ORNL/CDIAC-100 NDP-063 CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND CHEMICAL DATA OBTAINED DURING THE R/V AKADEMIK IOFFE CRUISE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN (WOCE SECTION S4P, FEBRUARY APRIL 1992) Contributed by David W. Chipman,1 Taro Takahashi,1 Stephany Rubin,1 Stewart C. Sutherland,1 and Mikhail H. Koshlyakov2 1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades, New York, U.S.A. 2Shirshov Institute of Oceanography Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia Prepared by Alexander Kozyr3 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. 3Energy, Environment, and Resources Center The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A. Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 4669 Date Published: July 1997 Prepared for the Global Change Research Program Environmental Sciences Division Office of Health and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy Budget Activity Numbers KP 12 04 00 0 and KP 12 02 03 0 Prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 managed by LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY RESEARCH CORP. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464 ABSTRACT Chipman D. W., T. Takahashi, S. Rubin, S. C. Sutherland, and M. H. Koshlyakov. 1997. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Akademic Ioffe Cruise in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section S4P, February April 1992). ORNL/CDIAC-100, NDP-063. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 134 pp. This data documentation discusses the procedures and methods used to measure total carbon dioxide (TCO2) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in discrete water samples during the Research Vessel (R/V) Akademik Ioffe Expedition in the South Pacific Ocean. Conducted as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the cruise began in Montevideo, Uruguay, on February 14, 1992, and ended in Wellington, New Zealand, on April 6, 1992. WOCE Section S4P, located along ~67 S between 73 W and 172 E, was completed during the 51-day expedition. One hundred and thirteen hydrographic stations were occupied. Hydrographic and chemical measurements made along WOCE Section S4P included pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen measured by a conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor; bottle salinity; bottle oxygen; phosphate; nitrate; nitrite; silicate; TCO2; and pCO2 measured at 4 C. The TCO2 concentration in ~1290 seawater samples was determined with a coulometric analysis system; the pCO2 in ~1273 water samples was determined with an equilibrator-gas chromatograph system. In addition, 172 coulometric measurements for the Certified Reference Material (batch no. 7) were made at sea for 62 bottles and yielded a mean value of 1927.5 ± 1.8 umol/kg. This mean value agrees within one standard deviation of the 1926.6 ± 0.7 umol/kg (N = 6) value determined with the manometer of C. D. Keeling at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The TCO2 values listed in this report have been corrected to this difference. The WOCE Section S4P data set is available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. The NDP consists of two data files, two FORTRAN 77 routines, a readme file, and this printed documentation. PART 1: OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) expeditions in the high-latitude South Pacific Ocean surrounding the Antarctic continent were designed to increase knowledge about an area of the World Ocean that has not been investigated extensively due to its remoteness and difficult ice and weather conditions. Acquiring oceanographic information from the South Pacific Ocean is extremely important because the Southern Ocean is known to be an area of formation for deep and intermediate water masses. These water masses provide a direct link between the atmosphere and global deep oceans through water-mass formation and ventilation processes (Chipman et al. 1996). According to Tans et al. (1990), the Southern Ocean (south of 50 S) should be a moderate net source of carbon dioxide (CO2) (0.5 Gt of carbon per year) to the atmosphere to account for the observed meridional gradient of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. However, the available data suggest that the South Pacific Ocean is a net sink, at least during the summer period. To resolve the controversy, more measurements are needed. The DOE Global Ocean CO2 Survey is taking advantage of the sampling opportunities provided by the WOCE cruises in the South Pacific Ocean. This report presents hydrographic and CO2-related measurements obtained during the 51-day expedition of the Russian Research Vessel (R/V) Akademik Ioffe along the WOCE Section S4P, which is located in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean along ~67 S, between ~73 W and 172 E (Fig. 1). The parameters measured during the cruise and listed in this report include the following: total CO2 (TCO2) concentration; discrete partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) measured at 4 C; pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen measured by the conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensor; bottle salinity, bottle oxygen, and nutrients. The CO2 investigation along WOCE Section S4P was supported by a grant (No. DE-FGO2- 92-ER61397) from the U.S. Department of Energy. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION 2.1 R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition Information R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition information is as follows: Ship name/country Akademik Ioffe/Russia Cruise/leg 6/1 Expocode 90KDIOFFE6/1 WOCE Sections S4P Ports of call Montevideo, Uruguay; Wellington, New Zealand Dates February 14 April 6, 1992 Chief Scientist Mikhail H. Koshlyakov (Shirshov Institute of Oceanography, Russia) Parameters measured Institution Principal investigators CTD, oxygen, and nutrients SIO J. Swift Tritium and helium LDEO P. Schlosser TCO2 and pCO2 LDEO D. Chipman and T. Takahashi Carbon isotopes NASA (ARC) G. Rau Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) PMEL J. Bullister Acoustic Doppler current profiler ShIO, OSU A. Berezutski and J. Richman Multibeam bathymetry ShIO A. Berezutski Radiocarbon LDEO P. Schlosser Biological sampling ShIO N. Voronina Participating Institutions SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego) LDEO Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University) NASA (ARC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Ames Research Center) PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory ShIO Shirshov Institute of Oceanography (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) OSU Oregon State University 2.2 Brief Cruise Summary The WOCE S4P Expedition aboard the Russian R/V Akademik Ioffe started in Montevideo, Uruguay, on February 14, 1992, and ended in Wellington, New Zealand, on April 6, 1992, after 51 days at sea. The cruise track included hydrographic stations that began on the continental shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula at 67 28'S and 71 05'W on February 22, 1992. Stations continued west along ~67 S at intervals of 30 nautical miles. The first ten stations were established along a northwesterly line approximately perpendicular to the continental slope, with stations over the shelf break and slope located on depths separated by an 800-m isobath. Over the Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain, between 91 34'W and 130 41'W, and over the Amundsen Abyssal Plain, between 142 11'W and 157 41'W, the station spacing was increased to 40 nautical miles. At 174 15'E, the track turned southwest to run perpendicular to the Antarctic continental shelf. The section was completed with a 400-m-deep station off Yang Island of the Balleny Islands at 66 25'S and 162 41'E. The last station (no. 795) was the eastern terminus for the continuation of the WOCE Section S4 into the Indian Ocean. 3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS The data file s4p.dat (see description in Part 2) in this numeric data package (NDP) contains the following variables: station numbers; cast numbers; sample numbers; bottle numbers; CTD pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen; potential temperature; bottle salinity; concentration of dissolved oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and TCO2; pCO2 measured at 4 C; and data-quality flags. The station inventory file s4psta.inv (see Part 2) contains the expocode, section number, station number, cast number, sampling date (i.e., month, day, year), sampling time, latitude, longitude, and bottom depth for each station. 3.1 Hydrographic Measurements The hydrographic measurements and water sampling were conducted by the staff of the SIO Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF). Water samples were collected through the use of Niskin 10-L sampling bottles mounted on an ODF-constructed 24-bottle rosette sampler. The rosette was equipped with an ODF-modified NBIS Mark IIIb CTD for in situ measurements of conductivity, temperature, pressure, and dissolved oxygen. Salinity samples were drawn into 200-mL Kimax high-alumina borosilicate glass bottles with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps, which provided low container dissolution and sample evaporation. These bottles were rinsed three times before filling, and measurements were usually made within 8-36 h after collection. Salinity was determined on the basis of electrical conductivity measured by an ODF-modified Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer, and the values were obtained according to the equations of the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (UNESCO 1981). Water samples for oxygen analyses were collected shortly after the rosette sampler was brought on board and after the samples for CFCs and helium were drawn. Sampling flasks (100-125 mL), calibrated before the expedition, were carefully rinsed and then filled using a drawing tube (after being allowed to overflow for at least two flask volumes). Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before the flasks were sealed with stoppers. The flasks were shaken immediately after being sealed and again after 20 min to ensure thorough dispersion of the manganous hydroxide [Mn(OH)2] precipitate. The oxygen concentration in these solutions was determined within 4 36 h using the Winkler titration methods of Carpenter (1965) with modifications by Culberson and Williams (1991). The titrator was calibrated with 0.01 N potassium iodate standard solutions prepared using preweighed potassium iodate crystals. Oxygen concentrations were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram of seawater using the in situ temperature. A molar volume (at standard temperature and pressure) of 22.3914 L/mol (Kester 1975) was used for this purpose. Nutrient analyses were performed by analysts from SIO using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer II provided by ODF. The procedures used are described in Gordon et al. (1992). Standardization was performed with solutions prepared aboard the ship from preweighed standards. These solutions were used as working standards before and after each cast (~24 samples) to correct for instrumental drift during analyses. Sets of 4 6 different concentrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to determine the linearity of colorimetric response and the resulting correction factors. Hydrazine reduction of phosphomolybdic acid, as described by Bernhardt and Wilhelms (1967), was used for phosphate analysis, while stannous chloride reduction of silicomolybdic acid was used for silicate analysis. Nitrite was analyzed by use of diazotization and coupling to form dye. Nitrate was reduced by copperized cadmium and then analyzed as nitrite. The last three analyses used the methods of Armstrong et al. (1967). A full cruise report, which includes details about processing the hydrographic data, and the final CTD data are available from the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) Office (WHPO) at SIO or the WHP Special Analysis Center in Germany. 3.2 Carbon Measurements To measure the TCO2 concentration in seawater, a coulometric analysis system was used during the cruise. This system has been described by Chipman et al. (1993) and consists of a coulometer (Model 5011), manufactured by the UIC, Inc. (Jolliet, IL), and a sample introduction/CO2 extraction system of the LDEO design. A total of 1290 water samples were analyzed for TCO2 concentration. In addition, 172 determinations were made at sea for 62 bottles of the Certified Reference Material (batch no. 7) yielding an average value of 1927.5±1.8 umol/kg. This compares with the SIO manometric value of 1926.6±0.7 umol/kg (6 determinations). The mean values for each set of measurements agree with each other within respective standard deviations. To measure the pCO2 in seawater a fully-automated equilibrator-gas chromatograph system was used during the cruise. This system has been described by Chipman et al. (1993). A total of 1273 water samples were analyzed for pCO2. Since pCO2 is strongly affected by temperature changes, the equilibration flasks were kept in a constant-temperature water bath of 4.0°C throughout the expedition. The precision of the pCO2 measurements has been estimated to be ~±0.12% for a single station based on the reproducibility of replicate equilibrations. However, the station-to-station reproducibility was about ±0.5%. A full description of the methods and instrumentation used to perform the TCO2 and pCO2 measurements during the R/V Akademik Ioffe cruise in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section S4P) is provided in Appendix B. 4. DATA CHECKS AND PROCESSING PERFORMED BY CDIAC An important part of the NDP process at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. Data received at CDIAC are rarely in a condition that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of the source. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC conducts extensive QA reviews that involve examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. Although they have common objectives, these reviews are tailored to each data set and often require extensive programming efforts. In short, the QA process is a critical component in the value-added concept of supplying accurate, usable data for researchers. The following information summarizes the data-processing and QA checks performed by CDIAC on the data obtained during the R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section S4P). 1. Carbon-related data and preliminary hydrographic measurements were provided to CDIAC by Taro Takahashi of LDEO. The final hydrographic and chemical measurements and the station information files were provided by the WHPO after quality evaluation. A FORTRAN 77 retrieval code was written and used to merge and reformat all data files. 2. The designation for missing values, given as " 9.0" in the original files, was changed to " 999.9." 3. To check for obvious outliers, all data were plotted with a PLOTNEST.C program written by Stewart C. Sutherland (LDEO). The program plots a series of nested profiles, using the station number as an offset; the first station is defined at the beginning, and subsequent stations are offset by a fixed interval. Several outliers were identified and removed after consultation with the principal investigators. 4. To identify "noisy" data and possible systematic, methodological errors, property-property plots for all parameters were generated, carefully examined, and compared with plots from previous expeditions in the South Pacific Ocean. 5. All variables were checked for values exceeding physical limits, for example, sampling depth values that are greater than the given bottom depths. 6. Dates and times were checked for bogus values (e.g., values of MONTH <1 or >12, DAY <1 or >31, YEAR 1992, TIME <0000 or >2400. 7. Station locations (latitudes and longitudes) and sampling times were examined for consistency with maps and cruise information supplied by Chipman et al. (1996). 5. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION This database is available on request in machine-readable form, without charge, from CDIAC. CDIAC will also distribute subsets of the database as needed. It can be acquired on 9-track magnetic tape; 8-mm tape; 150-MB, 0.25-in. tape cartridge; MAC- or IBM-formatted floppy diskettes; or from CDIAC's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) area via the Internet (see FTP address below). Requests should include any specific media instructions required by the user to access the data (e.g., 1600 or 6250 BPI, labeled or nonlabeled, ASCII or EBCDIC characters, and variable- or fixed-length records; 3.5- or 5.25-in. floppy diskettes, high or low density; and 8200 or 8500 format, 8-mm tape). Magnetic tape requests not accompanied by specific instructions will be filled on 9-track, 6250-BPI, nonlabeled tapes with ASCII characters. Requests should be addressed to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 U.S.A. Telephone: 423-574-0390 or 423-574-3645 Fax: 423-574-2232 Electronic mail: cdiac@ornl.gov The data files may also be acquired from CDIAC's anonymous FTP area via the Internet: FTP to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (128.219.24.36), enter "ftp" or "anonymous" as the user ID, enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., alex@alex.esd.ornl.gov), change to the directory "/pub/ndp063," and acquire the files using the FTP "get" or "mget" command. As an alternative, one can access the following World Wide Web URL http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/home.html 6. REFERENCES Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland. 1967. The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-89. Bernhardt, H., and A. Wilhelms. 1967. The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. Technicon Symp. 1:385-89. Carpenter, J. H. 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:141-43. Chipman, D. W., J. Marra, and T. Takahashi. 1993. Primary production at 47 N and 20 W in the North Atlantic Ocean: A comparison between the 14C incubation method and the mixed layer carbon budget. Deep-Sea Res. 40:151-69. Chipman, D. W., S. Rubin, and T. Takahashi. 1996. Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Along the WOCE Section S4P in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean, February April, 1992. Final Technical Report for grant DE-FGO2-92-ER61397, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. Culberson, C. H., and R. T. Williams. 1991. A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. Report No. WHPO 91-2. WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross, and J. M. Krest. 1992. A Suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Programme and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. Technical Report No. 92-1. College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. Kester, D. R. 1975. Dissolved gases other than CO2. pp. 498 556. In J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow (eds.), Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 1. Academic Press, London. Tans, P. P., I. Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi. 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247:1431-38. UNESCO. 1981. Background Papers and Supporting Data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37. PART 2: CONTENT AND FORMAT OF DATA FILES 7. FILE DESCRIPTIONS This section describes the content and format of each of the five files that make up this NDP (see Table 1). Because CDIAC distributes the data set in several ways (e.g., via anonymous FTP, on floppy diskette, and on 9-track magnetic tape), each of the five files is referenced by both an ASCII file name, which is given in lowercase, boldfaced type (e.g., ndp063.txt), and a file number. The remainder of this section describes (or lists, where appropriate) the contents of each file. The files are discussed in the order in which they appear on the magnetic tape. Table 1. Content, size, and format of data files File number, name, Logical File size Block Record and description records in bytes size length 1. ndp063.txt: 836 42,114 8,000 80 a detailed description of the cruise network, the two FORTRAN 77 data- retrieval routines, and the two oceanographic data files 2. stainv.for: 43 1,335 8,000 80 a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine to read and print s4psta.inv (File 4) 3. s4pdat.for: 51 2,067 8,000 80 a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine to read and print s4p.dat (File 5) 4. s4psta.inv: 123 9,132 4,100 41 a listing of the station locations, sampling dates, and sounding bottom depths for each of the 113 stations 5. s4p.dat: 2,599 428,122 8,000 80 hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and chemical data from 113 stations _____ ______ Total 3,652 482,770 ndp063.txt (File 1) This file contains a detailed description of the data set, the two FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routines, and the two oceanographic data files. It exists primarily for the benefit of individuals who acquire this database as machine-readable data files from CDIAC. stainv.for (File 2) This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine to read and print s4psta.inv (File 4). The following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for