606 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. NOVEMBER, 1901
64.3 90.8 43.9 45.2 18.9 7.0
8.7 59.8 ll6.7 lm.8 108.2
84.7 60.7 80.8 12.6 8.6
21.8 80.6 46.6 58 2
76.4
77.4 50.7 54.9
8.z 6.r
4.0 69.0
107.8 1184.0
78.8 181.8 57.8 SV.8 26.5 11.8
28.9 32.3 51.8 1140.6
.I."
. A,...
32.5 164.7 3i.7 4d.O
59.7 46.3 50.6 59.7
88.7 89.7 69.8 17.8 46.3 6O.V
Y .7
59.5 43.0 57.0 61.0 46.0
77.2 61.4
86.1 42.0
45.9 18.7 0.4 4.6 B .2
66.7 95.2 116.7
78.0 73.4 88.7 54.7 26.8 9.8 6.0
88.6 5V.2 182.4 108.0 105.8
66.v 67.8 18.5 11.8 6.9
0.1
21.9 7.5
76.9 45.4
80.6 .%.I
66.5 80.8
8.1
V.7 11.6 69.1
77.9 88.8 108.0
47.8 45.0
87.6 0.0
8.8
1 .8
18.6
57.4 87.V 60.v 15.6 8.1 5.9 l6.V 65.8
106.8 100.8 I .5
tla.5 48.1 54.8 87.8 19.7 4.8 84.4 79.6 1M.8 110.0
91.9 68.8 61.8 14.6 8.8 6.3 0.0
48.1 10.7
s .0 40.4 46.0 55.8
50.0 16.V
S.8 m.6 8.5 32.6 lM.6 129.8 70.8 66.9
l .2 21.8 81.4
4.8
81.4
8.9
22.0 39.0 18.8 12.3 8.6 3.2 3.6 6.4 1 .0 51.3 44.0 38.7 51.0 zl.3 66.0 16.6 94.1 91.1 88.8 6i.7 54.8 26.5 80.0 30.0 S.0 29.7 3.3 4.0 21.9 40.8
62.6 66.8 118.6 20.3 ln9.8 28.3
1.0 8.2 17.8 11.8 39.i 60.6
77.2 61.3 00.7
68.5 68.1 -28.2 16.0
4.3 43.7 74.8
48.8 04.4
1857 .. I858 .. . 1W9 ... 1860. .. 1861 .. 1862.. 1863 .. 1M ... 1865.. !EM..: 18%' ... lE6d . 1869. .. 1870. .. l8il .. . 1872.. 183 .. .
1 8 ~5 .. . 18,s ... 18r1 . .. 18 a... IS9 ... law... 1881 ... 1 8 1 . .. 1888 ... I F ... I& ... 1896.. . IW... 188B... IRE9 ... 1RW. .. 1891. .. 1892 ... 1898 ...
1895 ... 1896.. . I8 97... 1898...
1814 ...
1894...
18.7 89.0 83.7 816
w.3 68.1 48.8 5i.7 48.7 31.6 0.0
15.6 80.9
77.8 88.8 7v.5 86.7 60.8 14 6 14.3 84.4 8.3 0.8 24.0
86.4 45.0 60.6
91.5 48.8
29.v 10.8 18.7 0 8 5.8 17.1 78.4 75.0
68.3 29.0 40.6
80.2
a3 2
1755... 1756. .. 1757. .. 1758. .. 1559 ... 1760.. 1761. ..
1768 . . . 1764..:
I*... 1766... 1767. .. 1768. .. 1i69 ...
17m. ..
