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Contents Illustrations Introduction 1. The Congress of Vienna: Conceptualizing Counterrevolution 2. Restoration Bliss: The Nazarenes 3. Restoration Horror: Part I 4. Restoration Horror: Part II 5. Charles X: French Absolutism's Last Stand 6. The Counterrevolution of the July Monarchy: An Umbrella Organization, 1830-1848 7. Fractures in the Juste Milieu 8. The Counterrevolutionary Origins of Photography and Modern Landscape Painting 9. The Counterrevolution in America: A Comparison 10. England and the Transition: Romanticism to Realism Notes Photo Credits Index Illustrations 1.1 Antoine-Jean-Baptiste Thomas, Oenone Refusing to Heal Paris 1.2 The Vendôme Column with the Bourbon flag 1.3 François-Frédéric Lemot, Henri IV 1.4 Jean-Pierre David d'Angers, The Grand Condé 1.5 Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, Portrait of Henri de la Rochejacqueleine 1.6 Antoine-Jean Gros, Bonaparte at Arcole 1.7 Jean-Pierre David d'Angers, The Death of General Bonchamps 1.8 Title page to E. F. A. M. Miel's Essai sur les beaux-arts 1.9 Louis Hersent, Louis XVI Distributing Alms to the Poor 1.10 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Henri IV Playing with His Children 1.11 Félicie de Fauveau, Queen Kristina of Sweden Refusing to Spare the Life of Her Equerry Monaldeschi 1.12 Ary Scheffer, Death of Saint Louis 2.1 Heinrich Olivier, The Holy Alliance 2.2 Franz Pforr, Count Rudolf and the Priest 2.3 Franz Pforr, Entry of Rudolf of Habsburg into Basle in 1273 2.4 Friedrich Overbeck, Portrait of Franz Pforr 2.5 Franz Pforr, Shulamit and Maria 2.6 Friedrich Overbeck, Italia and Germania 2.7 Friedrich Overbeck and Peter Cornelius, double portrait drawing 2.8 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Portrait of Clara Bianca von Quandt 2.9 Peter Cornelius, Recognition of Joseph by His Brothers 2.10 Wilhelm Schadow, Joseph in Prison 2.11 Francesco Hayez, Portrait of Count Francesco Teodoro Arese Lucini in Prison 2.12 Friedrich Overbeck, Joseph Sold into Slavery by His Brothers 2.13 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Battle of Lipadusa 2.14 Friedrich Overbeck, Preparations for the Siege of Jerusalem 2.15 Joseph von Führich, Crusaders with Peter of Amiens and Godfrey de Bouillon at the Holy Sepulcher 2.16 Friedrich Overbeck, Sofronia and Olindo at the Stake 2.17 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Army of Charlemagne in Paris 2.18 Philipp Veit, the ceiling of the Dante Room of the Casino Massimo 2.19 Josef Anton Koch, The Inferno 2.20 Josef Anton Koch, The Tyrolese Landsturm 2.21 Josef Anton Koch, The Schmadribachfall 2.22 Friedrich Overbeck, Triumph of Religion in the Arts 2.23 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jesus Christ Giving the Keys to Peter 2.24 Vincenzo Camuccini, Christ among the Children 2.25 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, The Death of Leonardo da Vinci 2.26 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Paolo and Francesca 2.27 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Roger Freeing Angelica 2.28 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Vow of Louis XIII 2.29 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, The Entry into Paris of the Dauphin, the Future Charles V 2.30 Ingres, The Entry into Paris of the Dauphin, detail 3.1 Parody of Fuseli's Nightmare 3.2 Francisco Goya, Session of the Royal Company of the Philippines 3.3 Francisco Goya, For Having Been Born Elsewhere 3.4 Francisco Goya, For Having Jewish Ancestry 3.5 Francisco Goya, The Saint Isidore Pilgrimage 3.6 Francisco Goya, Witches' Sabbath 3.7 Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring His Children 3.8 Carle Vernet, The Emperor Giving His Orders to His Marshals the Morning of the Battle of Austerlitz 3.9 Pierre-Raymond-Jacques Monvoisin, The Tribune Flaminius 3.10 Théodore Géricault, Farrier's