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Abolition, merchants and, 257 Accessory Transit Co., 368-71 Active, revenue cutter, 214 Adee, David, 279 Adriatic, S.S., 328-9, 409 Aetna, steamboat, 161 Africa, S.S., 329, 353 Africa, 5, 209-12, 218, 395 agents, 276, 422 Alabama, 103, 420; see also Mobile Alabama, Confederate raider, 212 Albany, N. Y., 8, 20, 21, 84, 119, 164, 380-2, 384, and passim; flour trade, 81, 282; and Erie Canal, 85-6, 90; direct trade with Bos- ton, 92, 93, 128-9, 397; alternative com- munication with, 144; steamboats to, 144 ff.; see also Erie Canal, Hudson River alcoholic beverages, 70-3, 175, 177, 255, 400-1, 415, 422; imports of, 56, 70-3, 421-2; do- mestic, 70, 73; whiskey, 70-1, 73, 83, 90, 281; wines, 71-3, 280-1, 327, 376, 401, 421; gin, 71-3, 239, 281, 415; brandy, 71-3, 140, 281, 415; rum, 71-3, 76, 132, 175, 180, 183, 184, 224, 281, 415; ale, porter, and stout, 73, 175 Alert, revenue cutter, 214 Alexandria, Va., 138, 140, 397 Allaire, James P., 149, 151, 239, 315-6, 326, 328 Alleghenies, see Appalachians Allegheny Portage, 378 Allen, Horatio, 149 Allerton, Isaac, 241 Allyn's Point, (Conn., 155, 160 Amazon, packet, 47, 334, 408 Ambrose Channel, 25, 28 Ambrose Lightship, 33 Amelia Is., 171, 249 America, yacht, 216, 306, 326, 409 American Coast Pilot, 232; quoted, 17, 141 American Lloyd's, 273 American Revolution, 6, 26, 30, 83, 151, 195 American Shipmasters' Association, 273 Amity, packet, 40, 408 Amsterdam, 239, 261, 284, 394; former im- portance, 2, 10; gin trade, 72-3 anchors, 299 Andrews, I. D., quoted, 96 Andrew Jackson, clipper, 362-3 Angostura, 188, 331, 395 Ann McKim, clipper, 357 Antarctic, schooner, 207-8, 408 Antigua, 71, 173, 331; see also West Indies Antwerp, 331, 394 Apalachicola, Fla., 105, 397 Appalachian Mts. (Alleghenies), 15, 37, 83, 84, 377-84, and passim apprenticeship, in shipbuilding, 301 arbitration, 229-30, 310 Archangel, 74, 394 Arctic, S.S., 274, 327-8, 346, 409 Argentina, 187-8, 360, 399; see also Buenos Aires Arica, Ohile, 191 arrivals-colonial period, 5; number and ton- nage of 392, 398; at major ports from prin- cipal world port, 394-7 ashes, pot and pearl, 78, 90, 100, 281, 421 Aspinwall, J. L., 264 Aspinwall, W. H., 230, 246, 264, 365 Aspinwall, port of, 368 1 -, Astor, J.J., 12, 168, 169, 197-8, 241, 259, 263, 289 Astor W. B. 265 Astoria, Ore., 197, 206, 364 Atlantic, S.S. 327, 329, 353 Atlantic City, 24 Atlantic Highlands, see Navesink Atlantic Insurance Co., 273 Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., 273-4, 306 auctions, 12, 13, 61, 114, 239, 283, 420-1; de- scripton of methods, 276-80; statistics of N. Y. sales, 410 Augusta, Ga., 103, 112-4 Austin, David, 279 Australia, 203, 331, 333, 362, 399 Aux Cayes, Haiti, 187, 331, 396 Aymar, Benjamin, 175, 181, 230, 263B
Babcock, B. F., 264 Bahamas 79, 107, 124, 191, 271, 331, 396 Bailey, Keeler & Remsen, 257 Bahia (San Salvador), Brazil, 185, 331, 395 Baltic Sea, 68, 74, 127, 275, 394 Baltic, S.S., 327, 329, 330 Baltimore, Md., 13, 53, 54, 162, 316, and pas- sim; geographical aspects, 23-37, 416; flour trade, 38, 80, 81, 92, 129, 177, 185, 281, 375; packets 46, 140; other exports, 73, 100, 380, 390, 400; contacts with hinterland, 77, 84, 94, 134, 374-86, 417; relative position as port, 128, 389; tobacco trade, 138-9; coasting trade, 138, 140; privateering and slaving, 171-2, 211; imports, 183, 187, 190, 196, 391, 401; wharfage, 222; merchants from, 240; ship- building, 305, 357, 376, 406; immigration, 337, 418-9; history and development 375-6, 378-9; shipping, 392-3, 397, 399, 402-5; na- tivity of inhabitants, 419; population, 419 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 379-80, 382-3, 385, 386, 417 Bangor, Me., 131, 396 banks and banking, 90, 183, 196, 263, 266, 283-5, 326, 420, 422; see also credit bankruptcy, 286 Barbados, 173, 178, 184; see also West Indies Barclay, Anthony, 231 Barclay, H. & G., 236, 263 Barclay, Thomas, 231 Barclay & Livingston, 263 barges, 409; safety barges, 161 Baring Bros. Co., 196, 247, 284-5 barks, 306-7, 362, 407, 408; statistics, 394-7 Barnum, P. T., 353 Barratry-Sandy Hook, 7, 25-8, 215, 233; Missis- sippi, 24, 27-8, 308; see also channels, draft, Sandy Hook Batavia, Java, 205-6, 331, 395 Bath, Me., shipbuilding, 287; statistics, 389, 396, 402, 404, 406 Battery, 19, 87, 220, 234, 352 Bay, New York, 18-9; see also steamboats Bay of Fundy, 133 Bayard, William, 236, 239, 253, 310 Beach, M.Y., 258 Beatty, O. & A., 177 Beaver, ship, 168, 197, 288 beef, salt, 79, 94, 101, 281, 400, 415 Belfast, Ire., 79, 342, 394 Belfast, Me., 396, 406 Belgium, 337, 394, 399 Bell, Jacob, 289-90, 414 Bellona, steamboat, 151-2, 409 Belmont, August, 231, 240 Bennett, J. G., 215, 353 Bergh, Christian, 207-8, 288, 290-1, 293, 300, 304, 309 Bermuda, 11, 12, 39, 51, 61, 181, 331, 396 bethels, seamen's, 126, 234 Bethune, Divie, 277 Biddle, Nicholas, 115 Binghampton, N.Y., 385 Birmingham, Eng., 67-8 Birmingham, packet, 67 Bishop & Simonson, 292, 365 Black Ball Line, 13, 15, 52, 69, 87, 99, 100, 108, 114-5, 128, 134, 247, 289, 291, 317, 884. 847. 852-8, and passm; formation o, 38-42 later history, 43 Blackwell, McFarlane & Co., 68 Block, Adrian, 288 blockade, War of 1812, 14, 144, 146, 289 Blossom, Smith & Dimon, 292 Blunt, Edmund, 141, 232-3 Blunt, E. M., 232 Blunt, G. W., 232 boarding houses, 238; immigrant, 350; sailor, 422 Board of Underwriters, 272, 273 boatbuilding, 298, 420, 422 boilers, 149-50; see also steamboats marine engines Bolton, Eng., 64 Bombay, India, 201, 205 Bonaparte, Joseph, 353 books, 75, 266, 422 Boorman, James, 68, 238 boots, see shoes Bordeaux, France, 72, 394 Borussia, S.S., 330 Boston & Albany (Western) R. R., 381, 386, 417 Boston Mass., 170, 195, 242, 278, and passim; relative position as port, 1, 4, 15, 123, 375, 389; activity before 1815, 4-7, 9, 12; geo- graphical aspects, 23-7, 130; imports, for- eign and coastwise, 12, 76, 126-9, 176, 183-4, 187, 196, 200, 203-6, 375, 389, 391, 401; packets, 38, 46, 66, 126; competition with N. Y. in foreign fields, 74, 196, 200, 203-6, 375, 394-6, 399; exports, foreign and coast- wise, 63, 100-1, 126-9, 189, 389, 390, 400; contacts with hinterland, 94, 119, 374, 381, 386, 417; coastwise trade, 126-30, 396-7; alternative routes to, 144, 146; shipping, 162, 306, 392-7, 399, 402-5; wharfage rates, 223; merchant society, 235, 237, 251-2; ship- building, 287, 309, 358-9, 363, 406; Cun- arders at, 321-2, 325, 332, 380-l; news transmission at, 334; immigration, 337, 418- 9; in gold rush, 356; prominence in clippers, 358-9; relative success in port rivalry, 374- 86; financial stability, 380; arrivals from principal foreign and coastwise ports, 394- 7; nativity of inhabitants, 419; population, 419; statistics of maritime activity, 389- 406, 416, 418-9 Bostwick, William, 112-4 Boulton & Watt, 236 Bowditch, Nathaniel, 232 Bowne, Capt. William, 42 Boyd, J. J., 45 brandy, see alcoholic beverages Brazil, 98, 115, 165, 177, 183, 189, 230, 360, 375, 395, 399; opening of trade with, 167, 174, 185; coffee exports, 178-9, 184-6 breakwaters, 28 Bremen, 57, 58, 230, 336, 394; subsidy line to, 323-5, 328, 330 Bremen, S.S., 330 bricks, 130, 132 Bridgeport, Conn.; 21, 160 brigantines, 306 brigs, 108, 109, 124, 141, 306, 394-7, 407, 408 Bristol, Eng., 69, 316-8, 333, 394 Bristol, ship, 215, 346 Britannia, S.S., 299, 322, 324, 331 British Emigrant Society, 351 British Guiana, see Guianas British North America, 92, 186, 396, 399; see also Canada, Maritime Provinces British Queen, S.S., 318, 320 British West Indies, see West Indies Broadway, 266, 282 brokers, 97, 275, 276, 420, 421 Brookhaven, L. I., 125, 303 Brooklyn, N. Y., 19, 34, 146-7, 221, 251, 300, 351; see also Navy Yard Brother Jonathan, S.S., 369 Brown, Adam, 288, 291, 307 Brown, Alexander, 240 Brown, David, 289-90 Brown, James, 240, 284, 326 Brown, J. & S., 240 Brown, John, 82 Brown, Noah, 288, 291, 307 Brown, Capt. Richard, 216 Brown, Stewart 240, 284, 325 Brown, W. H. 292, 300, 326 Brown, W. J., 284 Brown & Bell, 288, 291-2, 293, 300, 310, 326 Brown Bros. Co., 284 Brown, Shipley & Co., 284 Brownne, Charles, 288 Brunel, I. K., 318, 321 Buchanan, James, 231-2 Buenos Aires, 35, 169, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 188-9, 306, 331, 395; see also Argentina Buffalo, N. Y., 15, 85, 86, 87, 89-90, 282, 381, 382, 384, 405 Bunker, Capt. Elihu, 146, 155, 161 buoys, 217 Burr, Aaron, 65, 228, 239 business methods, 76-7, 94, 112-6, 118, 154, 191-2, 236-7, 420-2, and passim; N. Y., general, 260-86 Byrnes, Trimble & Co., 44, 138, 327C
