cryosol 27. VARIANT = Classification variant or phase Code Class Description ---- ------ ------------------------------- c Cryic This designation has been used to identify Luvisolic soils with permafrost within the control section. These soils are at present not recognized in the Canadian System of Soil Classification. l Lithic A soil that has a lithic contact within the control section. p Peaty A soil that has a peaty layer 15-40 cm thick. 28. SOILTP1 = Dominant soil type associated with polygon component. The dominant soil type listed represents the soils that occupy >50% of the component. The soil type may be a soil series, which is a soil type defined within narrow limits, or a group of soils that vary to some extent in texture, depth of profile etc. The soil type used to identify organic landscape components is the soil that best represents the group or complex of soils that are associated with that particular landscape component. The organic soil type usually represents related, but sometimes quite different soils. These variations may include peat depth, presence or absence of certain peat layers, variation in peat decomposition etc. Soil Type (See BOREAS TE-20 Soils Report for detailed descriptions of soil types.) ATK - Atik BDY - Baldy BGC - Bog Collapse BRN - Brannigan Creek BTT - Button CLK - Clarke CMK - Cormorant Lake FCD - Fen Collapse FEN - Fen GRS - Grass River LPR - La Perouse LWP - Low Pine MDR - Medard NIC - Nichols Lake PAA - Palsa PCB - Partridge Beak PCH - Partridge Head PCP - Partridge Crop PKW - Pakwa PLH - Palsa Hummock PLT - Plateau PPU - Pipun ROK - Roe Lake SWK - Sipiwesk SYB - Sandy Bog TBL - Turnbull TFN - Thaw Fen TYL - Tyrrell WBW - Wabowden WRL - Warren Landing WTP - Wet Pine YGP - Young Pine 29. SOILPH1 = Soil phase or variant associated with dominant soil type. The soil phase or variant is used to identify more specifically the dominant soil type. These soils vary to some degree from the model due to differences in parent material (stratification, texture), depth of the LFH layer, peaty surface, coarse fragment content etc. Code Class Description ---- ----------- ---------------------------------------- d Deep A soil that is relatively deep. h humus A soil with a relatively deep duff layer. s Shallow A soil that is relatively shallow. v Very deep A soil that is very deep. w Very shallow A soil that is very shallow. x complex A soil that varies in a number of properties from the model (series concept) 1,2,3 Variant number A soil that varies in one or more specific properties from the series concept. 30. SOILTP2 = Subdominant soil type associated with polygon component. The subdominant soil type listed represents the soils that occupy <50% of the component. The soil type may be a soil series, which is a soil type defined within narrow limits, or a group of soils that vary to some extent in texture, depth of profile etc. The soil type used to identify organic landscape components is the soil that best represents the group or complex of soils that are associated with that particular landscape component. The organic soil type usually represents related, but sometimes quite different soils. These variations may include peat depth, presence or absence of certain peat layers, variation in peat decomposition etc. (See no. 28 for codes.) 31. SOILPH2 = Soil phase or variant associated with subdominant soil type. The soil phase or variant is used to identify more specifically the subdominant soil type component. (See no. 29 for codes.) 32. TOTLAREA = Total area (hectares) of soil polygon. 33. COMPAREA = Area (hectares) of polygon component. 34. DR_CLASS = Drainage class (numerical code used for modeling carbon stocks and fluxes). Code Class ---- ----------------- 1 Rock 2 VR Very Rapid 3 R Rapid 4 W Well 5 MW Moderately Well 6 I Imperfect 7 P Poor 8 VP Very Poor 9 Water 10 Lake 35. STND_AGE = Age (years) since last fire of each soil polygon component. 1994 is the reference year. Some are age ranges. Data are from a variety of sources (see Sections 1.6 and 7.2.1). 13 1981 burn scar from Landsat TM image and TE05 fire history images. 30 1964 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Manitoba Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data. 38 1956 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 43 +/- 7 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data. 45 Manitoba Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data. 50 Estimate from Landsat TM image and Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 59 +/- 15 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data of forest stands along Hwy 391. 