Signboard 3.11 Ary Scheffer, sketch for the Salon of 1817 3.12 Antoine-Jean Gros, 20 March 3.13 Horace Vernet, The Studio 3.14 Théodore Géricault, Young Woman Holding a Child 3.15 Théodore Géricault, Worshipers at the Door of a Church 3.16 Théodore Géricault, Execution in Rome 3.17 Théodore Géricault, Riderless Horse Race 3.18 Théodore Géricault, Riderless Horse Race 3.19 Théodore Géricault, Retreat from Russia 3.20 Théodore Géricault, Retreat from Russia 3.21 Théodore Géricault, The Swiss Sentinal at the Louvre 3.22 Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa 3.23 Théodore Géricault, Study of Two Severed Heads 3.24 Théodore Géricault, Study of Dissected Limbs 4.1 Théodore Géricault, African Slave Trade 4.2 Title page of Joseph Morenas, Pétition contre la traite des noirs 4.3 George Morland, African Slave Trade 4.4 Géricault, African Slave Trade, detail 4.5 Géricault, African Slave Trade, detail 4.6 David Wilkie, Chelsea Pensioners Reading the Gazette of the Battle of Waterloo 4.7 Charles Le Brun, Violent Movement 4.8 Charles Le Brun, Various Paired Expressions 4.9 Charles Le Brun, Various Paired Expressions 4.10 Charles Le Brun, Rapture 4.11 Charles Le Brun, Horror 4.12 Charles Le Brun, Jealousy 4.13 Charles Le Brun, Simple Love 4.14 After Petrus Camper, Structures of European and African Profiles 4.15 After Carlo Dolci, Ecce Homo 4.16 Théodore Géricault, The Piper 4.17 Théodore Géricault, Pity the Sorrows of a Poor Old Man 4.18 Théodore Géricault, A Paraleytic Woman 4.19 Théodore Géricault, Public Hanging in London 4.20 Théodore Géricault, Restitution (Reddition) of Parga 4.21 Théodore Géricault, Mazeppa 4.22 Caspar David Friedrich, Das Eismeer 4.23 Caspar David Friedrich, Huttens Grab 4.24 Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Triumphal Arch 4.25 Caspar David Friedrich, Two Men Contemplating the Moon 4.26 Caspar David Friedrich, Der Watzmann 5.1 Eugène Delacroix, The Bark of Dante 5.2 Eugène Delacroix, Scenes from the Massacres of Chios 5.3 Eugène Delacroix, study for the Massacres of Chios 5.4 Paul Delaroche, Joan of Arc in Prison 5.5 A Catholic Woman of Chios 5.6 Eugène Delacroix, Greece Still Standing above the Ruins of Missolonghi 5.7 Theodoros Vryzakis, Lord Byron at Missolonghi 5.8 Theodoros Vryzakis, The Break from Missolonghi 5.9 Ary Scheffer, The Souliote Women 5.10 Pierre-Jean David d'Angers, Young Greek Girl Deposing a Wreath on the Tomb of Botzaris 5.11 Eugène Devéria, The Birth of Henri IV 5.12 Léopold Robert, Pilgrims Returning from the Feast Day of the Madonna dell'Arco 5.13 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer 5.14 Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus 5.15 Louis Boulanger, Mazeppa 6.1 Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 6.2 Emile Signol, Meleager Taking Up Arms Again at the Solicitation of His Wife 6.3 Signol, Meleager Taking Up Arms Again, detail. 6.4 Map of Paris 6.5 Victor Adam, The Taking of the Hôtel de Ville 6.6 Charles-Joseph Traviès, Mayeux and Robert Macaire 6.7 Charles-Joseph Traviès, Low-Born Industrialist / The Man Who Lives by His Wits 6.8 Nicolas-Toussaint Charlet, The Allocution 6.9 Jean-Abel Lordon, Assault on the Barracks in the Rue de Babylone 6.10 Hippolyte Lecomte, Combat at the Porte Saint-Denis 6.11 Hippolyte Lecomte, Combat in the Rue de Rohan 6.12 François Georgin, The Three Glorious Days of Paris 6.13 J.