s4psta.inv. c***************************************************************** c* This is a Fortran retrieval code to read and print the c* station inventory R/V Akademik Ioffe Cruise, WOCE S4P Line c***************************************************************** c*Defines variables* INTEGER stat, cast, depth REAL latdcm, londcm CHARACTER expo*12, sect*3, date*6, time*4 OPEN (unit=1, file='s4psta.inv') OPEN (unit=2, file='s4pstat.inv') write (2, 5) c*Writes out column labels and sets up a loop to read and format all c*data in the file* 5 format (3X, 'STATION INVENTORY: R/V AKADEMIK IOFFE',/, 1 4X,'EXPOCODE',1X,'SECT',1X,'STNBR',2X,'CAST', 2 5X,'DATE',2X,'TIME',3X,'LATITUDE',3X,'LONGITUDE',2X, 3 'DEPTH',/) read (1, 6) 6 format (/////////) 7 CONTINUE read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time, 1 latdcm, londcm, depth 10 format (A12, 2X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A6, 2X, A4, 4X, 1 F7.3, 4X, F8.3, 3X, I4) write (2, 20) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time, 1 latdcm, londcm, depth 20 format (A12, 2X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A6, 2X, A4, 4X, 1 F7.3, 4X, F8.3, 3X, I4) GOTO 7 999 close(unit=5) close(unit=2) stop end s4pdat.for (File 3) This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine to read and print s4p.dat (File 5). The following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for s4p.dat. c**************************************************************** c* FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the c* file named "s4p.dat" (File 5). c**************************************************************** CHARACTER qualt*11 INTEGER sta, cast, samp, bot REAL pre, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca REAL nitrat, nitrit, phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp OPEN (unit=1, file='s4p.dat') OPEN (unit=2, file='s4p.data') write (2, 5) c*Writes out column labels* 5 format (2X,'STNNBR',2X,'CASTNO',2X,'SAMPNO',2X,'BTLNBR',2X, 1 'CTDPRS',4X,'CTDTMP',4X,'CTDSAL',2X,'CTDOXY',5X,'THETA',4X, 2 'SALNTY',2X,'OXYGEN',2X,'SILCAT',2X,'NITRAT',2X,'NITRIT',2X, 3 'PHSPHT',2X,'TCARBN',4X,'PCO2',1X,'PCO2TMP', 6X,'QUALT1',/, 5 36X,'DBAR',4X,'ITS-90',4X,'PSS-78',1X,'UMOL/KG',4X,'ITS-90', 6 4X,'PSS-78',1X,6('UMOL/KG',1X,),3X,'UATM',3X,'DEG C', 7 11X,'*',/,25X,'*******',21X,2('*******',1X,), 8 12X,8('*******',1X,),18X,'*',) c*Sets up a loop to read and format all the data in the file* read (1, 6) 6 format (//////////) 7 CONTINUE read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp, 1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit, 2 phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt 10 format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F9.4, 1 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 3 1X, A11) write (2, 20) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp, 1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit, 2 phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt 20 format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F9.4, 1 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 3 1X, A11) GOTO 7 999 close(unit=1) close(unit=2) stop end s4psta.inv (File 4) This file provides station inventory information for each of the 113 stations occupied during the R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition along the WOCE Section S4P. Each record of the file contains an expocode, section number, station number, cast, sampling date, sampling time, coordinates, and sounding depth. The file is sorted by station number and can be read by using the following FORTRAN 77 code (contained in stainv.for, File 2): INTEGER stat, cast, depth REAL latdcm, londcm CHARACTER expo*12, sect*3, date*6, time*4 read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time, 1 latdcm, londcm, depth 10 format (A12, 2X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A6, 2X, A4, 4X, 1 F7.3, 4X, F8.3, 3X, I4) Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following: Variable Variable Variable Starting Ending type width column column expo Character 12 1 12 sect Character 3 15 17 stat Numeric 3 21 23 cast Numeric 1 29 29 date Character 6 33 38 time Character 4 41 44 latdcm Numeric 7 49 55 londcm Numeric 8 60 67 depth Numeric 4 71 74 where expo is the expocode of the cruise (always RUKDIOFFE6/1); sect is the WOCE section number (always S4P); stat is the station number (values range from 682 to 795); cast is the cast number; date is the sampling date (month/day/year); time is the sampling time (Greenwich mean time); latdcm is the latitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the Southern Hemisphere); londcm is the longitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the Western Hemisphere); depth is the sounding depth of the station (in meters). s4p.dat (File 5) This file provides hydrographic, CO2, and chemical data for the 113 stations occupied during the R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition along the WOCE Section S4P. Each record contains a station number; cast number; sample number; bottle number; CTD pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen; potential temperature; bottle salinity; concentrations of oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and TCO2; pCO2; pCO2 temperature; and data-quality flags. The file is sorted by station number and pressure and can be read by using the following FORTRAN 77 code (contained