References and Notes
1. Block E. The chemistry of garlic and onions. Sci Am 252:94-99 (1985).
2. Virtanen AL, Matikkala EJ. The isolation of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide and S-n-propyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide from onion (Allium cepa) and the antibiotic activity of crushed onion. Acta Chem Scand 13:1898-1900 (1976).
3. Yu TH, Wu CM, Liou YC. Volatile compounds from garlic. J Agric Food Chem 37:725-730 (1989).
4. Weisberger AS, Pensky J. Tumor inhibition by a sulfhydryl-blocking agent related to an active principle of garlic (Allium sativum). Cancer Res 18:1301-1308 (1958).
5. Gilbert HF. Molecular and cellular aspects of thiol-disulfide exchange. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 63:69-172 (1990).
6. Lawson LD, Wang ZJ. Pre-hepatic fate of the organosulfur compounds derived from garlic (Allium sativum). Planta Med 59:A688-A689 (1993).
7. Egen-Schwind C, Eckard R, Kemper FH. Metabolism of garlic constituents in the isolated perfused rat liver. Planta Med 58:301-305 (1992).
8. Sheen LY, Wu CC, Lii CK, Tsai SJ. Metabolites of diallyl disulfide and diallyl sulfide in primary rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 37:1139-1146 (1999).
9. Jandke J, Spiteller G. Unusual conjugates in biological profiles originating from consumption of onions and garlic. J Chromatogr 421:1-8 (1987).
10. de Rooij BM, Boogaard PJ, Rijksen DA, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine upon garlic consumption by human volunteers. Arch Toxicol 70:635-639 (1996).
11. de Rooij BM, Boogaard PJ, Commandeur JN, van Sittert NJ, Vermeulen NP. Allylmercapturic acid as urinary biomarker of human exposure to allyl chloride. Occup Environ Med 54:653-661 (1997).
12. Laakso I, Seppanen-Laakso T, Hiltunen R, Muller B, Jansen H, Knobloch K. Volatile garlic odor components: gas phases and adsorbed exhaled air analysed by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Planta Med 55:257-261 (1989).
13. Minami T, Boku T, Inada K, Morita M, Okazaki Y. Odor components of human breath after the ingestion of grated raw garlic. J Food Sci 54:763-765 (1989).
14. Mei X, Wang MC, Xu HX, Pan XY, Gao CY, Han N, Fu MY. Garlic and gastric cancer--the effect of garlic on nitrite and nitrate in gastric juice. Acta Nutr Sin 4:53-56 (1982).
15. Takezaki T, Gao CM, Ding JH, Liu TK, Li MS, Tajima K. Comparative study of lifestyles of residents in high and low risk areas for gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province, China; with special reference to Allium vegetables. J Epidemiol 9:297-305 (1999).
16. Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Segi M, Lee RK. Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:969-988 (1972).
17. Tajima K, Tominaga S. Dietary habits and gastro-intestinal cancers: a comparative case-control study of stomach and large intestinal cancers in Nagoya, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 76:705-716 (1985).
18. Trichopoulos D, Ouranos G, Day NE, Tzonou A, Manousos O, Papadimitriou C, Trichopoulos A. Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer 36:291-297 (1985).
19. Hu JF, Zhang SF, Jia EM, Wang QQ, Liu SD, Liu YY, Wu YP, Cheng YT. Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in China. Int J Cancer 41:331-335 (1988).
20. Buiatti E, Palli D, Decarli A, Amadori D, Avellini C, Bianchi S, Biserni R, Cipriani F, Cocco P, Giacosa A. A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. Int J Cancer 44:611-616 (1989).
21. You WC, Blot WJ, Chang YS, Ershow A, Yang ZT, An Q, Henderson BE, Fraumeni JF Jr, Wang TG. Allium vegetables and reduced risk of stomach cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:162-164 (1989).
22. Boeing H, Jedrychowski W, Wahrendorf J, Popiela T, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Kulig A. Dietary risk factors in intestinal and diffuse types of stomach cancer: a multicenter case-control study in Poland. Cancer Causes Control 2:227-233 (1991).
23. Gonzalez CA, Sanz JM, Marcos G, Pita S, Brullet E, Saigi E, Badia A, Riboli E. Dietary factors and stomach cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case-control study. Int J Cancer 49:513-519 (1991).
24. Tuyns AJ, Kaaks R, Haelterman M, Riboli E. Diet and gastric cancer. A case-control study in Belgium. Int J Cancer 51:1-6 (1992).