cable, Atlantic, 333, 334 Cadis, 307, 394, 416 Calais, Me., 396 Calcutta India, 177, 204, 331, 395 Caleb Grimshaw, ship, 345 Calhoun J. O., 258, 317 California, 35, 189;, clippers to, 202, 358-64; gold rush, 312, 354-6; steamships via isth- mus, 354-5, 364-72; statistics, 390-1: see also San Franciso California, S.S., 354-5, 365-6 Cambreleng, C. C., 206, 258 Cambria, S.S., 325, 331 Cambridge, packet, 308, 331 Camden & Amboy Railroad, 69, 134, 152 Canada 5, 62, 89, 132, 133, 399, 401; see also British North America canal boats, 87-88, 90 canals, 84 ff., 90, 119, 134, 137, 295, 380, 417; isthmian projects, 368; vs. railroads, 377 ff., statistics, 411, 417; see also Erie Canal cannibals, 208 Canton, China, 7, 74, 98, 168, 195-6, 198-200, 207, 237, 271, 331, 395 canvas, see sailcloth Cap Haitien, 187 Cape Charles, 137 Cape Cod, 93, 124, 126, 146, 235, 242, 250, 397 Cape Cod Canal project, 126, 130 Cape Fear, 24, 107, 122, 140 Cape Hatteras, 95, 107, 118, 124, 140, 316 Cape Henlopen, 28 Cape Henry, 137 Cape Horn, 202, 206, 354, 358, 360-1, 363, and passim Cape Lookout, 107 Cape May, 16, 124, 136, 145, 214 Cape of Good Hope, 195 Cape 8t. Roque, 360 Cape Race, 328, 334 Cape Verde Is., 76, 79, 89, 207, 316, 395 captains, 109, 160, 192, 193, 228-9, 273, 322, 353, 363, 414, 420; packets, 49-50; steam vessels, 147, 327; from New England 242, 243 Cardiff, Wales 69 cargoes, 110-12, and passim; value of in- dividual, 118, 123, 274, 324, 367; stowing of, 223 and marine insurance, 270-2 412 Caribbean, see West Indies, Latin America, and individual countries,290 Carnley, Robert, 290 Car of Neptune, steamboat, 144 Car of Neptune, clipper, 363 carriages, 118, 177, 190 Carroll, Charles, 379 Carroll, J.F. 229 cassia, 203 204 Castle Garden, 352 cedar, see timber ship Celestial, clipper, 358, 408 centerboards, 27 Central America, 395, 399, 416 Central America, S.S. 367 Ceylon, 187, 195, 333 Charges, Panama, 364, 367, 416 Chamber of Commerce of the State of N. Y., 116 184, 229-30, 250, 252, 265 Chamber of Commerce, American at Liver- pool 237 Chamber of Trade, 265 Champlain Canal 86, 295 Chancellor Livingston, steamboat, 87, 153 channels through Sandy Hook bar, 25-8, 215 , 233; see also bar, draft Charles Carroll, packet, 408 Charleston, S.C., 5, 115, 120, 155, 376, and [passim; geographical aspects, 23ff; packets to, 46, 108-12, 249; exports, foreign and coastwise, 98-9, 111, 390, 400; history and development, i02-3; nativity of inhabi- tants, 102, 105, 419; population, 105, 419; relative position as port, 105, 389; imports, foreign and coastwise, 117-8 391, 401; steamships to, 123, 315-6 wharfage, 223; shipping movements, 392-3, 397, 399; ship- ping 402-5; immigration, 418-9; see also Cotton Triangle charts, 232-3, 422 cheese, 89, 113, 125, 183, 277, 281, 400; see also dairy products Cheeseman, Foreman, 288, 290 Cherbourg, 28 Chesapeake Bay, 32, 44, 93, 97 124, 296, 378, 397, 412; coasting trade with, 126, 137-40 Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, 134, 380 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, 417 Chesterman, James, 64 Chicago, 90 282 405 Chile, 174, 176, 191, 230, 237,395, 399; revo- lutionary operations, 168-70, 207 China, 57, 58, 246, 248 296, 333, 399, 408; history of trade, 194-204; see also Canton chinaware 74, 204, 401, 421 Chinchas Is., 190 cholera, see epidemics and disease Churchill, Capt., 370 cigars,139, 175, 182-3, 189, 421; see also to- bacco Cincinnati, Ohio 73, 118, 119, 282, 383, 405 Citizen, ship, 296 City Bank, see National City Bank City of Glasgow, SS, 332, 346 City of Philadelphia, S S., 346 Clark, Capt. A, H., 357 Clay, Henry, 168 clerks, countinghouse routine and training, 244-5, 252-3, 201-2, 282 Clermont, steamboat, 14, 143 144, 145 147 l55, l57, l5B, 159, 236, 288, 312, 313, 409 Cleveland, Ohio, 89-90, 405 Cleveland, Capt. R. J., 168 Clinton, De Witt, 15, 42, 85, 87, 90, 236, 254 clippers, 190, 203, 248, 274, 326, and passim. China, 201-3, 309, 358; development of 309, 357-64: California 312, 354, 358-04; N. Y. participation, in 358-9; fast trips, 358-63; decline, 364; dimensions, 408 clothing, amount required for, 55-6, 417; ready-made, 59, 63-5, 401 Clyde River, shipbuilding, etc., 148, 287, 332 coal, 123, 159-60, 421, and passim; Virginia, 74, 135; Pennsylvania anthracite 74, 135- 7; 376; British, 74, 135, 281; Nova Scotia, 133, 135; Importance in coasting trade, 135- 7; Rhode Island, 136; see also fuel coastal trade 35, 412, and passim; colonial 5; packets, 39, 46, 63, 108-12,126-8, 134, 140; major, to cotton ports, 95-121, 122, 123, 128-9, 136, 397, neglected subject, 105-6 122-3; sea routes, 106-7, 124, 126, 140; types of vessels, 304-6, 396-7; analysis of movements in 1835, 396-7 Coast Survey (later Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey), 21, 25, 232-3 Cobb, Capt., Nathan, 317 Cobbett, William, 24, 353 cochineal, 190 281 cocoa, 169, 422 coffee, 76 113, 127, 140 182, 194, 205, 249, 280,327,415, 421-2; chief producing regions 178-9; development of trade 184-7;orig- inal sources, 184; rise of Brazil, 185-6; Caribbean sources, 186-7; analysis of im- ports, 187, 400-1; prices of, 187, 281 Coffin, J. A., 263 Coffin & St. John, 263 Coggeshall, Capt., George, 192, 416 Colt, Henry, 269 Colgate, William, 178 Collins, E. K., 45 109, 173, 190, 250,292, 316, 325-30, 329, 409 Collins Line, 312, 326-30, 409 Colombia (New Grenada), 170 187, 395, 416 commercial policy--Spanish, 165-6, l82; Por- tuguese, 165; British, 92-3, 132, 174, 177, 180-1 commission merchants, 96, 127-8, 243, 266, 283, 420-1, and passim; flour trade, 81, 93-4, 282-8; cotton factors, 96, 97, l12-4: packet operators, 108, 127; In Caribbean, 182,186; definition of functions, 275-6; see also brokers commissions, rate of, 275, 279, 413 Commissioners of Emigration, 342, 351 communications, see news Coney Is., 16, 17, 25, 162, 218 Connecticut, 4, 5 20-1, 77; shipbuilding and owning, 48, 267, 268; trade of, 123-5,39; merchants, etc., from, 150, 168, 170, 242 244-6, 248-9, statistics of maritime activity 397, 4O3, 406, 412; see also New England, Connecticut, steamboat, 155, 158 Constitution, U.S.S. 8, 9, 11 23, 47 288 consuls, at N. Y., 230-2, 320, 351, 422; com- ments of British on port rivalry, 122, 376- 7, 380 Cooper J. Fenimore, quoted, 220 Cope, T.P., 46, 376 cooper, 08,191, 281, 400, 401: sheathing, 281, 294, 299, 414 ship fastenings 296, 299 cordage, 113, 177, 281, 299, 422 Cork, Ire., 318, 342 Corlear's Hook, 19, 149, 233, 293 Cornelius Vanderbilt, steamboat, 158 Corn Laws, 53, 92, 93, 128, 334, 381 corporations, 263, 267, 270, 270 Corsair ship, 147 Costa Rica, 186 187 cotton, 14, 53, 56, 78, 95-121, 122, 281, 412, 421-2; exports of, 93, 97, 98ff, 248, 282-3, 400; relative importance in commerce, 98, 400; early British supply, 98-9; develop- ment of American trade, 98 ff.; speculation in, 114-5; see also "Cotton Triangle" cotton goods, 57-64, 177, 196, 205, 400-1 417; see also manufactures, domestic, indus- tries. textiles "Cotton Triangle," 40, 78, 95-121; significance of, to N. Y. 14, 87, 95, 143; definition, 95; chief stages in, 97 countinghouses, 260-63 and passim country seats, 255 country storekeepers, 76 ff., 91. 94, 112-3, 120, 162, 275, 278, 280-1, 283-5, 420; signif- icance 76-7 Courier & Enquirer, news boat, 306, 408 Courier, packet 40-1, 42 courts, 228-9; federal, 173, 211, 228-9, 346; marine court, 229 Cowes, Eng., 323 Crary, J. S., 264 Crary, Peter, 264 credit, 94 112-4; mechanism of, 283-5 Crescent City, S.S., 366-7, 409 Cressy, Capt. J. P., 329, 359 crews, see seamen Cropper, Benson & Co., 114-5 Cuba, 92, 118, 166, 172-3, 174-9, 191, 360, 366, 395, 399; development of trade, 181-3; economic relation to N. Y., 182; see also Havana, sugar Cumberland, Md., 379, 382, 384, 417 Cumberland, N. S., 133, 396 Cumberland Road, 84, 379 Cunard, Edward, 325 Cunard, Samuel, 321-2 Cunard Line, 20, 31, 43, 127, 312, 386; or- ganization of, 321-3; service extended to N. Y., 325 Curacao, 30, 165, 166, 174, 316, 331, 396 Curacao, S.S., 316 currents, in N. Y. harbor, 22, 158 customs, 62, 133, 172, 183, 198, 218, 268, 303, 421; colonial activity, 5; Custom House, 54, 224-7, 264-6; organization at N. Y., 224-7; see also duties. cutlery, 67, 421 Cyane, U.S.S., 11, 210-11; (II) 370D
