ISSN:1052-5378

Compiled By:
Jerry Rafats
Reference Section
Reference and User Services Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Rafats, Jerry

Ginseng.

(Quick bibliography series ; 96-07)

1. Ginseng--Bibliography. 2. Ginseng industry--Bibliography. 3. Materia medica, Vegetable--Bibliography. 4. American ginseng--Bibliography. 5. American ginseng industry--Bibliography.
aZ5071.N3 no.96-07

Ginseng

2.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
An acetylated saponin from Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus var. angustifolius.
Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S. Phytochemistry v.27(9): p.3012-3014. (1988)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; saponins; rhizomes; chemical-analysis; spectral-data

3.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Acetylenes from the callus of Panax ginseng.
Fujimoto, Y.; Satoh, M. Phytochemistry v.26(10): p.2850-2852. (1987)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; callus; acetylenes; chemical-analysis; sarcoma; inhibition; medicinal-properties

4.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Activation of PC12 cells by lipophilic components of Panax ginseng.
Mohri, T.; Chiba, K.; Yamazaki, M.; Shimizu, M.; Morita, N. Plant-Med v.58(4): p.321-323. (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; saponins; nerve-cells; cell-culture; acetylcholine; receptors

5.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Age- and individual-related specificities in the effects of standardized ginseng extract on learning and memory (experiments on rats).
Petkov, V. D.; Mosharrof, A. H. Phytother-Res-PTR v.1(2): p.80-84. (1987 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; plant-extracts; learning-ability; memory; aging; rats

6.
NAL Call No: QK725.P54
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and mitotic stability of the inserted beta-glucuronidase gene in regenerates from isolated protoplasts.
Lee, H. S.; Kim, S. W.; Lee, K. W.; Eriksson, T.; Liu, J. R. Plant-cell-rep v.14(9): p.545-549. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; genetic-transformation; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; gene-transfer; genetic-vectors; beta- glucuronidase; gene-expression; marker- genes; neomycin; phosphotransferases; enzyme-activity; protoplasts; regenerative- ability; transgenic-plants; plant- anatomy; spatial-distribution

Abstract: Cotyledonary explants of ginseng zygotic embryos were cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the binary vector pBI121 for 48 h and transferred onto MS medium supplemented with 1 mgl-1- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D), 0.1 mgl kinetin, and 100 mgl- 1 kanamycin. After 8 weeks of culture, kanamycin-resistant calli formed on the cut surfaces of cotyledonary explants and subsequently they gave rise to numerous somatic embryos. Eight weeks after transfer onto medium containing 1 mgl-1 each of 6- benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellic acid, most of them developed into plantlets. Southern analysis confirmed that the beta- glucuronidase (GUS) gene was incorporated into the genomic DNA of regenerants. Protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from transformed somatic embryo segments and cultured in liquid medium containing 60 gl-1 myo-inositol, 1 mgl-1 2,4-D, 0.5 mgl-1 BA, and 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin. Plants were regenerated from protoplasts via somatic embryogenesis. The polymerase chain reaction method revealed that 92% of the regenerants retained the GUS gene. When treated with X-glucuronide, 78% of the regenerants showed a GUS- positive response. The overall results indicate that the transgene is stably transmitted during somatic ontogeny and stably expressed in most the regenerants, whereas it may be deleted or impaired in some portion of them.

7.
NAL Call No: SB295.G5P47
American ginseng : green gold.
Persons, W. S. 1. Ashville, N.C. : Bright Mountain Books, [1988], c1986. xii, 172 p., [8] p. of plates : ill., Reprint. Originally published: Pompany Beach, Fla. Exposition Press of Florida, c1986.
Descriptors: American-ginseng

8.
NAL Call No.: SB295.G5P47-1994
American ginseng : green gold. Rev. ed.
Persons, W. S. 1. Asheville, N.C. : Bright Mountain Books, c1994. xii, 203 p. : ill., map, Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: American-ginseng

9.
NAL Call No.: 1-B65b-no. 16
American ginseng : its commercial history, protection and cultivation.
Nash, G. V. G. V. 1. 1. Washington, [D.C.] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Botany, 1895. 22 p. : ill., map, Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: American-ginseng

10.
NAL Call No.: RS165.G45F68-1991
American ginseng : panax quinquefolius.
Foster, S. 1.; American Botanical Council. [Austin, TX] : American Botanical Council, c1991. 7 p., Cover title.
Descriptors: American-ginseng; American-ginseng- Therapeutic-use

11.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Anti-ulcer activity and mode of action of the polysaccharide fraction from the leaves of Panax ginseng.
Sun, X. B.; Matsumoto, T.; Yamada, H. Plant-Med v.58(5): p.432-435. (1992 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; leaves; plant- extracts; polysaccharides; ulcers; mode-of-action; mice; models

12.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Antihepatotoxic actions of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng roots.
Hikino, H.; Kiso, Y.; Kinouchi, J.; Sanada, S.; Shoji, J. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res (1): p.62-64. (1985 Feb.)
Includes 22 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; liver-cells; toxic- substances; pharmacology; rats

13.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Antinarcotic effects of the standardized ginseng extract G115 on morphine.
Kim, H. S.; Jang, C. G.; Lee, M. K. Plant-Med v.56(2): p.158-163. (1990 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; morphine; drug-antagonism; tolerance; glutathione; mice

14.
NAL Call No.: 381-B522
Antiplatelet actions of panaxynol and ginsenosides isolated from ginseng.
Teng, C. M.; Kuo, S. C.; Ko, F. N.; Lee, J. C.; Lee, L. G.; Chen, S. C.; Huang, T. F. Biochim-Biophys-Acta-Int-J-Biochem- Biophys v.990(3): p.315-320. (1989 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; platelets; saponins; inhibition; blood-coagulation

Abstract: The antiplatelet effect of panaxynol isolated from the diethyl ether layer was compared with those of ginsenosides from the butanol layer of Panax ginseng. Panaxynol (0.1 mg/ml) inhibited markedly the aggregation of washed platelets induced by collagen, arachidonic acid, ADP, ionophore A23187, PAF and thrombin while ginsenosides had no significant effect on the aggregation but ginsenoside Ro (1 mg/ml) inhibited the ATP release of platelets. Less inhibitory effect of panaxynol was observed in the aggregation of platelet-rich plasma. Thromboxane B2 formation of platelets was inhibited by panaxynol but not by ginsenosides. The antiplatelet effect of panaxynol was dependent on the incubation time and the aggregability of platelets inhibited by panaxynol could not easily be recovered after washing the platelets. In human platelet-rich plasma, panaxynol prevented secondary aggregation and completely blocked ATP release from platelets induced by epinephrine and ADP. Both panaxynol and ginsenoside Rg2 inhibited the rise of intracellular calcium caused by collagen. It is concluded that panaxynol is the most potent antiplatelet agent in ginseng and its mechanism of action is chiefly due to the inhibition of thromboxane formation.

15.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Antiplatelet components in Panax ginseng.
Kuo, S. C.; Teng, C. M.; Lee, J. C.; Ko, F. N.; Chen, S. C.; Wu, T. S. Plant-Med v.56(2): p.165-167. (1990 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; rabbits; platelets; atp; thromboxanes; antiplatelet-activity; panaxynol; ginsenosides; atp-release

16.
NAL Call No.: 444.8-AC86
Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam.
Banerjee, U.; Izquierdo, J. A. Acta-Physiol-Lat-Am v.32(4): p.21-29. (1982)
Includes references.

17.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Anxiolytic activity of Panax ginseng roots: an experimental study.
Bhattacharya, S. K.; Mitra, S. K. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.34(1): p.87-92. (1991 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; diazepam; anxiety; behavior; rats

Abstract: The putative anxiolytic activity of the white and red varieties of ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, was investigated in rats and mice using a number of experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of diazepam. Pilot studies indicated that single-dose administration of ginseng had little to no acute behavioral effects, hence the two varieties of ginseng were administered orally at two dose levels twice daily for 5 days, while diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered acutely. White and red varieties of ginseng (20 and 50 mg/kg) showed positive results when tested against several paradigms of experimental anxiety. Both were effective in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests and reduced conflict behaviour in thirsty rats and footshock-induced fighting in paired mice. Ginseng also attenuated pentylenetetrazole-induced decrease in rat brain MAO activity, confirming its anxiolytic activity since this has been proposed to be an endogenous marker for anxiety. The effects induced by white and red ginseng (50 mg/kg X 5 days) were comparable to those induced by diazepam (1 mg/kg).

18.
NAL Call No.: RS165.G45F672-1991
Asian ginseng : panax ginseng.
Foster, S. 1.; American Botanical Council. [Austin, TX] : American Botanical Council, c1991. 7 p., Cover title.
Descriptors: Ginseng; Ginseng-Therapeutic-use

19.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Assessment of traditional quality criteris of Panax ginseng by biological active compounds.
Park, H.; Lee, K. Acta-hortic (332): p.137-144. (1993 Aug.)
Paper presented at the First World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare (WOCMAP): pharmacology, phytotherapy, human welfare, regional aspects on July 19-25, 1992, Maastricht, Netherlands.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; chemical-analysis; quality-standards

20.
NAL Call No: TX341.E5
Bee pollen, shark cartilage, ginseng: the truth about 10 top supplements.
Zupke, M. P.; Milner, I. Environ-Nutr v.16(9): p.1, 4-5. (1993 Sept.)
Descriptors: supplements; nutritive-value; food- misinformation

Abstract: The FDA decided earlier this year to clamp down on exaggerated claims and to take steps to ensure consumers, safety when they dose themselves with any of the thousands of supplements that claim to promote weight loss, relieve stress and boost athletic performance.

21.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
A bidesmosidic oleanolic acid saponin from Panax pseudo- ginseng.
Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S.; Pachaly, P. Phytochemistry v.31(3): p.1046-1048. (1992 Mar.)
Part 13 in the series 'Studies on Indian gingseng'.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; rhizomes; pharmaceutical-products; spectral-analysis; plant-composition; molecular-conformation; oleanolic-acid; saponins; india; molecular-structure; pseudo-ginsenoside-ri; panas-pseudo-ginseng- subsp; -himalaicus-var; -angustifolius

Abstract: A novel triterpenoid saponin, pseudo- ginsenoside-RI3, isolated from the rhizomes of Panax pseudo- ginseng subsp. himalaicus var. angustifolius has been characterized as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 leads to 2)-beta-D- glucuronopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 28-O- beta-D-xylopyranosyl-olean-12-en-28-oic acid ester by physicochemical methods.

22.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Biotransformation of 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid by ginseng hairy root culture.
Asada, Y.; Saito, H.; Yoshikawa, T.; Sakamoto, K.; Furuya, T. Phytochemistry-Oxford v.34(4): p.1049-1052. (1993 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: biotechnology; cell-culture; organic- acids; structure; molecular-structure

Abstract: On administration of 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid to hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng, three new biotransformation products, 30-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 to 2)- beta-D-glucopyranosyl]18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, 30-O-(6-O- malonyl- beta-D-glucopyranosyl)18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid and 3- O-[6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 to 2)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, were isolated together with three known compounds. Ginseng hairy roots showed the biotransformation abilities of glycosylation and malonylation to 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid.

23.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Biotransformation of 2-phenylpropionic acid in root culture of Panax ginseng.
Furuya, T.; Ushiyama, M.; Asada, Y.; Yoshikawa, T. Phytochemistry v.28(2): p.483-487. (1989)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; tissue-culture; callus; propionic-acid; derivatives; plant-metabolism; transformations

24.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Biotransformation of aromatic carboxylic acids by root culture of Panax ginseng.
Ushiyama, M.; Asada, Y.; Yoshikawa, T.; Furuya, T. Phytochemistry v.28(7): p.1859-1869. (1989)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; tissue-culture; plant-metabolism; carboxylic-acids; transformations; esters; glucose; derivatives; biochemical-pathways

25.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by ginseng hairy root cultures.
Kawaguchi, K.; Hirotani, M.; Yoshikawa, T.; Furuya, T. Phytochemistry v.29(3): p.837-843. (1990)
Part 66 in the series "Studies on plant tissue cultures"
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; tissue-culture; agrobacterium; genetic-transformation; callus; plant-metabolism; saponins; spectral-analysis; biochemical-pathways; agrobacterium- rhizogenes; ginsenosides; digitoxigenin; molecular-structure

26.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of methamphetamine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice.
Kim, H. S.; Kang, J. G.; Rheu, H. M.; Cho, D. H.; Oh, K. W. Planta-med v.61(1): p.22-25. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; saponins; medicinal- properties; amphetamines; dopamine; receptors; inhibition; mice

27.
NAL Call No: SB107.H37
Botanical characteristics of ginseng.
Thompson, G. A. Herbs-Spices-Med-Plants-Recent-Adv-Bot- Hortic-Pharmacol. Phoenix, Ariz. : Oryx Press. 1987. v. 2 p. 111- 136. ill.
Literature review.
Descriptors: araliaceae; taxonomy; panax; species; morphology; anatomy; growth; development

28.
NAL Call No: SB1.H6
Callus induction and plant regeneration of American ginseng.
Wang, A. S. HortScience v.25(5): p.571-572. ill. (1990 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; roots; explants; tissue-culture; callus; culture-media; dicamba; iba; naa; ba; ga; kinetin; regenerative-ability; embryogenesis; embryos-plant

29.
NAL Call No.: 448.8-L22
The case of ginseng.
Barna, P. Lancet v.2(8454): p.548. (1985 Sept.)
Includes 1 references.
Descriptors: kidneys; transplantation; grafting; survival; drug-therapy; immunosuppression; patient-care; longitudinal-studies; europe

Abstract: Abstract: A European multi-center clinical trial compared the relative safety and effectiveness of drug (cyclosporin) vs. conventional immunosuppression (azathioprine and steroids) therapy in cadaveric renal transplantation grafts after a 3-year follow-up. The results indicated that cyclosporin use resulted in higher graft survival. Its superiority was apparent at 1 year, and was maintained for over 3 years without an increase in morbidity or mortality. Tabular and graphical data are shown for post- transplantation graft survival for cyclosporin and control groups.(wz).