25. Hansson LE, Nyren O, Bergstrom R, Wolk A, Lindgren A, Baron J, Adami HO. Diet and risk of gastric cancer. A population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 55:181-189 (1993).
26. Gao CM, Takezaki T, Ding JH, Li MS, Tajima K. Protective effect of Allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous case-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Jpn J Cancer Res 90:614-621 (1999).
27. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Sturmans F. Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Gastroenterology 110:12-20 (1996).
28. Hu J, Nyren O, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Yuen J, Adami HO, Guo L, Li H, Huang G, Xu X. Risk factors for oesophageal cancer in northeast China. Int J Cancer 57:38-46 (1994).
29. Gao YT, McLaughlin JK, Gridley G, Blot WJ, Ji BT, Dai Q, Fraumeni JF Jr. Risk factors for esophageal cancer in Shanghai, China. II: Role of diet and nutrients. Int J Cancer 58:197-202 (1994).
30. Cellini L, Di Campli E, Masulli M, Di Bartolomeo S, Allocati N. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by garlic extract (Allium sativum). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 13:273-277 (1996).
31. Chung JG, Chen GW, Wu LT, Chang HL, Lin JG, Yeh CC, Wang TF. Effects of garlic compounds diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in strains of Helicobacter pylori from peptic ulcer patients. Am J Chin Med 26:353-364 (1998).
32. Jonkers D, van den Broek E, van Dooren I, Thijs C, Dorant E, Hageman G, Stobberingh E. Antibacterial effect of garlic and omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother 43:837- 839 (1999).
33. O'Gara EA, Hill DJ, Maslin DJ. Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their diallyl constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2269-2273 (2000).
34. Shinchi K, Ishii H, Imanishi K, Kono S. Relationship of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and dietary habits with Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese men. Scand J Gastroenterol 32:651-655 (1997).
35. Graham DY, Anderson SY, Lang T. Garlic or jalapeno peppers for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 94:1200-1202 (1999).
36. Gail MH, You WC, Chang YS, Zhang L, Blot WJ, Brown LM, Groves FD, Heinrich JP, Hu J, Jin ML, et al. Factorial trial of three interventions to reduce the progression of precancerous gastric lesions in Shandong, China: design issues and initial data. Control Clin Trials 19:352-369 (1998).
37. Haenszel W, Locke FB, Segi M. A case-control study of large bowel cancer in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:17-22 (1980).
38. Tuyns AJ, Kaaks R, Haelterman M. Colorectal cancer and the consumption of foods: a case-control study in Belgium. Nutr Cancer 11:189-204 (1988).
39. Hu JF, Liu YY, Yu YK, Zhao TZ, Liu SD, Wang QQ. Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China. Int J Epidemiol 20:362-367 (1991).
40. Iscovich JM, L'Abbe KA, Castelleto R, Calzona A, Bernedo A, Chopita NA, Jmelnitzsky AC, Kaldor J. Colon cancer in Argentina. I: Risk from intake of dietary items. Int J Cancer 51:851-857 (1992).
41. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the Adelaide Case-Control Study. I: Vegetables and fruit. Int J Cancer 53:711-719 (1993).
42. Le Marchand L, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, Englyst HN, Lyu LC. Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk. Epidemiology 8:658-665 (1997).
43. Levi F, Pasche C, La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Franceschi S. Food groups and colorectal cancer risk. Br J Cancer 79:1283-1287 (1999).
44. Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 139:1-15 (1994).
45. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 54:2390-2397 (1994).
46. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Carcinogenesis 17:477-484 (1996).
47. Katsouyanni K, Trichopoulos D, Boyle P, Xirouchaki E, Trichopoulou A, Lisseos B, Vasilaros S, MacMahon B. Diet and breast cancer: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer 38:815-820 (1986).
48. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C, Negri E. Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Nutr Cancer 19:327-335 (1993).
49. Challier B, Perarnau JM, Viel JF. Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 14:737-747 (1998).
50. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement intake, and female breast carcinoma incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 33:163-170 (1995).
51. Sankaranarayanan R, Varghese C, Duffy SW, Padmakumary G, Day NE, Nair MK. A case-control study of diet and lung cancer in Kerala, South India. Int J Cancer 58:644-649 (1994).
52. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement use, and the risk of lung carcinoma in The Netherlands. Cancer Res 54:6148-6153 (1994).