70 Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data - high end of age range 56 +/- 20 yrs. 86 +/- 10 Manitoba Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data. 89 +/- 14 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data of forest stands near and around OJP tower site. 104 +/- 20 Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 120 Stand age of OBS near and around tower. 146 +/- 20 Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 199 Fen 299 Lake 36. ST_AGE_GRP = Stand age groupings used for estimating carbon stocks and modeling fluxes. Note: We assumed that the fens do not burn and therefore did not assign age since last fire for those polygon components that are fens. 13 1981 burn scar from LandSat tm image and TE05 fire history images. 30 1964 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 38 1956 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 43 +/- 7 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data. 60 50 - 65 grouped 70 Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data - high end of age range 56 +/- 20 yrs. 90 OJP tower site and other stands designated by Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory as 86 yrs. and older 120 OBS tower site and other stands designated by Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory as 104 yrs. and older 1 Fen 0 Lake 37. C_SURFACE = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2) of carbon stock for surface horizons (including moss). Note: Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, and lakes. Stock = 13 for fens and bog collapse. 38. C_DEEP = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2) of carbon stock for deep soil horizons - humic and mineral A and B layers. Scores computed from average C stock of soil series. Note: Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, and lakes. 39. C_TOTAL = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2) of carbon stock for entire soil profile. (C_SURFACE + C_DEEP) Note: Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, and lakes. 40. FL_SURFACE = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2/yr) of carbon flux for surface horizons (including moss). Note: Flux = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, lakes, fens, and collapse bogs. 41. FL_DEEP = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2/yr) of carbon flux for deep soil horizons - humic and mineral A and B layers. Note: Flux = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, lakes, collapse bogs, and palsa bogs. 42. FL_NET = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2/yr) of carbon flux for entire soil profile. (F_SURFACE + F_DEEP) Note: Flux = 0 for rock outcrops, lakes, and open water. NOTE: Negative (<0) flux denotes carbon released from the soil or surface horizons to the atmosphere (source). Positive (>0) flux denotes carbon stored in the soil or surface horizons (sink). 7.3.3 Units of Measurement Section 7.3.2 7.3.4 Data Source This data product is derived from the soil maps that were produced by Hugo Veldhuis of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. See Section 1.5 for more information. 7.3.5 Data Range Image files: Each pixel in the image file contains the polygon number value. This value is matched to the polygon number listed in the corresponding ASCII soils table file. The values for that polygon number apply to that polygon. 7.4 Sample Data Record POLYNUM,GRIDLOC,COMPONT,RANKNUM,PERCENT,KINDMAT,LANDFRM,PMDEPO1,TXTURE1,TXTMOD1, PMDEPO2,TXTURE2,TXTMOD2,PMDEPO3,TXTURE3,TXTMOD3,COFRAGS,SLOPE,DRAINGE,DEPTHWT,PF DISTR,DPTHACT,ICECTNT,DPTHLFH,DPTHORG,SOILDEV,VARIANT,SERIES1,SERVAR1,SERIES2,SE RVAR2,TOTLAREA,COMPAREA,DR_CLASS,STND_AGE,ST_AGE_GRP,C_SURFACE,C_DEEP,C_TOTAL,FL _SURFACE,FL_DEEP,FL_NET ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ages,groups,kgC/m2,kgC/m2,kgC/m2,kgC/m2/yr,kgC /m2/yr,kgC/m2/yr 1,F1,D,1,65,R2,h,RK,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,C,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,,$AR,,,,7.6500001,4.9725 00065,1,86,90,0,0,0,0,0,0 1,F1,D,2,20,SO,vh,GL,HC,-,RK,-,-,-,-,-,A,B,MW,-,-,-,- ,1,#,OGL,l,WRL,,,,7.6500001,1.53000002,5,86,90,0.848779149,1.966407775,2.8151869 24,0.004965871,-0.005899223,-0.000933352 1,F1,I,1,15,SO,bh,GL,HC,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,A,B,I,125,-,-,- ,1,#,GLGL,,ROK,,LPR,p,7.6500001,1.147500015,6,86,90,0.606994037,2.974386479,3.58 1380516,0.004052587,-0.005948773,-0.001896186 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity: The smallest unit of data for this data set is the data set itself. 