dairy products, 89, 125, 175, 188, 400 Dana, R. H., 177, 189, 355 Danzig, flour from, 93 Dartmoor, 11 Davis, Jefferson, 330 DeBow, J. D. B., 120 Decatur, Com. Stephen, 11 del credere, 279 defenses, harbor 9, 19, 213, 234 DeForest, W. W. & son, 175, 188 DeGrasse, Adm., 45, 239 Delano (family), 237, 239 Delano, Warren, Jr., 199 Delamater, Cornelius, 150 Delaware, 397, 403 Delaware Bay, 32 Delaware Breakwater, 136 Delaware & Hudson Canal, 137, 159 Delaware & Raritan Canal, 134, 137 Delaware River, 20, 24, 28, 32, 77, 124, 134, 143, 145, 148, 150, 152, 332 Delmonico's, 264 Denmark, 230 Depau, Francis, 45, 239 DeRham, H. C., 65-6, 231, 239 Despatch, S.S., 317 Detroit, 405 DeWitt, Dr. Benjamin, 218 Dickens, Charles, 227, 255, 353 Dickey, William, 304 Dimon, John, 292, 299 disease, see epidemics Dismal Swamp Canal, 134, 141 distances from seaports, 34-7, 416 docks, see wharves dock wardens, 223 Dodge, William E., 249, 250, 254 domestic industries-textiles, 59, 61-4, 101, 112, 127-8, 178, 196, 247, 410; iron, 70, 421; flour milling, 80-1; liquor, 173; exports, 176-8 Doyle, D. H., 415 draft, 23 ff., 109, 215, 308 Dramatic Line, 45, 292, 316, 326 dredging, 19, 23-4, 27-8, 246 dress; influence of fashion, 55-6 Drew, Daniel, 154, 156, 240, 258 drugs, 201, 204, 248, 263, 400, 421 "drummers," 280 dry docks, 263, 299-300, 414, 422 dry goods, 327, 401, 412, 422; dealers in, 265, 275, 280, 282, 421; district, 266; auction sales, 280, 410; see also textiles dry rot, 296, 310 duck, see sailcloth dumping, 1815, 12, 60, 276, 338 Dunderberg, ram, 310 Dunham, David, 277, 315 Dun's, 259, 285 Durand, Calvin, 247 Dutch, 21, 165, 235-6, 290; see also Holland Dutch East Indies, 184, 203-6, 399 duties, 278, 281, 325; see also customs Dyke, Charles, 148 dyestuffs, 186, 191, 263, 421E
East India Co., 204 East River, 14, 19, 27, 28, 30, 266 and passim; ferries, 146-7; shipyards and ironworks, 48, 150, 287-311; tides and currents, 21-2, 30-1, 158; Wharves, 222 earthenware, 73, 175 Eckford, Henry, 288-9, 292, 296, 300, 310 Edenton, N. C., 140, 397 Eldridge, Capt. Asa, 330, 363 Ellis Island, 173, 352 Elisabeth, ship, 210 Elizabeth (town) N. J., l5l Elizabeth City, N. C., 140, 397 Ely Mills, 80, 82 Embargo Act, 8, 61, 166, 197 Emily, ship, 11 Empire City, S.S., 371 Empress of China, ship, 7, 195, 196, 202, 204 England-New Yorkers from, 238, 288; see also Great Britain engineers-marine, 147-8, 161, 367; army, 233 Englis, John, 292, 301 Enterprise, sloop, 195, 304 Enterprise, U.S.S., 416 epidemics and disease, 104, 193, 218-9, 347-8, 349 Ericsson, John, 150, 240, 332 Erie Canal, 31, 37, 42, 54, 73, 78, 82, 102, 119, 130, 133, 153, 236, 278, 295, 384-5, and passim; construction of, 84-7; freight rates and tolls, 411; progress, of, 87-92; relative influence on port, 13, l5, 91, 94, 96, 99, 115, 143, 377, 382; statistics, 88, 91, 411, 417 Erie Railroad, 119, 323, 382, 384-5, 417 Europa, S.S., 327 exchanges, development of, 283; see also Merchants' Exchange explosions, boiler, 153, 161 exports--statistics, 8, 99, 389, 390. 398, and passim; source of, 76-83; importance of cot- ton, 99-100; other southern products, 138, 141; foreign reexports, 65, 166, 175-7, 205, 389, 398; to Latin America, 175-8, 185; or- ganization of trade, 282-3 express service, 163, 340, 369, 422F
factors, see commission merchants Fall River, Mass., 63, l55; 405 Fall River Line, 155-6 Falmouth England, 6 Fanning, Edmund, 206-7 Fanning Is., 207 Favorite, H.M.S., 9 Favre, Frederick, 239 Ferguson, James, 233 ferries, 146-7 fertilizer 133, 190-1, 281, 375 Fickett & Crockett, 292, 314 Fiji Is., 208 filibustering, 367, 370-1 fire--at New York, 6, 131, 261, 265; burning of vessels, 160, 345, 363 fish, 2, 3, 129, 133, 184, 209, 281 Fish, Preserved, 243, 247, 315 Fish & Grinnell, 44, 45, 247, 263; see also Grinnell, Minturn & Co. Fisher's Island, 159, 160 fishery, cod, 209 Fitch, John, 143 Flack, John, 238 flaxseed, 78-9, 101, 111, 281, 421 Florida, 105, 107, 271, 295, 403 flour, 2-3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 53, 56, 76, 110, 277 and passim; imports, 6, 93; manufacture of, 79-81, 89; prices, 80, 281, 415; inspection of, 81-2; canal traffic, 88, 411; exports, 92-4, 99-100, 170, 177, 185, 190, 282, 375, 381; statistics, 92, 99-100, 400; riots, 93; or- ganization of trade, 94, 275, 421; coastwise trade, 123, 128-9, 138 fluctuations, business, 285, 376-7 Flushing, L. I., 22, 255, 409 FIytnp aloud, clipper, 47, 248, 326, 329, 357, 362, 363, 364, 369; description and maiden trip, 359-61; dimensions, 408 fog, 33, 37, 328 fore-and-aft rig, 303-4 fortifications; see defenses Foster, Vere, 344 Fox, G. V., 366 France, 7, 8, 63, 101, 176, 230, 310; imports from, 57, 58, 64-6, 72; merchants from, 239; immigrants from, 337-8, 419; steamships to and from, 324-5; arrivals and clearances, 394, 399; see also Havre Francis, Joseph, 298 Franklin, S.S., 274, 325, 346 Fredericksburg, Va., 138, 327, 397 freight-earnings, 41, 202-3, 358, 362; rates, 46, 97, 119 411; dispute over, 229-30 French Revolutionary Wars, 7-8, 92, 166, 180 Front St., 29, 266 Frost & Hicks, 329, 344 fruit, 74, 134, 139, 191, 401 fuel-steam vessels, 74, 158-60, 318, 325, 328; local supply, 124-5, 137; see also coal Fulton, steamboat, 14, 146, 155, 409 Fulton the First, U.S.S., 11, 409 Fulton (II), U.S.S., 409 Fulton St., 265 Fulton, Robert, 11, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 236 furniture, 117, 175, 177, 190, 400 furs, 2, 100, 111, 133, 196, 202, 206-7, 230, 281, 400, 401 fustic, 191, 281G
Galena, Ill., 110 Galveston, Texas, 105, 399, 418-9 Gardiner, Me., 129 Garrick, packet, 45, 307, 331 Garrison, W. H., 370-1 Gazelle, clipper, 311, 329 Gebhard, Frederick, 73, 239 Gedney, Lt. T. R., 25, 233 Gedney Channel, 18, 25 gems, see iewelry Genesee Valley, 85 89 General Admiral, Russian warship, 310, 409 General Armstrong, privateer, 220 General Brown, ship, 307, 408 George Law, S.S., 367 Georgetown, D. C., 138, 140, 327, 397, 417 Georgetown, S. C., 397 Georgia, 295, 296, 420; see also Savannah geographical features, 16-37, 122, 140, 416 Gerard, J W., 251 German Society, 351 Germany, 63, 176; imports from, 57-8; mer- chants from, 236; immigrants from, 336-8, 341, 351, 352, 419; arrivals and clearances, 394, 399; see also Bremen and Hamburg Gibbons, Thomas, 151-2, 258 Gibbons vs. Ogden, 151-2, 409 Gibbs, Charles, 173 Gibraltar, 35, 331, 394, 399, 416 gin, see alcoholic beverages ginseng, 196 Girard, Stephen, 376 Glasgow, 46, 148, 261, 322, 387 glass, 327, 401, 421 Gloucester, Mass., 184, 209 Golden Gate, S.S., 311 gold rush-Californian, 355-7; Australian, 362 Gonaives, Haiti, 187, 331, 396 Goodhue, Jonathan, 245, 247 Goodhue & Co., 247, 263, 284 Governors Is., 11, 19, 234, 319 Grace, W. R. & Co., 174 Gracie, Archibald, 236, 253, 255 Graham, John, 217 grain, 76, 82, 281; see also flour, wheat granite, see stone Gray, William, 247 Great Britain, 5, and passim; colonial trade, 3; imports from, 55-70, 80; manufactures, 55-70; exports to, 92-3; consuls, 230-2, 376; attitude toward N. Y., 231; immigrants from, 336-8, 351, 419; clearances and arrivals, 394, 399; see also Liverpool, Lon- don, England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and individual colonial possessions Great Britain, S.S., 329, 332 Great Eastern., S.S., 26, 333 Great Lakes, 133, 289-92, 399, 400-1; see also Lake Erie, Lake Ontario Great Republic, clipper, 363, 408 Great Western, S.S., 87, 216, 313, 318-21, 322, 327, 333 Great Western Ry., 317-8, 321 "Greek Frigates," 246, 256, 289, 310-11, 409 Green, J. 0., 199, 240 Greenock, 46, 394 Greenwich Village, 218 Greytown, 368, 369-70 Griffiths, J. W., 309, 358, 359 Grimshaw, Caleb, 339 grindstones, 133, 421 Grinnell, Henry, 239, 247-8, 258 Grinnell, Joseph, 247-8, 258 Grinnell, M. H., 244, 245, 247-8, 250, 258 Grinnell, Minturn & Co., 223, 244, 247, 263, 359 Griswold, C. C., 246 Griswold, George, 199, 245-6, 262, 264 Griswold, John, 45, 108, 229-30, 246 Griswold, N. L., 245-6, 262, 264, 285 Griswold, N. L. & G., 198, 201, 245-6, 262, 268, 269, 361 grocers, wholesale, 249, 266, 421 Guadeloupe, 5, 11, 331, 396 guano, see fertilizer Guayama, Porto Rico, 183, 331, 396 Guiana (British, French, or Dutch), 174, 178, 181, 395, 399 Guinea Coast, 210-2 Gulf Stream, 33, 95, 271, 318 gypsum, see plaster of ParisH