in s4pdat.for, File 3): CHARACTER qualt*11 INTEGER sta, cast, samp, bot REAL pre, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca REAL nitrat, nitrit, phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp, 1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit, 2 phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt 10 format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F9.4, 1 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 3 1X, A11) Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following: Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column sta Numeric 3 6 8 cast Numeric 1 16 16 samp Numeric 2 23 24 bot Numeric 2 31 32 pre Numeric 7 35 40 ctdtmp Numeric 9 42 50 ctdsal Numeric 9 52 60 ctdoxy Numeric 7 62 68 theta Numeric 9 70 78 sal Numeric 9 80 88 oxy Numeric 7 90 96 silca Numeric 7 98 104 nitrat Numeric 7 106 112 nitrit Numeric 7 114 120 phspht Numeric 7 122 128 tcarb Numeric 7 130 136 pco2 Numeric 7 138 144 pco2tmp Numeric 7 146 152 qualt Character 11 154 164 where sta is the station number; cast is the cast number; samp is the sample number; bot is the bottle number; pre is the CTD pressure (in dbar); ctdtmp is the CTD temperature (in C); ctdsal is the CTD salinity [on the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS)]; ctdoxy is the CTD oxygen concentration (in umol/kg); thet is the potential temperature (in deg. C); sal is the bottle salinity (PSS); oxy is the bottle oxygen concentration (in umol/kg); silca is the silicate concentration (in umol/kg); nitrat is the nitrate concentration (in umol/kg); nitrit is the nitrite concentration (in umol/kg); phspht is the phosphate concentration (in umol/kg); tcarb is the total carbon dioxide concentration (in umol/kg); pco2 is the partial pressure of CO2 (in uatm and measured at pco2tmp); pco2tmp is the temperature of equilibration of the pCO2 samples in the equilibrator (in C); qualt is an 11-digit character that contains the data-quality flag codes for each of the eleven parameters underlined with asterisks (*) in the output file. __________________________ Variables that are underlined with asterisks in the data file to indicate they have a data-quality flag. Data-quality flags are defined as follows: 1 = sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle but results of analyses were not received; 2 = acceptable measurement; 3 = questionable measurement; 4 = bad measurement; 5 = not reported; 6 = mean of replicate measurements; 7 = manual chromatographic peak measurement; 8 = irregular digital chromatographic peak integration; 9 = sample was not drawn for this measurement from this bottle. 8. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT The data files contained in this numeric data package can be read by using the FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval programs provided. Users should visually examine each data file to verify that the data were correctly transported to their systems. To facilitate the visual inspection process, partial listings of each data file are provided in Tables 2 and 3. Each of these tables contains the first and last five lines of a data file. Table 2. Partial listing of "s4psta.inv" (File 4) First five lines of the file: RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 682 1 022292 2033 -67.468 -70.089 236 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 683 1 022292 2344 -67.166 -71.121 453 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 684 1 022392 1054 -66.895 -71.998 445 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 685 1 022392 1912 -66.814 -72.261 831 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 686 1 022392 2206 -66.782 -72.264 1571 Last five lines of the file: RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 790 1 032992 0022 -66.022 164.803 2814 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 791 1 032992 0715 -66.250 163.724 2489 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 792 1 032992 1407 -66.395 162.897 1680 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 793 1 032992 2022 -66.400 162.742 -999 RUKDIOFFE6/1 S4P 794 1 032992 2327 -66.419 162.686 421 Table 3. Partial listing of "s4p.dat" (File 5) First five lines of the file: 682 1 8 8 13.2 -0.0900 33.3128 331.30 -0.0904 33.3142 349.8 63.40 21.43 0.15 1.55 2120.5 369.04 3.99 22222222222 682 1 7 7 33.4 -0.0080 33.6090 307.80 -0.0092 33.6110 336.9 62.31 23.28 0.13 1.69 2147.1 403.93 3.99 22222222222 682 1 6 6 53.2 -1.1119 33.7673 308.60 -1.1132 33.7587 307.3 71.89 25.63 0.19 1.86 2169.1 464.16 3.99 22222222222 682 1 5 5 78.7 -1.4715 33.9073 289.00 -1.4732 33.9139 298.6 74.23 27.38 0.23 1.94 2192.7 502.15 3.99 22222222222 682 1 4 4 103.2 -1.5324 34.0166 288.20 -1.5347 34.0250 289.8 77.06 28.65 0.09 1.99 2202.6 526.22 3.99 22222222222 Last five lines of the file: 794 1 29 29 196.2 -0.6962 34.4879 254.00 -0.7023 34.4859 261.4 87.12 30.28 0.13 2.18 2231.0 539.07 4.00 22222222222 794 1 28 28 260.7 -0.0390 34.5701 233.90 -0.0487 34.5663 237.8 92.21 30.85 0.07 2.21 2238.9 559.08 4.00 22222222222 794 1 3 3 318.3 0.3007 34.6158 224.70 0.2879 34.6136 224.3 96.24 30.96 0.02 2.23 2246.2 568.23 4.00 22222222222 794 1 2 2 364.6 0.3113 34.6166 223.90 0.2964 -999.9000 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 22299999999 794 1 1 1 368.7 0.3141 34.6166 224.60 0.2990 34.6155 223.7 96.23 31.12 0.02 2.24 2244.3 569.48 4.00 22222222222