53. Zheng W, Blot WJ, Shu XO, Gao YT, Ji BT, Ziegler RG, Fraumeni JF Jr. Diet and other risk factors for laryngeal cancer in Shanghai, China. Am J Epidemiol 136:178-191 (1992).
54. Zheng W, Blot WJ, Shu XO, Diamond EL, Gao YT, Ji BT, Fraumeni JF Jr. A population-based case-control study of cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in Shanghai. Int J Cancer 52:557-561 (1992).
55. Key TJ, Silcocks PB, Davey GK, Appleby PN, Bishop DT. A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 76:678-687 (1997).
56. Hu J, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Chatenoud L, Bosetti C, Jia X, Liu R, Huang G, Bi D, Wang C. Diet and brain cancer in adults: a case-control study in northeast China. Int J Cancer 81:20-23 (1999).
57. Shu XO, Zheng W, Potischman N, Brinton LA, Hatch MC, Gao Y-T, Fraumeni JF Jr. A population-based case-control study of dietary factors and endometrial cancer in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Am J Epidemiol 137:155-165 (1993).
58. Sparnins VL, Barany G, Wattenberg LW. Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 9:131-134 (1988).
59. Wattenberg LW, Sparnins VL, Barany G. Inhibition of N-nitrosodiethylamine carcinogenesis in mice by naturally occurring organosulfur compounds and monoterpenes. Cancer Res 49:2689-2692 (1989).
60. Wargovich MJ. Diallyl sulfide, a flavor component of garlic (Allium sativum), inhibits dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 8:487-489 (1987).
61. Sumiyoshi H, Wargovich MJ. Chemoprevention of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in mice by naturally occurring organosulfur compounds. Cancer Res 50:5084-5087 (1990).
62. Takahashi S, Hakoi K, Yada H, Hirose M, Ito N, Fukushima S. Enhancing effects of diallyl sulfide on hepatocarcinogenesis and inhibitory actions of the related diallyl disulfide on colon and renal carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 13:1513-1518 (1992).
63. Reddy BS, Rao CV, Rivenson A, Kelloff G. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by organosulfur compounds. Cancer Res 53:3493-3498 (1993).
64. Wargovich MJ, Woods C, Eng VW, Stephens LC, Gray K. Chemoprevention of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal cancer in rats by the naturally occurring thioether, diallyl sulfide. Cancer Res 48:6872-6875 (1988).
65. Ip C, Lisk DJ, Stoewsand GS. Mammary cancer prevention by regular garlic and selenium-enriched garlic. Nutr Cancer 17:279-286 (1992).
66. Liu J, Lin RI, Milner JA. Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors and DNA adducts by garlic powder. Carcinogenesis 13:1847-1851 (1992).
67. Schaffer EM, Liu JZ, Green J, Dangler CA, Milner JA. Garlic and associated allyl sulfur components inhibit N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 102:199-204 (1996).
68. Cohen LA, Zhao Z, Pittman B, Lubet R. S-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, fails to inhibit N-methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. Nutr Cancer 35:58-63 (1999).
69. Hayes MA, Rushmore TH, Goldberg MT. Inhibition of hepatocarcinogenic responses to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by diallyl sulfide, a component of garlic oil. Carcinogenesis 8:1155-1157 (1987).
70. Hussain SP, Jannu LN, Rao AR. Chemopreventive action of garlic on methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mice. Cancer Lett 49:175-180 (1990).
71. Belman S. Onion and garlic oils inhibit tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 4:1063-1065 (1983).
72. Sadhana AS, Rao AR, Kucheria K, Bijani V. Inhibitory action of garlic oil on the initiation of benzo[a]pyrene-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett 40:193-197 (1988).
73. Nishino H, Iwashima A, Itakura Y, Matsuura H, Fuwa T. Antitumor-promoting activity of garlic extracts. Oncology 46:277-280 (1989).
74. Singh A, Shukla Y. Antitumour activity of diallyl sulfide on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 131:209-214 (1998).
75. Zoumas C, Amagase H, Milner JA. Impact of dietary lipid, protein and methionine on ability of garlic to decrease binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to mammary DNA. FASEB J 6:A13-A13 (1992).
76. Amagase H, Schaffer EM, Milner JA. Dietary components modify the ability of garlic to suppress 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary DNA adducts. J Nutr 126:817-824 (1996).
77. Soni KB, Lahiri M, Chackradeo P, Bhide SV, Kuttan R. Protective effect of food additives on aflatoxin-induced mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. Cancer Lett 115:129-133 (1997).