30.
NAL Call No.: 385-C172
Characterisation of an anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharide from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.
Kiyohara, H.; Hirano, M.; Wen, X. C.; Matsumoto, T.; Sun, X. B.; Yamada, H. Carbohydr-res v.263(1): p.89-101. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; leaves; plant- composition; polysaccharides; structure; methylation; medicinal- properties; gastrointestinal-agents; ulcers

Abstract: Structural characterisation of an anti-ulcer polysaccharide (GL-BIII), purified from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, was studied. Methylation analysis indicated that GL- BIII consisted mainly of terminal Arap, 4- or 5-substituted Ara, 2,4- disubstituted Rha, 4- and 6-substituted Gal, and 3,6- disubstituted Gal. Single radial gel diffusion using beta- glucosyl-Yariv antigen indicated that GL-BIII contained a small proportion of a beta-(1 linked to 3,6)-galactan moiety. GL-BIII also contained terminal, 4-substituted, and 3,4-disubstituted GalA, and terminal and 4-substituted GlcA. Base-catalysed beta- elimination suggested that some 2-substituted Rha in GL-BIII was attached to position 4 of a 4-substituted uronic acid. Both mild acid hydrolysis and endo-alpha-(1 linked to 4)-polygalacturonase digestion of GL-BIII did not give fragments consisting mainly of GalA. Methylation analysis and GC-MS analysis of acidic oligosaccharides liberated by partial acid hydrolysis indicated that GL-BIII contained a GalA-(1 linked to 4)-Rha unit in addition to longer acidic units consisting of 2-substituted Rha and 4- substituted GalA. Lithium-mediated degradation of GL-BIII followed by borohydride reduction gave small amounts of fractions containing long and intermediate neutral oligosaccharide-alditols and a large amount of a fraction containing short oligosaccharide-alditols. The long neutral oligosaccharide- alditol fraction mainly comprised 4- or 5-substituted Ara, terminal Galf, 6-substituted Glc, and 2-substituted Man, whereas the intermediate oligosaccharide-alditol fraction consisted mainly of terminal and 6-substituted Galp, 6-substituted Glc, and 2-substituted Man. Methylation analysis and. saccharide-alditols such as Gal-(1 linked to 2)-Rha-ol, Gal-(1 linked to 4)-Rha-ol, Ara linked to Ara-ol, and Ara linked to Ara-ol.

31.
NAL Call No.: 385-C172
Characterisation of anti-complementary acidic heteroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.
Gao, Q. P.; Kiyohara, H.; Cyong, J. C.; Yamada, H. Carbohydr-Res. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. Oct 1, 1988. v. 181 p. 175-187.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; leaves; polysaccharides; gel-filtration; purification

32.
NAL Call No.: 450-F58AE
Characteristics of temperature-sensitive cell lines of ginseng.
Dolgikh, Yu. I.; Shamina, Z. B. Sov-Plant-Physiol v.32(3,pt.2): p.419-423. (1985 May-1985 June)
Translated from: Fiziologiia rastenii, p. 527-531. (450 F58).
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; cell-culture; lines; mutants; temperatures

33.
NAL Call No.: 381-J8223
Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng exposed to gamma irradiation.
Kwon, J. H.; Belanger, M. R.; Sigouin, M.; Lanthier, J.; Willemot, C.; Pare, J. R. J. J-Agric-Food-Chem v.38(3): p.830-834. (1990 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-composition; chemical-composition; saponins; irradiation; gamma-radiation

Abstract: Chemical constituents were monitored to assess the biochemical and nutritional safety of Panax ginseng powders that were irradiated at doses of 1-10 kGy. Quantitative analysis has shown that the main effective components--saponins-- are not altered by 60Co gamma irradiation. Ginsenoside-Rg1 was not affected by the treatment. Negligible changes were observed in the free carbohydrate contents. Doses of more than 5 kGy caused significant decreases in sulfur-containing amino acids and in tyrosine. At doses of 10 kGy, free amino acids, such as proline and lysine, showed an appreciable increase. The composition in minerals was not altered irrespective of the applied doses.

34.
NAL Call No: QD241.K453
Chemical investigation of biomass of a culture of ginseng cells. II. 6-0-acyl derivatives of beta sitosterol beta glucoside.
Uvarova, N. I.; Makhan'kov, V. V.; Slabko, M. G.; Prokopenko, G. I.; Malinovskaya, G. V. Chem-Nat-Compd v.24(3): p.399- 400. (1988 Nov.)
Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, v. 24 (3) 1988, p. 463-464. (QD241.K45).
Descriptors: biomass; panax-ginseng; phytosterols; glucosides; derivatives; cell-culture

35.
NAL Call No: QD241.K453
Chemical investigation of the biomass of a culture of ginseng cells. IV. Quantitative analysis of the ginsenosides of the total glycosidic fraction by the HPLC method.
Makhan'kov, V. V.; Malinovskaya, G. V.; Konstantinova, N. A.; Uvarova, N. I. Chem-Nat-Compd v.26(3): p.299-301. (1990 Nov.)
Translated from: Khimiia Prirodnykh Soedinenii, v. 26 (3), 1990, p. 361-363. (QD241.K45).
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; cell-culture; biomass; chemical-analysis; quantitative-analysis; glycosides; hplc

36.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Chemical properties and antai-complementary activities of polysaccharide fractions from roots and leaves of Panax ginseng.
Gao, Q. P.; Kiyohara, H.; Cyong, J. C.; Yamada, H. Plant- Med p.9-12. (1989 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; leaves; polysaccharides; physico-chemical-properties; china

37.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Chemical properties and anti-complementary activities of heteroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng.
Gao, Q. P.; Kiyohara, H.; Cyong, J. C.; Yamada, H. Plant- Med v.57(2): p.132-136. (1991 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; leaves; plant- extracts; polysaccharides; complement; anti-complementary- activity

38.
NAL Call No: TP248.13.S68
Chemical study of ginseng cell suspension culture.
Elyakov, G. B.; Uvarova, N. I.; Prokopenko, G. I.; Makhan'kov, V. V.; Slabko, M. G.; Faustov, V. S.; Konstantinova, N. A.; Novikov, E. V. Sov-Biotechnol (4): p.14-19. (1989)
Translated from: Biotekhnologiya, (4), 1989, p. 420-426. (TP248.2.B57).
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; cell-suspensions; callus; tissue-culture; oleanolic-acid; glycosides; triterpenoids; extraction; butanol; oleanolic-acid-glycosides; dammarane-series-glycosides

Abstract: Butanol extracts of dry biomass from ginseng callus and suspension cultures were investigated to establish the presence of dammarane-series glycosides and oleanolic acid, which were previously isolated from ginseng root extracts. It was established that some of the suspension cultures studied produced oleanolic add glycosides and can be used in medicine and other sectors of the economy.

39.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Combined effects of ginseng and radiotherapy on experimental liver cancer.
You, J. S.; Hau, D. M.; Chen, K. T.; Huang, H. F. PTR,- Phytother-res v.9(5): p.331-335. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; radiotherapy; antineoplastic-agents; hepatoma; liver-cells; mice; histopathology

40.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-IN2
The common Indian ginseng.
Bennet, S. S. R.; Viswanathan, M. V. Indian-For. Dehra Dun : N.M. Misra. Oct 1984. v. 110 (10) p. 1049-1052. ill.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; morphology; taxonomy; india

41.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
A comparative pharmacological investigation of Ashwagandha, and Ginseng.
Grandhi, A.; Mujumdar, A. M.; Patwardhan, B. J- ethnopharmacol v.44(3): p.131-135. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; panax-pseudoginseng; withania- somnifera; pharmacology; anabolics; comparisons; anabolic- activity

Abstract: The aqueous suspensions of roots of an Indian drug Ashwagandha and the Korean drug Ginseng were tested comparatively for 2 pharmacological activities, namely the anti- stress activity by the 'mice swimming endurance test' and anabolic activity by noting gain in body weights and levator ani muscle in rats. A significant increase in mice swimming time was shown by Ginseng (P < 0.001) and Ashwagandha (P < 0.01) as compared to the control group. Significant increase in body weights in the Ashwagandha treated group (P < 0.05) was better than Ginseng (P < 0.5). Gain in wet weights of the levator ani muscle were also significant in Ginseng (P < 0.001 ) and Ashwagandha (P < 0.01 ) treated groups, however, the weight gain of dried levator ani muscles showed comparable results for both these drugs (P < 0.01).

42.
NAL Call No.: 307.8-J82
Composition of unsaponifiable lipid from seed oils of Panax ginseng and Panax quiquefolium.
Matsumoto, T.; Akihisa, T.; Soma, S. I.; Takido, M.; Takahashi, S.; Yamanouchi, S. J-Am-Oil-Chem-Soc v.63(4): p.544-546. (1986 Apr.)
Includes 11 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; panax-quinquefolium; seed- oils; lipids; sterols; plant-analysis; chemical-composition

43.
NAL Call No.: 100-OH3S-2-no.522
Control of Alternaria blight of ginseng with Bordeaux mixture and injuries accompanying its use.
Runnels, H. A.; Wilson, J. D. J. D. 1. Wooster, Ohio : Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, 1933. 16 p. : ill., Cover title.
Descriptors: Ginseng-Diseases-and-pests-Control-Ohio; Bordeaux-mixture; Alternaria

44.
NAL Call No: SB1.H6
Cryopreservation of ginseng pollen.
Zhang, L. X.; Chang, W. C.; Wei, Y. J.; Liu, L.; Wang, Y. P. HortScience v.28(7): p.742-743. (1993 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; panax-quinquefolius; cryopreservation; pollen; viability; fertilization; pollen- germination; moisture-content; frozen-storage; germplasm; methodology; liquid-nitrogen

Abstract: Cryopreservation of pollen from two ginseng species - Panax ginseng L. and P. quinquefolium L. - was studied. Freezing anthers that served as pollen carriers to -40 C before liquid N storage affected pollen viability little after liquid N storage. Anther moisture content affected pollen viability significantly when stored in liquid N. The ideal anther moisture content to carry pollen for liquid N storage was 32% to 26% for P. ginseng and 27% to 17% for P. quinquefolium. Viability of pollen from P. quinquefolium anthers with 25.3% moisture content changed little after 11 months of liquid N storage.

45.
NAL Call No: S544.3.K4K42
Cultivating ginseng in Kentucky.
English, J. E.; Roberts, C. R.; Stoltz, L. P.; Love, H. G.; Hartman, J. R.; Townsend, L. H. ID-Ky-Univ-Coop-Ext-Serv. Lexington : The Service. July 1984. (60) 12 p. ill.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; plant-production; shading; production-costs; kentucky

46.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84F-no.551
The cultivation of American ginseng.
Van Fleet, W. 1. 1. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1913. 14 p. : ill., Cover title.
Descriptors: American-ginseng

47.
NAL Call No.: Fiche-S-70-no.551
The cultivation of American ginseng.
Van Fleet, W. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1913. 14 p. : ill. --,

48.
NAL Call No: SB351.H5H365
The cultivation of ginseng.
English, J. Herb-Spice-Med-Plant-Dig v.3(2): p.1-2, 5-6 imperfect paging. (1985 Summer)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; cultural-methods; crop-establishment; agronomic-characteristics; usa

49.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Cytoprotective activity of pectic polysaccharides from the root of Panax ginseng.
Sun, X. B.; Matsumoto, T.; Kiyohara, H.; Hirano, M.; Yamada, H. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.31(1): p.101-107. (1991 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; plant-extracts; polysaccharides; mice

Abstract: An acidic polysaccharide fraction, GRA-4, of the root extract of Panax ginseng, when administered from 50 to 200 mg/kg orally, inhibited gastric lesions induced by HCl- ethanol or absolute ethanol, in a dose-dependent manner. The cytoprotective activity of GRA-4 decreased after its treatment with periodate but not after protein digestion, indicating that the carbohydrate moiety of this acidic polysaccharide contributes to this activity.