Haggerty, John, 239, 254, 279 Haiti, 172, 184, 186-7, 396, 399; see also West Indies Halifax, 11, 12, 39, 51, 61, 133, 322, 325, 334, 396 Hallett, Capt. Benjamin, 126, 128 Hamburg, 1, 57, 58, 64, 72, 82, 230, 261, 323, 329, 336; 394; see also Germany Hamburg-American Line, 46, 330 Hamilton, Alexander, 7 Hampton Roads, 32 harbors, 16 ff., 34; see also ports, waterfront harbor masters, 220, 422 hardware, 113, 178, 266, 275, 280, 410, 412, 421; list of items, 67-8 Hargous, Peter, 175 Harmony, Peter, 240, 329 Harnden, W. F., 163, 340 Harriet Lane, revenue cutter, 409 Harris, Arnold, 364 Hart, Eii, 93-4, 240 Hartford, Conn., 155-6, 248, 397 Hassler, F. R., 233 Haswell, C. H., 150 Havana, 35, 139, 166, 179, 183, 188, 189, 192, 193, 212, 315, 331, 395, 416; see also Cuba Havemeyer family, 180 Havre, 58, 72, 74, 123, 231, 237, 239, 255, 272, 331, and passim; packets to, 45, 52, 108, 109, 290; imports from, 64-6, 80, 127; ex- ports to, 96, 111-12, 138-9; steamships to, 325, 328, 330; immigrants from, 336, 341; arrivals from, 394 Hawaii, 331, 363, 395, 399 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 161 hay, 111 health officer, 218; see also quarantine Hell Gate, 14, 19-20, 27, 28, 158, 215, 255, and passim hemp, 28, 33, 158, 206, 401, 421 Hempstead, L. I., 346 Henry, packet, 291, 408 Henry Clay, steamboat, 161, 228 Hermann, S.S., 324, 331, 409 Herrick, S. B., 93-4, 128 Hewitt, A. S., 70 Hibernia, S.S., 325, 327 Hibernian Provident Society, 351 Hicks, O. H., 230 Hicks, Samuel, 240 hides, 110-11, 187-9, 204, 281, 355, 400-1, 421 hinterland and sphere of commercial influence, 76-94, 129-30, 140, 141-2 Hoboken, N. J., 145, 147, 150, 162, 238, 240 Hogg, Peter, 150 Holland, 2, 71-3, 230, 239, 337, 394, 399; see also Amsterdam, Dutch Holmes, Silas, 109, 243, 263 Holmes's Hole (Vineyard Haven), 126 Home, steamship, 316 Honduras, 166, 395, 399 Hone, John, 241, 279 Hone, Philip, 137, 241, 255, 279; quoted, 71, 101, 196, 251, 349, 353 hoop skirts, see dress Hope, Greek frigate, 310 Hosken, Lt. James, 318 Houqua, 199 Houqua, clipper, 202-3, 207, 225, 248, 358, 408, 414 house flags, 44, 246, 248, 269, 275 Howe, Julia Ward, 249 Howland & Aspinwall, 174-5, 201-2, 230, 246, 264, 265 Howland, G. G., 245-6, 254-5, 264 Howland, G. G. & S., 70, 186, 246, 264, 269, 310-11, 365 Howland, John, 246, 269 Howland, Joseph, 246 Howland, S. S., 246, 254, 264 Howland, W. E., 246, 264, 365 Hubbard, Ruggles, 171 Hudson, N. Y., 21, 209 Hudson, U.S.S., 310, 409 Hudson River, 17, 19, 20, 30, 77, 225; and passim; geographical aspects, 15, 37; tides and ice in, 21, 30-1; valley, 80-1, 89; steam- boats on, 143-7; wharves, 222; see also Albany, steamboats Hudson River Railroad, 164, 246, 382, 384, 417 Huguenots, 149, 236, 239, 247 Hull, England, 46 Humboldt, S.S., 325, 329, 353 Hunt, Freeman, quoted 382 Huntington, L. I., 214 Hurlbut, E. S., 108, 114 hurricanes, 182, 184, 193, 271 Hussar, H.M.S., 27 Hydrographic Office, 35, 416I
ice--effect at N. Y., 30-1, 44, 125, 147, 381; effect at other ports, 31-3; exports to India, 205 Illinois, 94 Illinois, sloop, 304, 409 immigration, 96, 312, 336-53; ships employed, 53-4, 219, 332, 334, 348-9; organization of business, 238, 339-41; sources and causes, 336-7; preponderance at N. Y., 336-7, 389, 418-9; statistics, 338, 389, 418-9; recruiting, 340-1; steerage conditions, 341-8; legisla- tion, 342, 351; fire and shipwreck, 345-7; disease and epidemics, 347-8; reception at N. Y., 349-53; effect on city's population, 352, 419 imports, 5, 12-13, 40, 76, 117, and passim; N.Y. predominance in, 12-13, 59, 75, 381; from Europe, 12-13, 55-75; from Latin America, 178-93; duties on, 227; organiza- tion of trade, 276-82; statistics, 389, 391, 410; importing specialists, 421-2 India, 12, 57-8, 98, 127, 177, 203-6, 333, 399 Indiana, 94 Indigo, 401, 421; see also dyestuffs Industrial Revolution, 57, 66, 70 Inman Line, 274, 330-2, 346, 348, 386 Inman, William, 332, 348 inspection-flour, 3, 81-2, 92, 234, 422; steam- boat, 161, 234; marine insurance, 272-3, 306 internal improvements, 27 Ireland, 11, 294; imports and exports, 58, 71, 79; potato famine, 93, 312, 338, 355; mer- chants from, 236, 238-9, 240; immigration from, 336-8, 340-1, 351-2, 419; see also Great Britain Irish Emigrant Association, 351 iron, 149, 281, 400-1, 421; imports of, 66-70, 111, 248, 401; manufactures of, 56, 117, 149; shipbuilding, 287, 332 "iron works," see marine engines Isaac Bell, packet, 311 Isaac Newton, steamboat, 409 Isaac Webb, packet, 348 Isherwood, B. F., 150 Isle of May, see Cape Verde Is. Italy, 310, 337, 394, 399 Ithaca, N. Y., 88 Irving, Washington, 251 ivory, 211J
Jackson, Andrew, 9, 103, 226-7, 258, 284 Jackson, "Stonewall," 234 Jacmel, Haiti, 187, 331, 396 Jamaica, 7, 173, 175, 319, 331, 396; rum, 71; sugar, 183; coffee, 187; decline, 178, 180-1; see also West Indies James, David, 249 James Monroe, packet, 40-1, 42, 291 Japan, 199-200, 209, 210, 326, 399 Java, 184, 187, 205-6 Jefferson Thomas, 197 Jersey City, N. J., 20, 147, 149, 153, 221, 325, 385 jewelry, 75, 266, 401, 421 Jews, 240 jobbers, 118, 256, 257, 266, 276, 280, 283-5 John McKeon, pilot boat, 216, 305 Jones, J. D., 273 Jones, T. K. & Co., 128 Jones. W. R., 240, 273, 274 Johnston, John, 238 Journal of Commerce, 256 and passim; news boat, 306 Juliana, ferryboat, 147 Jumel, Stephen, 239K
Kennebec River, 129-30, 131 Kentucky, 110, 138, 143 Kermit, Robert, 241 Key West, Fla., 107, 397, 419 Kidd, Capt., 3 King, C. W., 199 King, J. G., 249, 250, 253, 258 King, Rufus, 68, 249 Kingston, N. Y., 80, 128, 137, 397 Kittery (Portsmouth), Navy Yard, 311L
laces, 59, 175, 401, 421 labor, 414; "iron works," 149-51; longshore- men, 223-4, 414; shipyards, 300-2; crew wages, 414 Lackawanna coal, 135-7 Lady Clinton, safety barge, 161, 409 LaGuaira, Venezuela, 186, 187, 331, 395 Laird, MacGregor, 317 Lake Champlain, 86, 289, 291-2 Lake Erie, 84, 87, 89-90, 289, 384 Lake Ontario, 84, 89, 289-90 Lardner, Dr. Dionyslus, 313 Latin America, 165-93, 237, 246, 306, 395-6; exports to, 58, 118, 175-8; wars of liberation, 165-72; warships for, 167-72, 289, 309-10; British competition in, 176, 185, 188; im- ports from, 178-91; trading conditions, 191, 271, 412, 416; see also West Indies Laverty, Henry, 256 Law, George, 158, 240, 365, 367, 368, 371 Lawrence family, 240 Lawrence & Sneden, 292 lawyers, 228-9 lead, 68, 110, 113, 401 Leander, ship, 167 leather, 117, 127, 189, 266, 281, 283, 401, 421-2; see also hides Leghorn, 74, 394 Lehigh coal, 135-7 Lenox, Robert, 236 LeRoy, Bayard & Co., 45, 174-5, 204, 236, 310 LeRoy, Herman, 258 LeRoy, Jacob, 204, 239, 253 letter-books, 262 Lexington, steamboat, 158, 160, 161, 163 Liberator, Greek frigate, 310, 409 Liberia, 210-11, 212 life-saving apparatus, 273, 347 lift models, 293, 294 lighthouses, 33, 216-7, 225, 232 lightships, 33, 216, 220, 409, 415 lime, 129-31 Lincoln, Abraham, 285 Lind, Jenny, 353 linens, 58, 79, 176, 401, 421 liquors, see alcoholic beverages Lisbon, 394, 416 live oak, see timber, ship Liverpool, 1, 13, 14, 32, 51-2, 55, 76, 236, 238, 261, 284, 314, 331, and passim; imports from, 12, 61, 66, 74, 91, 127, 135, 329; packets to, 40-5; reasons for importance, 57-8; cotton trade at, 95-6, 98-100, 111-12, 114-15; relative position as port, 123, 266, 333, 386, 394; docks, 220; Americans at, 237; steamships from, 316 ff., immigration from, 336, 339 ff.; tonnage from, 394, distances to, 416 Liverpool, packet (I), 49; (II), 48 Liverpool, S.S., 319 livestock, 74, 125, 178, 183, 205, 400, 414 Livingston, Mortimer, 253, 325 Livingston, R. R. (Chancellor), 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 236 Lloyds, 272, 296 "loafers," 224 lobbying, 323, 327 Lockport, N. Y., 85, 87 locomotives, 74, 118, 150, 178 locust, see timber, ship logwood, 191, 281 London, 1, 139, 203, 261, 331, 336, 362, 394; relative position as port, 10, 123, 266, 386; packets to, 43, 52, 108, 246, 290; imports from, 71, 73, 75; docks, 220; financial center, 284-5; steamship promotion, 316-8 Long Branch, N. J., 162 Longfellow, H. W., 352 Long Island, 16-17, 19, 20, 36, 53, 80, 162, 225, and passim; sevice as breakwater, 29, 155; trade with, 123-5; merchants from, 240 Long Island Railroad, 156 Long Island Sound, 8, 14, 17, 31, 77, 122, 124-6, 162, and passim; description and importance, 20-1, 134; tides in, 21-2; trade with, 123-5, 397; steamers on, 143, 146 ff.; see also steamboats longshoremen, 223-4 Longworth, Nicholas, 73 Lord & Taylor, 282 Lorillard family, 139 Louisa Matilda, packet, 118 Louisiana, 98, 183, 184, 420; see also New Orleans Louisville, Ky., 405 Low, A. A., 201, 245, 250, 414 Low, A. A. & Bros., 201-3, 248, 263, 358, 414 Low, Capt. C. P., 248, 414 Low, Josiah, 248 Low, Seth, Sr., 201, 205, 248 Low, Seth, II, 248 Low, W. H., 202, 203 Low, Harriman & Co., 231 Lubec, Me., 132, 329, 396 lumber, 2, 3, 88, 101, 281, 400, 421; southern, 111, 138-9, 141; from Maine, 129-32; typical cargo, 131; see also timber, ship Lusitania, S.S., 322 Lydig, David, 82, 89 Lyme, Conn., 45, 245-6 Lynch, Dominick, 71, 239 Lyons, France, 58M
