All roads lead to depression: clinically homogeneo...[J Affect Disord. 1997]

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1: J Affect Disord. 1997 Aug;45(1-2):97-108. Links

All roads lead to depression: clinically homogeneous, etiologically heterogeneous.

Winokur G.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA.

Manias, and particularly depressions, are syndromes not disease. Considerable data support the fact that depressions, though similar clinically, are of heterogeneous etiologies. We can separate depressions generally into those that are endogenous/psychotic and those that occur in the context of marked emotional instability. Familial pure depressive disease is a specific example of the former, depression spectrum diseases a specific example of the latter. These are separable on the basis of personality, clinical, follow-up, familial and treatment variables.

PMID: 9268779 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

ReviewSubthreshold depressions: clinical and polysomnographic validation of dysthymic, residual and masked forms. [J Affect Disord. 1997]
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Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes. [J Abnorm Psychol. 1998]
Review[Alpha-interferon and mental disorders] [Encephale. 2001]
Outcome of dysthymic disorder at 5-year follow-up: the effect of familial psychopathology, early adversity, personality, comorbidity, and chronic stress. [Am J Psychiatry. 2001]

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All roads lead to depression: clinically homogeneous, etiologically heterogeneous.All roads lead to depression: clinically homogeneous, etiologically heterogeneous.

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All roads lead to depression: clinically homogeneous, etiologically heterogeneous.

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