-B. Thiébaut, Paris in Combat 6.14 Victor Adam, The People Demonstrating in Front of the Townhouse of the Minister of Foreign Affairs 6.15 Union and Liberty 6.16 Joseph-Désiré Court, The King Distributing Battalion Standards to the National Guard 6.17 Michel Delaporte, Parisian Women of 27, 28, and 29 July 6.18 Eugène Delacroix, study for Liberty Leading the People 6.19 Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse, Allegory of the History of Louis-Philippe 6.20 Gustaf Wappers, Episode from the Four Days of 1830 6.21 Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, Last Day of Pompeii 6.22 Ary Scheffer, The Oath of Louis-Philippe 6.23 Eugène Devéria, The Oath of Louis-Philippe 6.24 Amable-Paul Coutan, The Oath of Louis-Philippe 6.25 Eugène Delacroix, Mirabeau and Dreux-Brézé 6.26 Joseph-Désiré Court, Mirabeau and Dreux-Brézé 6.27 Alexandre-Evariste Fragonard, Mirabeau and Dreux-Brézé 6.28 Eugène Delacroix, Boissy d'Anglas at the National Convention 6.29 Auguste-Jean-Baptiste Vinchon, Boissy d'Anglas at the National Convention 6.30 Vinchon, Boissy d'Anglas, detail 6.31 Isodore-Stanislas Helman, after Charles Monnet, Journée du 1er Prairial de l'an III 6.32 Benoït-Benjamin Tellier, Boissy d'Anglas at the Convention 6.33 Alexandre-Evariste Fragonard, Boissy d'Anglas at the Convention 6.34 Joseph-Désiré Court, Boissy d'Anglas at the National Convention 6.35 Engraving after Court, Boissy d'Anglas 6.36 Jean-Baptiste Carbillet, after Horace Vernet, The Arrival of the Duc d'Orléans at the Palais- Royal 6.37 Jules-Jean-Baptiste de Joly, Cross-Section of the Decorative Scheme for the Chamber of Deputies 6.38 Ary Scheffer, Battle of Tolbiac 6.39 Karl von Steuben, Battle of Poitiers 6.40 Horace Vernet, Battle of Fontenoy, 1828 6.41 Horace Vernet, Portrait du Roi 6.42 François Georgin and J.-B. Thiébault, The Apotheosis of Napoleon 6.43 Charles-Emile-Marie Seurre, Napoleon I in a Frock Coat 6.44 Jean-Pierre David d'Angers, pediment of the Panthéon 6.45 Jean-Pierre Cortot, Triumph of Napoleon I 6.46 François Rude, The Marseillaise 6.47 Antoine Etex, 1814 (Resistance) 6.48 Antoine Etex, 1815 (Peace) 6.49 Interior view of the crypt and sarcophagus of Napoleon 6.50 François Rude, Napoleon Awakening to Immortality 7.1 Charles Philipon, Courtroom Drawings of Louis-Philippe 7.2 Charles Philipon, Le Juste Milieu 7.3 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Portrait of Louis-François Bertin 7.4 Jean-Ignace-Isidore Grandville, Birth of the Juste Milieu 7.5 Honoré Daumier, The Nightmare 7.6 Honoré Daumier, The Legislative Belly 7.7 Honoré Daumier, Rue Transnonain 7.8 Auguste Préault, La Tuerie 7.9 A Scene from the Rue Transnonain 7.10 Antoine-Louis Barye, Lion Crushing a Serpent 7.11 Paul Delaroche, Cromwell Opening the Coffin of Charles I 7.12 Paul Delaroche, The Children of Edward IV 7.13 Paul Delaroche, The Execution of Lady Jane Grey 7.14 Paul Delaroche, Assassination of the Duc de Guise 7.15 Paul Delaroche, the Hemicycle 7.16 Horace Vernet, Capture of the Smalah of Abd el Kader 7.17 Eugène Delacroix, Amin Bia 7.18 Eugène Delacroix, Women of Algiers in Their Apartment 7.19 Nicolas-Eustache Maurin, Algiers 7.20 Triumphal Entry of the French into Algiers 7.21 Goubert, Innocence in a Seraglio of Algiers 7.22 A. Menut, The Kidnapping of the Sultan's Favorite 7.23 Eugène Guérard, Life in a Seraglio 7.24 Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps, Cadji-Bey, Chief of Police in Smyrna 7.25 Charles Gleyre, Jewish Girl of Smyrna 7.26 Charles Gleyre, Egyptian Modesty 7.27 Charles Gleyre, Women of the Harem 7.28 Charles Gleyre, The Queen of Sheba 7.29 Charles Gleyre, Evening 7.30 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Odalisque with Slave 7.31 Eugène Delacroix, Jewish Wedding in Morocco 7.32 Eugène Delacroix, The Sultan of Morocco and His Entourage 7.33 Eugène Delacroix, The Abduction of Rebecca 7.34 Thomas Couture, Romans of the Decadence 7.35 Pierre-Numa Bassaget, Here Is the Best of Republics 7.36 Pierre-Numa Bassaget, The Orgy 8.1 Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce, Point of View Taken from Window at Le Gras 8.2 Title page of Voyages pittoresques 8.3 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Ruins of the Abbey of Jumièges 8.4 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Château de Tournoël 8.5 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Church of Harfleur 8.6 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, View