Macedonian, U.S.S., 170 Machias, Me, 131, 396 Mackey, William, 290 Macy, Capt. R. H., 243, 282 Madeira, 71-2, 281, 331, 395, 399 Madison, James, 9, 11, 85 Madras, 28, 204 Maeatlan, Mexico, 191, 331, 395 mahogany, 186, 191, 281, 421 Maiden Lane, 29, 360 mails, 39, 41-2, 49, 155, 265, 316, 321-3, 328, 364, 369 Maine, 122, 180; shipbuilding, 48, 267-8, 306, 358-9, 368; coastal trade, 126, 129-32, 260, 297; rivalry for market, 129-30; statistics, 390-1, 396, 403-4, 406-7, 420 Malaga, 74, 331, 394 Malek Adhel, brig, 306, 408 Manila, 206, 208, 331, 395 manufactures, 12; relation to packet service, 40; imports of, 55-70; at New York, 116-7, 139, 177-8, 179, 189; for South and Latin America, 117-8, 176-8; see also domestic industries, textiles Maranhao (Maranham), Brazil, 185, 331, 395 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 186, 187, 331, 395 Marblehead, Mass., 209, 359 Marine Court, 229, 350 marine engines and boilers, 233, 287, 292, 300, 314, 324; New York importance in, 143; manufacture of, 147-51, 300, 422; screw vs. paddlewheels, 150, 332; description of, 159; see also steamboats, steamships marine hospital, 219, 225, 351; see also quaran- tine marine insurance, 97, 114, 193, 263, 266, 270-4, 413-4, 421-2; table of rates, 412 marine railways, 299; see also dry docks Maritime Provinces, 132-4; see also British North America market gardening, 125 Marseilles, 72, 74, 394 Marshall, Benjamin, 40, 100, 238 Marshall, C. H., 243, 258 Marshall, John, 152-3 Martinique, 329, 331, 396, 416 Maryland, 240, 390-1, 403, 406, 420; see also Baltimore Massachusetts, ship, 12, 61 Massachusetts, 12-3, 390-1, 396-7, 403, 406-7, 412, 420; see also Boston, Salem Massacre Is., 208 master carpenters, see shipbuilders masts, 297, 422 Matanzas, Cuba, 177, 182, 183, 329, 331, 395 Maury, Lt. M. F., 35, 54, 120, 232, 324, 348, 359 McAuley, Jerry, 224 McKay, Donald, 289, 309, 359, 363, 408 Medford, Mass., 73, 180, 184, 297 medicines, 175; see also drugs Mediterranean, 11, 74, 98, 218, 394 Melville, Herman, 226, 341 Mercantile Agency, 285, 422 Mercantile Library Association, 252 merchants-social attitudes, 199, 234, 256-8; nativity, 235-51; education and training, 243-5, 251-3, 261-2; philanthropy, 199, 249, 256-8; residences, 254-5; social habits, 255-6, 264; politics, 258; wealth, 258-9; various uses of word, 274-5, 420-2 Merchants' Exchange, 71, 225, 264-5, 266, 283 Merry, Capt. T. H., 269 metals, 108, 248, 421; see also iron, copper Mexican War, 10, 355, 364 Mexico, 111, 165, 174, 175, 176, 177, 189-90, 230, 250, 395, 399 Mexico, bark, 215, 346 Michigan, 90 millionaires, 259 Milford, Conn., 192 Mills, Edward, 323 millstones, 74, 80, 133 Minturn & Champlin, 248 Minturn, R. B., 247, 251, 257 Miranda, Francesco, 167 Mississippi River, 24, 83, 104, 109, 119, 144; see also New Orleans Missouri, U.S.S., 409 Mobile Ala., 23, 24, 223; packets to, 46, 107- 12; rise of, 103-4; population, 105, 237; statistics, 388-406, 419 Mogador, Morocco, 210, 395 Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, 381 Mohawk River, 37, 80, 84, 89 Mohican, U.S.S., 212 molasses, 111, 125, 132, 140, 180, 183-4, 240, 401, 415, 421; manufacture of, 179-80; chief markets 180, 184 Monitor, U.S.S., 150 Monroe, James, 314 Montauk Point, 16, 22, 214 Montevideo, 174, 188-9, 230, 331, 395 Montezuma, packet, 274, 331, 347, 348 Montreal, 23, 24, 31, 34-6, 77, 86, 133, 416; see also Canada, Quebec Morgan, Charles, 150, 249, 254, 315, 370-1 Morgan, E. D., 249 Morgan, Capt. E. E., 49-50, 243, 353 Morgan, J. P., 249 Morgan, J. S., 249 Morgan Iron Works, 150, 250 Morocco, 210 Morrill, Capt. Benjamin, 207-8 Morris Canal, 137 Morris, Robert, 195 Morrison, ship, 200 mould loft, 293 Munn, S. B., 60 Muscat, 210 Muscovado sugar, 179; see also sugar mutiny, 214, 228, 233, 361 Mutual Safety Insurance Co., 273 Mystic, Conn., 362N
Nantucket, 126, 208-9, 232, 242, 329, 397 Narrows, 27, 29, 30, 81, 147, 217-8, 234, and passim; description, 19; effect on shelter, 19, 29; tides at, 21-2 Nashville, Tenn., 119, 405 Natchez, Miss., 128 Natchez, packet, 202, 361, 408 National City Bank, 183, 225 Nautilus, steamboat, first towing, 147 naval architecture, 307-9, 357; see also ship- building naval stores 56, 97, 101, 111, 141, 177, 281, 400 Navesink Highlands, 17 Navesink Lights, 216 Navigation Acts, 203, 362 Navy-U. S., 8, 9, 11, 23, 79, 150, 169-70, 288-92, 298, 310-1, 321, 323, 366, 370; British, 8-9, 11, 26, 28, 166, 370; French, 11, 26, 310; Russian, 168, 207, 310; Latin American, 168-70, 289, 316; Spanish, 168, 310; Greek, 289, 310; Turkish, 289; see also blockade, warships, Navy Yard Navy agents, 233 Navy Yard, Brooklyn, 26, 213, 257, 289, 292-3, 296, 300, 311 Nelson, William, 109 neutrality laws, 214, 225, 370-1 Newark, N. J., 17, 117, 127, 137, 189, 209 New Bedford, 48, 124, 269, 397, 402, 404, 419; merchants from, 44, 109, 242-3, 245, 247; whaling, 208-9 Newbern, N. C., 140, 329, 397 New Brunswick, N. J., 77, 81, 137, 145, 151-2, 153 New Brunswick (B. N. A.), 396 Newburgh, N. Y., 209 Newburyport, Mass., 48, 232, 242, 396, 406 Newcastle, England, 74, 135, 394 New England and New Englanders, 2, 14, 21, and passim; need of outside flour, 93, 128; merchants from, in South, 102-5, 114; mer- chants from, at N. Y., 241-51; charac- teristics, 242, 251-2; attitude toward, 250-2; shipbuilding in, 267, 287, 297, 406-7; ship- builders from, 289, 291-2; see also individual states and ports, domestic industry, coasting trade New England Society, 250-1, 373 Newfoundland, 133, 328, 334, 396 New Grenada, 187, 367, 399; see also Colombia New Hampshire-statistics, 396, 403, 406, 412; see also Portsmouth New Haven, Conn., 21, 22, 77, 177; steamboats to, 14, 146, 155-6; merchants from, 114, 241; commerce of, 125, 178, 180, 183, 397 New Jersey, 4, 77; coast, 14, 16-7, 24, 136, 145, 347; ports, 17; trade with, 81, 123-5; transportation across, 134, 137, 145, 151-2; merchants from, 240; statistics, 397, 403, 406; see also Perth Amboy, Newark New London, Conn., 77, 209, 269, 313; steam- boats to, 146, 155; commerce of, 125, 178, 183, 397 New Orleans, La., 9, 115, 172, 250, 271, and passim; relative position as port, 15, 104-5, 123, 389; geographical aspects, 23-37; packets to, 45, 109-12, 146, 326; imports, foreign and coastwise, 59, 64, 70, 184, 187, 190, 391, 401; river traffic and hinterland 73, 83, 90-1, 94, 128; exports, foreign and coastwise, 101, 110-1, 138-9, 190, 390, 400; history and development, 104-5; nativity of inhabitants, 104, 237, 419; population, 105, 419; wharfage rates, 223; immigration, 337, 418-9; steamships to, 315, 323, 364, 366; see also "Cotton Triangle" Newport, R. I., 4, 23, 26, 155, 248, 375 Newport, Wales, 69, 394 news, transmission of, 51-3, 62, 114-5, 214, 216, 305-6, 334, 369, 372; tables of "latest dates" from world ports, 331 news boats, 52-3, 214, 305-6, 308, 334 Newton, Isaac, 156-7, 240 New World, steamboat, 157, 409 New York, "steam brig," 315 New York Central Road, 381, 385, 417; see also Hudson River Railroad New York City, passim; port officials, 213, 223; wharf ownershipt 220-23; population, 235, 419; nativity of inhabitants, 235, 352, 419 New York State, passim; population, 77; flour inspection, 81-2; and Erie Canal, 84 ff.; port officials, 213, 218-20 New York Port, passim; relative position as port 1, 9-10, 122-3, 373, 386, 389; early history, 1-9; the "great decade," 9-15; geo- graphical advantages, 16-37, 122; packet development, 38-54; European imports, 55-75; relations with hinterland, 76-94; re- lations with cotton ports and South, 95-121; lesser coastal trade, 122-142; development of steamboats 143-164; relations with Carib- bean and Latin America, 164-193; trade with Asia, Africa, and South Seas, 194-212; port functions, 213-234; merchant society, 235-259; business methods, 260-286; ship- building, 287-311; ocean steamships, 312- 335; immigration, 336-353; California clip- pers and steamships, 353-372; rivalry with other ports, 373-386 statistics of maritime activity, 389-420 New Zealand, 208, 331 Niagara, U.S.S., 409 Nicaragua Transit, 368-71 Nicaragua wood, 181, 281 Niles, Hezekiah, 54, 61; quoted, 377 nitrate of soda, see fertilizer Nolte, Vincent, 104, 115 Norfolk, Va., 16, 122, 128, 137-40, 141, 211, 309, 315, 316, 375; relative geographical ad- vantages, 23-37; statistics of maritime activity, 389, 392-3, 397, 402, 404, 416, 419 Norris, John, 247 North America, steamboat, 158 Northampton, Mass., 256 North Carolina, 24, 97, 111, 122, 124, 134, 271; coasting trade with, 126, 140-1; statistics, 397, 403, 412 North Carolina, U.S.S., 234 Northern Light, S.S., 369-71 North German Lloyd, 323, 330 North River, see Hudson diver Northwest Coast, 197, 206, 354-5; see also California, Oregon Norwalk, Conn., 21 Norwich, Conn., 146, 155-6, 160, 245, 247 Norwich, steamboat, 163 Nott, Dr. Eliphalet, 159 Nova Scotia, 6, 133, 135, 231, 289, 316, 322, 396; see also Halifax Novelty, steamboat, 149, 159 Novelty Works, 149-51, 178, 326, 328 Nyack, N. Y., 385 Nye, Capt. Ezra, 327, 331O