50.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Dammarane saponins from Panax ginseng.
Kim, D. S.; Chang, Y. J.; Zedk, U.; Zhao, P.; Liu, Y. Q.; Yang, C. R. Phytochemistry-Oxford v.40(5): p.1493-1497. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; spectral- analysis; plant-composition; molecular-conformation; saponins; korea-democratic- people's-republic; molecular-structure; ginsenosides; koryoginsenosides; kaesong-ginseng; koryo-insam

Abstract: From the dried roots of Panax ginseng two new minor dammarane saponins named koryoginsenoside-R1 and -R2 were isolated, along with fourteen known saponins. On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence, the structures of the new saponins were elucidated as 6-O-[trans butenoyl-(1 leads to 6)- beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl dammar- 24-en-3 beta,6 alpha,12 beta, 20(S)-tetrol and 3-O-[beta-D- glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[beta D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] dammar-22- en-3 beta,12 beta,20(S),-25-tetrol, respectively.

51.
NAL Call No.: 100-M28S-1-no.95
Dandelions, hawkweeds, ginseng, canker worms.
Munson, W. M. W. M. 1. 1. Orono : Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903. p. 111-124 : ill., Cover title.
Descriptors: Dandelions; Weeds-Maine; Canker-worms; Ginseng-Maine

52.
NAL Call No.: 450-J829
The demography of northern populations of Panax Quinquefolium (American ginseng.
Charron, D.; Gagnon, D. J-Ecol v.79(2): p.431-445. (1991 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; population-ecology; demography; age-structure; flowering; seed-set; reproductive- performance; developmental-stages; harvesting; endangered- species; population-dynamics; quebec; reproductive-stages

Abstract: The population dynamics of four natural populations of Panax quinquefolium were observed in southern Quebec, where the species reaches its northern limit of distribution in North America. P. quinquefolium is a rare forest perennial herb threatened by harvesting and habitat destruction. Prior to demographic analysis by transition matrix models, a choice was made between age or size, considering fecundity and survival variables, for the state classification. Size, expressed in terms of number of leaves, was the most reliable state variable. All populations possessed similar size-structure and flowering patterns. There was a net dominance of individuals of reproductive stages over non-reproductive individuals and annual mortality was higher for the smaller plants (69-92%) than for the larger ones (< 10%). Differences were detected between the four populations with respect to reproductive and mortality rates. Values of lambda (population growth rate) varied from 0.87 to 1.19. Elasticity analyses revealed that changes affecting size classes 3 and 4 (largest plants) had the highest impact on the populations. Simulations of the effects of harvesting plants showed that 0% (poor growing season) to 16% (good growing season) of the individuals of each size class of a population can be harvested without threatening population survival.

53.
NAL Call No: QD272.C4J68
Determination of ginsenosides in ginseng crude extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Chuang, W. C.; Sheu, S. J. J-chromatogr-A v.685(2): p.243-251. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; saponins; hplc; plant-extracts

54.
NAL Call No.: 475-J824
Determination of panaxytriol, a new type of tumour growth inhibitor from Panax ginseng, by capillary gas chromatography.
Matsunaga, H.; Kantano, M.; Yamamoto, H.; Mori, M.; Takata, K. J-Chromatogr. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers. Nov 3, 1989. v. 481 p. 368-372.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; alcohols; neoplasms; growth-inhibitors; gas-chromatography; polyacetylenic-alcohol; antitumor-activity

55.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-B5236
Differences in immunomodulating effects between wild and cultured Panax ginseng.
Mizuno, M.; Yamada, J.; Terai, H.; Kozukue, N.; Lee, Y. S.; Tsuchida, H. Biochem-biophys-res-commun v.200(3): p.1672-1678. (1994 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; polysaccharides; mitogens; immunotherapy; t-lymphocytes; cytotoxic-t- lymphocytes; ginsenosides

Abstract: The different effects between wild and cultured Panax ginseng on immunological activity were investigated. The extracts of hot water soluble fraction from wild Panax ginseng showed the mitogenic activity to lymphocytes but that from cultured Panax ginseng did not. The mitogenic activity of wild Panax ginseng (100 microgram/well) was almost equal to Concanavalin A (0.1 microgram/well) which was well-known as one of T cell mitogens. The percentages of Thy1.2-(pan T cells), L3T4- (helper T cells) and Lyt2-(cytotoxic T cells) positive cell population were significantly increased in the mice orally administered hot water soluble fraction from wild Panax ginseng as compared to control by 31.2, 17.9 and 30.1 percent, respectively.

56.
NAL Call No: QK710.F5
Differentiated tissue cultures of Panax ginseng and their response to various carbon sources.
Odnevall, A.; Bjork, L. Biochem-Physiol-Pflanz-B-P-P v.185(5/6): p.403-413. (1989)
Includes 70.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; tissue-culture; callus; differentiation; growth-rate; culture-media; carbon; terpenoids; biosynthesis; sugar; uptake; enzyme-activity; hydrolysis; cell- wall-components; ginsenoside

57.
NAL Call No.: SB608.G5P37-1989
Diseases of cultivated ginseng.
Parke, J. L.; Shotwell, K. M.; University of Wisconsin Extension. [Madison, Wis.] : University of Wisconsin--Extension, [1989?] 16 p. : ill., Cover title.
Descriptors: Ginseng-Diseases-and-pests

58.
NAL Call No.: 100-N48C-1-no.219
Diseases of ginseng.
Van Hook, J. M. J. M. 1. 1. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University, 1904. p. 170-186 : ill., Descriptors: Ginseng-Diseases- and-pests

59.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
Dormancy and growth of American ginseng as influenced by temperature.
Lee, J. C.; Strik, B. C.; Proctor, J. T. A. J-Am-Soc-Hortic- Sci v.110(3): p.319-321. ill. (1985 May)
Includes 5 references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; dormancy; growth

60.
NAL Call No: SB1.H6
East meets west: cultivation of American ginseng in China.
Proctor, J. T. A.; Wang, T. S.; Bailey, W. G. HortScience v.23(6): p.968-973. ill., maps. (1988 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; cultivation-methods; plant-products; climatic-requirements; plant-production; research-institutes; china

61.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Effect of a peptide from Panax ginseng on the proliferation of baby hamster kidney-21 cells.
Yagi, A.; Akita, K.; Ueda, T.; Okamura, N.; Itoh, H. Planta- med v.60(2): p.171-174. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; cell- culture; peptides

62.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Effect of ginseng on plasma levels of ethanol in the rat.
Lee, Y. J.; Pantuck, C. B.; Pantuck, E. J. Plant-Med v.59(1): p.17-19. (1993 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; pharmaceutical-products; rats; ethanol; blood-plasma

63.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane A2 in human platelet aggregation.
Park, H. J.; Rhee, M. H.; Park, K. M.; Nam, K. Y.; Park, K. H. J-ethnopharmacol v.49(3): p.157-162. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; plant- extracts; c-gmp; c-amp; thromboxanes; platelets; man

Abstract: The non-saponin fraction (NSF; lipophilic fraction) from the roots of Panax ginseng inhibited the aggregation of human platelets induced by thrombin (0.1 units/ml) in a dose-dependent manner. NSF induced the elevation of cGMP concentration in human platelets in a similar manner to molsidomine, a known vasodilator. NSF also inhibited Ca2+- influx into platelets. While verapamil, a Ca2+-antagonist, increased the cAMP level in platelets stimulated by thrombin, NSF had little effect on cAMP formation. Instead, NSF potently inhibited the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production. The results suggest that NSF may regulate the levels of cGMP and TXA2 to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by thrombin.

64.
NAL Call No: QR53.B56
Effect of osmotic pressure on cell growth and production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide in suspension cultures of Panax notoginseng.
Zhang, Y. H.; Zhong, J. J.; Yu, J. T. Biotechnol-lett v.17(12): p.1347-1350. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax; cell-suspensions; osmotic-pressure; cell-growth; growth-rate; polysaccharides; metabolites; saponins; secondary-metabolites; culture-media; traditional-medicines; primary-metabolites; traditional-chinese-medicines

Abstract: The effects of initial osmotic pressure (IOP) on the production of ginseng polysaccharide and ginseng saponin were studied in suspension cultures of Panax notoginseng cells. At higher IOP, the specific saponin production and intracellular carbohydrate storage were increased, while the plant cell volume, the consumption rates of major medium components and the specific cell growth rate were decreased. The specific production of polysaccharide was reduced with an increase of IOP from 4.45 to 5.18 atm, and levelled off at an even higher IOP.

65.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Effect of Panax ginseng extract on energy metabolism during exercise in rats.
Avakian, E. V.; Sugimoto, R. B.; Taguchi, S.; Horvath, S. M. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res v.50(2): p.151-154. ill. (1984 Apr.)
Includes references.

66.
NAL Call No: SB128.P5
Effect of some growth regulators on growth efficiency of Panax ginseng.
Park, H.; Yoon J.H.; Lee, M. K. Proc-Plant-Growth-Regul-Soc- Am (15th): p.189-193. (1988)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; seedlings; treatment; growth-regulators; dark; responses; shoots; roots; growth; correlation; temperatures; respiration; losses

67.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
Effect of stratification temperature and time on result fulfillment and growth in American ginseng.
Konsler, T. R. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci v.111(5): p.651-654. (1986 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; cold-storage; dormancy-breaking; temperatures; stratification; growth; correlation; north- carolina

68.
NAL Call No: TS920.H8
Effect of the thermal factor on the growth rate and quality of ginseng biomass.
Durova, V. V.; Klabukova, T. V.; Klabukova, V. V. Hydrolysis- Wood-Chem-U-S-S-R (3): p.44-46. (1988)
Translated from: Gidroliznaia i lesokhimicheskaia promyshlennost', (2), 1988, p. 20-21. (301.8 G36).
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; biomass; temperatures; growth-rate; cell-culture; nutrient-solutions

69.
NAL Call No.: 22.5-AG823
Effects of ginseng on rice anther culture.
Chen, J. J.; Tsay, H. S. Chung-hua-Nung-Yeh-Yen-Chiu-J-Agric- Res-China v.35(2): p.139-144. (1986 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; anthers; browning; panax- ginseng; regeneration; callus; tissue-culture

70.
NAL Call No.: QK710.F5
Effects of light on growth, morphogenesis and ginsenoside formation in tissue cultures of Panax ginseng.
Odnevall, A.; Bjork, L. Biochem-Physiol-Pflanz-B-P-P v.185(3/4): p.253-259. (1989)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; tissue-culture; callus; growth-rate; morphogenesis; light-relations; terpenoids; saponins; biosynthesis; differentiation; culture-media

71.
NAL Call No: QK725.P54
Effects of long-term preservation on growth and productivity of Panax ginseng and Catharanthus roseus cell cultures.
Mannonen, L.; Toivonen, L.; Kauppinen, V. Plant-Cell-Rep v.9(4): p.173-177. (1990)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; catharanthus-roseus; cell-cultures; growth-rate; metabolites; preservation; mineral- oils; cryopreservation; indole-alkaloids; biosynthesis; metabolism; liquid-nitrogen; ginsenosides

72.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Effects of Panax ginseng root on the vertical and horizontal motor activities and on brain monoamine-related substances in mice.
Itoh, T.; Zang, Y.; Murai, S.; Saito, H. Plant-Med v.55(5): p.429-433. ill. (1989 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; medicinal- properties; saponins; central-nervous-system; mice

73.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Effects of the standardized Panax ginseng extract G115 on the D-glucose transport by ehrlich ascites tumour cells.
Yamasaki, K.; Murakami, C.; Ohtani, K.; Kasai, R.; Kurokawa, T.; Ishibashi, S.; Soldati, F.; Stockli, M.; Mulz, D. PTR,- Phytother-res v.7(2): p.200-202. (1993 Mar.-1993 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; medicinal-properties; plant-extracts; traditional-medicines; inhibition; active- transport; glucose; neoplasms; ascites; mice

74.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Embryo growth and germination of American ginseng seed in response to stratification temperatures.
Stoltz, L. P.; Snyder, J. C. Hortscience v.20(2): p.261- 262. ill. (1985 Apr.)
Includes 10 references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; seed-germination; embryonic-development; stratification; ga; temperatures