of the Ile de la Cité 8.7 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Still Life with Collectibles 8.8 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, A Paris Boulevard 8.9 William Henry Fox Talbot, The Latticed Oriel Window 8.10 William Henry Fox Talbot, The Woodcutters 8.11 William Henry Fox Talbot, The Footman 8.12 William Henry Fox Talbot, The Haystack 8.13 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Ruins of Holyrood Chapel 8.14 John Constable, The Haywain 8.15 Paul Huet, Flood at Saint-Cloud 8.16 Paul Huet, Landscape: Sun Setting behind an Abbey 8.17 Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes, The Ancient City of Agrigentum 8.18 Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes, The Surroundings of Nemi 8.19 Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes, View of the Lake of Nemi 8.20 Charles Daubigny, Saint Jerome in the Desert 8.21 Eugène Buttura, Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus 8.22 Charles Daubigny, The Seine at Bezons 8.23 Camille Corot, View Taken in the Forest of Fontainebleau 8.24 Achille-Etna Michallon, View of Naples 8.25 Achille-Etna Michallon, Ruins of the Temple of Segestus 8.26 Camille Corot, Fontainebleau, in the Forest 8.27 Camille Corot, Ville d'Avray, Entrance to a Wood 8.28 Camille Corot, The Kiosk at Ville-d'Avray 8.29 Camille Corot, The Château at Rosny 8.30 Ernst Fries, Corot at Civita Castellana 8.31 Camille Corot, View Taken at Narni 8.32 Camille Corot, The Cervara, Roman Campagna 8.33 Camille Corot, Bridge at Narni 8.34 Camille Corot, The Cervara, Roman Campagna 8.35 Pierre-Henri Valenciennes, View of the Coliseum 8.36 Camille Corot, View of the Coliseum 8.37 Camille Corot, The Coliseum Seen through the Arches of the Basilica of Constantine 8.38 Camille Corot, View of the Bridge and the Castle of Sant'Angelo 8.39 Camille Corot, View of the Central Dome of Saint Peter's from the Fountain of the Villa Medici 8.40 Camille Corot, Lormes, Church 8.41 Camille Corot, Chartres Cathedral 8.42 Camille Corot, View of Pierrefonds 8.43 Camille Corot, House and Factory of M. Henry at Soissons 8.44 Camille Corot, View of Saint-Lô 8.45 Camille Corot, View of Genoa from the Promenade of Acqua Sole 8.46 Camille Corot, Ville d'Avray, the Pond, the Cabassud Houses 8.47 Camille Corot, Democritus and the Abderites 8.48 Camille Corot, Hagar in the Wilderness 8.49 Camille Corot, Rocks at Fontainebleau 8.50 Camille Corot, Morning, Dance of the Nymphs 8.51 Jean-Charles-Joseph Rémond, The Rape of Proserpina 8.52 Jean-Charles-Joseph Rémond, View from the Palatine 8.53 Jean-Charles-Joseph Rémond, The Arch of Titus and the Colosseum 8.54 Achille-Etna Michallon, Death of Roland 8.55 Théodore Rousseau, Landscape, Site in Auvergne 8.56 Jean-Baptiste Gibert, The Death of Adonis 8.57 Théodore Rousseau, The Torrent 8.58 Théodore Rousseau, View of Auvergne 8.59 View of a Mass of Rock Salt 8.60 View of Volcanic Terrains in Auvergne 8.61 Thomas Couture, The Love of Gold 8.62 Narcisse Diaz, Descent of the Bohemians 8.63 Théodore Rousseau, Descent of the Cattle in a Swiss Ravine 8.64 Théodore Rousseau, Descent of the Cattle in a Swiss Ravine 8.65 Jules Dupré, Plateau de Belle-Croix 8.66 Théodore Rousseau, Plain Stretching Before the Pyrenees 8.67 Théodore Rousseau, The Edge of a Forest Clearing 8.68 Théodore Rousseau, Marsh in La Vendée 8.69 Théodore Rousseau, The Château de Souliers 8.70 Théodore Rousseau, Avenue of Chestnut Trees 9.1 Charles Willson Peale, The Artist in His Museum 9.2 Washington Allston, Belshazzar's Feast 9.3 Horatio Greenough, George Washington 9.4 Cartoon of Andrew Jackson as Napoleon 9.5 Horatio Greenough, The Rescue 9.6 Hiram Powers, Andrew Jackson 9.7 Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave 9.8 John Tenniel, The Virginian Slave 9.10 Samuel Finley Breese Morse, Marquis de Lafayette 9.11 Ary Scheffer, Marquis de Lafayette 9.12 