78. Zhang YS, Chen XR, Yu YN. Antimutagenic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on 4NQO-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli WP20. Mutat Res 227:215-219 (1989).
79. Knasmuller S, de Martin R, Domjan G, Szakmary A. Studies on the antimutagenic activities of garlic extract. Environ Mol Mutagen 13:357-365 (1989).
80. Kato T, Michikoshi K, Minowa Y, Maeda Y, Kikugawa K. Mutagenicity of cooked hamburger is reduced by addition of onion to ground beef. Mutat Res 420:109-114 (1998).
81. Sparnins VL, Mott AW, Barany G, Wattenberg LW. Effects of allyl methyl trisulfide on glutathione S-transferase activity and BP-induced neoplasia in the mouse. Nutr Cancer 8:211-215 (1986).
82. Srivastava SK, Hu X, Xia H, Zaren HA, Chatterjee ML, Agarwal R, Singh SV. Mechanism of differential efficacy of garlic organosulfides in preventing benzo[a]pyrene-induced cancer in mice. Cancer Lett 118:61-67 (1997).
83. Munday R, Munday CM. Low doses of diallyl disulfide, a compound derived from garlic, increase tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Nutr Cancer 34:42-48 (1999).
84. Brady JF, Li DC, Ishizaki H, Yang CS. Effect of diallyl sulfide on rat liver microsomal nitrosamine metabolism and other monooxygenase activities. Cancer Res 48:5937-5940 (1988).
85. Brady JF, Wang MH, Hong JY, Xiao F, Li Y, Yoo JS, Ning SM, Lee MJ, Fukuto JM, Gapac JM. Modulation of rat hepatic microsomal monooxygenase enzymes and cytotoxicity by diallyl sulfide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 108:342-354 (1991).
86. Pan J, Hong JY, Li D, Schuetz EG, Guzelian PS, Huang W, Yang CS. Regulation of cytochrome P450 2B1/2 genes by diallyl sulfone, disulfiram, and other organosulfur compounds in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 45:2323-2329 (1993).
87. Reicks MM, Crankshaw DL. Modulation of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity by garlic organosulfur compounds. Nutr Cancer 25:241-248 (1996).
88. Haber D, Siess MH, Canivenc-Lavier MC, Le Bon AM, Suschetet M. Differential effects of dietary diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on rat intestinal and hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. J Toxicol Environ Health 44:423-434 (1995).
89. Sheen LY, Chen HW, Kung YL, Liu CT, Lii CK. Effects of garlic oil and its organosulfur compounds on the activities of hepatic drug-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in rats fed high- and low-fat diets. Nutr Cancer 35:160-166 (1999).
90. Jin L, Baillie TA. Metabolism of the chemoprotective agent diallyl sulfide to glutathione conjugates in rats. Chem Res Toxicol 10:318-327 (1997).
91. Chen GW, Chung JG, Hsieh CL, Lin JG. Effects of the garlic components diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in human colon tumour cells. Food Chem Toxicol 36:761-770 (1998).
92. Chung JG. Effects of garlic components diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in human bladder tumor cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 22:343-358 (1999).
93. Amagase H, Milner JA. Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA. Carcinogenesis 14:1627-1631 (1993).
94. Hageman GJ, van Herwijnen MH, Schilderman PA, Rhijnsburger EH, Moonen EJ, Kleinjans JC. Reducing effects of garlic constituents on DNA adduct formation in human lymphocytes in vitro. Nutr Cancer 27:177-185 (1997).
95. Shenoy NR, Choughuley AS. Inhibitory effect of diet related sulphydryl compounds on the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Cancer Lett 65:227-232 (1992).
96. Lin XY, Liu JZ, Milner JA. Dietary garlic suppresses DNA adducts caused by N-nitroso compounds. Carcinogenesis 15:349-352 (1994).
97. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915-7922 (1993).
98. Perchellet JP, Perchellet EM, Abney NL, Zirnstein JA, Belman S. Effects of garlic and onion oils on glutathione peroxidase activity, the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione and ornithine decarboxylase induction in isolated mouse epidermal cells treated with tumor promoters. Cancer Biochem Biophys 8:299-312 (1986).
99. Gudi VA, Singh SV. Effect of diallyl sulfide, a naturally occurring anti-carcinogen, on glutathione-dependent detoxification enzymes of female CD-1 mouse tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 42:1261-1265 (1991).
100. Chen L, Hong JY, So E, Hussin AH, Cheng WF, Yang CS. Decrease of hepatic catalase level by treatment with diallyl sulfide and garlic homogenates in rats and mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 13:127-134 (1999).