75.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Embryoid formation by high temperature treatment from multiple shoots of Panax ginseng.
Asaka, I.; Ii, I.; Yoshikawa, T.; Hirotani, M.; Furuya, T. Plant-Med v.59(4): p.345-346. (1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; tissue-culture; temperature

76.
NAL Call No.: 340.8-AG8
Energy receipt and partitioning in a ginseng shade canopy and mulch environment.
Stathers, R. J.; Bailey, W. G. Agric-Forest-Meteorol v.37(1): p.1-14. ill. (1986 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; energy-consumption; canopy; shade; mulches; plant-metabolism; moisture-relations; evaporation

77.
NAL Call No: SB128.P5
Ethylene release of Panax ginseng in relation to plant part and various conditions.
Park, H.; Lee, M. G.; Lee, C. W. Proc-Plant-Growth-Regul-Soc- Am (16th): p.223-227. (1989)
Meeting held August 6-10, 1989, Arlington, Virginia.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; panax-quinquefolium; ethylene-production

78.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Evaluation of chemical and non-chemical treatments for the control of ginseng replant disease.
Li, T. S. C. Acta-hortic (363): p.141-146. (1994 May)
Paper presented at the "Third International Symposium on Replant Problems," held July 20-23, 1993, Penticton, Canada.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; replant-disease; seedling-emergence; plant-disease-control; enterobacter- aerogenes; dazomet; chemical-control; soil-sterilization; sewage- products; composts; organic-amendments; salix; leaves

79.
NAL Call No.: 464.9-AM31R
Evaluation of seed treatments in cultivated ginseng, 1984.
Rahimian, M. K.; Mitchell, J. E. Fungic-Nematic-Test-Result- Am-Phytopathol-Soc. [s.l.] : The Society. 1985. v. 40 p. 170- 171.
Descriptors: pythium; rhizoctonia; fusarium; damping-off; panax- quinquefolium; fungicide-application; seed-treatment

80.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius).
Chang, Y. S.; Pezzuto, J. M.; Fong, H. H. S.; Farnsworth, N. R. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res (4): p.338-339. (1986 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; roots; mutagens; salmonella-typhimurium

81.
NAL Call No.: 100-P381-no.62
An experiment in ginseng culture.
Butz, G. C. 1. State College : Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903. 14 p., [1] leaf of plates : ill., Cover title.
Descriptors: Ginseng-Field-experiments

82.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Fatty acids and esters from Panax pseudo-ginseng rhizomes.
Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S. Phytochemistry v.24(5): p.1091-1092. (1985)
Includes 4 references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; fatty-acids; esters; rhizomes; chemical-constituents-of-plants

83.
NAL Call No: HD1775.I6I5
The field cultivation of American ginseng.
Thompson, G. A. Stn-Bull-Purdue-Univ-Agric-Exp-Sta (518): p.179-185. (1987)
Paper presented at the "Proceedings of the First National Herb Growing and Marketing Conference," July 19-22, 1986, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; cultivation; site- preparation; seedbed-preparation; cultivation; shade; seed- stratification; harvesting; pest-control; drying

84.
NAL Call No.: 451-T63B
Flora biology of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium).
Schlessman, M. A. Bull-Torrey-Bot-Club v.112(2): p.129- 133. (1985 Apr.-1985 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; flowering; phenology; pollination; insects

85.
NAL Call No.: 475-EX7
Formation of plantlets from callus cultures of ginseng (Panax ginseng).
Furuya, T.; Yoshikawa, T.; Ushiyama, K.; Oda, H. Experientia v.42(2): p.193-194. ill. (1986 Feb.)
Includes 8 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; callus; tissue-culture; differentiation; cloning; rooting; saponins

86.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Fractionation and characterization of anticomplementary and mitogenic substances from Panax ginseng extract G-115.
Yamada, H.; Otsuka, H.; Kiyohara, H. PTR,-Phytother-res v.9(4): p.264-269. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; polysaccharides; mitogens; immunostimulants; complement; fractionation; characterization

87.
NAL Call No.: 385-C172
Further structural studies of anti-complementary acidic heteroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.
Gao, Q. P.; Kiyohara, H.; Yamada, H. Carbohydr-Res. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. Feb 25, 1990. v. 196 p. 111-125.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; leaves; polysaccharides; physico-chemical-properties

88.
NAL Call No: QH431.A1G43
Genetic variability in a population of somatic ginseng cells in vitro.
Dolgikh, Yu. I.; Shamina, Z. B. Sov-Genet. New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau. Dec 1986 (transl. June 1987). v. 22 (12) p. 1576-1580. ill.
Translated from: Genetika, v. 22 (12), December 1986, p. 2820-2824. (QH431.A1G4).
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; genetic-variation; mutants; cell-suspensions

89.
NAL Call No: SB295.G5D84
Ginseng : a concise handbook.
Duke, J. A. 1. Algonac, Mich. : Reference Publications, 1989. 273 p., [1] p. of plates : ill., Includes index.
Descriptors: Ginseng-Handbooks,-manuals,-etc; American- ginseng-Handbooks,-manuals,-etc

90.
NAL Call No: GR880.P6
Ginseng: a medical enigma.
Lewis, W. H. Plants in indigenous medicine & diet : biobehavioral approaches / edited by Nina L. Etkin. Bedford Hills, N.Y. : Redgrave, c1986. p. 290-305.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; ethnobotany; physico- chemical-properties; drug-therapy; health-beliefs

91.
NAL Call No: S544.3.N6N62
Ginseng: a production guide for North Carolina.
Konsler, T. R.; Davis, J. M. AG-N-C-Agric-Ext-Serv-N-C-State- Univ. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service. Sept 1992. (323,rev.) 12 p.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; descriptions; life-history; cultivation; site-selection; shading; site-preparation; stratification; seed- germination; sowing; transplanting; mulching; fertilizers; irrigation; pest-management; seed- production; roots; harvesting; handling; cost-benefit-analysis; north-carolina

92.
NAL Call No.: 450-EC7
Ginseng: America's botanical drug connection to the Orient.
Carlson, A. W. Econ-Bot v.40(2): p.233-249. (1986 Apr.-1986 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; medicinal-plants; cultivation; exports; usa; asia

93.
NAL Call No: QD1.A45
Ginseng and its congeners: traditional Oriental food drugs.
Tanaka, O. ACS-symp-ser (547): p.335-341. (1994)
In the series analytic: Food phytochemicals for cancer prevention II--teas, spices, and herbs / edited by C.T. Ho, T. Osawa, and R.T. Rosen.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; medicinal-plants; saponins; disease-prevention; carcinoma

Abstract: Ginseng has been used not only as a traditional Oriental medicine but also as a health-giving vegetable in Oriental dietary therapy. Recent reports related to cancer prevention of ginseng and its congeners are summarized in this chapter. They include an anticarcinogenic effect of ginseng on mice exposed to chemical carcinogens, an inhibitory effect of ginseng saponins on TPA-induced inflammation, a case-control study on correlation of ginseng intake to cancer, inhibitory effects of Sanchi-Ginseng on the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells induced by TPA and n-butylic acid, and inhibition of pulmonary tumorigenesis induced in mice by 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and glycerol.

94.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84F-no.1184
Ginseng culture.
Stockberger, W. W. W. W. 1. 1. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1921. 15 p. : ill., Cover title.
Descriptors: Ginseng

95.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84F-no.1184-1953
Ginseng culture. Rev. June 1953.
Stockberger, W. W. 1. 1.; Sievers, A. F. A. F. 1.; Pultz, L. M. L. M. 1. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1953. 13 p. : ill., "This bulletin was originally prepared by the late W.W. Stockberger ... it has been revised successively by A.F. Sievers ... and L.M. Pultz."
Descriptors: Ginseng

96.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84F-no.736
Ginseng diseases and their control.
Whetzel, H. H. H. H. 1. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. 23 p. : ill., Caption title.
Descriptors: American-ginseng-Diseases-and-pests

97.
NAL Call No.: Fiche-S-70-no.736
Ginseng diseases and their control.
Whetzel, H. H. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1930 20 p. : ill. --,

98.
NAL Call No.: 464.9-C16S
Ginseng diseases in British Columbia from 1987 -1989.
Buonassissi, A.; MacDonald, L. S. Can-Plant-Dis-Surv v.70(1): p.77-78. maps. (1990)
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; fungal-diseases; incidence; british-columbia

99.
NAL Call No: S1.N32
Ginseng generates woodland cash flow.
Hofstetter, B. New-Farm v.14(5): p.40-41. (1992 July-1992 Aug.)
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; cultivation; woodlands; woodland-soils; shading; commodity-markets; cash-crops

100.
NAL Call No: HD1775.I6I5
Ginseng in Kentucky.
Roberts, C. R. Stn-Bull-Purdue-Univ-Agric-Exp-Sta (530): p.52-53. (1987)
Paper presented at the Second National Herb Growing and Marketing Conference, July 19-22, 1987, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Descriptors: panax; cultural-methods; fertilizer- requirement-determinatio; kentucky

101.
NAL Call No: SB317.5.H6
Ginseng: industry, botany, and culture.
Proctor, J. T. A.; Bailey, W. G. Hortic-Rev. New York, N.Y. : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. 1987. v. 9 p. 187-236. ill.
Literature review.
Descriptors: panax; species; crop-production; pharmacology; international-trade; taxonomy; genetics; cytology; morphology; anatomy; growth; development; cultivation; pest- control; weed-control

102.
NAL Call No.: 100-K41-2
Ginseng, its nature and culture.
Garman, H. Bull-Ky-Agric-Exp-Stn (78): p.123-156. plates. (1898 Nov.)
Documents available from: Agriculture Library, Agricultural Science Center - North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40546-0091.
Descriptors: legislation; panax-quinquefolium; medicinal-plants; botany; cultivation; kentucky

103.
NAL Call No: HD1775.I6I5
Ginseng marketing and economics.
Stegelin, F. Stn-Bull-Purdue-Univ-Agric-Exp-Sta (530): p.179-189. maps. (1987)
Paper presented at the Second National Herb Growing and Marketing Conference, July 19-22, 1987, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Descriptors: panax; medicinal-plants; marketing; imports; marketing-margins; cash-flow

104.
NAL Call No.: HD9675.G63K45-1987
Ginseng marketing : what, where?.
Stegelin, F. E. F. E. 1. Lexington : University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, [1987] 12 leaves : ill., "March 1987."
Descriptors: Ginseng-industry-Kentucky

105.
NAL Call No: S544.3.N6N62
Ginseng production guide for North Carolina.
Konsler, T. R. A-G-N-C-Agric-Ext-Serv-N-C-State-Univ. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service. June 1985. (323,rev.) 15 p. ill.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; cultural-methods; north-carolina

106.
NAL Call No: S544.3.N6N62
Ginseng production guide for North Carolina [Panax quinquefolium].
Konsler, T. R. A-G-N-C-Agric-Ext-Serv-N-C-State-Univ. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service. Sept 1983. (323) 15 p. ill.
Descriptors: North-Carolina

107.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Ginseng root extract inhibits calcium channels in rat sensory neurons through a similar path, but different receptor, as micro- type opioids.
Nah, S. Y.; McCleskey, E. W. J-ethnopharmacol v.42(1): p.45-51. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; plant- extracts; ganglia; neurons; calcium-ions; ion-transport; opioids; receptors; antagonists; signaling-pathways

Abstract: The effect of Panax ginseng root extract on Ca2+ current of adult rat trigeminal ganglion neurons was investigated using whole-cell patch-clamp methods. The application of P. ginseng root extract (100 micrograms/ml) produced rapid, reversible reduction of the Ca2+ current by 22 +/- 4%. Treatment with pertussis toxin (250 ng/ml) for 16 h reduced the inhibition to 4 +/- 1%. The continual presence of 1 micromolar DAGO, a selective mu-opioid agonist that inhibits Ca2+ channels, occluded further inhibition of Ca2+ current by P. ginseng root extract. Yohimbine, phaclofen, atropine, and naloxone--antagonists of alpha 2-adrenergic, GABA(B), muscarinic, and opiate receptors, respectively--did not block the inhibitory effect on Ca2+ current of P. ginseng root extract. Thus, P. ginseng root extract acts on sensory neurons through a similar pathway as mu-type

108.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Ginseng saponins: influence on neurotransmitter uptake in rat brain synaptosomes.
Tsang, D.; Yeung, H. W.; Tso, W. W.; Peck, H. Plant-Med-J- Med-Plant-Res (3): p.221-224. (1985 June)
Includes 25 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; saponins; neurotransmitters; pharmacodynamics

109.
NAL Call No: SB21.K4K4
Ginseng seed and root sources for planting in Kentucky.
Roberts, C. R.; Stoltz, L. HO-Univ-Ky-Coll-Agr-Coop-Ext-Serv. Lexington, Ky. : The Service. June 1990. (73) 4 p.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; seeds; roots; sowing; transplanting; kentucky

110.
NAL Call No: aSB319.4.F6
Ginseng--the root of happiness.
Shnitzler, S. Hortic-prod-rev (10- 93): p.20-21. (1993 Oct.)
Descriptors: panax; world-markets; international-trade; usa

111.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Ginsenoside content of plantlets regenerated from Panax ginseng embryoids.
Asaka, I.; Ii, I.; Hirotani, M.; Asada, Y.; Furuya, T. Phytochemistry-Oxford v.36(1): p.61-63. (1994 May)
Part 96 in the series 'Studies on Plant Tissue Cultures'.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-embryos; tissue-cultures; plant-composition; saponins; seedlings; callus; explants; cell- differentiation; growth-stages

Abstract: Ginsenoside contents of plantlets regenerated from embryoids of Panax ginseng were compared by HPLC with those of seedlings, in order to determine whether the regenerated plantlets were similar to the seedlings with respect to their contents of saponins. Little difference was detected. Further, comparison between the regenerated plantlets and calli grown under the same culture conditions suggested that saponin production by the regenerated plantlets is induced by tissue differentiation, rather than by culture conditions.