10.8
12.5
14.1 37.6 48.8 67.8 50.0
, 56.6 69.7
Y4.0 18.0
27.4 63.5 73.9
48.8
2 .7 ,,.8 27.7
59.5 01.4
l2.l ' 29.8 56.2 50.5
26.0 28.0 25.7
69.5
r2.8 81.9 59.7
26.0 11.0
80.0
p .0
74.7
80.7 45.7 31.8
40.2 25.0 36.6 48.0
46.8 90.8 29.0
65.4 0.0
88.1 IW.3 165.7
118.0
11.6
46.7 31.1
51.2
55.7 11.6
39.0
l34d 118.0 IM.0
6.8
78.6 263
1410 5.6 80.0
156.3 '24.0
77.0 8i.3
P .2 8.0
8.0 47.2
67.0 42.0 89.7
106.5
12.3
61.3 64.0 4 0 9 4 8 8 I7:7 I 12:s
1 15.1 7.9 85.0 140.0
150.3 105.0 114.0 110.0 60.0 58.7 67 0 85 2 81:5 180:O 15.0 10.5 17.0 14.0
40.2 27.8
141.! 174.0 9 4 .r 129.5 134.0 135.5
1a.o 157.8
116.0 118.7
1774. .. 1775.. . 1776 ... 1777. .. 1m.. 1779.. . 1780. .. 1781. .. 1781. .. 1783.. . 1784.. . 1785. .. 1788. ..
46.8 4.4 81.7 45.0
177.8 114.7 70.0
08.7 64.0
28.0 18.0
6.5 87.8
1.6 95.0
153.0 I.43.0
r3.5
87.0 83.8
p.0
21.2 16.0 113.0 116.2
140.0 171.7 112.0 111.0
86.0 93.7
66.0 51.0 44.0 84.0
20.0 I18.0 6.0 I 10.0
86 3 I e0.E 63.0 I 8 8 .t
128.0 137.8 141.5 136.0 117.0 '103 0
71.0 143.0 45.8 160.0
69.3 187.0
' 10.0 82.0
111.5 157.3 141.0 112.0 77.8 66.6
590
74.7
87.6 8 .7
8.0 47.6 I06.0 129.2
825.3 In. ti 62.0 64.0 55.0 44.0
89.9 88.8 4.8
4.0 12.6
v. 3 29.0 47.0
67.0 75.0
69.0 29.6
4.5 9.2 0.0
0.0 1.9 10.3
12.0 B.8 68.8 55.2
18.9 90.7 26.6 8.4 0.9
0.0
8.0
18.8
59.0 87.0
a6.7 11.0
1790 . . . 1791.. 1792.. . 1793..
l?gp .. . 1195.. 1596 ... 17W. .. 1m ... 1799.. . lW... 1801 ... 1802.. . IEOa... la01 .. l a ...
1m... 1807 .. 1808. . IaOO... 1810 ... 1811 ... 1812 ...I 1813 ... 1814 ... 1816.. . 1816. .. 1817...
1818 ... 1819 ...
1881 ... l r n ...
1m ...
im...
~103.0 72.7 Js.0 56.0 45.0 21.4 B.0 14.4 8.0 1.6 6.V 21.0 47.8 66.0 7.0 61.0 8V.O 18.0 0.0
7.2 0.0 0 0
13:4 0.0
B .2 19.2 06.3
86.5 35.1
84.4
91.5 0.0 0.0
18.0
_. .
57.0 44.0 67.4 25.0
__ - 56.0 45.7 51.4
18.0 8.4
5.8 12.5
2.7 10.5
39.8 65.6
77.0 6i.o 41.0 25.0 2.0 11.3 0.0
0.0
0.8 7.9 16.7 14.1
37.2 38 2
25.1 7.9 4.4 0.0
0.0
36:s 18.3
5.1 3.0 9.9
8.6 I 40.1
i 48.2 B1.0
77.0 68.0 40.0 04.0
0.0
12.3 0.0
0.0 1.1 10.1
19.6 20.1 65.0 80.6
123.9
%.a 80.6 8.2 0.0 0.0
90.4
The figures that he publishes in italics are simply the max- ima and minima, which are italicized in order to attract atten tion. Fuller details relative to this subject may be found in the Handbook of Astronomy by Wolf; the article by A Wolfer in the Met. Zeit., 1893; the Bibliothbque universelle de GeiGve, Archives des sciences physiques et naturelle, 1591,
Vol. SSVI, No. 12, and especially in the annual publication knowii as the Astronomische Mittheilungen, which was begun by Dr. R. Wolf, and is now continued by A. Wolfer regularly
in the Vierteljahrsschrift of the Scientitic Society of Zurich.