101. Pinto JT, Qiao C, Xing J, Rivlin RS, Protomastro ML, Weissler ML, Tao Y, Thaler H, Heston WD. Effects of garlic thioallyl derivatives on growth, glutathione concentration, and polyamine formation of human prostate carcinoma cells in culture. Am J Clin Nutr 66:398-405 (1997).
102. Imai J, Ide N, Nagae S, Moriguchi T, Matsuura H, Itakura Y. Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of aged garlic extract and its constituents. Planta Med 60:417-420 (1994).
103. Fanelli SL, Castro GD, de Toranzo EG, Castro JA. Mechanisms of the preventive properties of some garlic components in the carbon tetrachloride-promoted oxidative stress. Diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan and allyl methyl sulfide. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 102:163-174 (1998).
104. Sundaram SG, Milner JA. Impact of organosulfur compounds in garlic on canine mammary tumor cells in culture. Cancer Lett 74:85-90 (1993).
105. Sundaram SG, Milner JA. Diallyl disulfide induces apoptosis of human colon tumor cells. Carcinogenesis 17:669-673 (1996).
106. Sakamoto K, Lawson LD, Milner JA. Allyl sulfides from garlic suppress the in vitro proliferation of human A549 lung tumor cells. Nutr Cancer 29:152-156 (1997).
107. Welch C, Wuarin L, Sidell N. Antiproliferative effect of the garlic compound S-allyl cysteine on human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Cancer Lett 63:211-219 (1992).
108. Takeyama H, Hoon DS, Saxton RE, Morton DL, Irie RF. Growth inhibition and modulation of cell markers of melanoma by S-allyl cysteine. Oncology 50:63-69 (1993).
109. Lee ES, Steiner M, Lin R. Thioallyl compounds: potent inhibitors of cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1221:73-77 (1994).
110. Seki T, Tsuji K, Hayato Y, Moritomo T, Ariga T. Garlic and onion oils inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett 160:29-35 (2000).
111. Siegers CP, Steffen B, Robke A, Pentz R. The effects of garlic preparations against human tumor cell proliferation. Phytomedicine 6:7-11 (1999).
112. Baer AR, Wargovich MJ. Role of ornithine decarboxylase in diallyl sulfide inhibition of colonic radiation injury in the mouse. Cancer Res 49:5073-5076 (1989).
113. Hu PJ, Wargovich MJ. Effect of diallyl sulfide on MNNG-induced nuclear aberrations and ornithine decarboxylase activity in the glandular stomach mucosa of the Wistar rat. Cancer Lett 47:153-158 (1989).
114. Takada N, Matsuda T, Otoshi T, Yano Y, Otani S, Hasegawa T, Nakae D, Konishi Y, Fukushima S. Enhancement by organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions of diethylnitrosamine-induced glutathione S-transferase positive foci in the rat liver. Cancer Res 54:2895-2899 (1994).
115. Hong YS, Ham YA, Choi JH, Kim J. Effects of allyl sulfur compounds and garlic extract on the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 in non small cell lung cancer cell lines. Exp Mol Med 32:127-134 (2000).
116. Dirsch VM, Gerbes AL, Vollmar AM. Ajoene, a compound of garlic, induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic cells, accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kB. Mol Pharmacol 53:402-407 (1998).
117. Knowles LM, Milner JA. Depressed p34cdc2 kinase activity and G2/M phase arrest induced by diallyl disulfide in HCT-15 cells. Nutr Cancer 30:169-174 (1998).
118. Knowles LM, Milner JA. Diallyl disulfide inhibits p34(cdc2) kinase activity through changes in complex formation and phosphorylation. Carcinogenesis 21:1129-1134 (2000).
119. Singh SV, Mohan RR, Agarwal R, Benson PJ, Hu X, Rudy MA, Xia H, Katoh A, Srivastava SK, Mukhtar H, et al. Novel anti-carcinogenic activity of an organosulfide from garlic: inhibition of H-RAS oncogene transformed tumor growth in vivo by diallyl disulfide is associated with inhibition of p21H-ras processing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 225:660-665 (1996).
120. Fleischauer AT, Poole C, Arab L. Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1047-1052 (2000).
121. Miller AB, Bartsch H, Boffetta P, Dragsted L, Vainio H, eds. Biomarkers in Cancer Prevention. IARC Sci Publ 154:1-214 (2001).
Last Updated: August 16, 2001