112.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Glycosylation of phenolic compounds by root culture of Panax ginseng.
Ushiyama, M.; Furuya, T. Phytochemistry v.28(11): p.3009-3013. (1989 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; cell-suspensions; phenolic-compounds; glucosides; transformations; biochemical- pathways; molecular-structure

113.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84F-no.2201
Growing ginseng.
Williams, L. 1. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1964. 11 p. : ill., "This bulletin supersedes Farmers' bulletin 1184."
Descriptors: American-ginseng

114.
NAL Call No: HD1775.I6I5
Growing ginseng.
Markus, J. Stn-Bull-Purdue-Univ-Agric-Exp-Sta (530): p.54-55. (1987)
Paper presented at the Second National Herb Growing and Marketing Conference, July 19-22, 1987, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Descriptors: plant-production; cultural-methods

115.
NAL Call No.: Fiche-S-70-no.2201-1981
Growing ginseng. Rev.
Duke, J. A. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, 1981. 8 p. : ill. --,

116.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84F-no.2201-1968
Growing ginseng. Slightly rev. Aug. 1968.
Williams, L. 1. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1968. 8 p. : ill., "This bulletin supersedes Farmers' bulletin 1184, Ginseng culture."
Descriptors: American-ginseng

117.
NAL Call No.: 464.8-SP2
Growing interest in ginseng.
Proctor, J. T. A. Span-Prog-Agric. Foston : J.G.R. Stevens. 1986. v. 29 (3) p. 104-106. ill.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; panax-quinquefolium; medicinal-plants; crop-production; weeds; plant-pests; plant- diseases; marketing

118.
NAL Call No: QK725.P54
Growth pattern and ginsenoside production of Agrobacterium transformed Panax ginseng roots.
Inomata, S.; Yokayama, M.; Gozu, Y.; Shimizu, T.; Yanagi, M. Plant-cell-rep v.12(12): p.681-686. (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; genetic- transformation; agrobacterium-rhizogenes; transgenic-plants; gene-expression; growth; culture-media; sucrose; glucose; plant- composition; biosynthesis; alkaloids; fructose; biomass

Abstract: Panax ginseng roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes grew rapidly in a hormone-free medium. The transformed roots showed biphasic growth: rapid during the first two weeks and slower thereafter. Sucrose in the medium was almost all converted to glucose and fructose during the first two weeks, and the root growth slowed down after the depletion of sucrose in the medium. Periodic changes of the medium maintained the high growth rate, and the dry weight increased by 31 times in 32 days, which is the highest growth rate so far reported for cultured tissues of ginseng. The medium exchange also increased the ginsenoside content in the roots. Effective scale-up of the root culture was achieved in a turbine-blade type bioreactor.

119.
NAL Call No: QK725.P54
Growth pattern and ginsenoside production of Agrobacterium-transformed Panax ginseng roots.
Inomata, S.; Yokoyama, M.; Gozu, Y.; Shimizu, T.; Yanagi, M. Plant-cell-rep v.12(12): p.681-686. (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; culture-media; genetic-transformation; growth; glycosides; pharmacology; triterpenoids; traditional-medicines; agrobacterium-rhizogenes

Abstract: Panax ginseng roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes grew rapidly in a hormone-free medium. The transformed roots showed biphasic growth: rapid during the first two weeks and slower thereafter. Sucrose in the medium was almost all converted to glucose and fructose during the first two weeks, and the root growth slowed down after the depletion of sucrose in the medium. Periodic changes of the medium maintained the high growth rate, and the dry weight increased by 31 times in 32 days, which is the highest growth rate so far reported for cultured tissues of ginseng. The medium exchange also increased the ginsenoside content in the roots. Effective scale-up of the root culture was achieved in a turbine-blade type bioreactor.

120.
NAL Call No.: 450-P693
High sequence similarity between a ribonuclease from ginseng calluses and fungus-elicited proteins from parsley indicates that intracellular pathogenesis-related proteins are ribonucleases.
Moiseyev, G. P.; Beintema, J. J.; Fedoreyeva, L. I.; Yakovlev, G. I. Planta v.193(3): p.470-472. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; petroselinum-crispum; pathogenesis-related-proteins; ribonucleases; amino-acid- sequences; callus; molecular-sequence-data

Abstract: A ribonuclease from a callus cell culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey strain RI was isolated. A pure protein with an apparent molecular mass of IS kda was obtained. The N- terminal sequences of the protein and of the C-terminal CNBr peptide were determined. No homology with other ribonucleases was found. but there was 60-70% sequence identity with two intracellular pathogenesis-related (IPR) proteins from parsley, indicating that not only these two proteins, but also homologous IPR proteins identified in other plant species are ribonucleases.

121.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Immunomodulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract.
Singh, V. K.; Agarwal, S. S.; Gupta, B. M. Plant-Med-J-Med- Plant-Res v.50(6): p.462-465. (1984 Dec.)
Includes 25 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; plant-extracts; immune- response; medicinal-properties

122.
NAL Call No.: 475-J824
Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of ginsenosides in panax ginseng extracts and products.
Pietta, P.; Mauri, P.; Rava, A. J-Chromatogr v.356(1): p.212-219. (1986 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; plant-extracts; liquid-chromatography

123.
NAL Call No: QH442.J69
Improvement of cell growth and production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide in suspension cultures of Panax
Zhong, J. J.; Wang, D. J. J-biotechnol v.46(1): p.69-72. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax; medicinal-plants; saponins; polysaccharides; biosynthesis; carbohydrate-metabolism; cell- suspensions; copper; metal-ions; cell-growth; cell-culture; cupric-ion

124.
NAL Call No: SB1.H6
In vitro flowering of plantlets regenerated from zygotic embryo-derived somatic embryos of ginseng.
Lee, H. S.; Liu, J. R.; Yang, S. G.; Lee, Y. H.; Lee, K. W. HortScience v.25(12): p.1652-1654. (1990 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; somatic- embryogenesis; juvenility; embryo-culture; flowering; in-vitro; culture-media; 2,4-d; kinetin; benzyladenine; gibberellic-acid; explants; cotyledons; callus; regenerative-ability

Abstract: Mature zygotic embryos dissected from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing various concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin. Somatic embryos were induced directly from cotyledonary tissue and from intervening callus. The frequency of somatic embryo induction was up to 55% of zygotic embryo explants. Upon transfer onto half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mg BA/liter and 1 mg GA(3)/liter, most somatic embryos developed into plantlets. More than 50% of the plantlets flowered after 4 weeks of culture, and some developed immature fruits in vitro. These results indicate that adulthood of ginseng root explants is not a prerequisite for flowering of plantlets regenerated through somatic embryogenesis.

125.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Increased hepatic adenine nucleotide content by ginseng.
Yokozawa, T.; Oura, H. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.34(1): p.79-82. (1991 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; atp; adp; amp; diabetes; rats

126.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-IN2
Indian ginseng.
Bennet, S. S. R.; Sharma, B. K. Indian-For. Dehra Dun : N.K. Mathur. Nov 1983. v. 109 (11) p. 840-845. plates.
Includes references.
Descriptors: India

127.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Induction of neutrophil accumulation by red ginseng.
Toda, S.; Kimura, M.; Ohnishi, M. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.30(3): p.315-318. (1990 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; plant- extracts; neutrophils; induction; medicinal-properties; intraperitoneal-injection; mice- ; biological-response-modifiers; lentinan

128.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Influence of the 70% methanolic extract from red ginseng on the lysosome of tumor cells and on the cytocidal effect of mitomycin C.
Kubo, M.; Tung, C. N.; Matsuda, H. Plant-Med v.58(5): p.424-428. (1992 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; antineoplastic-agents; lysosomes; mitomycin

129.
NAL Call No: QK867.J67
Influence of zinc on the growth, distribution of elements, and metabolism of one-year old American ginseng plants.
Ren, F. C.; Liu, T. C.; Liu, H. Q.; Hu, B. Y. J-Plant- Nutr v.16(2): p.393-405. (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; zinc; nutrient- requirements; nutrient-availability; phytotoxicity; mineral- deficiencies; chlorosis; leaves; roots; growth; shoots; mineral- content; amino-acids; saponins; ginsenosides

Abstract: Using a water culture technique, 0.05 ppm zinc (Zn) was found to be the critical deficiency concentration for one-year American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L) plants, 0.3 ppm was optimum, 0.5 ppm the critical Zn-toxicity concentration, and 10 ppm the concentration when severe toxicity occurs. Therefore, the optimum Zn concentration for the growth of American ginseng plants was between 0.1 ppm-0.3 ppm. Zinc deficiency symptoms of one-year old American ginseng plants were indicated by the inhabition of root growth, with little fibrous root development, and smaller leaves compared to normal leaves. The symptoms of toxicity were also indicated by the inhibition of root growth, and when seedlings were suffering from an acute toxicity, no fibrous roots appeared, and eventually the roots yellowed and leaves grew slowly or even entirely ceased to grow, the final result being very small leaves which are also chlorotic. Zinc maintained within the 0.1 ppm to 0.3 ppm sufficiency range promoted the synthesis and accumulation of ginsenosides by American ginseng plants, and both low and high Zn concentrations restrained the synthesis and accumulation of ginsenosides. Both, Zn deficiency and the optimum Zn concentration (0.3ppm) are beneficial to the accumulation of amino acids in the roots of American ginseng plants. Close to the optimum Zn concentration, the ratios of P/Zn and Fe/Zn in the shoot of American ginseng plants were maintained at 77 and 9.4, respectively.

130.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Inhibition of autochthonous tumor by ethanol insoluble fraction from Panax ginseng as an immunomodulator.
Yun, Y. S.; Lee, Y. S.; Jo, S. K.; Jung, I. S. Planta- med v.59(6): p.521-524. (1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; antineoplastic-agents; mice

131.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Inhibition of mutagenesis and transformation by root extracts of Panax ginseng in vitro.
Rhee, Y. H.; Ahn, J. H.; Choe, J.; Kang, K. W.; Joe, C. Plant-Med v.57(2): p.125-128. (1991 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; plant- extracts; mutagenesis; inhibition; cell-lines; hamsters; mice; in-vitro

132.
NAL Call No.: 450-P566
The initiation and pattern of growth of resin ducts in the main roots of ginseng (Panax ginseng).
Liu, M.; Li, R. J.; Liu, M. Y. Phytomorphology v.40(1/2): p.17-20. (1990 Jan.-1990 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; growth; ontogeny; resin-canals; plant-anatomy; cell-differentiation; china

133.
NAL Call No: TP248.13.S68
Intensification of extraction process during isolation of biologically active compounds from ginseng biomass.
Medvedeva, V. I.; Durova, V. V.; Lysyanskii, V. M. Sov- Biotechnol (3): p.46-50. (1990)
Translated from: Biotekhnologiya, (3), 1990, p. 31-34. (TP248.2.B57).
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; glycosides; pharmaceutical-products; extraction; extractors; ethanol; tissue- culture; mass- transfer

Abstract: Investigation of the diffusion-kinetic characteristics of the biologically active compounds (BACs) in ginseng biomass and calculation of their local diffusion coefficients provided the basis for identification of approaches and methods for intensifying BAC extraction in aqueous-ethanol mixtures with different ethanol contents in order to obtain products with specified concentrations. Degree of process intensification was established for different means of modifying the internal structure of a ginseng tissue culture. Optimum extraction conditions for production of an extract intended for medical use were found.