oak, see timber, ship Ocean Monarch, ship, 307, 408 Ocean Monarch, Boston packet, 345 Ocean Steam Navigation Co., 323 Ocean Steam Ship Co., 314 Ocracoke Inlet, N. C., 24, 140, 271, 412 occupations, in principal seaboard states, 420; in N. Y. City, 420-2 Odessa, 93 officials at N. Y., 213-34 and passim Ogden, Aaron, 151-2 Ohio, 85, 90, 94 Ohio, U.S.S., 289, 311, 409 Ohio, S.S., 365, 369, 409 Ohio Canal, 90, 119 Ohio River, 84, 90, 144, 377, 382-4 Olive Branch, steamboat, 148, 153, 409 Olyphant, D. W. C., 198-200 Onrust, "yacht," 288 Ontario, U.S.S., 169-70 opium, 200 "Opium War," 199-200 Oporto, 72, 394 oranges, 191 Oregon, 334, 354-5, 364; see also Northwest Coast Oregon, steamboat, 158, 365 Oregon, S.S., 366, 369 Oriental, clipper, 203, 274, 358 Orinoco River, 188-9 Oswego, N. Y., 89 ownership of vessels, 267-70 Oxford, packet, 308, 331 oysters, 138, 264P
packets, 190, 201, 202, 243, 264, 265, 266, 274, 422, and passim; British government mail brigs, 6, 39, 51, 53; development of ocean lines, 13, 38-51, 111; coastal lines, 14, 107- 11, 113, 117, 126, 129, 140, 146, 172, 280, 315, 326; significance of functions, 41, 43, 66, 143, 334; from rival ports, 46, 173, 376; type of ships, 46-9, 209, 289-92, 307, 408; competition with steam, 312, 325, 333-4; Immigrant trade, 340, 342, 347; see also Black Ball and oher lines Pacific, packet, 39-40, 49, 291 Pacific, S.S., 327, 361, 363 Pacific Mail, S. S. Co., 246, 311, 364-72, 409 Palermo, 74, 394 Palmer, Capt. N. B., 202, 301, 358 Palmer & Hamilton, 217 Panama, Isthmus of, 354, 364, 367-8, 416 Panama, ship, 201, 246 Panama Railroad, 367, 372 Panic of 1837, 53, 285, 316-7, 380; of 1857, 285, 364 Para, Brazil, 185, 188, 331, 395 Paragon, steamboat, 145, 148 Paris, styles from, 64-5, 66 Paris, Daniel, 254 Parish, Henry, 254 partnerships, 263 Passamaquoddy Bay (Quoddy), 122, 124, 132, 133, 134, 392-3, 396 passengers, 422; packets, 39-43, 47, 49, 53-4, 333; steamboats, 144-6, 154-7, 162-4; trans- atlantic steamships, 328, 333; isthmian steamships, 366-72; see also travel, immi- gration Patrick Henry, packet, 52 patronage, political, 213, 224-6 Patten, Capt. J. A., 363 Patten, Mrs. J. A., 363 Peabody, Joseph, 247 Peace of Ghent-news of, 9; effect of, 9-10, 60 Peacock, U.S.S., 210 peanuts, 111 Pearl St., 43, 60-1, 63, 266, 279, 280 Pease, Murphy & Co., 150-1 Peck, Elisha, 248-9 Peekskill, N. Y., 154 Pendleton, Capt. Benjamin, 207 Pensacola, Fla., 105 Pennsylvania, 12-13, 77, 240, 382, 420; see also Philadelphia Pennsylvania Railroad, 383-4, 385, 386, 417 Pennsylvania "State Works" (Main Line), 378, 380, 383-4, 417 pepper, 127, 206, 281 Perit, Pelatiah, 245, 247, 250, 253, 259, 317 Pernambuco, Brazil, 185, 331, 395 Perry, Com. M. C., 240, 326 Persia, S.S., 330 Perth Amboy, N. J., 17, 19, 148, 198, 219, 349- 50, 405 Peru, 168-70, 174, 175, 190, 399, 416 Petersburg, Va., 82, 138, 140 pettiaugers, 125, 304, 409 Phelps, A. G., 68, 108, 245, 248-9, 255, 258 Phelps, Thaddeus, 113, 329 Phelps, Dodge & Co., 249 Phelps & Peck, 68 Philadelphia, 1-13, 15, 38, 53, 143, 159, 195, 239, 278, 322; activity before 1815, 4-8, 12; relative position as port, 4, 15, 374, 376, 389; imports, foreign and coastwise, 12-13, 59, 69, 176, 183-4, 187, 195-6, 198, 386, 391, 401; geographical aspects, 23-37; packets, 46, 134, 376; contacts with hinterland, 77, 84, 94, 373-86, 417; flour trade, 80, 81-2, 92- 3, 143, 281; exports, foreign and coastwise, 81-2, 92-3, 99-101, 386-400; coasting trade, 124, 126, 134-7, 376, 396-7; foremost coal port, 135-7, 376; shipping, 135-6, 162, 376, 392-7, 399, 402-5; alternative routes to, 144-6; trade with China and India, 195- 6, 200-1, 204, 376; wharfage rates, 223; financial center, 284; ocean steamships, 330-2; immigration, 337, 353, 418-9; re- sults of port rivalry, 373-80, 383-6; statis- tics, 389-408; arrivals from principal for- eign and coastal ports, 394-7; shipbuilding at, 406; nativity of inhabitants, 419; popu- lation, 419 philanthropy, see merchants Philippines, 203-4, 206, 399 Phoenix, steamboat, 145, 313 Phyfe, Duncan, 117, 177 Pictou, N. S., 133, 316, 396 Piermont, N. Y., 385 piers, see wharves pilots, 24, 53, 214-6, 232, 324, 346, 360, 414; steamboat, 161 pilot boats, 114-5, 171, 214-6, 257, 305-6, 408-9 pine, see timber, ship Pintard, John, 239, 257 pirates-colonial, 3-4; Barbary, 11; West In- dian, 11, 171-3, 229; Malay, 195 Pittsburgh, Pa., 70, 83, 378, 379, 383-4, 405, 417 Plant, H. C., 163 planters-southern, 112-4; West Indian sugar, 181-2; coffee, 185 plaster of Paris (gypsum), 133, 281; see also fertilizer Plymouth, Eng., 28 Plymouth, N. C., 140, 329 Plymouth Rock, steamboat, 157, 409 Poinsett, Joel, 193 Point Judith, 155 police, harbor, 224 politics-merchants in, 247, 249, 258; ship- builders in, 300 population-of port hinterland, 77; of cotton ports, 105; effect of immigration upon N. Y.'s, 352; growth of leading seaports, 419 pork, salt, 79, 83, 90, 94, 101, 111, 170, 281, 400, 415 Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 187, 331, 396 port expenses, 224, 414 port functions, 97, 213 ff. port wardens, 220 Porter, Charles, 296, 299, 300 Porter, Adm. D. D., 366 Portland, Me., 4, 12, 73, 129-30, 184, 242, 334, 373; geographical aspects, 23-37; winter port of Montreal, 31; nature of commerce, 129-30, 132; relative position as port, 389; exports, 390, 400; imports, 391, 401; ship- ping, 392-3, 396, 399, 402, 404; shipbuilding, 406; immigration, 418-9 Port Said, 28 Portsmouth, Eng., 323 Portsmouth, N. H., 4, 31, 48, 242 Portsmouth, Ohio, 90 Portsmouth, R. I., 247 Portugal, 70, 72, 79, 89, 92, 165, 230-1, 394, 399 pot ashes, see ashes Potato Famine, see Ireland Potomac River, 84, 138, 327 Potomac, U.S.S., 206 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 20, 21, 145, 153, 209 Power, Tyrone, 320 Powhattan, ship, 347 President, S.S., 26, 27, 288, 290, 311, 320, 328 prices, 71, 80, 98, 170, 279, and passim; "prices current" of commodities, 281; port expenses of ship, 414; ship stores, 415 Prime, Nathaniel, 249 Prime, Ward & King, 249, 284 privateering, 3, 6, 8, 11, 167, 171-2, 220, 290, 306 Produce Exchange, 283 Prometheus, S.S., 369-70 prostitution, 163, 234, 257 Providence, R. I., 14, 30, 112, 124, 146, 196, 200, 397, 419; steamboats to, 155, 156, 158, 159 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 174, 186, 331, 395 Puerto Rico, 182-3, 184, 329, 396, 399, 416 Pulaski, S.S., 316 Purdue, John, 258Q
quarantine, 17, 19, 218-9, 349-50, 351 Quebec, 31, 77, 133, 288, 316 Quincy, Mass., 131, 260 Quintard, G. W., 150 Quoddy, see Passamaquoddy BayR
