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Part One Multicultural Counselor Preparation: Pathways to the Present 1 CHAPTER 1 Culture and Its Inescapable Impact on Counseling 3 Culture and Race as Critical Elements of Cultural Diversity 4 Nomenclature of Ethnic Groups 5 The Role of Culture in Counseling 6 Culture as a Silent Partner 8 The Cultural Context as a Critical Factor 18 Psychotherapy's Role in Maintaining Cultural Biases 21 Summary 22 CHAPTER 2 History of and Rationale for Multicultural Counselor Preparation 23 The Early Years: A Monocultural Focus 23 The Shift Toward a Cross-Cultural Focus 25 The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement 27 Other Influences on Multicultural Counseling 30 Growth toward a Multicultural Approach 30 The Impact of Demographic Reports 34 Ethical and Training Standards and Issues 35 Introduction of Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories 39 Present and Future Challenges 39 Summary 42 CHAPTER 3 Developmental Models for Multicultural Counselor Preparation 43 Conceptualizing Issues for Multicultural Counselor Preparation 44 Early Developmental Models 47 Overview of Racial and Ethnic Identity Development Models 49 Limitations of Racial Identity Development Models 62 Summary 62 CHAPTER 4 Ethnic Identity Development over the Life Span 65 The Child's Development of an Ethnic Identity 66 Adolescent Ethnic Identity Development 69 Adult Ethnic Identity Development 75 Summary 78 CHAPTER 5 Multicultural Counseling on the International Scene 79 Introduction to Counseling Outside the United States 79 Source of Information for Chapter 5 81 Cultural Diversity and Counselor Responses to Cultural Diversity in Africa 82 Cultural Diversity and Counselor Responses to Cultural Diversity in Asia 84 Cultural Diversity and Counselor Responses to Cultural Diversity in Australia and New Zealand 87 Cultural Diversity and Counselor Responses to Cultural Diversity in Europe 90 Cultural Diversity and Counselor Responses to Cultural Diversity in the Middle East 94 Cultural Diversity and Counselor Responses to Cultural Diversity in the U.S. Border Countries of North America 95 Summary 99 Part Two Multicultural Counselor Preparation: Pathways from the Present to the Future 101 CHAPTER 6 .Introduction to a Developmental Model of Multicultural Counselor Preparation 103 Stage One Goals (Chapter 7) 107 Stage Two Goals (Chapter 8) 107 Stage Three Goals (Chapter 9) 108 Stage Four Goals (Chapter 10) 108 Stage Five Goals (Chapter 11) 109 Assumptions Undergirding This Developmental Model 109 Limitations of This Developmental Model 111 Summary 112 CHAPTER 7 Multicultural Counselor Preparation: Stage One 113 Student Characteristics 113 Process Guidelines for Creating a Climate for Student Growth in Stage One 115 Goals to Promote Student Development in Beliefs and Attitudes, Knowledge, and Skills in Stage One 117 Appropriate Environments and Learning Experiences to Achieve Goals 118 Summary 138 CHAPTER 8 Multicultural Counselor Preparation: Stage Two 139 Student Characteristics 139 Process Guidelines for Creating a Climate for Student Growth in Stage Two 140 Goals to Promote Student Development in Beliefs and Attitudes, Knowledge, and Skills in Stage Two 141 Appropriate Environments and Learning Experiences to Achieve Goals 142 Summary 158 CHAPTER 9 Multicultural Counselor Preparation: Stage Three 159 Student Characteristics 160 Process Guidelines for Creating a Climate for Student Growth in Stage Three 161 Goals to Promote Student Development in Beliefs and Attitudes, Knowledge, and Skills in Stage Three 162 Appropriate Environments and Learning Experiences to Achieve Goals 162 Summary 179 CHAPTER 10 Multicultural Counselor Preparation: Stage Four 181 Student Characteristics, 181 Process Guidelines for Creating a Climate for Student Growth in Stage Four 183 Goals to Promote Student Development in Beliefs and Attitudes, Knowledge, and Skills in Stage Four 184 Appropriate Environments and Learning Experiences to Achieve Goals 185 Summary 200 CHAPTER 11 Multicultural Counselor Preparation: Stage Five 203 Student Characteristics 203 Process Guidelines for Creating a Climate for Student Growth in Stage Five 204 Goals to Promote Student Development in Beliefs and Attitudes, Knowledge, and Skills in Stage Five 205 Appropriate Environments and Learning Experiences to Achieve Goals 205 Summary 217 CHAPTER 12 The Possible Futures: Moving Beyond the Incomplete Status of Multicultural Counselor Preparation 219 The Need for Continuing and Expanded Professional Organization Leadership to Improve Multicultural Counselor Preparation 220