Those who compare sun-spot numbers with meteorological phenomena should always bear in mind that the spots them- selves are not likely to he the cause of chauges on the earth, but are rather the result of some process in the sun that af- fects the earth directly.-C. A.
Rehticcr frepirenrieaof aun spots.
[From Klein's Jabrbaoli der Astronomie u. Qeoohrsik 111. 1892-1900 and Wolfer'e
-
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we 16.1
18.2
64.4 49.4 70. Il 50. I 55.1 14.9 18.1
24.5 107.0 175.0
84.8 102.6
87.7 29. Il 22. 1
8.1 14.7 43.0
44.9 111.8 131.1
88.4 1011.4 67. I
80.0 11.4 4.8 7.4 81 9
87.6 88.0 77.8 64.6 56.7 47.1
39.8 88.4 0.7 15.8 59.8 114.9
I25 8 120.1 10i.O
64 8
228 16.0
8.7 6.0 0.6
53.5
53.2 69.8 46 9 86.9 71.8 25. V 18.2 7.1 8.6 0.6 1 .0 72.4 78.0
84.6 67.2
w. 4
29.4 86.4
v. 2 13.6
46. a
51.0
48. g
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0.0 14.9
88.8 66.0 66.0
72.3 84.6 88.4 65.1 11.8 8.9 19.7
96.1 34.6 40.8 77.7 65.5 98.7 81.7 8.3
48.3 6%. V 86.7 08.9
96.6
88.6 64.6 61.8
37.7 20.7 17.4 0.4 5 2 57.5
90.3 gs. 7 01.0 48.6 66.4 66.8 396 24.8 9.8 26.5 58.7 69.4 43.4 88.4
98.3 46.4 83.8 31.2 11.7
7.8 0.0
lV.5
51.5 07.5 42.8
86.8 49.8
57.3 4. 9 7.8 7 0 6.1 10.0
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81. I 53.6 48. I 55.7 20.6 10. 5
3.7 31.1
65.1 85.8 183.8 81.2 io. 0
46.9 40.0 21.1 5.8 5.0 16 0 44.5 87.1 108.6 67.8 84.0 40.8 57.8 88 6 16.5 1.5 81.1 108.4 l l .6 91.7 109.9 44.8
88.9 1.6 18.4 6.4
4.8 84.1
60.5 45.8 76.5 61.2 89.7 27.1 15.7 7.1 6.4 1.8
48.7 76.6
88.8 gs. V 71.5 49.0
11.3 98.6
20.5 12.1
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88.8
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m.5 16.8
18.9 49.6
50. 8 62.1
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96.3 73.6 132.7 74.0
I. 1
18.6
4.8 6. V 29.6 '07.1 61.8
00.3 98.7
86.8 67.9 37.5 38. s 28.4 0.0 4.4 42.4
80.1 05.8 92.8
79. Q M. 6
ne. 0
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7.8 9.8
43.8 80.6
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M. 6 61.9 89.8 81.4
7.4 8.8 6.6 17.2 H.1
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48.1 84.8 8.4 8.3
60. 4
81. o
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84.7 60. 6 84.4