Samuel Finley Breese Morse, Gallery of the Louvre 9.13 Morse's early recording instrument 9.14 George Catlin, Self-Portrait among the Mandan Indians 9.15 George Catlin, Mandan Sweathouse 9.16 George Catlin, A Mandan Sweathouse 9.17 George Caleb Bingham, Fur Traders Descending the Missouri 9.18 George Caleb Bingham, The Concealed Enemy 9.19 George Caleb Bingham, Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap 10.1 John Martin, Belshazzar's Feast 10.2 Perspective View and Elevation of Proposed Improvements to the River Thames 10.3 John Martin, Separation of Light and Dark 10.4 John Martin, Pandemonium 10.5 John Martin, Satan Presiding at the Infernal Council 10.6 John Martin, Belshazzar's Feast 10.7 Entrance of the Railway at Edge Hill--Liverpool 10.8 Railway Bridges on Ancient Principle 10.9 Conjunction of the new moon and Venus 10.10 Diagram for Belshazzar's Feast 10.11 John Martin, The Courts of God 10.12 Joseph Paxton, Design for the Great Exhibition of 1851 10.13 John Martin, The Bridge of Chaos 10.14 The Tunnel 10.15 Facade of King's Cross Station 10.16 William Powell Frith, The Railway Station 10.17 John Martin, The Country of the Iguanadon 10.18 John Martin, The Deluge 10.19 Joseph Mallord William Turner Keelman Heaving in Coals by Moonlight 10.20 Joseph Mallord William Turner, Venice 10.21 Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Burning of the Houses of Parliament 10.22 Joseph Mallord William Turner, The "Fighting Temeraire" 10.23 Joseph Mallord William Turner, Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying--Typhon Coming On 10.24 Turner, Slavers Throwing Overboard, detail 10.25 Slave Shackles 10.26 Benjamin Robert Haydon, The Anti-Slavery Society Convention 10.27 François Biard, The Slave Trade 10.28 Biard, The Slave Trade, detail 10.29 Vignette for "A Mississippi Bubble" 10.30 Turner, Slavers Throwing Overboard, detail 10.31 Joseph Mallord William Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed 10.32 George Stephenson's Locomotive Works at Newcastle 10.33 Print against child labor from the Shaftesbury Report 10.34 Joseph Mallord William Turner, Snow Storm--Steamboat off a Harbour's Mouth 10.35 Longitudinal Section of a Locomotive Engine 10.36 Second Class Carriage on the Great Western Railway 10.37 Locomotive Engine on the Great Western Railway 10.38 Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, oak occasional table 10.39 Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, frontispiece for Examples of Gothic Architecture 10.40 Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, illuminated dedication for An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture 10.41 Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, Catholic Town in 1440 / The Same Town in 1840 10.42 Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, Contrasted College Gateways 10.43 Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, the Houses of Parliament 10.44 William Dyce, Religion--the Vision of Sir Galahad 10.45 William Dyce, Madonna and Child 10.46 William Dyce, Jacob and Rachel 10.47 William Dyce, Joash Shooting the Arrow of Deliverance 10.48 John Rogers Herbert, Monastery in the Fourteenth Century 10.49 Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, Contrasted Residences for the Poor 10.50 William Holman Hunt, A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary 10.51 John Rogers Herbert, Our Saviour Subject to His Parents at Nazareth 10.52 John Everett Millais, Christ in the Carpenter's Shop 10.53 Dante Gabriel Rossetti, The Girlhood of Mary Virgin 10.54 Ford Madox Brown, Wycliffe Reading His Translation of the Bible 10.55 David Wilkie, John Knox Preaching before the Lords of the Congregation
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Art, European 19th century, Art, American 19th century, Art and society, Counterrevolutions Europe History 19th century, Europe History 1815-1848