134.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Interactions of ginseng extract, ginseng separated fractions, and some triterpenoid saponins with glucose transporters in sheep erythrocytes.
Hasegawa, H.; Matsumiya, S.; Murakami, C.; Kurokawa, T.; Kasai, R.; Ishibashi, S.; Yamasaki, K. Planta-med v.60(2): p.153-157. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; triterpenoid-saponins; glucose; transporters; sheep; erythrocytes

135.
NAL Call No: QD241.K453
An investigation of the chemical composition of a suspension culture of ginseng cells.
Uvarova, N. I.; Makhan'kov, V. V.; Prokopenko, G. I.; Slabko, M. G. Chem-Nat-Compd v.23(3): p.387-388. (1987 Nov.)
Translated from: Khimiia prirodnykh soedinenii, v. 23 (3), 1987, p. 461-462. (QD241.K45).
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; cell-suspensions; chemical- composition

136.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of panaxans A, B, C, D and E, glycans of Panax ginseng roots.
Konno, C.; Sugiyama, K.; Kano, M.; Takahashi, M.; Hikino, H. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res v.50(5): p.434-436. (1984 Oct.)
Includes 17 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; isolation; hypoglycemic-agents

137.
NAL Call No.: 450-Q22
Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans M, N, O and P, glycans of Panax ginseng roots.
Konno, C.; Hikino, H. Int-J-Crude-Drug-Res v.25(1): p.53-56. (1987 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; chemical- constituents-of-plants; hypoglycemic-agents; mice

138.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans Q, R, S, T and U, glycans of Panax ginseng roots.
Konno, C.; Murakami, M.; Oshima, Y.; Hikino, H. J-Ethno- Pharmacol v.14(1): p.69-74. (1985 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; hypoglycemic-agents; chemical-constituents-of-plants; nuclear-magnetic-resonance

139.
NAL Call No.: 1.9-P69P
Isolation and pathogenicity of Phytophthora cactorum from forest and ginseng garden soils in Wisconsin.
Darmono, T. W.; Owen, M. L.; Parke, J. L. Plant-Dis v.75(6): p.610-612. (1991 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; forest-soils; seedlings; soil-inoculation; survival; phytophthora-cactorum; isolation; pathogenicity; wisconsin

140.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Korean ginseng mitochondrial DNA encodes an intact rps12 gene downstream of the nad3 gene.
Kim, K. S.; Schuster, W.; Brennicke, A.; Choi, K. T. Plant- Physiol v.97(4): p.1602-1603. (1991 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; mitochondria; dna; genetic-code; nadh-dehydrogenase; biosynthesis; nucleotide- sequences; amino-acid-sequences; molecular-sequence-data; genbank-m74169

141.
NAL Call No: TP248.13.S68
Large-scale culturing of ginseng cells in suspension. I. Scaling of a pilot plant.
Strogov, S. E.; Zaitseva, G. V.; Belousova, I. M.; Shamkov, N. V.; Simonova, G. M. Sov-Biotechnol (4): p.66-69. (1990)
Translated from: Biotekhnologiya, (4), 1990, p. 43-45. (TP248.2.B57).
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; cell-culture; cell- suspensions; mass-transfer; oxygen; carbon-dioxide; mathematical- models; bioreactors; rheology; fermentors

Abstract: The scaling parameters of equipment for ginseng cell cultivation in suspension are substantiated: the mass-transfer coefficients in the gass-liquid system and minimum and maximum stirrer rotational speeds for suspending cells without hydrodynamic stress. Mass-transfer coefficients in equipment with a capacity of 0.1 and 0.63 m3 were determined experimentally and approximated by a mathematical model. A pilot plant for culturing ginseng cells was designed and installed.

142.
NAL Call No: TP248.13.S68
Large-scale ginseng cell cultivation in suspension. II. Elaboration of ginseng cell cultivation conditions on a pilot plant.
Shamkov, N. V.; Zaitseva, G. V.; Belousova, N. M.; Strogov, S. V.; Simonova, G. M.; Butenko, R. G.; Nosov, A. M. Sov- Biotechnol (1): p.41-44. (1991)
Translated from: Biotekhnologiia, (1), 1991, p. 32-34. (TP248.2.B57).
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; cell-culture; cell- suspensions; bioreactors; biomass-production; aeration; mixing; biotechnology; dry-matter-accumulation

Abstract: A pilot technology of ginseng cell suspension cultivation in Soviet-made 100- and 630-liter apparatuses with mechanical mixing and bubble aeration was developed, which makes it possible to produce 200 g/liter fresh (10 g/liter dry) biomass during a 14-day cycle. Pilot regulations were compiled on the basis of the results of the experimental work.

143.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
Lime and phosphorus effects on American ginseng. I. Growth, soil fertility, and root tissue nutrient status response.
Konsler, T. R.; Shelton, J. E. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci v.115(4): p.570-574. (1990 July)
Includes 70.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; dolomitic-limestone; phosphorus-fertilizers; application; responses; roots; weight- gain; soil- chemistry; correlated-traits; chemical-constituents- of-plants; root-analysis; application-rate

Abstract: Soil applications of dolomitic limestone and P fertilizer before seeding American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) affected root weight (RW) gain during the first 4 years of growth. At the end of each growing season, root size was greatest with the intermediate liming rate and with the high P rate. Lime resulted in positive linear responses in soil pH, K, Ca, and Mg and in root N, P, Ca, and Mg and curvilinear responses in soil Mn and Zn and in root K, Mn, and Zn. Applied P had a positive linear effect on soil Na and on root N, Ca, and Fe and a curvilinear effect on soil P and on root P and Ca. Terminal RW was positively correlated with soil pH, K, Ca, Mg, and Na and with root P, K, Ca, and Mg; RW was negatively correlated with root Mn and Zn. Regression analyses implicated only soil Ca and Na and root Mg and Zn as significant terms in prediction equations.

144.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
Lime and phosphorus effects on American ginseng. II. Root and leaf ginsenoside content and their relationship.
Konsler, T. R.; Zito, S. W.; Shelton, J. E.; Staba, E. J. J- Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci v.115(4): p.575-580. (1990 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; dolomitic-limestone; phosphorus-fertilizers; application; responses; root-analysis; leaf-analysis; glycosides; relationships; soil-fertility; nutrient-contents-of-plants; application-rate

Abstract: Soil-applied dolomitic limestone and fertilizer affected the level of certain root and leaf ginsenosides in 4-year-old American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.); however, ginsenoside accumulations in the roots and in the leaves often were not similar. Root and leaf ginsenoside production tended to differ in its response to soil fertility (SF) factors and root tissue nutrient (RN) elements. Leaf ginsenoside production was more often correlated with SF factors and RN elements than that of root ginsenosides, the response of both ginsenoside sources was greater to RN than SF status. Leaf ginsenoside content was positively correlated with the SF factors and RN elements to a greater degree than that of root ginsenosides. Leaf ginsenoside production was more often affected by the same chemical element in the soil and in root tissue than that of root ginsenosides. There was no correlation between the level of any ginsenoside measured in root tissue and the same ginsenoside in leaf tissue.

145.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Linoleate-rich triacylglycerol in Panax pseudo-ginseng improves erythrocyte deformability in vitro.
Hong, C. Y.; Lai, L. J.; Yeh, S. F. Plant-Med v.59(4): p.323-325. (1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; triacylglycerols; erythrocytes; deformation; calcium; linoleic- acid

146.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Linoleoylated polyacetylenes from the root of Panax ginseng.
Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Niitsu, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Maruno, M. Phytochemistry-Oxford v.35(4): p.963-967. (1994 Mar.)
Part 4 in the series 'The Constituents of Panax ginseng'.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; spectral- analysis; plant-composition; molecular-conformation; polyacetylenes; linolenic- acid; derivatives; esters; panaxynol; panaxydol; ginsenoyne-a; molecular-structure; panaxyme-epoxide

Abstract: Three new linoleoylated acetylenic compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots of Panax ginseng. The structures were determined by spectral and chemical methods.

147.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Mass production of ginseng (Panax ginseng) embryoids on media containing high concentrations of sugar.
Asaka, I.; Li, I.; Hirotani, M.; Asada, Y.; Yoshikawa, T.; Furuya, T. Planta-med v.60(2): p.146-148. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; propagation; tissue- culture; culture-media; sugar

148.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: effects on plasma level, secretion, sensitivity and binding of insulin in mice.
Suzuki, Y.; Hikino, H. Phytother-Res-PTR v.3(1): p.20-24. (1989 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; hypoglycemic- agents; insulin; insulin-secretion; binding; pancreas-islets; adipocytes; blood-plasma; mice

149.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: effects on the key enzymes of glucose metabolism in the liver of mice.
Suzuki, Y.; Hikino, H. Phytother-Res-PTR v.3(1): p.15-19. (1989 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; hypoglycemic- agents; glucose; carbohydrate-metabolism; enzymes; enzyme- activity; liver; mice

150.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Memory effects of standardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK 501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701).
Petkov, V. D.; Kehayov, R.; Belcheva, S.; Konstantinova, E.; Petkov, V. V.; Getova, D.; Markovska, V. Plant-Med v.59(2): p.106-113. (1993 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; ginkgo-biloba; plant- extracts; pharmaceutical-products; rats; learning; memory; nootropic-drugs

151.
NAL Call No.: 80-AC82
Micropropagation of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer by somatic embryos.
Kishira, H.; Takada, M.; Shoyama, Y. Acta-Hortic v.1(319): p.197-202. (1992 Oct.)
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Transplant Production Systems: Biological, Engineering and Socioeconomic Aspects," July 21-26, 1992, Yokohama, Japan.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; micropropagation; somatic-embryogenesis

152.
NAL Call No: TP248.13.S68
Morphocytological study of primary and adapted ginseng cell suspension cultures.
Konstantinova, N. A. Sov-Biotechnol (4): p.20-25. (1989)
Translated from: Biotekhnologiya, (4), 1989, p. 427-433. (TP248.2.B57).
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; cell-suspensions; cell-culture; cytology; nuclei; cytoplasm; ratios; cell-growth; mitosis; cell-size; nuclear-size; subculture

Abstract: A study has been made of the dynamics of cell and nuclear size and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio over the growth cycle and during protracted subculturing of ginseng cell suspension cultures. It was shown that cell and nuclear sizes in the cultures began to decrease in the growth deceleration phase. The correlation of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and cell mitotic activity was tracked over the entire growth cycle. It was also shown that initial and adapted ginseng suspensions are basically similar with respect to morphological characteristics. The insignificant decrease in cell size noted during subculturing can be neglected in making decisions regarding the industrial culturing process and apparatus.

153.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
A new minor saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng.
Zhang, S.; Takeda, T.; Zhu, T.; Chen, Y.; Yao, X.; Tanaka, O.; Ogihara, Y. Plant-Med v.56(3): p.298-300. (1990 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; leaves; plant- extracts; saponins; medicinal-plants; ginsenoside; chemical- structure

154.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
No adaptogen response of mice to ginseng and eleutherococcus infusions [Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, Eleutherococcus senticosus].
Lewis, W. H. Z. V. E.; Lynch, R. G. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.8(2): p.209-214. (1983 Aug.)
Includes references.