railroads, 152-3, 155-6, 177; rails for, 69-70; race to West, 94, 312, 377-86; compared with canals and shipping, 119, 164, 377 ff.; sta- tistics of principal lines, 417 Rainbow clipper, 202, 309 Rapid, clipper, 363 Raritan River, 15, 17, 77, 81, 145, 152 Raritan, steamboat, 145, l5l rate wars, 153-4, 369, 371-2 Rawson & McMurray, 340, 341 Red Jacket, clipper, 363 Redmond, S. G., 173 Red Star Line, 44 reexports, see exports registry of shipping, 225 regular traders, 38-9 Reid, Capt. S. C., 220 repairs, shipping, 299, 414 residences, of merchants, 254-5 resin, see naval stores retailers, 266, 275, 282; see also country store- keepers revenue cutters, 181, 213-4, 225, 311, 350, 409 Rhode Island, 5, 125, 136, 242; statistics, 397, 403, 406, 412 rice 2, 78, 101, 111, 113, 281, 400 Richmond, Va., 138, 397; flour, 80, 82, 138, 281; coal, 135; tobacco, 138-9; statistics, 393, 397, 400 riggers, 294 Riley. Capt. James, 209-10 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 35, 76, 174, 185, 186, 187, 331, 356, 363, 395, 416; see also Brazil Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 188, 331, 395 rivalry of American seaports 1, 4, l5, 129-30, 330, 332, 373 ff., and passim river and harbor improvements, 27-8, 233 Roach, John, 150 Robbins, John, 256 Robbing Reef, 33, 217 Robert, Christopher, 258 Robert Fulton, packet, 44 Robert Fulton, S.S., 172, 289, 315, 409 Roberts, Edmund, 210 Roberts, M. O., 233, 365, 371 Roberts, Nathan, 290 Roberts, Lt. Richard, 318, 320 Robinson, Douglas & Co., 340, 350 Roche Bros. & Co., 340 Rochester, N. Y.. 80, 85-90, 282 Rockland, Me., 131 Rogers, Lewis, 138-9, 239 Rogers, Capt. Moses, 313-4, 317 Rome, N. Y., l5, 85, 86 Roosevelt, Nicholas, 144 Roosevelt & Joyce, 292 Roscius, packet, 45, 333, 408 Rotterdam, 394 Rothschilds, 240 Royal William (I) S.S., 316 Royal William (II), S.S., 319 rubber, 401 Rush, revenue cutter, 214 Russell, J. W., 109, 115 Russell, Samuel, 199 Russell & Co., 199, 201, 248 Russia, 127, 230, 394, 399 Rutan, Henry, 305S
safe barges, see barges Sag Harbor, L. I, 225 Sagory, Charles, 239 sailcloth, 127, 177, 281, 296, 327 sailmaking, 294, 298, 420 Sailors' Snug Harbor, 219 St. Croix Is., 180, 331, 396 St. George's Society, 238, 251 St. John, N. B., 350, 396 St. John, Samuel, 114 St. Louis, Mo., 282, 383, 405 St. Nicholas Society, 251 St. Petersburg, Russia, 74, 314, 394 St. Thomas Is., 331, 396, 416 St. Ubes (Setubal), Portugal, 79 Salem, Mass., 4, 12, 23, 185, 242; relative position as port, 16, 373, 389; coastal trade, 127, 396; East Indies and China trade, 127, 194, 196, 201, 206, 211; merchants from, 201, 245, 247, 248; statistics, 389, 392-3, 396, 399, 401, 402 Salles, Louis, 239, 256 salt, 74, 89, 113, 176, 191, 207, 281, 401, 415 saltpetre, 277, 401, 415 salvage, 272, 299 Samarang Sumatra, 76, 206 Samuel Russell, clipper, 202, 358 Samuels, Capt. Samuel, 136 San Diego, Cal., 331, 364, 395 Sandy Hook, 16, 18, 25-7, 28, 33, 87, 124, 137, 178, 209, 214-6, 218, 233, 350; blockade at, 8, 9-11; routes past, 14, 18; description and significance, 17-19; tides at, 21-2; see also bar Sandy Hook light, 216 Sandy Hook Lightship, 216; see also Lightships San Francisco, Cal., 23, 59, 203, 274, 354 ff.; statistics, 392-3, 400-1, 404-5, 418-9 San Francisco, clipper, 274 San Francisco, S.S., 367 San Jacinto, U.S.S., 409 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 183, 331, 396 San Salvador, see Bahia Santiago de Cuba, 183, 331, 395, 416 Santo Domingo, 185, 186-7, 191, 239, 331, 396, 399 Savannah, Ga., 99, 113, 151, 246, 314, 329; packets to, 46, 108-12; geographical aspects, 23-37, 106-7; history and development, 102-3; relative position as port, 105, 389; population, 105, 419; nativity of inhabit- tants, 105, 419; exports, foreign and coastal 110-2, 115, 390, 400; imports, foreign and coastal, 113, 117-8, 391, 401; shipping, 392-3, 397, 399, 402-5; immigration, 419; see also "Cotton Triangle" Savannah, S.S., 314, 409 Scandinavia, 337, 394, 399; see also Sweden, Baltic Sea schooners, 172-3, 214-6, 303-4, 407, 416; prominent in coastal trade, 124, 305-6; characteristics, 305-6; dimensions of typi- cal, 305-6, 408-9; numbers used on various routes, 394-7 Schuchard, Frederick, 239 Schurz, Carl, 258 Schuylkill coal, 135-6 Scotland, New Yorkers from, 236, 238, 288 Seoville, J. A. (pseudonym Walter Barrett), biography, 210, 244, 258; quoted, 60, 71, 73, 89, 175, 201, 242, 244-5, 253, 255, 258, 261-2, 264; cited, 249, 259, 356; relative accuracy of, 244; see also Bibliography Scoville & Britton, 210 screw propellers, 287, 327; see also marine engines Sea Fox, ship, 307, 408 sea routes-summary, 13-16; Transatlantic, 13-4, 16; Sound to New England, 14, 124, 126; Southern and Caribbean, 14, 16, 106-7, 140-1, 145-6, 176; map of initial stages, 18; and marine insurance, 106, 271, 412 Sea Witch, clipper, 202, 309, 361, 408 sealskins, 206-7 seamen, 233, 258, and passim; packet condi- tions, 49-51; statistics, 97, 398, 420; bethels, 126, 234; typical coasting crew, 136-7; liti- gation, 228-9; brothels, 234; clipper condi- tions, 361-3; wages, 414; see also captains Sebor, Capt. William, 210 Secor, Theophilus, 150-1 seeds and plants, 74-5 Seguine, Henry, 305 semaphore, see telegraph Shakespeare, packet, 45, 109 Shanghai, 200, 331 sheathing, see copper Sheffield, Eng., 67-8 shelter, at various ports, 28-30 Sheridan, packet 45, 307, 331 shingles, see lumber ship brokers, 45, 268-9, 421 chip chandlery, 414, 422 ship fever, see epidemic and disease shipbuilding, 10, 11, 27, 46-8, 109, 211, 233, 267; progress in design, 109, 307-9, 357-8; types of vessels, 14, 148, 157, 302-11, 394-7; warships, 168, 246, 289; in regions outside N. Y., 267, 287, 375; relative posi- tion of N. Y., 287, 309, 375, 389; general account of, 287-311; shipbuilders, 287-92, 422; iron, 287, 310, 332; processes, 293-300; timber, 295-7; labor, 300-2, 420, 422; N. Y. conservatism, 332; statistics, by tonnage, 406; statistics, by types, 407; see also in- dividual builders, individual types, marine engines, warships shipjoiners, 298, 422 shipowning, 39, 41, 246-8, 266-70, 414; rela- tive position of N. Y., 266-7; relation of registry to ownership, 266-8; see also ship- ping, tonnage shipping, 3, 97, 114, 122, 124, 202, 243, 356 375; registry and enrolment, 225; general considerations, 266-70; statistics, 392-7, 399, 402-5; movements in 1835, 394-7; see also shipowning, ship brokers, vessels, tonnage ships, full-rigged, 124, 221, 307 ff., 394-7, 407, 408 "ship's husband," . 268 ship stores, 414-5 ship timber, see timber, ship shipwrecks, 16, 29-30, 69, 107, 109, 118, 142, 160-1, 178, 210, 214, 215-6, 271-4, 307, 314, 316, 320, 328, 345-7, 367, 416 shipyards, see shipbuilding shoes, 127, 175, 189 Shotwell, Fox & Co., 279 Siam, 210 Siddons, packet, 307 Sierre Leone, 211 Silas Richards, packet, 62, 201 silks, 58, 59, 175, 204, 401, 417, and passim silver, 111, 168, 189-90; see also specie Singapore 331, 395 Sirius, S.S., 87, 313, 318-9, 353 skins, 100-1, 110-1, 400 slavery, 179, 181, 231, 257, 419 slaving, 211-2, 229, 306, 339 Sloo, Col. A. G., 364 sloops, 20, 123, 124, 144, 163, 303-4, 329, 394-5, 409, 416 smallpox, see epidemics and disease Smith, Junius, 317, 320 Smith, Stephen, 292, 301 Smith, T. H., 198, 349 Smith & Dimon, 292, 299, 304, 309, 310 Smith, Dimon & Comstock, 292 smuggling, 213-4, 227 Smyrna, 74, 127, 331, 395 Snow Hill, Md., 138, 139, 397 social aspects, see merchants Somers, U.S.S., 233 Sound, see Long Island Sound South, see "Cotton Triangle" South America, packet, 52 South America, steamboat, 158 Southampton, Eng., 323, 324 Southampton, L. I., 9, 16 South Carolina, 2, 320, 420; see also Charleston Southerner, S.S., 316 southern merchants, 63, 91, 102, 114, 118, 257, 280-1; see also "Cotton Triangle" and coun- try storekeepers southern trade, see "Cotton Triangle" South Street, 29, 43, 111, 266-70 Sovereign of the Seas, clipper, 363 Spain, 70, 72, 92, 230, 240, 310, 337, 394, 399; see also Latin America Spanish America, see Latin America spars, 297 specie, 21, 111, 163, 169-70, 172, 196, 202, 400-1, 412 speed, 62, 201; packets, 42, 51-2, 107, 308, 333; steamboats, 144, 157-8; bhina run, 201-3; steamships, 319, 327, 361; emphasis upon, 326, 327, 361; clippers, 358-63; gen- eral achievements in 1851, 361; see also news spices, 401 Spofford & Tileston, 127 spoils system, 226; see also patronage stagecoaches vs. steamboats, 144-6, 152 Stamford, Conn., 242, 289, 291, 292 Staten Is., 18, 19, 29, 30, 34, 152, 214, 217, 218, 240, 349, 351, 409; shipbuilding at, 293, 304, 305 staves, see lumber steam navigation, 150; nomenclature, 312; paddle wheels vs. screw propellers, 327, 332; iron vs. wood, 332; statistics, 389, 405, 407; see also steamboats, steamships, marine en- gines steamboats, 31-3, 39, 74, 87, 178, 263, 267, and passim; Hudson River, 14, 87, 143-5, 153-4, 164, 409; Sound, 14, 22, 63, 112, 123, 146, 154-8, 164, 397, 409; Bay, 14-5, 145-6, 151-3, 164, 409; fuel, 74, 158-60; relative