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40.7 65.9 180.4 132.4 71.5 71.0 68. I
67.8 48.8 12.7 9.7 4.5 40.6 91.8 114.6 90.1 67.8 48. 0 59.0 38.9 17.1 14.1 13.6 61.7 58.4 146.4
89.0
1m. 5
47.4 81.3
12.7 14.8 6.7 1.1 18.3 48.0 64.0
88.8 47.8 88.7 8.6 6.6
8.1 8.1 11.8 60.4
74.8 79.7 7s. 5
67.9
88.4 14.8 84.4 18.0 12.9
69.8
-
0.8 22. 5
64.5 46.1 46.9
66.6 88.1 88.0 87.5 9.9 81.6
77.6
29.8 79.8 68.6 63. 7 88.8 17.6 12.7
81.6 69.7 65.6
09. 6 69. V 97.0
60.0 71.4 45.4 28.4 21.4 8.1 7.8 87.8 66.0
81.0 95.8 80.6
40.0
20. 6 18.8
1.6
67.6 04.8 80.0 90.8 83. V 49.8
29.8 9.9
8.8 2.3 0.5
7.2 29.6 47.3 41.8 75. v
81.7 18.4
20. 7 6.7
6.7 7.8 80.6 77.8 98.8
60. 0 70.7 496 88.8
19.6 10.5
0.8
xw. a
41.8
s. 8
47.8
-
0.0 11.6
8s. 8
67.0
66.7 81.8 43.5 14.8 5. v 80.5
100. 0
1I.V lo?. 0 77.4 66.8 64.3 19.8 40.5 19.1 10.7
59.4 60.4 183. v 114.6
99.7
61.8
60. V 54.8 88.5 28.2 4.8 7.7 81.4 s1.9
97. V 1 .7 SO. 6 87.7 57.6 24.6
v. 0
V.8 69.1 77. 4 147.6 Ioll.4 118.0
5 5 4 88.9
17.7 9.9 14.5 4.1 12. 9 80.7
84.4 84.S
36.6 1 .8 0. 3 6. V 10.7 0.8
9.6 41.0 67.1 76.1 68.6 47.2 88.0
8.4 80. 0
7.8 4.5
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8.0 16.6
36.0 49.4 62.6
67.8 70.7 47.8 l. 6
8.6 18.8 66.9 121.8
108. I 8 .8 68.8
86.8 24.8
10.7 15.0
40.1 61.5
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95.0
66.5 64.5 54.8 39.0 90. 6
6.7 4.8
22.8
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69.1 44.0 46.0
80.6 16.3
87.8 73.9 180. 1
101.7
66.8 44 6 17.1 11.3 12.8
3.4 6.0
88.3 54.8
59.5
as. 7 68.5
s .4 18.1 8.8 6.3 7.1
1 .6 73.8 84.8 78.0 64.0 41.8
88. 8
86.7 18.1
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20. o 0.4 23.7
46.0 61.1
9;. 6 101.1 54.6
26.9 9.8 1.4 61.5 42. V 88.2 26.6 61.8 65.9
48.6 26.0 8.8 80.8 66.9 69.2 44.7
m. 1 02.5 44.1
56.5
M. 4 47.6
as. 4 4.4 6.5
11.1
88.8 85.7 71.4 98.5 68.7 40.6 85.8 29.4 17.6
2.8 16.0
82.4 55.5
89.1 67. 5
66.8 88.1 41.8 12.9
8.8 43.6 111.4 111.3 187.6 59.8 69. 8 67. 4
Y4.9 81.1 12.0
47.8 69.0
75. 4 IW. 2 80.6 61.6
62.6 64.9 84.7 24.0
v. 1 0.0
29.8 41.4 91.0
.07.1 M.8 64.4
a. 8 40.6
31.5
18.9
Astr. Mitt. 1901.- . .-
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80.9 88.4 47.1 47.8 8 0 7 18.2 9.6