155.
NAL Call No.: 450-F58AE
Optimization of the nutrient medium and isolation of new strains for ginseng tissue culture.
Myasoedov, N. A.; Shamina, Z. B.; Butenko, R. G. Sov-Plant- Physiol. New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau. July/Aug 1985 (pub. 1986). v. 32 (4,pt.2) p. 619-624. ill.
Translated from: Fiziologiia rastenii, p. 800-806. (450 F58).
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; tissue-culture; culture- media; strains

156.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Panax ginseng extract improves scopolamine-induced deficits in working memory performance in the T-maze delayed alternation tast in rats.
Ni, X. N.; Ohta, H.; Watanabe, H.; Matsumoto, K. PTR,- Phytother-res v.7(1): p.49-52. (1993 Jan.-1993 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; medicinal-properties; memory; animal-behavior; rats

157.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Panax ginseng: relation between age of plant and content of ginsenosides.
Soldati, F.; Tanaka, O. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res v.50(4): p.351-352. ill. (1984 Aug.)
Includes 5 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; age; roots; chemical- composition

158.
NAL Call No.: 450-SI1
Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae) rediscovered in Louisiana.
Urbatsch, L. E.; Meier, A. Sida-Contrib-Bot. Dallas, Tex. : Wm. F. Mahler. Dec 1986. v. 11 (4) p. 486.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; identification; louisiana

159.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Partial structure of panaxan A, a hypoglycaemic glycan of Panax ginseng roots.
Tomoda, M.; Shimada, K.; Konno, C.; Sugiyama, K.; Hikino, H. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res v.50(5): p.436-438. (1984 Oct.)
Includes 17 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; hypoglycemic-agents; chemical-constituents-of-plants

160.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Participation of the serotonergic system in the memory effect of Ginkgo biloba L. and Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.
Petkov, V. D.; Belcheva, S.; Konstantinova, E.; Kehayov, R.; Petkov, V. V.; Hadjiivanova, Ch. PTR,-Phytother-res v.8(8): p.470-477. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ginkgo-biloba; panax-pseudoginseng; plant- extracts; memory; learning; serotonin; receptors; agonists; antagonists; brain; rats

161.
NAL Call No.: 450-C16
Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus penetrans to American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) and to Kiwi (Actinidia chinensis).
Vrain, T. C. Can-J-Plant-Sci-Rev-Can-Phytotech v.73(3): p.907-912. (1993 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pratylenchus-penetrans; actinidia- chinensis; panax-quinquefolius; roots; disease-resistance

162.
NAL Call No: SB599.C35
Pathogenicity of Pythium species, Cylindrocarpon destructans, and Rhizoctonia solani to ginseng seedlings in Ontario.
Reeleder, R. D.; Brammall, R. A. Can-J-plant-pathol v.16(4): p.311-316. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; seedlings; fungal- diseases; nectria-radicicola; pythium; rhizoctonia-solani; pathogenicity; root- rots; damping-off; etiology; anastomosis- groups; host-specificity; host-range; nicotiana-tabacum; ontario

Abstract: Root rot and damping-off diseases are major problems in establishment of ginseng gardens, however, little is known with respect to the identity of seedling root pathogens. Pathogenicity trials of fungi (isolates of Pythium spp., Cylindrocarpon destructans, and Rhizoctonia solani) obtained from diseased seedling roots were conducted to determine their ability to reproduce symptoms observed in the field. Inoculation of seedlings with Pythium isolates resulted in rapid maceration of roots or damping-off. Cylindrocarpon destructans produced an orange-brown rot of seedling roots. Inoculation with R. solani resulted in rapid invasion of stem tissue followed by collapse of the plant. A survey of isolates of R. solani recovered from diseased seedlings indicated that most belonged to anastomosis group 2-1. However, members of AG 1-1C and AG 3 obtained from damped-off tobacco seedlings were able to cause damping-off of ginseng, and AG 2-1 isolates recovered from ginseng caused damping-off of tobacco seedlings.

163.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Pharmacognostical identification of American and Oriental ginseng roots by genomic fingerprinting using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR).
Cheung, K. S.; Kwan, H. S.; But, P. P. H.; Shaw, P. C. J- ethnopharmacol v.42(1): p.67-69. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; panax-quinquefolius; identification; dna; dna-fingerprinting; polymerase-chain- reaction; rapid- methods; traditional-medicines; america; asia; herbal-authentication-techniques

164.
NAL Call No.: 100-N48C-1-no.363
Phytophthora disease of ginseng.
Rosenbaum, J. 1. 1. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University, 1915. p. 65-106 : ill., Bibliography: p. 105-106.
Descriptors: Ginseng-Diseases-and-pests; Phytophthora

165.
NAL Call No: QK725.P54
Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer) through somatic embryogenesis.
Arya, S.; Liu, J. R.; Eriksson, T. Plant-Cell-Rep v.10(6/7): p.277-281. (1991)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; protoplasts; somatic- embryogenesis; plant-embryos; callus; growth; regenerative- ability; isolation-techniques

Abstract: Protoplasts of Panax ginseng were isolated from embryos obtained from the 4-year old embryogenic cell line KCTC PCL 49031 which was derived from a zygotic embryo. High protoplast yields of 22-25 X 10(6) protoplast/g tissue were obtained following 5-6 h digestion with 2% Cellulysin, 1% Pectinase and 1% Macerasae in half strength Murashige and Skoog's medium containing 12% mannitol. A plating density of 1 X 10(5) protoplasts/ml was found optimal for protoplast culture. An initial division frequency of 10% was obtained in an agarose- gelled defined medium. Myo-inositol (6%) was found to be the most suitable osmoticum. Somatic embryos were formed from protoplast derived embryogenic callus, which regenerated into plantlets.

166.
NAL Call No.: 450-Ec7
Pollen vectors in an American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) crop.
Catling, P. M.; Spicer, K. W. Econ-bot v.44(1): p.99- 102. (1995 Jan.-1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; pollinators; pollination; dialictus; quebec

167.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Polyacetylenes from the roots of Panax ginseng.
Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Nakajima, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Mitsuhashi, H. Phytochemistry v.30(10): p.3327-3333. (1991)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; spectral- analysis; chemical-composition; polyacetylenes; non-food- products; molecular-structure; ginsenoynes

Abstract: Five new polyacetylenes named ginsenoynes A, B, C, D and E were isolated from the hexane extract of the root of Panax ginseng. These structures were determined by spectral and chemical methods.

168.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
A polyacetylenic compound from Panax ginseng roots.
Shim, S. C.; Chang, S. K.; Hur, C. W.; Kim, C. K. Phytochemistry v.26(10): p.2849-2850. (1987)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; chemical- constituents-of-plants; chemical-analysis

169.
NAL Call No: QD241.K453
Polysaccharides of plant tissue cultures. II. Acid hydrolysis of wastes from a ginseng tissue culture.
Kukhta, E. P.; Aleksandrova, I. V.; Afanas'ev, S. P.; Paukov, V. N.; Lyal'chenko, M. A. Chem-Nat-Compd v.24(3): p.289- 293. (1988 Nov.)
Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, v. 24 (3) 1988, p. 346-350. (QD241.K45).
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; tissue-culture; polysaccharides; liquid-chromatography; gas-chromatography; wastes

170.
NAL Call No: QD241.K453
Polysaccharides of plant tissue cultures. III. Enzymatic hydrolysis of industrial wastes of the biomass of a ginseng tissue culture.
Kukhta, E. P.; Aleksandrova, I. V.; Afanas'ev, S. P.; Lyal'chenko, M. A. Chem-Nat-Compd v.24(4): p.415-421. (1989 Jan.)
Translated from: Khimia prirodnykh soedinenii, v. 24 (4), 1988, p. 492-499. (QD241.K43).
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; enzyme-activity; industrial-wastes; biomass; polysaccharides; hydrolysates

171.
NAL Call No: HD1775.I6I5
The possible effect of ginseng on serum lipoproteins.
Schultz, F. H. Jr.; Lowe, R.; Woodley, R. A. Stn-Bull-Purdue- Univ-Agric-Exp-Sta (518): p.186-192. (1987)
Paper presented at the "Proceedings of the First National Herb Growing and Marketing Conference," July 19-22, 1986, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Descriptors: men; women; panax; serum-proteins; high- density-lipoprotein; pharmacology

172.
NAL Call No: SB1.H6
Postharvest seed maturation of American ginseng: stratification temperatures and delay of stratification.
Jo, J.; Blazich, F. A.; Konsler, T. R. HortScience v.23(6): p.995-997. (1988 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; postharvest- physiology; postharvest-treatment; seed-stratification; embryos- plant; growth

173.
NAL Call No: RM1.C5
Potentiation of nerve growth factor-mediated nerve fiber production in organ cultures of chicken embryonic ganlia by ginseng saponins structure-activity relationship.
Takemoto, Y. U. T.; Saito, H.; Horio, S.; Sanada, S.; Shoji, J.; Yahara, S.; Tanaka, O.; Shibata, S. Chem-Pharm-Bull v.32(8): p.3128-3133. ill. (1984 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; saponins; embryonic- development; chicks; tissue-culture

174.
NAL Call No.: SB295.G5N33- 1982
Proceedings of the Fourth National Ginseng Conference held in Lexington, Kentucky, May 25 and 26, 1982.
Roberts, C. R. C. R. 1.; English, J.; National Ginseng Conference (4th : 1982 : Lexington, Ky. Lexington, Ky. : The College, [1982?] 144 p. : ill., Includes bibliographies.
Descriptors: American-ginseng-Congresses; American- ginseng-United-States-Congresses; American-ginseng-industry- United-States- Congresses

175.
NAL Call No: QR53.B56
Production of ginsenoside saponins by culturing ginseng (Panax ginseng) embryogenic tissues in bioreactors.
Asaka, I.; Ii, I.; Hirotani, M.; Asada, Y.; Furuya, T. Biotechnol-lett v.15(12): p.1259-1264. (1993 Dec.)
Part 98 of a series. Subtitle: Studies on plant tissue cultures.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; saponins; biosynthesis; embryo-culture; bioreactors

Abstract: Ginseng (Panax ginseng) embryogenic tissues were cultured in three types of reactors and the ginsenoside productivities in these tissues were compared. As a result, the saponin productivity was the best when an airlift reactor was used, and more than twice of that when a paddle or internal turbine reactor was used. The tissues grew 9 fold during 42 days, and the ginsenoside pattern resembled that of ginseng leaves.

176.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Proliferative effect of ginseng saponin on neurite extension of primary cultured neurons of the rat cerebral cortex.
Sugaya, A.; Yuzurihara, M.; Tsuda, T.; Yasuda, K.; Kajiwara, K.; Sugaya, E. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.22(2): p.173-181. ill. (1988 Feb.-1988 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; chemical-constituents-of- plants; saponins; neurons; cell-culture; rats; cerebral-cortex; pharmacology

177.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Prolonged infusion of Panax ginseng saponins into the rat does not alter the chemical and kinetic profile of hormones from the posterior pituitary.
Zierer, R. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.34(2/3): p.269-274. (1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; posterior-pituitary; effects; pituitary-hormones; chemical- composition; rats; saponins

Abstract: The effect of prolonged administration (i.v.) of commercially available Panax ginseng extract (PGE) on the kinetic profile of the hormones from the posterior pituitary (PP) was studied in male Wistar rats. The rats were infused with 7.36 mg kg-1 h-1 of PGE for 8 days while the hormones from the PP were pulse-labeled at their place of translation in the hypothalamus. The concentration of labeled hormones was analyzed after increasing chase time intervals and compared to controls which were infused with the same volume of isotonic saline. The study revealed: (1) Prolonged administration of PGE prevents the drop in body weight during the 48-h period following stereotaxic surgery. At the end of the ginseng infusion period body weight increased as seen in controls. (2) The concentration of labeled oxytocin, oxytocin-neurophysin, the metabolically converted form of oxytocin-neurophysin and arginine-vasopressin-neurophysin per single PP did not change under prolonged ginseng administration. (3) The amino acid pattern from the ventromedical hypothalamus was not different from controls. From our results we conclude that the physiological effect of PGE in the rat is not based on changes in the translation, conversion rate or the chemical structure of hormones from the PP.

178.
NAL Call No: S960.E5
Proposed rule on ginseng exports [Panax quinquefolius].
Endangered-Species-Tech-Bull. Washington, D.C. : Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Progr. Oct 1983. v. 8 (10) p. 5, 8.

179.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Purification of an anti-ulcer polysaccharide from the leaves of Panax ginseng.
Sun, X. B.; Matsumoto, T.; Yamada, H. Plant-Med v.58(5): p.445-448. (1992 Oct.)
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; polysaccharides; ulcers; pharmaceutical-products; china; anti- ulcer-activity

180.
NAL Call No: RS160.J6
Recent advances on ginseng research in China.
Liu, C. X.; Xiao, P. G. J-Ethno-Pharmacol v.36(1): p.27- 38. (1992 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; research; literature- reviews; pharmacology; chemical-analysis; genetic-resources; ethnobotany; medicinal-plants; plant-extracts; china

Abstract: Ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is a well- known Chinese traditional medicine. There have been more than 300 original papers in Chinese and in English during the last 10 years in China. This review paper summarizes some achievements from some of these published papers. Twenty-eight ginsenosides and some minor constituents were extracted and isolated from the root, root-stock, stems, leaves, flowers and flower-buds of ginseng. The chemical analysis demonstrated that the content of ginsenosides is related to the source, part and growth years of ginseng. The drug has a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutical actions, it acts on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and endocrine secretion, promotes immune function and metabolism, possesses biomodulation action, anti- stress and anti-ageing activities, and so on. Many preparations of ginseng have been officially approved for clinical application in China. Clinical evaluation has shown that these preparations play a special role in medicinal use.

181.
NAL Call No: QK1.P5
Recovery of cell cultures and their biosynthetic capacity after storage of Dioscorea deltoidea and Panax ginseng cells in liquid nitrogen [Yams, ginseng].
Butenko, R. G.; Popov, A. S.; Volkova, L. A.; Chernyak, N. D.; Nosov, A. M. Plant-Sci-Lett v.33(3): p.285-292. ill. (1984 Mar.)
Includes references.