8.2 Data Format 8.2.1 Uncompressed Data Files The image file contains binary 16-bit (2-byte) values with the low order byte The overall content of this product is: File 1 ASCII text file listing files on tape File 2 NSA Modeling Sub-Area Binary Soil Map File 3 NSA Modeling Sub-Area Soils Polygon Data Table (ASCII) The binary raster file that covers the NSA-MSA is distributed as 16-bit integers with the low order byte first. The soils table file that indicates the soil parameters for the polygons in the map is distributed as an ASCII text file. The files have the following characteristics: Record Size File (Bytes) Bytes/Pixel # Records -------- ----------- ----------- --------- File 1 80 ASCII text 8 File 2 2840 2 956 File 3 350 ASCII text 690 8.2.2 Compressed CD-ROM Files On the BOREAS CD-ROMs, files 1 and 3 listed above are stored as ASCII text; however, file 2 has been compressed with the Gzip compression program (file name *.gz). These data have been compressed using gzip version 1.2.4 and the high compression (-9) option (Copyright (C) 1992-1993 Jean-loup Gailly). Gzip (GNU zip) uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm (Welch, 1994) used in the zip and PKZIP programs. The compressed files may be uncompressed using gzip (-d option) or gunzip. Gzip is available from many websites (for example, ftp site prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety of operating systems in both executable and source code form. Versions of the decompression software for various systems are included on the CD-ROMs. 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms The reader is referred to the detailed report submitted by Hugo Veldhuis for details on the derivation of the original maps. See Section 1.6. Refer to Davidson (1995) and Davidson and Lefebvre (1993) for methodology on calculating area-weighted scores for carbon stocks and fluxes. Refer to Trumbore and Harden (1997) and Harden et al. (1997) for details on algorithms and their derivation for modeling carbon stocks and fluxes. For a summary of equations used in this study, see Rapalee (1999a). For a summary of methodology of this study, see Rapalee et al. (1998b). 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps BOREAS Information System (BORIS) personnel processed the data by: 1) Visually reviewing the data file contents and 2) Copying the ASCII and compressing the binary files for release on CD-ROM. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None. 9.3 Calculations: Refer to Davidson (1995) and Davidson and Lefebvre (1993) for methodology on calculating area-weighted scores for carbon stocks and fluxes. Refer to Trumbore and Harden (1997) and Harden et al. (1997) for details on algorithms and their derivation for modeling carbon stocks and fluxes. For a summary of equations used in this study, see Rapalee (1999a). For a summary of methodology of this study, see Rapalee et al. (1998b). 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments: 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None. 10. Errors: 10.1 Sources of Error: Errors could result from the change in format from vector to raster. However, the original raster image was thoroughly checked and compared to the original vector data to avoid such problems. The vector data was an original mapping using data collected directly from the field along with air photos. Errors could arise from a typographical error in the field notes. 10.2 Quality Assessment: 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source: Any data validation or accuracy assessment would have to have been made by the original sources. Please refer to the reports mentioned in section 5. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgement: The spatial accuracy of this data is considered very good. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters: Unknown. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments: None. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center: BORIS personnel viewed and compared the images with the original vector data to identify any possible discrepancies. 11. Notes: 11.1 Limitations of the Data: The reports by Hugo Veldhuis and TGB12 may indicate some limitations of the soil mapping. See Section 1.6. Some of the stand age/fire history data are estimates and assumptions for those areas within the study area for which no data were available. Also, in other areas, estimates are at the high end of the age ranges listed in the Natural Resources Manitoba forest inventory field manual. (See Section 17.2.) Carbon stocks and fluxes are area-weighted averages for each polygon component. Moss stocks and fluxes and deep carbon fluxes were calculated by applying algorithms for soil carbon inputs (I) and decomposition (k) rates based on field work using radiocarbon analyses. Reference I’s and k’s are in the middle of the range for each drainage/vegetation type. They may be under or over estimated. For further details see Trumbore and Harden (1997), Harden et al. (1997), and Rapalee et al. (1998b). Carbon stocks for the deep soil horizons are also area-weighted averages. That is, the average stock for a particular soil series for the deeper layers of the soil profile. In some cases, however, there was only one soil pit for a particular soil series. Also, since many of the profile descriptions of the study area were missing data on bulk density, we developed a nonlinear regression relating bulk density to carbon content for the soil profile descriptions that had both. Errors in average C stocks for the soil series may have arisen from our estimates of bulk density. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data: None. 11.3 Usage Guidance: Before uncompressing the Gzip files on CD-ROM, be sure that you have enough disk space to hold the uncompressed data files. Then use the appropriate decompression program provided on the CD-ROM for your specific system. 11.4 Any Other Relevant Information about the Study: For more information, please consult the soils report by Hugo Veldhuis and the documentation by Harden and Trumbore (TGB12). See Section 1.6. 12. Application of the Data Set: This data set was created for BOREAS investigators who need soils data in the vicinity of the Modeling Sub-Area for further modeling and to generate maps of area-weighted carbon stocks and fluxes. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description: IDRISI GIS software was used to modify the gridded soil polygon file produced from Hugo Veldhuis’s original soil map. 14.2 Software Access: IDRISI is proprietary software with copyright protection. This software is a product of The IDRISI Project at Clark University, Worcester MA. Gzip is available from many websites across the net (for example) ftp site prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety of operating systems in both executable and source code form. Versions of the decompression software for various systems are included on the CD-ROMs. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 15.2 Procedures for Obtaining Data BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.3 Output Products and Availability Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC's anonymous FTP site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes, or diskettes. The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled "Collected Data of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study", edited by Newcomer, J., et al., NASA, 1999, are also available. 16. Output Products and Availability: 16.1 Tape Products These data can be available on 1600 or 6250 BPI 9-track, 8 mm, or DAT tapes. 16.2 Film Products None 16.3 Other Products These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. 17. References: See the report by Hugo Veldhuis for reference information for soils. 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation IDRISI for Windows User's Guide (Version 2.0), 1997. The IDRISI Project, The Clark Labs for Cartographic and Geographic Analysis, Clark University, Worcester, MA. Welch, T.A. 1984, A Technique for High Performance Data Compression, IEEE Computer, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 8 - 19. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Becker, G., C. Elliott, G. Peterson, R. Bell, R. Frank, G. Daudet, M. Szmigelski, F. Houston, W. Hamilton, and D. Bagot, D. Acres, D. Van de Vyvere, et al. 1996. Forest Inventory Field Instruction Manual. 79 pp. Natural Resources Manitoba, Forest Resource Surveys. Clayton, J.S., W.A. Ehrlich, D.B. Cann, J.H. Day, and I.B. Marshall, Soils of Canada. 1977. Volume 1, Soil Report; Volume 2, Soil Inventory. Publ. 1459, Research Branch Canada Department of Agriculture. Davidson, E.A. 1995. Spatial covariation of soil organic carbon, clay content, and drainage class at a regional scale. Landscape Ecology. 10(6): 349-362. Davidson, E.A. and P.A. Lefebvre. 1993. Estimating regional carbon stocks and spatially covarying edaphic factors using soil maps at three scales. Biogeochemistry. 22: 107-131. Harden, J.W., K.P. O’Neill, S.E. Trumbore, H. Veldhuis, and B.J. Stocks. 1997. Moss and soil contributions to the annual net carbon flux of a maturing boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102(D24): 28,805-28,816. Harden, J., with G. Rapalee and S. Robinson. 1999. The role of peatlands in the carbon cycle. In Notes from the Underground: Soil Processes and Global Change. Edited by E. A. Holland. NATO ASI-Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, West Germany. In Press. O’Neill, K.P., J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, M.O. Bentley, G.W. Winston, and B.B. Stephens. 1995a. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): 1993 site descriptions and field notes; Thompson, Manitoba. U.S. Geological Society Open-File Report 95-488. O’Neill, K.P., J.W. Harden, and S.E. Trumbore. 1995b. Boreal Ecosystem- Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): 1993 laboratory data and notes; Thompson, Manitoba. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-565. Peterson, G. 1998. Manitoba Forest Fire History Map Index 1997. 12 pp. Manitoba Natural Resources, Forestry Branch, Winnipeg, MB. (last updated April 1998). Rapalee, G. 1999a. A simple model to estimate soil carbon dynamics at the BOREAS northern study area, Manitoba, Canada. Advances in Soil Science. In review. Rapalee, G. 1999b. Estimating soil carbon stocks and fluxes in a boreal forest landscape. M.S. Thesis. Salem State College, Salem, Massachusetts. Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis. 1997. Mapping drainage patterns and carbon stocks of boreal forest soils in northern Manitoba. In Proceedings of the 1996 Society of American Foresters National Convention, Albuquerque, NM, 414-418. Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis. 1998a. Scaling soil carbon stocks and fluxes at the BOREAS northern study area, http://boreas.gsfc.nasa.gov/BOREAS/Groups/TGB/tgb12_poster.html. Rapalee, G., S.E. Trumbore, E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, and H. Veldhuis. 1998b. Soil carbon stocks and their rates of accumulation and loss in a boreal forest landscape, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12 (4), 687-701. Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis. 1999. Scaling soil carbon stocks and fluxes at the BOREAS northern study area. In Proceedings of the 1997 International Boreal Forest Research Association Conference, Duluth MN. Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The BORreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9): 1549-1577. Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102(D24): 28,731-28,769. Soil Classification Working Group (Eds.). 1998. The Canadian System of Soil Classification. 3rd edition. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Publication 1646. 187 pp. Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Trumbore, S.E. and J.W. Harden. 1997. Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the BOREAS northern study area. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102(D24): 28,817-28,830. Veldhuis, H. and G. Rapalee. 1999. Soil carbon stocks and distribution in soil and landscapes of the Glacial Lake Agassiz basin, north-central Manitoba. In Proceedings of 42nd Annual Manitoba Soil Science Society Meeting, Winnipeg MB. 181-188. Zoltai, S.C., C. Tarnocai, G.F. Mills, and H. Veldhuis. 1988a. Wetlands of subarctic Canada. In Wetlands of Canada, Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 24, by National Wetlands Working Group, C.D.A Rubec, editor. Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, and Polyscience Publications, Montreal, Quebec. 55-96. Zoltai, S.C., S. Taylor, J.K. Jeglum, G.F. Mills, and J.D. Johnson. 1988b. Wetlands of boreal Canada. In Wetlands of Canada, Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 24, by National Wetlands Working Group, C.D.A Rubec, editor. Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, and Polyscience Publications, Montreal, Quebec. 97-154. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation None. 18. Glossary of Terms: None. 19. List of Acronyms: AEAC - Albers Equal Area Conic ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BOREAS - Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System BPI - Bytes per inch CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only-Memory DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center DAT - Digital Archive Tape DLG - Digital Line Graph EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System GIS - Geographic Information System GMT - Greenwich Mean Time GPS - Global Positioning System GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center MSA - Modeling Sub-Area NAD27 - North American Datum 1927 NAD83 - North American Datum 1983 NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NSA - Northern Study Area OBS - Old Black Spruce Tower Site OJP - Old Jack Pine Tower Site ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory SSA - Southern Study Area URL - Uniform Resource Locator WWW - World Wide Web 20. Document Information: 20.1 Document Revision Date Written: 28-Apr-1997 Last Updated: 18-March-1999 20.2 Document Review Dates BORIS Review: 20-Jun-1997 Science Review: 20.3 Document ID: 20.4 Citation 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL KEYWORDS SOILS SOIL CARBON SOIL TYPE CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING GIS TGB12_Soil_Carbon_Map.doc 05/07/99