10. 2
32.4 47.6
63.9
85.8 61.1 45.1 36.3
20.9 11.4 37. 8
106.1
81.8
66.5 34.8 30.6
7.0
19.8 92.0 IM.4
1a.v $4.8
68.1 88.5 22.8 10.2 81.1 Be. 9 1.32.0
180.9 118.1 89.9 66.6 60.0 46.9 41.0 21.3 16.0 6.4 4.1
6.8 15.8 34.0
1.0 71.2 73.1 47.6
38.9 9.4
0.0 1.4
5.5 12.8 14.4
as. 4 46.4
41.5 80.0
24.2 15.0 8.1 4.0
1.8
w.a
69.s
100.8
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5 21
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110.0 60.7 59.7
36.0
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13.5 88.1 46.4 49.0 72.0
07.2 39.9 54.7 44.3 30.3 26.8
29.8 77.7 78.6 70.1
a. 7
35.0 41.1
61.8 8.9
11.8 Bo. 3
1.9 40.0 07.2 04.7 64.8
1.0 6.0
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92.8 84.8 13.0 23.5
98.0 73. 7 62.0 58.3 55.7
81.0
21.0 7.3 0.0 8.2 b.0
32.0 68.0
71.0 77.0 89.0 26. 4 10.0
8.6 2.0
0.0 0.0 1.0 5.5 5.8
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llV. b 57.0
2s. 4 26.6 13. 8
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80.7 171.6 113.7
88.0 97.7
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,zo. 0 91.0
84.2 61.0 51.0 41.5
17.1 6.7 11.1 0.0 10.6 23.7 31.2
55.0 12.0 76.0
49.0 I .6 10.2 I?!
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33.9 25.8
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12.T 12.0
HAILSTORM ON THE 8T. LAWRENUB.
The following account of a hailstorm in northern New York is sent us by Mr. H. 8. Chandler: of Crawford, N. J. It is of
special interest hecause,of the variety of forms and the great
size of the stones. Fortunately storms of this character are rare in the United States:
At 3:30 p. m., August 8, 1901, I waa sitting on my piazza on Florence Island, 8t. Lawrence River, opposite the village of Alexandria Bay, N. Y., and saw R storm gathering about G miles down the river. It came nearer, accompanied by thunder and lightning, and reached us ahout 3 o'clock. The temperature at that time waa 7%O and the wind about north. First came a heavy fall of rain, which was followed by hail. The firbt stones to fall were formed as though icicles the sise and shape
NOVEMBEB, 1901. 607
of lead ncils had been cut into sections about three-eighta of an inch in Iengg. These were soon followed by others as large as walnuts, and later by still others slightly disk shaped, measuring fully 3 inchef in diameter by 2 inches in thickness. The ground was covered with them, and several branches of trees were broken off. They were ex- ceedingly hard and would rebound, when falling on the rocks, without breaking. They melted very slowly even when placed in the sun. When half melted many had the ap earance of the human eye-a pu pi1 in the center and a ring surroun&ng it, with fine lines radiating in all directions. Others were composed of hard crystals of ice, several stones often being frozen together; and still others were of frozen snow The next morning at 8 o’clock remnants of hailstones as large as peas were lying on the ground. During the storm the river presented a beautiful appearance, there being thousands of miniature fountains from a foot to 6 feet in heighl [spurting up where the hail plunged in.-C. A.]. At the conclusion of the storm, which altogether lasted ten minutes, the thermometer had fallen to 70’. Probably the same storm was noted by a friend of mine, on the same day, in a railway train north of Sara toga, N. Y., when some of the car windows were broken. A half hour after the storm was over we gathered a pailful of the hail. stones, rowed half a mile across the river, and had them photographed
------
PLAGIARISM
The compilers of books and articles frequently have occa-
sion to quote from previous authors. Scrupulous honesty re.
quires that quotation marks should be used in such cases, and
thoughtful readers always wish the author’s name also, to-
gether with the name and date of the publication and the page
of the book, so that the quotation may be verified and its con.
text be examined, in order that there may be no doubt as to tht
author’s meaning. The very fact that one author has need
of the ideas contained in another authority in order to com- plete or confirm his own work suffices to show that the reader
also will need to know what these authorities are ; therefore.
the author who values his reputation will be careful to give them in full.
When writing a special class of books, such as those for
children, and when making popular addresses to miscellane-
ous audiences, it is proper to avoid pedantry and give leaf
prominence to the quotations,yet there should always be sonie
way of distinguishing them from the main text. There is na
good reason why articles printed in newspaptrs and popular
magazines should not clearly show the quotations and the
sources, although this is sometimes omitted.
Au abstract of another article when given in new words iE
not a quotation, but the original author should be named
When only a series of disconnected paragraphe is taken from
other works the quotation marks belong a t the beginning and
ending of the series,and the intervals between the paragraphe are to be filled in with leaders. The fonts of type make pro-
vision for every emergency in the matter of quotatious.
Probably the neatest method is to print quoted matter i u
smaller type.