182.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
Response of American ginseng to foliar applications of 2,4-D.
Konsler, T. R.; Monaco, T. J.; Sheets, T. J.; Leidy, R. B. J- Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci v.113(3): p.360-362. (1988 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; 2,4-d; weed-control; foliar-application; survival; growth-rate; phytotoxicity; herbicide-residues; north-carolina

183.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Reversal of efflux-mediated tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates by Ginseng prosapogenins.
Hasegawa, H.; Matsumiya, S.; Uchiyama, M.; Inouye, Y.; Kasai, R.; Yamasaki, K. PTR,-Phytother-res v.9(4): p.260-263. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; sapogenins; antagonists; tetracycline; drug-resistance; genetic-resistance; genes; staphylococcus-aureus; tetk-gene; tetm-gene

184.
NAL Call No: HD1775.I6I5
Review of North Carolina's ginseng research.
Konsler, T. R. Stn-Bull-Purdue-Univ-Agric-Exp-Sta (518): p.173-174. (1987)
Paper presented at the "Proceedings of the First National Herb Growing and Marketing Conference," July 19-22, 1986, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; cultivation; plant- development; research; north-carolina

185.
NAL Call No: QK725.P54
Saponin production by cultures of Panax ginseng transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
Yoshikawa, T.; Furuya, T. Plant-Cell-Rep v.6(6): p.449-453. ill. (1987)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; agrobacterium; roots; plasmids; tissue-culture; transformations; saponins; callus; growth-regulators; genetic-engineering; japan

186.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Saponin production in cell suspension cultures of Panax ginseng.
Furuya, T.; Yoshikawa, T.; Orihara, Y.; Oda, H. Plant-Med-J- Med-Plant-Res v.48(2): p.83-87. (1983 June)
Includes references.

187.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Saponins and other constituents from the rhizomes of Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus var. angustifolius.
Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S. Phytochemistry v.25(9): p.2201-2203. (1986)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; rhizomes; saponins; chemical-composition

188.
NAL Call No.: 384-F773
Saponins of ginseng and related plants.
Tanaka, O.; Kasai, R. Fortschr-Chem-Org-Naturst-Prog-Chem- Org-Nat-Prod. Wien : Springer-Verlag. 1984. v. 46 p. 1-76.
Literature review.
Descriptors: panax; saponins; pharmacology; physico- chemical-properties

189.
NAL Call No: RM1.C5
Saponins of red ginseng [Panax ginseng, oriental medicine].
Kasai, R.; Besso, H.; Tanaka, O.; Saruwatari, Y. I.; Fuwa, T. Chem-Pharm-Bull v.31(6): p.2120-2125. ill. (1983 June)
Includes references.

190.
NAL Call No: RS164.F64
Scientific basis of the therapeutic effects of ginseng.
Ng, T. B.; Yeung, H. W. Folk medicine : the art and the science / Richard P. Steiner, editor. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, c1986. p. 138-151. ill.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; medicinal-plants; medicinal-properties; pharmacology; roots; plant-composition; radiation-protection; antioxidants; antineoplastic-agents; antiviral-agents

191.
NAL Call No: SB128.P5
Seasonal change of growth regulator activity in Panax ginseng root.
Park, H.; Kim, K. S.; Lee, C. H. Proc-Annu-Meet-Plant-Growth- Regul-Soc-Am (13th): p.229-235. (1986)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; aba; ga; iaa; activity; seasonal-fluctuations

192.
NAL Call No.: 385-C172
Semisynthetic analogues of ginsenosides, glycosides from Ginseng.
Atopkina, L. N.; Denisenko, V. A.; Uvarova, N. I.; Elyakov, G. B. Carbohydr-Res. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. June 15, 1988. v. 177 p. 101-109.
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; glycosides; roots; chemical-constituents-of-plants

193.
NAL Call No: S960.E5
Service seeks data on ginseng status [Panax quinquefolius, USA].
Endangered-Species-Tech-Bull. Washington, D.C. : Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Progr. July 1983. v. 8 (7) p. 5.

194.
NAL Call No.: RS165.G45F67-1991
Siberian ginseng : eleutherococcus senticosus.
Foster, S. 1.; American Botanical Council. [Austin, TX] : American Botanical Council, c1991. 7 p., Cover title.
Descriptors: Ginseng; Ginseng-Therapeutic-use

195.
NAL Call No: QL750.O3
Size, gender, and sex change in dwarf ginseng, Panax trifolium (Araliaceae).
Schlessman, M. A. Oecologia v.87(4): p.588-595. (1991)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax; sex-expression; size; sex-allocation; gender-dynamics

196.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Somatic embryogenesis and clonal multiplication of Panax ginseng.
Shoyama, Y.; Kamura, K.; Nishioka, I. Plant-Med v.54(2): p.155-156. (1988 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; embryogenesis; callus; initiation; clones

197.
NAL Call No.: 80-N216
Strange relatives: the ginseng family.
Steffey, J. Am-Hortic v.63(12): p.4-6, 8-9. ill. (1984 Dec.)
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; panax-quinquefolium; taxonomy; plant-habit; cultivation

198.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Structure of panaxan B, a hypoglycaemic clycan of Panax ginseng roots.
Tomoda, M.; Shimada, K.; Konno, C.; Hikino, H. Phytochemistry v.24(10): p.2431-2433. (1985)
Includes 10 references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; roots; hypoglycemic-agents; chemical-analysis

199.
NAL Call No.: 500-P383
Studies in mutagensis and anti-mutagenesis. I. Analysis of chromium, selenium, vitamin B-15 (pangamic acid), and ginseng (Panax).
Fegley, J.; Fedak, L.; Turoczi, L. J. Proc-Pa-Acad-Sci. Harrisburg, Pa. : The Academy. 1983. v.57 (2) p. 181-184.
Includes references.

200.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-L77
Studies of the culture conditions for Panax ginseng cells in jar fermentors.
Furuya, T.; Yoshikawa, T.; Orihara, Y.; Oda, H. J-Nat- Prod v.47(1): p.70-75. ill. (1984 Jan.-1984 Feb.)
Includes references.

201.
NAL Call No.: 450-P697
Studies on insulin-like substances in Korean red ginseng.
Takaku, T.; Kameda, K.; Matsuura, Y.; Sekiya, K.; Okuda, H. Plant-Med v.56(1): p.27-30. (1990 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; plant-extracts; roots; insulin; adenosine; lipogenesis; korea-republic

202.
NAL Call No: S494.5.B563C87
Studies on medicinal products from Panax ginseng cell culture.
Ding, J. Y.; Chen, Q.; Xiang, D. J.; He, X. Curr-plant-sci- biotechnol-agric. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1993. v. 15 p. 291-295.
In the series analytic: Biotechnology in Agriculture / edited by C. You, Z. Chen, Y. Ding.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; cell-suspensions; polysaccharides; biosynthesis; medicinal-properties; immunostimulants

203.
NAL Call No: RM1.C5
Studies on the absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism in ginseng saponins. IV. Decomposition of ginsenoside- Rg1 and -Rb1 in the digestive tract of rats.
Odani, T.; Tanizawa, H.; Takino, Y. Chem-Pharm-Bull v.31(10): p.3691-3697. ill. (1983 Oct.)
Includes references.

204.
NAL Call No: RS164.P59
Studies on the constituents of dwarf ginseng.
Lee, T. M.; Der Marderosian, A. H. Phytother-Res-PTR v.2(4): p.165-169. (1988 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-trifolium; chemical-constituents-of- plants; saponins; flavonoids; thin-layer-chromatography; hydrolysis

205.
NAL Call No: RM1.C5
Study of red ginseng: new glucosides and a note on the occurrence of maltol.
Matsuura, H.; Hirao, Y.; Yoshida, S.; Kunihiro, K.; Fuwa, T.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O. Chem-Pharm-Bull v.32(11): p.4674- 4677. (1984 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; chemical-constituents-of- plants; glucosides

206.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-AM32T
Thin-layer drying rates and quality of cultivated American ginseng.
Li, Y.; Morey, R. V. Trans-A-S-A-E-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng v.30(3): p.842-847. (1987 May-1987 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-ginseng; drying; quality; cultivation; usa

207.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Three acetylated polyacetylenes from the roots of Panax ginseng.
Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Nakajima, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Mitsuhashi, H. Phytochemistry v.30(12): p.4053-4055. (1991)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; spectral- analysis; chemical-composition; polyacetylenes; molecular- structure; ginsenoynes

Abstract: Three new acetylated polyacetylenes named ginsenoynes F, G and H were isolated from the hexane extract of the roots of Panax ginseng. The structures were determinated by spectral and chemical methods.

208.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
Three acetylenic compounds from roots of Panax ginseng.
Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Nakajima, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Mitsuhashi, H. Phytochemistry v.31(3): p.899-903. (1992 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; roots; spectral- analysis; plant-composition; molecular-conformation; molecular- structure; ginsenoynes

Abstract: Three new acetylenic compounds named ginsenoynes I-K were isolated from a hexane extract of the roots of Panax ginseng. Their structures were determined by spectral and chemical methods.

209.
NAL Call No.: 100-M693-1-no.69
Three fungous diseases of cultivated ginseng.
Reed, H. S. H. S. 1. Columbia, Mo. : University of the State of Missouri, College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1905. 26 p. : ill., Caption title.
Descriptors: Ginseng-Diseases-and-pests-Missouri

210.
NAL Call No.: 500-N21P
A trace component of ginseng that inhibits Ca2+ channels through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
Nah, S. Y.; Park, H. J.; McCleskey, E. W. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci- U-S-A v.92(19): p.8739-8743. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; saponins; inhibition; calcium-ions; ion-transport; plasma-membranes; neurons; cell- lines; binding- proteins; guanosine-triphosphate; medicinal- properties; electrophysiology; neurophysiology; rats; ginsenoside-rf; ginsenosides; sensory-neurons

Abstract: A crude extract from ginseng root inhibits high threshold, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels through an unknown receptor linked to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.

211.
NAL Call No.: 450-P5622
A triterpenoid saponin from Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus var. angustifolius.
Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S. Phytochemistry v.29(1): p.239-241. (1990)
Part 71 in the series 'Studies on the Constituents of Asclepiadaceae Plant.'.
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; rhizomes; chemical-constituents-of-plants; terpenoids; saponins; india; pseudoginsenoside-RI2

212.
NAL Call No: aHD1401.A2U52
U.S. farmers grow ginseng for Asians.
Morgan, C. L. Farmline-U-S-Dep-Agric-Econ-Res-Serv v.12(5): p.10-12. (1991 May)
Descriptors: panax-pseudoginseng; production; exports; wisconsin; south-east-asia; marathon-county,-wisconsin

213.
NAL Call No: S494.5.B563C87
Ultrastructural characteristics of the embryogenic callus cells of American ginseng.
Li, Z. S.; Guo, Z. C.; Qian, Y. Q. Curr-plant-sci-biotechnol- agric. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1993. v. 15 p. 317-320.
In the series analytic: Biotechnology in Agriculture / edited by C. You, Z. Chen, Y. Ding.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolius; somatic- embryogenesis; callus; ultrastructure; plant-embryos; somatic- embryos

214.
NAL Call No.: 450-SO82
Vegetation associated with natural populations of ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) in Arkansas.
Fountain, M. S. Castanea-J-South-Appalachian-Bot-Club v.51 (1): p.42-48. (1986 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; vegetation-sampling; arkansas

215.
NAL Call No.: 100-K41PR
Wild ginseng monitoring program in Kentucky: A three-year summary.
Roberts, C. R.; Richardson, J. Prog-Rep-Ky-Agric-Exp-Stn. Lexington : The Station. July 1981. (256) 20 p. maps.
Documents available from: Agriculture Library, Agricultural Science Center - North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40546-0091.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; panax-ginseng; protected-species; endangered-species; botanical-surveys

216.
NAL Call No: HD1775.I6I5
Woodland production of ginseng and goldenseal.
Konsler, T. R. Stn-Bull-Purdue-Univ-Agric-Exp-Sta (518): p.175-178. (1987)
Paper presented at the "Proceedings of the First National Herb Growing and Marketing Conference," July 19-22, 1986, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Descriptors: panax-quinquefolium; hydrastis-canadensis; woodlands; agronomic-characteristics; plant-pests

217.
NAL Call No: SB295.G5V67
Zhen'shen' i ego brat'ia = Ginseng and its brothers. Ginseng and its brothers.
Vostrikov, L. A. L. A.; Konstantinov, A. A.; Fruentov, N. K. N. K. [Khabarovsk?] : Khabarovskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, 1979. 179, [1] p. : ill. (some col.), Summary also in English.
Descriptors: Ginseng-Soviet-Union

Author Index

Subject Index