position of N. Y. in, 87, 143, 389; inland rivers, 97, 104, 118-9, 144; general account, 143 ff.; influence on N. Y. port, 143; "in- vention," 143, 313; speed, 144, 157-81, 361; fares, 144, 154, 156; monopoly and compe- tition, 145, 147, 151-2, 153-6, 368; engine building, 145, 147-51; ferries, 146-7; towing, 147, 163, 414; accidents, 148, 153, 160-1, 228; racing, 153, 158, 363, 368; "floating palaces," 156-7, 409; dimensions, 157, 409; inspection, 161; influence on travel, 162-4, 280; use of term, 312; statistics, 389, 405, 407; see also steam navigation, steamships steamships, 20, 43, 74, 249, 319; coastal, 123, 139, 172, 315-6, 323; distinction from steamboats, 312; early, 313-7; first regular ocean crossing, 317-21; Cunard and sub- sidies, 321-2, 325; American subsidy lines, 323-30; Isthmian-Californian subsidy lines, 246, 312, 364-72; disasters, 274, 316, 320, 328, 367; influence on N. Y., 334; statistics, 405, 409; see also Cunard, steam naviga- tion, speed steel, 67 steerage, 41, 43, 332, 341-3; see also immigra- tion Steers, George, 306, 326 Stephen Whitney, packet, 101 Stephenson, George, 377 Stephens, J. L., 368 stevedores, 97, 223, 414 Stevens, John, 145, 152, 240, 313, 377 Stevens, R. L., 69, 150, 153, 157 Stewart, A. T., 183, 282 Stewart, Commodore, 170 Stillman, Allen & Co., 149 stone, 111, 129, 130, 131-2, 260 Stonington, Conn., 30, 109, 155-7, 160, 163, 206-8, 242, 304, 317, 358 storms, effect at N. Y., etc., 29-30 streets, N. Y., specialization, 266 strikes, 223-4, 302 Stuart, C. B., 150 styles, influence on textile industry, 55, 417 subsidies-Cunard, 321-2, 325; U. S., 323-30, 364, 371 sugar, 2, 3, 78, 111, 125, 173, 186, 187, 204, 281, 283; chief regions, 178-9; development of, 179-84; method of raising, 179; manu- facture of, 179; muscovado, clayed, 179; refining, 179-80, 422; decline of Jamaica supply, 180-1; rise of Cuban supply, 182-3; sources and importing ports in 1860, 183-4 Sully, packet, 48, 358 Sultanee, ship, 210 Sumatra, 127, 184, 187, 205-6, 331, 395 summer resorts, influence of steamboats on, 162 supercargoes, 198, 205, 243, 247, 416 Susquehanna River, 77, 378, 380 Sutton, George, 108, 263 Swallow, steamboat, 160 Swallowtail packets, 44, 45, 248, 334 Swartwout, Samuel, 226-7 Sweden, 68, 74, 230, 240, 394 Switzerland, 58, 230, 240, 394 Swordfish, clipper, 362, 408 Sydney, N. S., 133, 396 Syracuse, N. Y., 86, 87, 88T
Talbot, Olyphant & Co., 198 Tampico, 189, 193, 331, 395 Tappan, Arthur, 256-7, 262, 285 Tappan, Lewis, 256-7 Tapscott, W. & J. T., 340, 350 tar, see naval stores tariff, 61-3, 227, 299; Cuban, 177 Taylor, Moses, 175, 182-3, 241, 263 tea, 98, 127, 175, 194 ff., 201, 281, 283, 320, 400-1, 410, 414-5, 421 telegraph-semaphore, 217-18, 220; electric, 218, 334, 352, 414 temperance, 70, 72, 256 Tenafly, N. J., 290 Teneriffe, 281, 395, 416 Texas, 189, 230, 250; statistics, 390, 403 textiles-influence of styles, 55-6; imports of, 55-64, 227, 277-9, 401; N. Y. preeminence in, 56-7; in coastal trade, 117, 127-8; ex- ports, 176-7, 196; see also dry goods, cotton goods, woollens, silks, domestic industries thievery, waterfront, 224 Thomaston, Me., 131, 396 Thompson, Abraham, 13, 278, 279 Thompson, Francis, 40, 128, 238, 339-40 Thompson, Jeremiah, 40, 41, 99-100, 114-5, 128, 236, 238, 340 Thompson, Jonathan, 226 Thompson, Samuel, 238, 340, 345 Thorburn, Grant, 75 Throgg's Neck, 22, 255 tide, 21, 144, 157-8, 220 Tiffany & Young, 75 timber, ship-effect on strength and durabil- ity, 48, 295-7; pine, 131; 296-7; locust, 139, 296; cutting to shape, 293; properties of particular woods, 295-7; white oak, 295-7; live oak, 295-7; red cedar, 296; hackmatack, 297 tin, 68, 401 Tinkelpaugh, Capt., 370-1 tobacco, 2, 78, 97, 99-100, 119, 138-9, 175, 177, 182, 189, 277, 283, 400-1; see also cigars Toledo, Ohio, 90 Tompkins, D. D., 147, 217 tonnage-enrolled and licensed, 136, 225, 266-7, 389, 402; registered, 225, 266-7, 376, 389, 404; basis of computing, 308; entered, 389, 392, 398; cleared, 389, 393, 399; steam, 389, 405; shipbuilding, 389, 406; arrivals from various ports, 394-7; total documented, 402-3 a Tontine Coffee House, 265 towing, 163, 409, 414; probably first instance, 147 Trade Wind, clipper, 274 Train, Enoch, 345, 359 training and education, see merchants transient (tramp) vessels, 38, 191, 416 travel-southern merchants to N. Y., 118; rival modes of, 144; influence of steamboat on, 162-3; conditions on Sound steamers, 156, 164; see also passengers treenails, 139, 296 Trenton, N.J. 70, 72, 145 triangular trade, 8, 7; see also "Cotton Triangle Trieste, 24, 395 Trinidad, 181 Trinidad de Cuba, 331, 395 Trollope, Anthony, quoted, 181 Troy, N. Y. 20, 21, 81, 177, 225 Truro, Mass., 250 Tudor, Frederick, 205 Turkey, 289 375, 399 Turks is., 76, 79, 89, 191, 211, 331, 396 turpentine, see naval store turtles, 191 Tweed, "Boss," 117, 177U
umbrellas, 178 Union, S.S., 367 Union Emigrant Society, 351 United States, ship, 204 United States, Bank of 284 U.S. Mail Steamship Co., 364-71, 409 Utica, N.Y., 86, 87, 88V
Valparaiso, 168-9 237, 331, 356, 360, 395 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 72, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 240, 268, 305, 330, 368, 384 Van Buren, Martin, 268, 323 Venezuela, 165, 174, 175, 186, 187, 230, 395, 399 Vera Cruz, 45, 172,175, 189-90, 326, 331, 395, 416 Vere Foster, see Foster Vermont, 86 Verplanck, G.C. 351 vessels-dimension, 46-7, 408-9; principal types 302-11, 394-7; number entered and cleared 398-9; see also shipping, shipbuild- ing, and the various types Vesta, steamer, 328 Ville de Paris, French warship, 26 Virginia, 2, 3, 77, 240, 382; statistics of mari- time activity, 390, 397, 403, 406; see also Richmond, Norfolk Virgin Is., 175, 180, 396, 416 Volunteer, ship, 207W
wages-"iron works," 150, countinghouses, 261; shipyards, 302; seamen, 414 Waldoboro, Me., 402, 404, 406 Wales, 69 Walker, William, 370-2 Wall St., 225, 265, 266, 270, 323 Wanderer, yacht, 211-2 306 War of 1812, 8-9, 60, 85, 97, 100, 169, 248, 289-92, 308 Ward, G. A., 356 Ward, Samuel, 249 Ward's Is., 351 Warehousing Act, 62 warships-for foreign navies, 168, 289, 389-11; for U.S. Navy 289-92, 311; dimensions, 409 Washington, D.C., 138, 140, 314, 327 Washington, George, 83, 379; quoted, 84 Washington N. C., 140, 397 Washington, immigrant packet, 345, 348, 408 Washington, S.S., 323-5 waterfront, N. Y., 29-30, 34, 137, 293, 363 functions, 213-34, 266-70 Waterloo, packet 274 Waterman, Capt. R. H., 52, 202, 358, 361-2 Watkinson, Capt. James, 42 wealth, of merchants, 258 Webb, Isaac, 289 Webb, W.H. 288-9, 300, 305-11, 357, 359, 361 365 367 Webster, Daniel 152, 160, 258, 299 Welsie, Caleb, 304 West-routes to, 15, 36-7 development of communications with, 83 ff., 117-9, 377-85; see also hinterland, railroads, and passim Westerly, R. I., 124 western merchants, 63 , 91, 94,102, 280-1, and passim Western Railroad, 381, 382 417 Westervelt, J. A. 207-8, 288, 290-1, 293 Westervelt & Mackey, 323 West Indies, 2, 3, 5, 7, 16, 125 131, 218, 271, 412; Importance and decline of British Islands, 7, 173-81; Imports from, 73, 77 178-91; exports to, 92, 99, 175-8; general survey, 165-193: privateering and piracy, 170-3; rise of Cuba, 173-4, 181-3; arrivals and clearances , 395-6, 399; typical voyages to, 416; see also Latin America and In- dividual Islands whalers, 49, 174, 191, 208-9 247, 267, 363 wharves, piers, etc., 20, 34, 220-25, 422; rates of wharfage, 222-3, 414 wheat, 80, 88, 140, 281; exports, 93, 400 Wheeling, (W.) Va., 84. 382-3, 405 whiskey see alcoholic beverages Whitlock, William Jr., 108, 263 Whitney, Eli, 98 Whitney, Stephen, 170, 249, 263, 265, 329 wholesalers, see Jobbers - wines, see alcoholic beverages Wilmington, Del., 80 Wilmington, N. C., 122,124, 140-1, 271, 397 - William Brown, Immigrant ship, 345 William Nelson, immigrant ship, 345 Williamsburg, N. Y., 293, 300 Wil1ams, Jabez, 293 Williams, Col. T.W., 269 Wolcott, F. S., 128 Wolfe, Joel, 73 Wolfe, Udolpho, 73 Wolsey, Ward & Beach, 279 Wood, Capt. Benjamin, 62 Wood Silas, 138 wool, 401, 421 woollen goods, 57-64, 98, 227, 401, 417, 421; see also textiles Wooster, Capt. C. W., 168 Wright, Isaac, 40, 240 Wright, Sidney, 292 Wright, William, 40, 240Y
yachts, 211-12, 216; see also America yellow fever, see epidemics and disease Yorkshire, packet, 333, 334, 408Z
Zanzibar, 210
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