The most serious aspect of the omission of quotation marks
and references to authorities is the reaction upon the reputa-
tion of an author. If he quotes a fine English composition
without mentioning the source, it is called plagiarism, literary
piracy, borrowing without acknowledgment, theft, stealing,
deception, fraud, dressing up in stolen clothes. Not unlikely the pirate brings on himself a suit for damages from some
indignant publisher. Almost certainly his own publisher, as
soon as the fraud is discovered, cuts off the promised remun-
eration or honorarium. If his article has been contributed
to a journal or periodical the editor informs him that no
more communications will be accepted.
Even if an author quotes from an earlier work by himself
or introduces into a new article extensive portions of some
old one, he should state that he is doing so. No publisher would willingly print as new matter that which had been pub-
lished and read before. It is only the very cheapest papers
and magazines that ‘‘ will print anything” without asking
questions, so as to fill up the columns, omitting notes or ac- knowledgmen ts and assuming that the readers will not recog-
nize the antiquity of the stuff, or care for the authority
behind it.
I t was in order to avoid the bad results injurious both to the Weather Bureau and the plagiarist that the Chief directed
the publication of Circular Letter No. 11, State Weather
Service Division, dated August 33, 1895.--C. A.
-----
EARTHQUAXE-PROOF BUILDINGS.
Although earthquakes have but little to do with meteoro- logy, yet, the fact that our three thousand observers so fre-
quently make niention of them, demonstrates that the weather service could investigate the frequency and distribution of
these visitors if only that were not a question pertaining
especially to the province of the United States Geological
Survey. However, there is a practical application of our knowledge
of earthquakes that accords entirely with the beneficent spirit
that pervades the Weather Bureau, and that is worthy a place
in the MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. The studies of Mallet on the great Neapolitan earthquake
of 1857 demonstrated that hy following certain rules, build-
idgs could be erected that should be proof against destruction
by any special class of quakes or shocks, and such buildings
have already been built in Japan. The modern tall steel frame buildings are almost certainly proof againat any but
the most violent shocks, such as that of Riobomba in 1797.
The engineer in charge of the completioxi of the Washington
obelisk, Bernard F. Green, assured the Editor that it is proof against such earthquakes as those of Boston, 1755, and Charles-
ton, 1887.
The natives of some tropical countries have been accui+
tomed to regard the elight skeleton huts as “earthquake
proof,” and yet they always rush out into the open air when
the shocks come. The following letter from Mr. James H. Kimball, Observer
United States Weather Bureau at the station a t Modem,
Utah, shows that even a rickety frame house, when supported
on elastic posts, may rock to and fro without injury, when a
building of brick or stone and mortar would crack or crumble:
The following extract taken from Journal notes of this date(Novem- ber 13) at Modena, Utah, is forwarded in the hope that it may prove
of special interest: “Twodistinct tremors were felt hare to-night. The first at 11:33 p.m., seventy-fifth me1 idian time, and the second, after an interval of about ten seconds.
“ The Oregon Short Line DeDot, where the Weather Bureau office is located (about 37O 90/ N.; 113O 10’ W., in Iron County), is now under- poing re air and issupported on jacks. The building is, at best, a mere shell anxjokcsregarding it are common. So when the tremorsoccurred little attention was paid to them, as the explanation that some one had pushed the building seemed plausible,,and readily suggested itself. However, the following observations were secured: “The first tremor, 11:33 p. m., could be accurately reproduced, in a building of this kind, by striking a sharp, noiseless blow on the north- east side. The vibrations were rapid and had ceased in about two seconds.
“ The second shock was unlike the first, escept in time of duration. The individual waves were much longer, and the general effect more noticeable; the building swayed slightl but small furnishings were no; die laced. The Name motion could y;e produced by a strong push.
- A Lcided tremor was felt at Lund, Utah, at 11:32 p. m. This was 3uiXcient to stop the station clock. Lund is about 30 miles northeast of “Modena. A t Milford, 66 miles northeast of Modena, small packages were thrown from the shelves of the general store. No time could besecured. “Tremors were reported from Paris, 133 miles northeast of Modena at 11:37 p. m.”
Robert Mallet, First Principles of Observational Seismology. Lon- don, 1862.